fort chipewyan: where we are today / background reportand...assessment to determine the viability of...

Fort ChipewyanWhere We Are Today

Athabasca River

Clearwater River

Slave River

Peace

River

Lake Athabasca

Win

ter R

oad

Fort Chipewyan

Envision Wood Buffalo: Towards 250k Fort Chipewyan May 2008

Acknowledgments

Regional Council Assessment and Taxation, RMWB

Community Liaisons, RMWB Current Planning, RMWB

Family and Community Support Services, RMWB Fort Chipewyan Municipal Office, RMWB

GIS, RMWB Land Services, RMWB

Fort McMurray Historical Society

Fort McMurray Public Library

Keyano College

Northland District School Board

Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Wood Buffalo Housing Development Corporation

Project Team

Long Planning and Policy, RMWB Martin Frigo

Stuart Hastings Erin O’Neill

Amanda Owens

Dillon Consulting Limited Tara Steell Sari Liem

Alex Taylor Byron Lloyd


Table of Contents Page

1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................1

2. Population and Demographic Trends ..................................................................................................1

3. Economy, Employment and Tourism..................................................................................................1

4. Housing.....................................................................................................................................................3

5. Land Use Pattern, Design and Sustainable Energy ............................................................................5

6. Municipal Infrastructure .........................................................................................................................9

7. Regional Transportation .......................................................................................................................10

8. Government and Partnerships.............................................................................................................11

9. Health and Safety...................................................................................................................................11

10. Education................................................................................................................................................12

11. Communication and Technology........................................................................................................13

12. Natural Areas..........................................................................................................................................14

13. Recreation, Parks and Culture .............................................................................................................15

14. Finance ....................................................................................................................................................16

15. Economy, Employment and Tourism Issues and Opportunities ..................................................16

16. Population Growth, Housing, and Land Use Issues and Opportunities ......................................16

17. Infrastructure and Regional Transportation Issues and Opportunities.........................................17

18. Government and Partnerships, Health and Safety, and Education Issues and Opportunities ..17

19. Natural Areas, Recreation, Parks and Culture Issues and Opportunities .....................................18

20. Communication and Technology Issues and Opportunities...........................................................18

References .........................................................................................................................................................29

List of Figures

Figure 1: Percentage of Workforce Employed, by Industry ......................................................................2

Figure 2: Housing by Dwelling Type, 2007 ..................................................................................................3

Figure 3: Homeownership...............................................................................................................................4

Figure 4: Communications Technology ......................................................................................................13


Appendix: Tables and Maps Tables

Table 1: Historical Population for the Community from 1999-2006.......................................................21

Table 2: Forecasted Population Growth in Fort Chipewyan ....................................................................21

Table 3: Existing vs. Forecasted Labour Force, Males and Females .......................................................21

Table 4: Tourism Facilities and Events in Fort Chipewyan ......................................................................22

Table 5: Existing Land Use Inventory..........................................................................................................22

Table 6: Forecasted Development Inventory – Based on Minimum Lot Size Requirements..............23

Table 7: Water and Wastewater Infrastructure in Fort Chipewyan..........................................................23

Table 8: Services and Service Providers in Fort Chipewyan .....................................................................23

Table 9: Hamlet of Fort Chipewyan Expenditures 2007-2009 .................................................................24

Maps

Map 1: Natural and Man-made Constraints.................................................................................................26

Map 2: Existing Land Use ..............................................................................................................................27

Map 3: Community Context...........................................................................................................................28


1. Introduction This report provides an inventory and assessment of current community assets within Fort Chipewyan. The community assets inventory and assessment has been organized by theme areas. The thirteen theme areas include: 1. Population and Demographic Trends 2. Economy, Employment and Tourism 3. Housing 4. Land Use Pattern, Design and Sustainable

Energy 5. Municipal Infrastructure 6. Regional Transportation 7. Government and Partnerships 8. Health and Safety 9. Education 10. Communication and Technology 11. Natural Areas 12. Recreation, Parks and Culture 13. Finance In addition, key issues and opportunities have been identified for each theme area.

2. Population and Demographic Trends

The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (RMWB) has confirmed a forecasted growth of 1,085 residents over the next 25 years in Fort Chipewyan, bringing the total population to 2,000 by the year 2030. This would require a growth percentage of 3.3% per year. Table 2, p. 21 in the Appendix illustrates the forecasted population of Fort Chipewyan between the years 2006 and 2030. 3. Economy, Employment and

Tourism Public administration is an important part of the local economy Fort Chipewyan’s traditional economic base was anchored in trapping, forestry, and fishing. Recently, public sector workers dominate the local economy, employing 54% (180 persons) of the total labour force, which include public administration, education, health care, and social assistance (see Figure 1, p. 2). This can be accounted by the strong government presence within the community, including Parks Canada, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (SRD), the Nunee Health Authority, Keyano College, and the Athabasca Delta Community School. Construction accounts for 10% of the community’s workforce (35 persons). Employing less than one tenth of the workforce, retail trade and other services accounts for 13% of employment (45 persons), while accommodation and food services comprise 7%i. Fort Chipewyan’s retail activity is centered on several commercial facilities including general stores, restaurants, a lodge, bulk fuel station, taxi service, souvenir shop, and charter services.ii

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Figure 1: Percent of Workforce Employed by Industry Sector

3%

Page 2

3%4%

6%

27%

54%

10%

13%

Public Sector Workers Retail Trade & Other Services Construction

Accommodation & Food Services Mining, Oil & Gas extraction Transportation & Warehousing

Manufacturing Arts, Entertainment & Recreation

Compared to the region, a relatively low proportion of labourers (6%) are employed in the mining, oil and gas extraction sector. All other industries form less than 5% of the labour force, including transportation and warehousing, administration and support, other services, manufacturing, and arts, entertainment and recreationiii.

Employment will remain strong Though there is no oil sands development occurring within the immediate area of Fort Chipewyan, many residents who work for oil sands companies and are transported between Fort Chipewyan and the worksite by their employers. Availability of labour will be critical to meet the demand as the pace of development in the oil sands will continue to accelerate. The pace of growth will require Fort Chipewyan to keep up with the growing demands for housing, health care, education, infrastructure and service, and hospitality. There will be a high demand for skilled labour such as trades, technical workers, teachers, health care workers and unskilled labour in the service sector. Table 3, p. 21 in the Appendix presents Fort Chipewyan’s forecasted labour force demands by industry. In addition, the construction industry in the RMWB (including residential, business and commercial, industrial, engineering works, and subdivision and development of land) is expected to create over 3,668 new jobs,


averaging 11% growth between 2006 and 2011iv.

Fort Chipewyan is attractive for tourists seeking culture and recreation There are three tourism destinations in Fort Chipewyan, including the Fort Chipewyan Bicentennial Museum, the Anglican Church, and the Catholic Church (see Table 4, p. 22 in the Appendix). While the museum is a must-see for tourists, the churches remain popular for their historical qualities. Though the Catholic Church is shut down in the winter, it remains open for special events. The Mamawi Community Hall, in the north-east of Fort Chipewyan, is primarily used by local residents. Popular tourist activities in Fort Chipewyan include dog sledding and ice fishing. Lake Athabasca offers scenic vistas for tourists year-round. During the time of writing this report, no information was available on revenue generated by tourism in Fort Chipewyan and its surrounding area, or the number of tourism visits. Local events in Fort Chipewyan are held throughout the year, drawing both local and regional visitors, including the Fort Chipewyan, Winter Carnival, Treaty Days, Heritage Days, and the Fall Fair.

