1Acquisition

Learning Implicit.

Subconscious.

Informal situations.

Uses grammatical “feel”.

Depends on attitude.

Explicit.

Conscious.

Formal situations.

Uses grammatical rules.

Depends on aptitude.

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Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition consists

of five main hypotheses:

The Acquisition – learning hypothesis.

The Monitor hypothesis.

The natural order hypothesis.

The input hypothesis.

The Affective Filter hypothesis.

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Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The Acquisition – learning hypothesis.

This hypothesis says

that

There are two independent systems

The learned system The acquired system is

The product of formal instruction and a conscious process.

is

The product of a conscious process.

Krashen says that “learning” is less important then acquisition.

Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The Monitor hypothesis.

Everyone has a monitor that tells them when something is good or bad. It requires these conditions: time, knowledge and focus on form.

MONITOR Conditions(you need…)

TIME KNOWLEDGE

FOCUS ON FORM

Have time to think. Know the rules (not have forgotten it).

Feel a need to use the correct form.

Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The Monitor hypothesis.

TYPES OF LEARNERS THAT USE THE MONITOR.

OPTIMAL MONITOR USER Uses the monitor appropriately.

UNDER MONITOR USER Does not care about correcting.

OVER MONITOR USER Uses the monitor all the time.

Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The natural order hypothesis.

This is a natural, predictable order in which people acquire language. It is the same for each person and independent of the instruction program.

Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The input hypothesis.

People acquire a language by receiving camprehensible input.This input should be slighly ahead of a learner´s current state of knowledge( i + 1 ).

+ INPUT

1

i

Krashen´s Theory of 2nd Language Acquisition. The Affective Filter hypothesis.

When the learner is experiencing high anxiaty, low-steem or low motivation, the filter turns on and causes the learner to block out input.

INPUT INPUT

MOTIVATION

SELF - STEEM

ANXIATY

FILTER HIGH

FILTER LOW

MOTIVATION

SELF - STEEM

ANXIATY

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Swain´s Output hypothesis. Output is a sign of learning and creates opportunity for each of the 3 functions.

Output promote noticing, the gap between what is said and what the learner wants to say.

Output test hypotheses of the learners and permits experimentation with the gap.

Learning happens through reflection on what happened with the experiment.