fotos de la wwi
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
1/16
Battles andBattles and
OutcomesOutcomes
WWIWWI
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
2/16
Wars Beginnings
WWI was a total war or aconflict where the countries
involved in the war each use all
of their efforts and resources topower the war effort.
Czar Nicholas II led Russia.
King George V led GreatBritain.
Woodrow Wilson led theUnited States.
Kaiser Wilhelm II ledGermany.
Raymond Poincar led
France. Peter I was the leader ofSerbia.
Franz Josef led Austria-Hungary.
Mehmed V led the Ottomanempire.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
3/16
Fighting
the fighting took place on
two separate fronts.
the western front was
where Germany was upagainst France.
on the eastern front theCentral powers facedSerbia and Russia.
During the war resourceswere needed to fund thewar effort so peoplerationed or limited theamount of resources they
would use.
during a conflict an
agreement can be made tostop fighting in order to
begin peace negotiations.This is called an armistice.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
4/16
Battle of Verdun the longest and one of the bloodiest engagements
of World War I. February 1916 December 1916
Two million men were engaged. The intention of the Germans had been a battle of
attrition in which they hoped to bleed the French
army white. In the end, they sustained almost as manycasualties as the French; an estimated 328,000 tothe French 348,000.
The area around Verdun contained twenty majorforts and forty smaller ones that had historicallyprotected the eastern border of France and hadbeen modernized in the early years of the
Twentieth Century.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
5/16
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
6/16
Map 31.1: Major U.S. Operations in France, 1918
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
7/16
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
8/16
Trench Warfare Trench Warfare was a
form of field fortification,consisting of parallel rowsof trenches. During WorldWar 1 trenches had
begun to appear by late1914. On the westernfront, trenches ran fromthe Belgium border to the
Swiss Border, and theysoon became home tomillions of soldiers.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
9/16
The Battles of the Marne, 1914,
1918 On September 4, 1914, the rapid advances of the German army
through Belgium and northern France caused panic in the Frencharmy and troops were rushed from Paris in taxis to halt the advance.Combined with the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) the Germanswere eventually halted and the War settled into the familiardefensive series of entrenchment's.
Ironically, by the end of May, 1918, the Germans had again reachedthe Marne after the enormous successes of Ludendorff's offensivesof that year. The intervening four years had cost hundreds ofthousands of lives and the armies were still, literally, exactly where
they had started.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
10/16
The Battles of Ypres, 1914, 1915,
1917 There were in fact three battles fought
around the Ypres salient during the War.The first, in 1914 was an attempt by the BEFto halt the rapid advances made by the
Germans. The second, in 1915, was notable
for the first use of poison gas by the
Germans. However, it is the long-plannedoffensive of July 31, 1917, that holds the
most significance. Here, a combination of
over-ambitious aims, appalling weatherconditions, and misguided persistence by
Haig led to horrific losses. By the time theoffensive was called off total casualties for
both sides had been approximately 250,000.
The horrors of the battle, in which men
drowned in liquid mud has becomesynonymous with the images of the War.One of the central objectives, the village of
Passchendale (eventually taken on
November 6 by the Canadians), lent its
name to the whole conflict.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
11/16
The Battle of the Somme,1916
At 0730 hours on the 1st July, 1916, after a weeklong artillery bombardmentlaunched the now infamous "Big Push" attack across the river Somme. With the
French Army being hard-pressed to the south at Verdun the British intended tobreakthrough the German defences in a matter of hours.
The mistrust that High Command had of the so-called "New Armies" manifesteditself in the orders to the troops to keep uniformed lines and to march towardsthe enemy across no-man's land. This, coupled with the failure of the artillery
bombardment to dislodge much of the German wire, or to destroy their machine-gun posts, led to one of the biggest slaughters in military history.
When the attack began the Germans dragged themselves out of their dugouts,manned their posts and destroyed the oncoming waves of British infantry.
After the first day, with a gain of only 1.5km, the British had suffered 57,470
casualties. Despite this, Haig pressed on with the attack until November 19th ofthe same year. For the meagre achievements, total losses on the British andImperial side numbered 419,654 with German casualties between 450,000 and680,000. When the offensive was eventually called off the British were still 3miles short of Bapaume and Serre, part of their first-day objectives.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
12/16
Russia Leaves! Over the first two and a half years
of the war, Russia had
experienced heavy defeatsagainst Germany but at the sametime had significant successesagainst Austria-Hungary. In anycase, however, the war had
become hugely unpopular athome. The Russian death toll wasenormous, Russia wascontinuously losing territory, andthe war had sparked food
shortages throughout the country.Although there was a certain levelof popular sympathy for Serbia,
most Russians felt that the countryhad little to gain in the war and
much to lose.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
13/16
Figure 31.1: Approximate Comparative Losses in World War I
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
14/16
Wilsons 14 Points
1. No more secret agreements.
2. Free navigation of all seas.
3. Free trade.
4. Reduce weapon numbers.
5.Less Colonialism. 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop
her own political set-up.
7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.
8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine
9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearlyrecognizable lines of nationality."
10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.
11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for theBalkan states.
12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks inthe old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.
13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.
14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorialindependence of all states.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
15/16
Paris Peace Conference
The Big 4 The Conference was
dominated by the big four:
U.S. Britain, France, & Italy.Italy would not play much of arole in the final adoption ofthe Treaty of Versailles.
The conference was markedby 6 months of arbitrationand the unconditionalblaming of the war on
Germany. They had to paymassive amounts of wardebts in reparation.
The allies dictated how world
politics would proceed.
David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando,
George Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilsonfrom left to right.
-
8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI
16/16
Terms of the Treaty
The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]
The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out theCovenant of the League of Nations; the rest of
the 440 Articles detailed Germany'spunishment:
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for
starting the war (Clause 231). This was vitalbecause it provided the justification for...
2. Germany had to pay 6,600 million (called
Reparations) for the damage done during thewar.
3. Germany was forbidden to have submarinesor an air force. She could have a navy of onlysix battleships, and an Army of just 100,000
men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to
place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip ofland, 50 miles wide, next to France.
4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe(see map, below). Germanys colonies were
given to Britain and France.
(Also, Germany was forbidden to join the
League of Nations, or unite with Austria.)
While the U.S. felt that true peace could only be
reached by equals and that we shouldnt rubGermanys face in the loss, both France and Great
Britain supported making Germany solely
responsible for fiscal reparations for the war.