4. Housing Housing type, size and ownership The majority of the population lives in single family houses, which accounts for 76% of the housing mix (see Figure 2, below). Mobile homes account for 23% and a small proportion of the population reside in townhouses (1%). Overall, families are younger in Fort Chipewyan and the average size of a household is 3.0 persons, equivalent for single-family homes and mobile homesv. Comparatively, the average persons per household in Alberta are 2.6 and in Canada are 2.5vi.

Figure 2: Housing by Dwelling Type, 2007

76%

23%

1%

Single FamilyMobile HomeTownhome

In Fort Chipewyan, 51% of housing units are owned and 49% are rented, which represents a much greater proportion of renters compared to the regional averagevii. Homeownership in Fort Chipewyan has fluctuated modestly, as illustrated in Figure 3, p. 4. On average, between 1999 and 2006, 65.8% of residents owned their homes, and 34.2% of individuals rented homes. All of Fort Chipewyan’s rental housing is in the form of single-family homes.

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Figure 3: Homeownership in Fort Chipewyan

0102030405060708090

100

Own Rent Own Rent Own Rent Own Rent Own Rent Own Rent

1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006Year

Perc

enta

ge (

%)

Fort ChipewyanRegional Average

Housing prices continue to remain stable House prices have been growing at a pace well above incomes, creating stressed affordability conditions. According to the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), housing costs should not exceed 30% of before-tax household income. In Wood Buffalo, where the average salary is $27/hour, housing affordability is concerning for many families. People who do not work in the petroleum industry may have even greater difficulties finding affordable housingviii. Strong employment and population growth in the Region, along with development constraints and low vacancy rates, created a strong demand for housing in Fort Chipewyan. Notably, the community has expressed a strong interest in lake-view residential lots. As of January 10th, 2008, there were no houses listed for sale or for rent in Fort Chipewyan on the Multiple Listing Services website ®. However, it

should be noted that most house sales in Fort Chipewyan are conducted by word of mouth due to the size of the community. Fort Chipewyan needs more affordable housing There are very few affordable housing units in Fort Chipewyan. The Wood Buffalo Housing & Development Corporation (WBHDC) has assumed the rental operation from the Province for ten self-contained apartment units for seniors in Ayabaskaw House; fifteen assisted living lodge beds in Ayabaskaw House; and four single family homes. Currently, WBHDC is conducting a Needs Assessment to determine the viability of a supportive living facility. However, it ought to be noted that the capital funding request for the proposed development has not received approval from the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing.


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Homelessness in Fort Chipewyan The RMWB does not keep track of the number of homeless in its rural communities. Therefore, there is no information that identifies the number of homeless in Fort Chipewyan. Though Fort Chipewyan does not have a homeless shelter, the Paspew House, consisting of 5 beds, offers shelter and care for abused women and children. Current reality of housing in Fort Chipewyan Housing supply within Fort Chipewyan needs to be sufficient to accommodate the growing population, which will include permanent long-term employees, temporary workers, and the local population. This is particularly important as housing prices rise. Fort Chipewyan’s strong preference for single-family homes is likely to continue. In the Region, almost 2,000 multi-family dwellings have been builtix. However, in Fort Chipewyan, multi-family dwellings have not recently been developed. Based upon the Municipality’s forecasted population of 2,000, Fort Chipewyan will require approximately 358 additional homes, or 16 per annum, by 2030. This projection embodies several assumptions. (1) The population will grow at a constant rate of 3.31%; (2) Fort Chipewyan’s average household size for a single family unit will remain constant, at 3 persons per household; and (3) a 0% vacancy rate is applied.

Although the projected housing mix may reflect current trends for single family homes, there will be a need for more affordable and diversified housing in the form of multi-family units. Existing vs. Additional Housing Existing Additional Housing Units

366 358

5. Land Use Pattern, Design and

Sustainable Energy Fort Chipewyan has experienced stable development Land use and development in Fort Chipewyan is guided by the Fort Chipewyan Area Structure Plan (ASP) 1991, as well as The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo’s (RMWB) Municipal Development Plan (MDP). The MDP sets out a clear collective vision for the region. The Fort Chipewyan ASP provides direction for orderly growth within Fort Chipewyan; however, it does not mandate a separation of uses as in other parts of the province. The physical growth pattern for Fort Chipewyan has been limited substantially by physical constraints, the most important being Lake Athabasca, which forms the south-east coastal boundary of Fort Chipewyan. To the west, the Rivière Des Rochers (a river delta) blocks expansion and contributes to the marshy and shallow conditions that are present in the area. Fort Chipewyan is located at the core of the system; the Athabasca River drains into the 270 km long Lake Athabasca, which in turn is drained through the Rivière Des Rochers into the Peace River, and then combines into the Slave River as part of the Arctic Ocean water shed. In addition, large areas of rock outcroppings from the Canadian Shield can be found in and around Fort Chipewyan, limiting the quantity of developable land.


Fort Chipewyan, 1980 Fort Chipewyan is endowed with a rich development history spanning over a century. Fort Chipewyan has experienced little growth since 1980. One notable exception is the extension of Robert Drive in the East Residential Area.

Over an historical time period, six community areas have been established in Fort Chipewyan: (1) the Core Area; (2) East Residential Area; (3) West Residential Area; (4) New Residential Area; (5) Country Residential Area; and (6) Highway Commercial/Industrial Area. Each area is identified by distinct land use characteristics, and subject to different policies representing local goals and planning issues, as outlined in the Fort Chipewyan ASP. The “New Residential Area,” outlined in the provincial document, was not carried

out following the amalgamation of the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo in 1995. Currently, only one house sits on the designated lands. There is still strong community interest in potential development. Land-use planning in the reserves is guided by the Dog Head Indian Reserve No.218 and Allison Bay Indian Reserve No.219 Community Plan. The plan was commissioned by the (then 435 members) Cree Indian Band No. 201 in 1990. The community plan describes the reserve lands as generally undeveloped and unoccupied, except for Dog Head, which has some single-family housing. Since 1990, Dog Head Indian Reserve No. 218 and Allison Bay Indian Reserve No. 219 have been developing. Presently, the Dog Head Indian Reserve No. 218 consists of approximately 30 single family homes, and Allison Bay Indian Reserve No. 219 consists of approximately 20 single family homes. Existing Land Use Land uses within Fort Chipewyan consist primarily of Hamlet Residential (HR), Country Residential (CR), Hamlet Commercial (HC), Business Industrial (BI), Parks and Recreation (PR), and Public Service (PS). There is no Environmentally Protected Area (EP) in Fort Chipewyan (see Table 51 in the Appendix, p. 22). There are a total of 479 lots in Fort Chipewyan, and residential land uses account for 62% of the land area, or 106.57 ha (263.35 ac). There are 354 hamlet residential lots averaging 0.16 ha (0.39 ac), and an additional 23 country residential lots averaging 2.24 ha (5.53 ac). Inclusive of these figures, Fort Chipewyan has 67 vacant hamlet residential lots and 2 vacant country residential lots.

