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Foundation Engineering CE 483 7. Mat foundation

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CONTENTS Introduction Common Types of Mat foundations Analysis and Design of Mat foundations References CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 7. Mat foundations 2

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Introduction 3 Definition Why do we select Mat foundations? Problematic Soils CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 7. Mat foundations

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4 A mat foundation is primarily a shallow foundation. In essence, it is an expanded continuous footing and is usually analyzed in the same way. Mat foundations are sometimes referred to as raft foundations (especially in the UK). Introduction Definition Column Plan view Cross section CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 7. Mat foundations Column

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8 1. The area covered by the individual footings exceeds 50% of the structural plan area. This is usually the case for buildings higher than 10-stories, and/or on relatively weak soils where q < 150 kPa; 2. The building requires a deep basement and below the phreatic surface (WT). Basements may be required to build several levels of parking, or to install mechanical systems, access to a subway station, etc; 3. The Engineer wishes to minimize the differential settlement in variable soils, or if pockets of extremely weak soils are known to be present; 4. The Engineer wishes to take full advantage of the soils increasing bearing capacity with depth by excavating basements, and thereby seek a fully or a partially compensated foundation. 5. In some cases of Problematic Soils (see next slide). Introduction Why do we select Mat foundations?

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9 1. Compressible soils occur in highly organic soils including some glacial deposits and certain flood plain areas. Highly plastic clays in some glacial deposits and in coastal plains and offshore areas there can be significant amounts of compressible soils. Problems involved are excessive settlements, low bearing capacity, and low shear strength. Introduction Problematic Soils Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations: Soft ground Crack

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12 2. Collapsing soils such as the settlement of loose sands and silts. Densification occurs by the movement of grains to reduce the volume. Typically includes shallow subsidence. May occur in sandy coastal plain area, sandy glacial deposits, and alluvial deposits. In arid and Semi-arid region. Introduction Problematic Soils Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations:

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13 3. Expansive soils, containing swelling clays, mainly from the Montmorillite/Smectite group, which increase in volume when absorbing water and shrink when loosing it. Climate is closely related to the severity of the problem. Semi-arid and semi-humid areas with swelling clays are the most severe because the soil moisture active zone has the greatest thickness under such conditions. Foundation supports should be placed below the active soil zone. Introduction Problematic Soils Some Problematic Soils may necessitate the Use of Mat Foundations:

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Common Types of Mat foundations 14 Flat Plate Thickened Flat Plate Beams and slab Flat plates with pedestals Slab with basement walls CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 7. Mat foundations

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 15 Common Types of Mat foundations Flat Plate The mat is of uniform thickness

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 16 Common Types of Mat foundations Thickened Flat Plate Flat Plate thickened under columns

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 17 Common Types of Mat foundations Beams and slab Beams and slab: the beam run both ways, and the columns are located at the intersection of the beams.

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 18 Common Types of Mat foundations Flat plates with pedestals Pedestals

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 19 Common Types of Mat foundations Slab with basement walls Slab with basement walls as a part of the mat, where the walls act as stiffeners for the mat. walls

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Analysis and Design of Mat foundations 20 Bearing capacity and settlement Analysis of Rigid Mats Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 7. Mat foundations

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21 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Bearing capacity and settlement

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22 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Bearing capacity and settlement

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23 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Bearing capacity and settlement 2B 2b B q= 100 kPa 0.1 q 0.2 q Pressure bulbs under large and small round foundations

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24 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Bearing capacity and settlement

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25 Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Bearing capacity and settlement

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26 Compensated mat foundation Bearing capacity and settlement Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

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27 Analysis of Rigid Mats Analysis and Design of Mat foundations The analysis of mat foundation depends on rigidity and type of soil

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28 The analysis of a mat by assuming that it is rigid simplifies the soil pressures to either a uniform condition or varying linearly. This is attained by not permitting R (the resultant force) to fall outside the kern of the mat. Analysis of Rigid Mats Hence, the corner stress is, Analysis and Design of Mat foundations Note. This equation gives stress value only at the edges of the mat.

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29 Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats Analysis and Design of Mat foundations (Independent Strip Method)

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30 Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats Analysis and Design of Mat foundations

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31 Analysis and Design Procedures for Rigid Mats Analysis and Design of Mat foundations (see Section 6.8 of Dass book for detailed information)

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32 The plan of a mat foundation is shown in the figure 6.14. Calculate the soil pressure at points A, B, C, D, E, and F. (note: all column sections are planned to be 0.5x0.5m).

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 33

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CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 34

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37 Divide the mat shown in Figure 6.14 into three strips, such as AGHF (B1=4.25m), GIJH (B1=8m), and ICDJ (B1=4.25m). Use the result of example 6.5 and determine the followings: (a)Shear and moment diagrams for strips (b)Minimum thickness of mat (assume fc=20.7 MN/m2, fy=413.7 MN/m2, and the load factor is 1.7).

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Reference s 45 CE 483 - Foundation Engineering - 5. Settlement of shallow foundations 1.Braja M Das, 2011, Principles of Foundation Engineering, 7th ed, Chapter- 6. 2.Previous course materials and presentations at KSU. 3.Geotechnical on the web: http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/founbear.htm. http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/founbear.htm 4.Andrew Bond and Andrew Harris, 2008, Decoding Eurocode 7, London. 5.The Institution of Structural Engineers library: www.istructe.org/resources-centre/library www.istructe.org/resources-centre/library