fossil fuels reza toossi
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Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi. Carbon Cycle. Calorific Values. Natural Gas 1000 BTU/cu.ft 58 MJ/kg Petroleum 19000 BTU/lb or 5.8 million BTU/bbl 44 MJ/kg Coal 6000-16000 BTU/lb 14- 35 MJ/kg * 1 kg = 2.2 lb. ; 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3; 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons = 159.1 lit. Compare. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fossil FuelsReza Toossi
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Carbon Cycle
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Calorific ValuesNatural Gas
1000 BTU/cu.ft 58 MJ/kg
Petroleum 19000 BTU/lb or 5.8 million BTU/bbl 44 MJ/kg
Coal 6000-16000 BTU/lb 14- 35 MJ/kg
* 1 kg = 2.2 lb. ; 1 m3 = 35.3 ft3; 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons = 159.1 lit
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Compare
Fossil Fuels 1 liter of petroleum = 1 kg of coal =
1 m3 of natural gas)
1 gal of petroleum = 10 pounds of coal = 150 ft3 of natural gas
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Fossil vs. Non-fossil use in US (1999)
Energy Source Quads Percent of Total
CoalPetroleumNatural GasNuclearHydroelectricBiomassGeothermalSolarWindTotal
21.837.722.0 7.7 3.5 3.2
0.04 0.07 0.05
96.4
22.639.122.8 8.0 3.6 3.3
0.04 0.07 0.05
100
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World Oil (2002)Who has it? Who uses it?
Saudi Arabia 26% U.S. 25%
Iraq 10% Japan 8%
Kuwait 10% China 5%
UAE 9% Russia 4%
Iran 9% Germany 4%
Venezuela 6% S. Korea 3%
Russia 5% Italy 3%
Mexico 5% France 3%
U.S. 3% England 3%
All Others 17% All Others 42%
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World Oil (2005)Who has it? Who uses it?
Saudi Arabia 24% U.S. 25%
Iran 12% China 5%
Iraq 10% Japan 6%
Kuwait 9% Russia 4%
UAE 9% Germany 3%
Venezuela 7% India 3%
Russia 5% Canada 3%
Libya 4% Brazil 3%
Nigeria 3% South Korea 3%
All Others 17% All Others 42%
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Extraction
(SPE Video)
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OPEC Organization of petroleum
Exporting Countries Formed in 1960 Current member states are:
Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab Emirates
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Oil Prices
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87.7
123.0
280.0
541.7
559.6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Oklahoma
Louisiana
California
Alaska
Texas
Millions of Barrels
US Resources (Annual Production)
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Hubbert Model (1956) All resources (fossil fuel, minerals)
have a finite life time. The peak production occurs at a
point where 50% of all resource has been depleted.
The distribution is symmetrical about the peak point.
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Hubbert’s Curve
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US Oil Production
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Production Midpoints for major Oil Producing Countries
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Coal - Formation Dead plants
Decomposed by aerobic bacteria yielding CO2, CH4, etc.
Decomposed anaerobically (without air) if covered by mud for a long time.
Occurs in stratified deposits, 2-100 feet thick in average depth of about 300 feet
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Coal - Resources US:
Appalachian Basin (West Virginia, Pennsylvania)
Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana) Rocky Mountains (Montana, Wyoming,
Colorado, New Mexico, N. Dakota) World:
Former Soviet Union (56%) United States (20%) Asia (9%)
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Coal – Types Anthracite
Oldest (350 million years) Highest quality(95% carbon) Most clean Pennsylvania (14,000 Btu/lb)
Bituminous 300 million years Medium quality (50-80% carbon) Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Utah (12,500 Btu/lb)
Lignite 60-150 million years Low quality (<50% carbon) North Dakota (10,000 Btu/lb), Texas (7,000 Btu/lb)
* Peat (mix of coals of different ranks such as brown coal, lignite, bituminous)
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Strip Mining
Soil instability Damage to
landscape, Flora and fauna
Possibility of acidic and alkaline drainage
Transport of toxic substances to the surface
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Shale Oil Carbon bearing
mudstone or marlstone containing organic kerogen (HC wax-like substance)
Found in bottom of Green River (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming)
US reserves are even larger than petroleum reserves
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Shale Oil - Problems Must be extracted, retorted (heated to
1000 F to drive out the HC) and refined.
High sulfur content Low yield (10-25 gallons/ton) Requires a lot of water for processing Disposal of spent shale a problem Cost is prohibitive except for the best
quality shale oil
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Tar Sands Deposits of sand impregnated with a
thick, viscous oil called bitumen. Must be mined and transported for
processing. Processing involves extraction of
bitumen by steam and hot water followed by refining.
Main deposits in Alberta, Canada Production prices started to be
comparable to that of crude oil.
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Natural Gas Associated and Non-
Associated Gas Composition
Natural Gas CNG and LNG LPG