1 Land Use information was determined by plotting the centre of each parcel in order to determine its zoning.

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Employment lands comprise of nearly 12% of Fort Chipewyan’s land area and include 21.6 hectares (53.68 acres). Commercial and industrial uses are located in the centre of Fort Chipewyan. There are five Business/Industrial lots located within the Core Area with 11 more lots found in the north-west of Fort Chipewyan, forming the Highway Commercial/Industrial Area. Inclusive of these figures, there are 2 vacant business industrial lots and 6 vacant hamlet commercial lots. At the time of writing this report, the ATCO Generation Station is seeking approval under section 11 of the Hydro and Electric Energy Act to construct a new 4.58 megawatt power plant approximately 800 metres south east of the existing airport terminal. Institutional uses, including municipal services, are dispersed throughout Fort Chipewyan and include two churches, a cemetery, sewage lagoon, community hall, elementary school, and fire station. Park and Recreation uses are located along Fort Chipewyan’s waterfront along Lake Athabasca. A marina used by locals and tourists can be found along the waterfront. The majority of land within Fort Chipewyan has not been subdivided and is owned by the RMWB, the Government of Alberta, and Indian and Northern Affairs. However, as a whole, development is limited by physical constraints. Approaches to growth It is important for future growth and development in Fort Chipewyan to be safe, efficient, compatible and orderly. As per Section 1.3, the goals of the Fort Chipewyan ASP (1991) are: 1. To reflect the aspirations of the Advisory

Council and the Improvement District respecting future development opportunities in Fort Chipewyan,

2. To reflect the nature of the community and recognize traditional land uses,

3. To compile existing land use and development policies which have been adopted either formally or informally by the Advisory Council, and

4. To recognize the new hamlet boundaries. Residential, commercial, and business industrial development in Fort Chipewyan has exceeded the minimum lot size requirements permitted by the Land Use Bylaw (LUB) (see Table 62 in the Appendix, p. 23). The average residential lot size is approximately 0.16 ha (0.39 ac) while the average vacant residential lot is approximately 0.12 ha (0.29 ac). The LUB allows a minimum lot size of 0.05 ha (0.123 ac) for a hamlet residential lot when municipal water and sewer are available. The average business industrial lot is approximately 0.74 ha (1.83 ac), while the average hamlet commercial lot is 0.19 ha (0.47 ac). Vacant hamlet commercial lot sizes are comparable. The LUB allows a minimum commercial lot of 0.046 ha (0.11 ac). The minimum lot size requirements for residential and employment land uses in the LUB allows a considerable number of lots in existing areas. The following table uses the number of vacant lots within the existing areas and illustrates a comparison between future developments occurring on traditional large lots vs. lots that meet the Municipality’s minimum lot size requirements.

2 LUB information obtained January 31, 2008. Information is subject to change.


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Number of Infill Lots Land Uses Traditional

Large Lots Min. Lot Size Requirements

Hamlet Commercial (HC)

6 18

Hamlet Residential (HR)

67 144

Growth that minimizes impacts on the environment and uses existing infrastructure as efficiently as possible should be promoted in Fort Chipewyan.. Urban expansion area The majority of undeveloped vacant land that exists in Fort Chipewyan is owned by the RMWB. Approximately 796.16 ha (1967.35ac) of land is zoned Urban Expansion. Approximately 388.37 ha (959.65 ac) of land in Fort Chipewyan is allocated for future residential use, while 9.7 ha (23 ac) is allocated for employment lands such as Business Industrial and Hamlet Commercial (see Table 6 in the Appendix, p. 23). As previously identified, the 388 ha (959 ac) of residential land is based on the subtraction of 50% from the total urban expansion area for transportation, parks and recreation, public service, commercial land requirements and industrial land requirements. If residential development occurs on hamlet residential lot sizes, the urban expansion areas can accommodate up to 2,427 homes, which far exceeds the required 358 homes needed to meet population growth (see Table 6 in the Appendix, p. 23). Given the amount of land available in the urban expansion area, each future residential lot can afford to be as large as 1 ha (2.5 ac) in size. Forecasts for employment lands, including business industrial and commercial land uses are based on policies in the Fringe Area Development Assessment. Using a ratio of 4.3 ha of industrial land per 1,000 (population), 43 business industrial lots are forecasted in the urban expansion area while

24 commercial lots are projected (using a standard of 60 square feet per person). This figure represents total commercial land requirements based on forecasted population and includes parking, landscaping, setbacks, and other requirements. Both estimates were calculated using the Municipality’s minimum lot size requirements. Number of Lots in Urban Expansion Area Land Uses Traditional

Large Lots Min. Lot Size Requirements

Business Industrial (BI)

11 43


6 24


2,427 6935

Though most of the vacant land within Fort Chipewyan is zoned Urban Expansion, only some portions are economically serviceable and do not suffer from the aforementioned physical and man-made restraints. The most significant of these portions is the new Residential Area highlighted in the ASP. According to the Fort Chipewyan Residential Land Use Study (1986), the site was considered the best among three areas considered for residential development. Further analysis would need to be undertaken to identify the amount of developable land that is not constrained by physical constraints. Identified Future Development Areas In the Fort Chipewyan ASP, only Development Area B was designated for future development to permit residential uses. Though the development was not carried through by the Region in the aftermath of the amalgamation, there is still strong community interest in the proposal. The plan was to include the construction of 130 lots; 50 in phase 1, and an additional 80 to follow thereafter. The ASP introduced four policies for the area which designated it as the major new residential development area. In addition, the policies specified that the final


design should provide adequate lot widths, proper siting of dwellings on lots and the retention of natural vegetation. Any future expansion in Fort Chipewyan will most likely follow a plan similar to that proposed for the New Residential Area. At the time of writing this report, information was not available regarding the number of lots in future development areas. Fringe area developments and influences Given the relative isolated nature of Fort Chipewyan, there is little in the way of immediate external development influences. Fort Chipewyan’s proximity to Wood Buffalo National Park means that any alteration to the Park infrastructure would have an affect on the community. For example, though the park was established in 1922, the southern portion of the park (closest to Fort Chipewyan) was added in 1926, following guarantees from the federal government that “any person” hunting or trapping would have access to the annexed portion of the parkx. In addition, an all-weather road to Fort Smith would most likely make use of the existing winter road through the park. Currently, management of the Wood Buffalo National Park is located out of Fort Smith in the Northwest Territories. Sustainable Development There are currently no proposed eco-friendly developments for Fort Chipewyan. 6. Municipal Infrastructure Municipal servicing in Fort Chipewyan is provided by the RMWB. Construction on Fort Chipewyan’s water supply system began in 1981, and was completed in 1983. The system includes a gravity intake from Lake Athabasca, intake Pump house, raw water transmission main, raw water storage pond, two ultra slow sand filtration ponds, chlorination, and a distribution pump house.

The water treatment system controls the total output of the system. The storage capacity of the raw water storage pond is sufficient for approximately two months usage. The two month storage is necessary to provide water during the spring breakup period and after severe stormsxi. The water treatment plant has a capacity for 1,200 people. Based on population forecasts, the plant will need to be reviewed by the year 2016 when it reaches capacity.

The sewage system was constructed at the same time as the water system. The removal and treatment of sewage is accomplished by service connections to approximately 200 households, gravity collection mains, three pumping stations, a force main, and a two-cell anaerobic lagoon. The combined volume of both cells is 26,800 m3 (see Table 7 in the Appendix, p. 23). The sewage lagoon is sized to provide a retention time of 18 daysxii. There is a scheduled $10 million wastewater upgrade in 2008, which has capacity to service a population of 1,321. Based on population forecasts, the lagoon will need to be reviewed and expanded by the year 2016 when it reaches capacity. The current landfill operates on a trench system on reserve land. A new “cell type” landfill is anticipated to open this year on municipal property1.

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7. Regional Transportation McDermont Avenue is the main paved road through Fort Chipewyan which leads to the airport. Although there is no bus service, a handi-transit service operates in Fort Chipewyan. Taxicab services are the only other means of transportation other than personal vehicles. Fort Chipewyan is heavily dependent on air transportation. Fort Chipewyan is served by the Fort Chipewyan Airport (airport code: YPY), with regular Air Mikisew service to Fort McMurray, as well as charter services. The airport is maintained by the Region with funding provided by Transport Canada. The airport terminal is owned by the RMWB and is staffed by four people, who maintain the 5,000ft long runway1. In the summer months, Fort Chipewyan may be accessed by boat from Fort McMurray and Fort Fitzgerald. A barge navigates the Athabasca River to Fort Chipewyan approximately four times a year. A winter road from Fort McMurray to Fort Chipewyan (50,000 kg limit) is open from December to March depending on weather conditionsxiii. During the winter, a Diversified bus runs to Fort McMurray and back once a week. Fort Chipewyan also has a winter road to Fort Fitzgerald and Fort Smith. There is strong community support for the construction of an all-weather road between Fort Smith and Fort Chipewyanxiv. The lack of an all-weather road to supply centres creates cost and scheduling impacts since most heavy construction materials must be taken in over the winter road or flown in during the summer building period. In 2006, the Government of Alberta informed the federal government that they supported an all-weather road from Fort Chipewyan to Fort Smith. Alberta Infrastructure and Transportation indicated that in order to start the project, several requirements would need

to be fulfilled. These include: (1) an agreement with the federal government; (2) the selection of a preferred road alignment; and (3) the assessment of the project’s priority. The cooperation of the federal government is essential as the route would most likely make use of the existing winter road through Wood Buffalo National Park. Currently, there is no money allocated for the project in Alberta’s three year capital plan. In 1989, a report was commissioned by the Province to determine options for crossing the Slave River. Most likely, a road alignment north of Fort Chipewyan would follow the east side of the Rivière Des Rochers and cross the Slave River shortly after the Rochers flows into it. Possibly the most important consideration will be which side of Wood Buffalo National Park’s “loop road” Parks Canada would want to use. Given the strict regulations regarding road construction in national parks, the work would be expensivexv. In the summer of 2006, the Northern Transportation Company Limited (NTCL) sailed a barge from Hay River, situated on the southern shore of the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories to Fort McMurray. The impetus for the test was to demonstrate the feasibility of barging heavy equipment and modules down the Slave River through the Peace-Athabasca Delta (located on the southwestern edge of Fort Chipewyan) and down the Athabasca River to companies in the oil sands. The ultimate route would mean shipping goods from Asia across the Pacific Ocean, through the Bearing Strait, and then continuing through the Mackenzie Delta down to the Great Slave Lake and finally to Fort McMurrayxvi. If realized, the proposed routing could bring substantial economic benefits to the communities located along the proposed barge route, including Fort Chipewyan.


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8. Government and Partnerships Fort Chipewyan is located in Ward 2 within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. Ward 2 includes Fort Chipewyan, Fort MacKay, and Fort Fitzgerald. Currently, the Councilors for this ward are Sonny Flett and David Allen Blair, elected to Council in October 2007. Services and service providers in Fort Chipewyan are listed in Table 8 in the Appendix, p. 23. Services in Fort Chipewyan Services in Fort Chipewyan are provided by multiple agencies, including the RMWB, who provides fire protection; the Nunee Health Authority provides health care; the RCMP provides policing; and Keyano College and the Northland School Division provide education. Existing Partnerships The Community Action Plan Committee is a partnership between locals and the government. The committee’s focus is accessing funds from the Alberta Government for local health and social programs. 9. Health and Safety Health care in Fort Chipewyan is provided by the Nunee Health Authority, whose mandate is to “represent the health and health-related needs of the residents of Fort Chipewyan to all levels of government; and to ensure the residents are provided with an equal opportunity to access and maintain the same type, level and quality of health care and health-related services as those available to all other Albertans and Canadians.xvii” The Authority was established in 1990 with one full-time employee. The Fort Chipewyan Community Health Accord was signed in 1993, and the Isabel and Noel McKay Healing Centre, which houses the Authority, was

completed shortly thereafter in 1995. In 1998, the Authority signed the Memorandum of Understanding and the Health Services agreement with Alberta Health in order to deliver new and enhanced services to the residents of Fort Chipewyan. Nunee Health operates a nursing station that provides the following services: treatment, emergency care, referral to appropriate disciplines, pre-natal assessment, women’s health, lab and X-ray services, men’s health, diabetic management, follow-up appointments, palliative care, foot care, teaching/counseling, and medication dispensing and deliveryxviii. The Station is open Monday to Friday, from 8:00 – 5:00, and is on call 24 hours a day, seven days a weekxix.

Nunee Health also offers programs to residents including: a sexual abuse healing program, tobacco reduction, residential school healing, alcoholics anonymous, and grievance support. The Centre is available to all members of the community. The aim of the Wellness Centre is to promote the wellness of all residents, including physical, spiritual, emotional, and mental aspects of healthxx.

In addition, Nunee Health offers various homecare services such as bathing and dressing, foot care, palliative care, blood-work, and the delivery of medications. For the benefit of public health, Nunee Health provides baby clinics, prenatal classes, immunizations, school dental health, TB surveillance, and mammogramsxxi. Lastly, Telehealth provides services for patients who call from home seeking medical advice.

In November of 2007, the Nunee Health Authority released a water sediment study that concluded that contaminants such as arsenic, mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are higher than normal for safe consumption, particularly in the fish from surrounding water bodiesxxii. The findings contradicted a study launched by Alberta Health and Wellness one year earlier


which reported that there was no unusual number of diseases in Fort Chipewyan. In response, studies are being planned by Alberta Environment and Environment Canada. In addition, Alberta Health and Wellness and Health Canada are also looking methods to improve knowledge of the areaxxiii.

Police services are provided by five full-time rural constables that serves the entire community. Fort Chipewyan has one fire station and fire protection is provided by a group of 30 volunteer fire fighters who provide emergency services. The current ratio of fire fighters to residents is 1:30. There are no standards per-capita for firefighters; however, the Fire Department follows standards for safety code officers and utilizes a response time / zone standard of 8 minutes for medical calls and 10 minutes for fire responsexxiv.

Social services located in Fort Chipewyan include counseling and youth programs. FCSS provides youth and senior services (including some in-home care) and support for community events. Four FCSS staff members are located in the community. The HUB program does not operate out of Fort Chipewyan.

10. Education Elementary and Secondary Schools Serving Fort Chipewyan Fort Chipewyan belongs to Northland School Division No. 61.xxv Currently Fort Chipewyan has one school – Athabasca Delta Community School (ADCS) offering kindergarten to grade 12. This school serves Fort Chipewyan exclusively. The school had an enrollment in 2006-2007 of approximately 227 pupilsxxvi. The school has 19 teachers and 13 para-professionals on staff. Junior and senior students at ADCS can enroll in industrial arts, home economics/food studies and computer courses. Daily physical activity is offered for students in grades 1 to 10.

Community Colleges Keyano College operates an adult learning centre in Fort Chipewyan. Credit instruction is offered primarily in the adult upgrading programs of Adult Basic Education and College Preparation. In addition, locals can use distance education learning offered through the Alberta North initiative. Keyano is also the hosting authority for the Fort Chipewyan Adult Learning Council, which manages the literacy program in the community, and offers general interest and professional development courses such as computer skills, sewing, business communications, and Cree language coursesxxvii.

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The percentage of students in Fort Chipewyan who complete high school is low compared to the Alberta average of 70%xxviii. The following identifies the number of students who graduated from high school from Athabasca Delta Community, between the years 1997 and 2002. During the time of writing this report, no additional information was available on the number of high school graduates between 2003 and 2007. High School Graduates from Athabasca Delta Community Schoolxxix

Year Graduates 1997 2 1998 2 1999 0 2000 0 2001 3 2002 1 Libraries The Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo currently does not offer Book Mobile or library services in Fort Chipewyan. The only library in the community is located at the Keyano College Campus. 11. Communication and Technology Communications infrastructure and access to services and information is readily available in Fort Chipewyan. Mail is delivered daily to the Fort Chipewyan Canada Post Office. Although the community has no accessibility to cable television, over 90% of the population subscribe to satellite television connection. All residents in Fort Chipewyan have access to landline telephone service provided by Telus. The company is also planning a $1.6 million investment to bring cellular coverage to the community by March 2008, citing community interest and the drop in the price of technology. The plan calls for a new cell tower to be installed, and although the service will not be continuous (i.e. will not follow the winter road) residents will be able to make

long distance calls within townxxx. Access to telephone, mail and television is, at a minimum, comparable to Alberta averages. However, access to the internet in Fort Chipewyan is significantly under-serviced and is available to only 35% of the population, lower than the 70% average in Alberta (refer to Figure 4, p. 13). For comparison, in Alberta, 52% of internet users at home are connected by cable, while 43% are connected by telephone (dial-up) (2005).xxxi High speed access is available through SuperNet (a Government of Alberta initiative to create an affordable broadband network equally accessible to every community across the province) at the RCMP Station, Athabasca Delta High School, Keyano College, and other government buildings. Fort Chipewyan is the most remote community connected to SuperNet, and as such, providing this service presented a formidable engineering challenge due to fiber-optic facilities being incompatible with the wet soil conditions and environmental concerns of the community. Ultimately, a high bandwidth microwave radio had to be utilized. The connection itself commences with a fiber optic cable from Fort McMurray to Fort MacKay. From Fort MacKay connectivity then transitions to wireless with a 62 km microwave link to the Birch Mountain repeater. Finally, the signal is transmitted over a 121 km wireless link from the Birch Mountain repeater to Fort Chipewyan. This is believed to be the longest wireless link of its kind in Albertaxxxii.


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Figure 4: Communications Technology

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Telephone Cellular Internet

Aver

age

(%)

Alberta Average

Fort Chipewyan

Aggressive population growth demands enhanced telecommunications and infrastructure Fort Chipewyan has witnessed, and will continue to experience, population growth over the next twenty years and, with that growth, will require increasing demands for telecommunications technologies and related infrastructure. Careful planning is required to ensure adequate services are available. 12. Natural Areas Fort Chipewyan is rich in natural features The southeast boundary of Fort Chipewyan is defined by the shores of Lake Athabasca. The Riviere des Rocher effectively marks Fort Chipewyan’s limit of westerly urban expansion. The Peace-Athabasca Delta to the southwest is the largest inland delta in the world. Fort Chipewyan is located in Alberta’s Canadian Shield Region, also called the Precambrian Shield, or the Laurentian Plate. Some of the oldest rock on Earth is exposed in the area via outcroppings of Precambrian granite scraped cleaned by the Ice Age glaciers that retreated 100,000 years ago. The underlying bedrock of the region determines the diverse vegetation of the region by creating dry, soil-poor highlands intermixed with shallow marsh and sparse open forestxxxiii.

Jack Pine forests cover much of the uplands, while along Fort Chipewyan’s Athabasca Shoreline, vast sand dunes grade into pine forest. Lake Athabasca’s granite headlands and sand beaches make a home for the Peregrine Falcons and Golden Eagles that nest on granite cliffs. In winter, the Barren Ground Caribou, Arctic Fox and Willow Ptarmigan occasionally find their way south into the areaxxxiv. Historical, Archaeological, and Paleontological Resources Inventory Fort Chipewyan is Alberta’s oldest settlement, and as such it is rich in historical sentiment. The historical Catholic and Anglican churches are still used by the community today. The Dog Head and Allison Bay Reserves are rich in archeological resources characteristic of aboriginal communities. In addition, Wood Buffalo National Park features significant archeological sites. Man-Made Disturbances Human activity in the Fort Chipewyan area has contributed to the physical constraints that may limit future urban expansion. Manmade constraints include the land around the reserves owned by Indian and Northern Affairs. Despite community interest in developing the land, it is generally inaccessible for purchase by the general public. Also, buffer zones exist around the ATCO Generation Station (due to noise) in the


north-east and the Sewage Treatment Plant in the northern part of Fort Chipewyan (refer to Natural and Man-Made Constraints Map in the Appendix, p. 26). Fort Chipewyan is also confined by First Nations communities at the southwest and northeast end, which further limit land expansion opportunities. Effects of Climate on Infrastructure

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The harsh climate defines the community. Access to the community is dependent on winter roads – a delay in establishing these roads can cause supply disruptions. Conversely, access to the community is mainly limited by air-travel during the summer months.

People and Culture The RWMB encompasses the reserves and traditional lands of five Treaty 8 First Nations and six Métis locals. Located across the lake from Fort Chipewyan is the largest First Nations reserve in the region: the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nations #463. In addition, the Métis Fort Chipewyan Local #123 is situated in Fort Chipewyan, as well as the Mikisew Cree First Nation #461. Overall, 822 people, or 90% of the population, is of aboriginal heritage in Fort Chipewyan, the highest percentage in the RMWB.

Existing Environmental Management Systems and Policies An Environmental Management System (EMS) is based on land use policies aimed at the protection and conservation of environmentally sensitive areas. There are no EMS’s built into the Fort Chipewyan ASP. However, it should be noted that Wood Buffalo National Park operates under comprehensive environmental management policies. For example, a zoning plan has designated the bulk of the park as social preservation (Zone I) or wilderness (Zone II). Special preservation areas include the Whooping Crane nesting habitat and a bison grazing and calving area in the Peace-Athabasca Deltaxxxv. 13. Recreation, Parks and Culture Recreation, Parks and Culture Fort Chipewyan is a beautiful community with a large waterfront. Fort Chipewyan is located east of Wood Buffalo National Park, the region’s only National Park. The park features a visitor reception area in Fort Smith and Fort Chipewyan. Wood Buffalo National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1983. The park is a regional tourist attraction, with

6,200 visitors in 1994. The Park affords protection to the largest population of wild bison in North America and is the nesting place for the internationally threatened Whooping Crane. The Park keeps has 32 full-time employees, including a resident superintendentxxxvi. The community also has two playgrounds, one baseball diamonds, an outdoor hockey

rink, and one community hall. Informal walking trails are also located throughout the community. In addition, there are many cultural and heritage organizations in Fort Chipewyan, including the Keewatinook Community Society, Lakeside Youth Society, Mikisew Elders, and Métis Association. There are opportunities to develop more integrated and developed trail systems around the community in order to take better advantage of lake vistas. The Parks and Recreation land use district could be expanded across the entire Lake Athabasca shoreline within Fort Chipewyan’s boundaries. Though the Wood Buffalo National Park is currently run out of Fort Smith, Fort Chipewyan could greatly benefit from collaborative activities with the Park.


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14. Finance The main source of revenue for the RMWB from Fort Chipewyan is derived from property taxes. Funding for projects and services is also financed through grants and loans to the RMWB by the provincial and federal government. The Province does not collect taxes on the oil sands projects until they are in production, which may not occur until at least 2009. In 2007, 16% of the community’s revenues were obtained from grants and loans, while 84% were obtained from property taxes. In 2007, revenues from property taxes totaled $99,205.05 from commercial and residential property taxes, which increased from $84,577.16 the previous year. It is undetermined how much revenue will be received from property taxes in the coming years. As illustrated in Table 9, p. 24 in the Appendix, expenditures from operations and maintenance projects for Fort Chipewyan will cost the RMWB over $16.6 million between 2007 and 2009. This will include $6.3 million in 2007, $4.2 million in 2008 and $6.1 million in 2009. 15. Economy, Employment and

Tourism Issues and Opportunities

Key Issues • Compared to other communities in the

region, Fort Chipewyan has a relatively low proportion of labourers (6%) who are employed in the mining, oil and gas extraction sectors.

Key Opportunities • Fort Chipewyan has a diverse economic

base, particularly in public administration, education, health care and social assistance, which are underrepresented in other rural communities in the Region.

• The amount of employment land that is available may be adequate to meet Fort Chipewyan’s labour demands.

• Fort Chipewyan has a number of attractive assets, including abundant natural features, an attractive waterfront, and recreational activities that contribute to the recreation and tourism sectors of the economy. These assets will be a draw for residents in Fort McMurray seeking recreation. Fort Chipewyan has a viable opportunity to meet demand by marketing themselves as an attractive waterfront community that is rich in cultural heritage and ecological beauty. Product areas for tourists can include aboriginal cultural heritage, ecotourism packages, fishing and hunting, summer adventure and winter adventures. The hospitality sector would need to be strengthened to meet the demand for mid-range accommodations and restaurants. In addition, opportunities will exist for businesses to operate tours, and programs and activities for tourists.

16. Population Growth, Housing,

and Land Use Issues and Opportunities

Key Issues: • Under the projected growth rate, Fort

Chipewyan has more than sufficient developable land to accommodate the projected demand for residential and employment lands over the next 20 years. Approximately 358 housing units are projected by 2030. However, there is sufficient land within the existing area, as well as in urban expansion areas to accommodate upwards of 2,427 housing units based on traditional hamlet residential lot sizes. However, whether or not development can occur under this magnitude is dependent upon municipal servicing and environmental constraints. Municipal infrastructure is discussed below.


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Key Opportunities • The Fort Chipewyan ASP (1991)

proposed a New Residential Area to be developed in the northeast. There is strong community interest in continuing with the proposed development. Residents have shown support to the proposed development should it ever developed¹

• A Canada – Alberta Affordable Housing Program and its Sustainable Remote Housing Initiative has been established, which dedicates $13.5 million to meet the housing needs of Alberta’s remote northern communities. A total of 143 new affordable housing units will be developed in the various communities in Alberta, including Fort Chipewyan.

17. Infrastructure and Regional

Transportation Issues and Opportunities

Key Issues • Current water and wastewater

infrastructure has capacity to serve approximately 1,200 to 1,300 people, which is insufficient to service the forecasted population of 2,000 people. However, growth is expected to occur over the long term. Municipal infrastructure will need to be reviewed and upgraded around the year 2016 to meet the forecasted population target.

• Significant investments will be required to pave roads in Fort Chipewyan. The target population of 2,000 will generate additional cars in the community.

Key Opportunities • There is an opportunity to evaluate the

options and costs of constructing an all weather road from Fort Chipewyan, either South to Fort McMurray or North to Fort Smith. There is strong community support for both proposals, and would most likely increase tourist activity to Fort Chipewyan. Community members feel

that year-round access to supply centres is a precondition for further development.

• If realized, a proposed barge route from the Arctic to Fort McMurray via the Peace-Athabasca Delta, might bring substantial economic benefits to Fort Chipewyan.

18. Government and Partnerships,

Health and Safety, and Education Issues and Opportunities

Key Issues • Although Fort Chipewyan has a strong

public sector presence, staff recruitment and retention is still a challenge given the size of Fort Chipewyan, its location, and competition from other areas of the Province. The schools boards, the health authority, and to a large degree, Keyano College are fully reliant on the Province to fund their capital infrastructure. Current funding formulas do not adequately serve these agencies based on a low per capita eligibility, and are not advantageous to the younger population of the region. There is also a chronic lack of recognition of the extra demand that the shadow population places on public services (especially health).

• Access to educational services and employment preparation skills is essential for the younger generation in Fort Chipewyan. Few students from Fort Chipewyan complete high school, and for those that do, educational attainment and readiness for employment among high school graduates is low. In addition, few students in Fort Chipewyan obtain post-secondary education, which is required for many jobs in the region. There will be a need to develop community support services that cater to youths. Human capital investment, whether formal or on the job training, enhances worker productivity and thus leads to higher wages. As the population grows, there


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will be a need to develop job training and employment assistance resources in Fort Chipewyan. If these services are created, the individuals accessing these services will benefit by accumulating more human capital and becoming more competitive in the labor market.

• Water quality has become a concern for residents following a report conducted by the Nunee Health Board Society. The study examined water and sediment quality indicators in the area of Fort Chipewyan. Among its findings, the study concluded that the residents of Fort Chipewyan are exposed to higher levels of some contaminants than those downstream.

Key Opportunities • As Fort Chipewyan grows, partnerships

will become increasingly important given Fort Chipewyan’s abilities to fund and implement essential services. There are industry-funded Industry Relations Corporations (IRC’s) in each of the communities, building capacity and forming a focal point for industry/community contacts. Industry has provided a growing source of Aboriginal employment and contract opportunities. Partnerships between local industry and the school board and Keyano College have the opportunity to develop basic skills and assist today’s youth to enter the job market. There may also be an opportunity for partnerships with other communities within the RMWB to stretch administrative and other resources.

19. Natural Areas, Recreation, Parks

and Culture Issues and Opportunities

Key Issues • Growth will place mounting pressure on

Lake Athabasca and natural areas in and around Fort Chipewyan. Care must be taken to protect the lake and to ensure its

long term sustainability. Future development should be accommodated in a way that does not compromise Fort Chipewyan’s natural environment and be regulated in a manner that mitigates environmental degradation.

• Environmental Management policies should be included in an ARP.

• With a growing population there will be a need to expand recreation opportunities for residents. Fort Chipewyan does not identify any recreational opportunities beyond the Parks and Recreation land use district along the waterfront.

Key Opportunities • There are insufficient policies protecting

the Athabasca shoreline. An update to the ASP should include policies that strengthen environmental protection of the lakefront in order to preserve its natural beauty for future generations.

20. Communication and Technology

Issues and Opportunities Key Opportunities • Delivering enhanced service and access to

Fort Chipewyan is feasible. Fort Chipewyan has benefited from having reliable access to public telephones and dial-up internet access.

• Promoting community acceptance of information and communications technology and use of new technologies is feasible in Fort Chipewyan. However, because the population of Chipewyan is low and the community is relatively isolated, the servicing costs could be high.


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Appendix


Page 20

TABLES


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Table 1: Historical Population for the Community from 1999-2006 Year Population Percentage

Change 2006 915 -20.2% 2004 1,146 13.2% 2002 1,012 -2.3% 2000 1,036 1.6% 1999 1,020

Table 2: Forecasted Population Growth in Fort Chipewyan

Year Population

2007 945 2008 977 2010 1,042 2012 1,113 2014 1,187 2016 1,267 2018 1,353 2020 1,444 2022 1,541 2024 1,645 2026 1,756 2028 1,874 2030 2,000

Table 3: Existing vs. Forecasted Labour Force, Males and Females

Industry

Existing Labour Force

Forecasted Labour Force

Public Administration 85 186 Educational Services 45 98 Construction 35 77 Health Care & Social Assistance 35 77 Retail trade 30 66 Accommodation & Food Services 25 55 Mining, Oil & Gas extraction 20 44 Transportation & Warehousing 15 33 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services 15 33 Other Services 15 33 Manufacturing 10 22 Arts, Entertainment & Recreation 10 22


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Table 4: Tourism Facilities and Events in Fort Chipewyan Facility Activities Target Market Fort Chipewyan Bi-centennial Museumxxxvii

• Exhibits • Artifacts • Cultural Classes

Regional

Anglican Church • Sightseeing Regional Catholic Church • Sightseeing Regional Events Activities Target Market

Heritage Days • Community fish fry • Dancing

Local

Winter Carnival • Dancing • Contests • Skidoo races

Local

Fall Fair • Crafts • Vegetables • Artwork • Knitting • Face painting • Karaoke

Local

Fishing Derbyxxxviii • Ice Fishing competition in Lake Athabasca

Regional (700-800 people)

Table 5: Existing Land Use Inventory

Land Uses Number of Lots

% of Lot Count

Area % of Area

Average Lot Size (ha)

Business Industrial (BI) 16 3.34% 11.831ha (29.234 ac) 6.98% 0.74ha (1.83 ac)

Hamlet Commercial (HC) 52 10.86% 9.894ha (24.45 ac) 5.83% 0.19ha (0.47 ac)

Hamlet Residential (HR) 354 73.90% 55.048ha (136.02ac) 32.45% 0.16ha (0.39 ac)

Country Residential (CR) 23 4.80% 51.53ha (127.33 ac) 30.38% 2.24ha (5.53 ac)

Parks and Recreation (PR) 12 2.51% 12.332ha (30.47 ac) 7.27% 1.03ha (2.55 ac)

Public Service (PS) 22 4.59% 28.99ha (71.63 ac) 17.09% 1.32ha (3.26 ac)


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Table 6: Forecasted Development Inventory – Based on Minimum Lot Size Requirements Land Uses Min.Lot Size

Requirements Vacant Lots Urban Expansion Total Forecasted

Lots

Current Vacant Lots

Forecasted Vacant Lots

Urban Expansion* (ha)

Forecasted Urban Expansion Lots

Business Industrial (BI) (0.2ha) 2 1 8.6 ha**

(21.25 ac) 43 43


465 m2 (0.046 ha) 6 18 1.11ha***

(2.75 ac) 24 42

Unserviced = 1860 m2 (0.186 ha)

43 388.37ha (959.65 ac) 2088 2131

Mun. water only = 930 m2 (0.09 ha)

89 388.37ha (959.65 ac) 4315 4404

Mun. Sewer Only = 1400 m2 (0.14 ha)

57 388.37ha (959.65 ac) 2774 2831


Mun water and sewer = 560m2 (0.056 ha)

67

144 388.37ha (959.65 ac) 6935 7079

Country Residential (CR) (1.0 ha) 2 7 388.37ha

(959.65 ac) 388 395

Table 7: Water and Wastewater Infrastructure in Fort Chipewyan

Infrastructure Facility Capacityxxxix

Wastewater

Two cell anaerobic lagoon

1,321 persons

Potable water Fort Chipewyan Water Treatment Plant

1,200 persons

Table 8: Services and Service Providers in Fort Chipewyan

Service Provider Education (K to Grade 12) Northland School Division No. 61 Post Secondary Education Keyano College Police RCMP (Province of Alberta) Fire Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo Health Care Nunee Health Authority Social services Family & Community Support Services


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Table 9: Hamlet of Fort Chipewyan Expenditures 2007-2009 Year Expenditure Cost

Excavating Safety Cage $25,000 Airport Road Widening $145,500 Airport Maintenance Garage $4,090,000 Airport Perimeter Fencing $583,445 Sewage Lagoon $900,768 Lift Station #1 New Pumps $100,000 Emergency Storage Tanks $80,000 Landfill Building $35,000

2007

WTP Lab Addition $339,806

2008 Sewage Lagoon $4,217,232

2009 Sewage Lagoon $6,141,600

Total $10,850,000


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MAPS

Envision Wood Buffalo: Towards 250k May 2008 Fort Chipewyan

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Fort Chipewyan - Natural and Manmade Constraints

MAP 1MAY, 2008

0 125 250 375 500Metres

L A K E A T H A B A S C A

Mis

sion

C

reek

F R A S E R

B A Y

LEGEND

Constraints

Water

Rivers/Streams

Fort ChipewyanArea Structure Plan Boundary

Hamlet Boundary

Cemetery


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Fort Chipewyan - Land Use

MAP 2MAY, 2008

0 125 250 375 500Metres

LEGEND


Mis

sion

C

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F R A S E R

B A Y

Water

Rivers/Streams

Land Use

Business Industrial

Country Residential

Hamlet Commercial

Hamlet Residential

Parks

Public Service

Urban Expansion

Hamlet Boundary

Fort Chipewyan Area Structure Plan Boundary


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Fort Chipewyan - Community Context

MAP 3MAY, 2008

0 125 250 375 500Metres

LEGEND

Mis

sion

C

reek

New Residential Area

Bishop Piche School Site

Curling Rink

Fire Hall

Fish Plant

Fort Chipewyan Lodge

Multiplex

Municipal Office

Museum

Northern Store

Northlands School

Nunee Health

Nursing Station

Post Office

R.C.M.P. Station

Ranger Station

Roman Catholic Mission

Water Treatment Plant

Community Hall

Water

Local

Facilities

Alberta Power

Arena

Road Network

Rivers/Streams

Fort Chipewyan Area Structure Plan Boundary

Hamlet Boundary

Sewage Lagoon

Sewage Lagoon Buffer


F R A S E R

B A Y

WO

OD

MA

N S

T

ROBERT A

VE

McD

ON

AL

D S

T

AN

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LEPINE AVE

MacKENZIE AVE

LUCAS AVE

WYLIE

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ME

RC

RE

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ST

HERON AVE

FL

ET

T S

T

TORANGEAU AVE

FARAUD AVE

BREYANT AVE

LO

UTI S

T

MELLOR AVE

EVANS CRES

STEW

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CARDINAL AVEA

DA

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WA

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HEN

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RDELT

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McD

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References Family Community Support Services (F.C.S.S.) (n.d) F.C.S.S. Programs (internal document). Government of Alberta. (August 31, 2006a). Department of Education news release – $303.3

million allocated for Phase II school infrastructure. Available online at: http://www.education.gov.ab.ca. Accessed on: April 30, 2007.

Government of Alberta (December 2006b) Investing in our Future – Responding to the Rapid

Growth of Oilsands Development.. Available online at: http://www.gov.ab.ca/home/395.cfm. Accessed on: June 28, 2007.

Government of Alberta – Municipal Affairs Department (2007) 2007 Municipal Profiles.

Available online at: http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/cfml/profiles/index.cfm. Accessed on: July 5, 2007.

Northland School Division. (2007). Northland School Division. Available online:

http://www.northland61.ab.ca/ Accessed on: May 15, 2007. Northern Lights Health Region. (2007). Clinics in Your Community. Available online:

http://www.nlhr.ca/Hospitals_Facilities/default.aspx.f. Accessed on: May 25, 2007. Nunee Health Board Society. (2007). A Study of Water and Sediment Quality as Related to

Public Health Issues, Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. Available online: http://www.connectingthedrops.ca/docs/fc-final-report-revised-dec2007.pdf Accessed on: January 16, 2008.

Partners in Protection. (May, 1999). FireSmart: Protecting Your Community from Wildfire.

Edmonton, AB. pp. 1-2 – 7-15. RMWB. (n.d.a). Community Placemaking Initiative. Available online:

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/parks+recreation/community_initiative.asp?subnav=5. Accessed on: April 10, 2007.

RMWB. (n.d.b). Emergency Management Municipal Emergency Plan For Anzac/Gregoire

First Nations/Gregoire Lake. RMWB, AB. pp. 1-37. RMWB. (1998). The Woodland/Urban Interface Plan for Fort McMurray. RMWB. (1999). Land Use Bylaw #99/059. Available online:

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RMWB. (2000). Municipal Development Plan #00/005. Available online:

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RMWB. (2002). Hamlet of Fort Chipewyan – Area Structure Plan.

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http://www.nlhr.ca/Hospitals_Facilities/default.aspx.f

http://www.connectingthedrops.ca/docs/fc-final-report-revised-dec2007.pdf

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/parks+recreation/community_initiative.asp?subnav=5

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/parks+recreation/community_initiative.asp?subnav=5

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/bylaw_services/landuse_bylaw.asp?subnav=1

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RMWB. (July, 2003). Engineering Service Standards and Development Procedures. Available online: http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/services+utilities/standards.asp?subnav=6. Accessed on: April 16, 2007.

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RMWB. (2006a). Municipal Census – 2006. RMWB (2006b) Working Together for Better Service Delivery: Rural Service Delivery and

Aboriginal Relations Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo. Fort McMurray, AB. pp 7-11. RMWB. (2007a). Capital Budget 2007.

RMWB. (2007b). Capital Budget 2007 – May 2007 update (internal document). RMWB. (May 28, 2007c). Conversation with RMWB Library Staff. Personal Communication on

May 28, 2007.

RMWB. (June, 28, 2007d). GIS Division, Planning & Development Department – data inquiry.

RMWB. (2007e). Highway 63 / 881 Corridor Area Structure Plan.

RMWB. (2007f). Highway 63 / 881 Corridor Area Structure Plan Technical Report. RMWB. (July 10, 2007g). Operations and Maintenance Department. Personal Communication

on July 10, 2007. RMWB. (May, 2007h). Willow Lake News. RMWB. (2007). Senior Administration i Statistics Canada www.statcan.ca ii Fort Chipewyan http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/visitors/wood_buffalo_communities/ftchip.asp?subnav=14iii Statistics Canada www.statcan.ca iv RMWB Labour Market News April 2007 v RMWB Census 2006 vi Statistics Canada www.statcan.ca vii RMWB Census 2006 viii Based on wages from: http://www.alis.gov.ab.ca/wageinfo/ ix RMWB Census 2006 xThe Political Economy of Bison Management in Wood Buffalo National Park. http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic45-4-367.pdfxi Community Plan, Doghead Indian Reserve No. 218 & Allison Bay Indian Reserve No. 219. (Jan. 1990). 2-13. xii Community Plan, Doghead Indian Reserve No. 218 & Allison Bay Indian Reserve No. 219. (Jan. 1990). 2-14. xiii RMWB, Regional Profile. http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/regional_profile/RegionalProfile.pdfxiv CBC. Fort Chip Ice Road Finally Opens to Traffic. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2006/01/23/chip-road-23012006.htmlxv Slave River Journal. Alberta asks Feds to Partner on all-weather Chip-Smith Road. http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=1&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=987&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.ca

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/services+utilities/standards.asp?subnav=6

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/parks+recreation/pdf/Parks%20Rec%20Master%20Plan.pdf

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/residents/parks+recreation/pdf/Parks%20Rec%20Master%20Plan.pdf

http://www.statcan.ca/

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http://www.statcan.ca/

http://www.alis.gov.ab.ca/wageinfo/

http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic45-4-367.pdf

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http://www.cbc.ca/canada/north/story/2006/01/23/chip-road-23012006.html

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http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=1&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=987&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.ca




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xvi Slave River Journal. Northern Barge Route an Idea that Floats. http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=74&twindow=Default&mad=No&sdetail=2149&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.caxvii Nunee Health Authority. http://www.nunee.org/mandate.htmxviii Nunee Health Authority. http://www.nunee.org/NursingStation2.htmxix Northern Lights Health Region. Fort Chipewyan Nursing Station. http://www.nlrhs.ca/Hospitals_Facilities/Clinics_Facilities_community.aspx?id=127xx Nunee Health Authority. http://www.nunee.org/wellnesscentre.htmxxi Nunee Health Authority. http://www.nunee.org/PublicHealth.htmxxii Slave River Journal. Chip Water Report Confirms Fears. http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=74&twindow=Default&mad=No&sdetail=2364&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.caxxiii Slave River Journal. Nunee Health Study Challenged/Defended http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=74&twindow=Default&mad=No&sdetail=2401&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.caxxiv Interview with Kim Howell xxv Northland School Division, 2007. xxviNorthland School Division, 2007. http://www.northland61.ab.ca/schools/AD/schools_athabasca_delta.htmlxxvii Keyano College Campuses: Fort Chipewyan. http://www.keyano.ca/Campuses/default.asp?ID=3xxviii http://education.alberta.ca/media/356303/albertahscrates.pdf TARA CONFIRM - UNSURE OF SCHOOL NAME xxix High School Graduates from 1997 to 2002 from Report of the Athabasca Tribal Council Schools Review 2003 xxx Slave River Journal. New Cellular Service for Fort Chip. http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=74&twindow=Default&mad=No&sdetail=2390&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.caxxxi www40.statcan.ca xxxii Morrison Hershfield Consulting Engineers & Managers http://www.morrisonhershfield.com/DNET_Profile/NewsItem.aspx?Item=21xxxiii Canadian Shield Region: Alberta, Canada. http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/shield.htmlxxxiv Canadian Shield Region: Alberta, Canada. http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/shield.htmlxxxv World Heritage Sites: Wood Buffalo National Park. Conservation Management. http://www2.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/woodbuff.htmlxxxviWorld Heritage Sites: Wood Buffalo National Park. http://www2.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/woodbuff.htmlxxxvii Fort Chipewyan Bicentennial Museum http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/visitors/arts+heritage/fort_chipewyan_museum.aspxxxviii Slave River Journal. Ice, Ice Baby. http://www.srj.ca/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=74&twindow=Default&mad=No&sdetail=945&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1957&hn=srj&he=.caxxxix Community Plan, Doghead Indian Reserve No. 218 & Allison Bay Indian Reserve No. 219. (Jan. 1990). 2-13.

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http://www.nunee.org/mandate.htm

http://www.nunee.org/NursingStation2.htm

http://www.nlrhs.ca/Hospitals_Facilities/Clinics_Facilities_community.aspx?id=127

http://www.nunee.org/wellnesscentre.htm

http://www.nunee.org/PublicHealth.htm







http://www.northland61.ab.ca/schools/AD/schools_athabasca_delta.html

http://www.keyano.ca/Campuses/default.asp?ID=3

http://education.alberta.ca/media/356303/albertahscrates.pdf




http://www.morrisonhershfield.com/DNET_Profile/NewsItem.aspx?Item=21

http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/shield.html

http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/shield.html

http://www2.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/woodbuff.html

http://www2.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/woodbuff.html

http://www.woodbuffalo.ab.ca/visitors/arts+heritage/fort_chipewyan_museum.asp




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