forming compounds ionic vs. covalent. understanding how atoms of elements combine when two atoms...
DESCRIPTION
Understanding how atoms of elements combine when two atoms collide, valence electrons on each atom interact when two atoms collide, valence electrons on each atom interact Chemical bonds form if their valence e- make a new arrangement with a lower energy than their previous arrangement Chemical bonds form if their valence e- make a new arrangement with a lower energy than their previous arrangement For many atoms, the lowest energy arrangement is the same as the closest noble gas For many atoms, the lowest energy arrangement is the same as the closest noble gas Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration bylosing/gaining/sharing electrons Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration bylosing/gaining/sharing electronsTRANSCRIPT
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Forming Forming CompoundsCompounds
Ionic vs. CovalentIonic vs. Covalent
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Understanding how atoms Understanding how atoms of elements combineof elements combine
when two atoms when two atoms collide,collide, valence electrons valence electrons on each atom interacton each atom interact
Chemical bonds form if their valence e- Chemical bonds form if their valence e- make a make a new arrangement with a lower new arrangement with a lower energy energy than their previous arrangementthan their previous arrangement
For many atoms, the lowest energy For many atoms, the lowest energy arrangement is the same as the closest arrangement is the same as the closest noble gasnoble gas
Atoms achieve noble gas electron Atoms achieve noble gas electron configuration byconfiguration by losing/gaining/sharing losing/gaining/sharing electronselectrons
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What is a bond?What is a bond? A bond is an attachment among A bond is an attachment among
atomsatoms Atoms may be held together for Atoms may be held together for
several several
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COMPOUNDS and their BONDS
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
Ionic Bonds
Metals
Covalent Bonds
Nonmetals
Nonmetals
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Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds Consist of Consist of positive ion + negative ionpositive ion + negative ion Ions held together by Ions held together by strong attractionstrong attraction
b/w b/w oppositely chargedoppositely charged ions = ions = IONIC BONDIONIC BOND Chemical and physical properties of the Chemical and physical properties of the
ionic compound are different from those of ionic compound are different from those of the individual elementsthe individual elements
Ex) Na Ex) Na soft, shiny metalsoft, shiny metal Cl Cl yellow, poisonous gasyellow, poisonous gas NaCl white, crystalline (table salt) NaCl white, crystalline (table salt)
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Charge Balance in Ionic Charge Balance in Ionic CompoundsCompounds
Chemical Formula indicates:Chemical Formula indicates: Number of ionsNumber of ions
Kind of ions Kind of ions that make the ionic compoundsthat make the ionic compounds
Ex) NaClEx) NaCl MgMg22OO
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Nearly all ionic compounds involve bonds b/wNearly all ionic compounds involve bonds b/w metal cations + nonmetal anionsmetal cations + nonmetal anions
positive negativepositive negativecharge chargecharge charge
• The sum of The sum of ionic chargesionic charges = zero = zero (total positive charges = total negative charges)(total positive charges = total negative charges)
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Properties of Ionic CompoundsProperties of Ionic CompoundsCations and anions form a regular repeating pattern
creates a characteristic crystalline shape
Strong attraction b/w charged ions extends throughout crystal relatively high melting points
When molten or dissolved in water, ions move freely
Conduct electricity in liquid
In solid state, ions unable to move Not electrical conductors in solid state
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Subscripts in FormulasSubscripts in FormulasIonic compounds made of 2 elements are Ionic compounds made of 2 elements are
called called binary compoundsbinary compoundsCompounds that lose/gain more than 1 electron Compounds that lose/gain more than 1 electron
need to bond to more than 1 atom need to bond to more than 1 atom
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Writing Ionic Formulas from Ionic Writing Ionic Formulas from Ionic ChargesCharges
Subscripts represent the # of positive and negative ions Subscripts represent the # of positive and negative ions that give an overall charge of zerothat give an overall charge of zero
Use the ionic charges to write the formulaUse the ionic charges to write the formula
* The cation is always written first, followed by the * The cation is always written first, followed by the subscriptsubscript
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Practice Naming Ionic Practice Naming Ionic CompoundsCompounds
The International Union of Pure and The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) a a global global organization of scientists organization of scientists They set They set standardsstandards in chemistry in chemistry
Each compound has a unique name Each compound has a unique name
The formula of the compound reflects its The formula of the compound reflects its namename
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Naming Ions
Monatomic IonsIons consisting of a single atom with a
(+) or (--) charge due to gaining or losing valence electrons.
*Noble Gases do not form ions! (They have complete valence shells
already)
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Cations (+)Cations (+) MetalsMetals Most from Groups 1A, 2A, 3AMost from Groups 1A, 2A, 3A Naming: Naming:
Same as the name of the metal, Same as the name of the metal, followed by ion or cationfollowed by ion or cation
Example: Sodium Ion, Potassium IonExample: Sodium Ion, Potassium Ion
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Anions (-)Anions (-) Non-metalsNon-metals Most from 5A, 6A, 7AMost from 5A, 6A, 7A Naming: Naming:
Start with the Start with the stemstem of the element’s of the element’s name ending with -idename ending with -ide
Example: Example: FluorFluoride, ide, ChlorChloride, ide, NitrNitrideide
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Naming Binary Ionic Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompounds
metalmetal + + nonmetalnonmetal always 1always 1stst always 2ndalways 2nd
EElemental lemental ++ Elemental + - Elemental + -ideide ending ending Name NameName Name
NaNa ++ F F SodiumSodium Fluorine Fluorine
NaNaFF Sodium Sodium fluorfluorideide* Subscripts are never mentioned in ionic compounds. * Subscripts are never mentioned in ionic compounds.
They are understood as a They are understood as a result of the charge balance of the ions in the compoundresult of the charge balance of the ions in the compound
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Practice Naming Binary Ionic Practice Naming Binary Ionic CompoundsCompounds
Write the name of each of the following Write the name of each of the following ionic compounds.ionic compounds.
a) Naa) Na22OO b) Mgb) Mg33NN22
Compound Compound Ions and Names Name of CompoundIons and Names Name of Compounda)a) NaNa22OO Na Na++ OO2-2-
SodiumSodium OxideOxide Sodium oxide Sodium oxidea)a) MgMg33NN22 Mg Mg 2+2+ NN3-3-
MagnesiumMagnesium Nitride Magnesium Nitride Magnesium nitride nitride
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Metals with Variable ChargeMetals with Variable Charge Transition metalsTransition metals typically form typically form
two or moretwo or more kinds of positive ions kinds of positive ions because they lose their outer because they lose their outer electrons from a lower levelelectrons from a lower level
For these metals, it is not possible to For these metals, it is not possible to predict the ionic charge from the predict the ionic charge from the group numbergroup number
This is called This is called variable valencevariable valence
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Transition ElementsTransition Elements Metals from Groups 3 – 12 Metals from Groups 3 – 12 Nearly all form more than one cationNearly all form more than one cation Ex) Fe (iron) forms Fe Ex) Fe (iron) forms Fe 2+2+ and Fe and Fe 3+3+
Use the Use the reverse cross-over method to determine the charge on to determine the charge on the cation and write formulas for the the cation and write formulas for the ionic compoundsionic compounds
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Two Methods – Stock vs. Classical SystemsStock System
Use roman numerals in parentheses to identify the charge of the ion
Example: Fe2+ Written: Iron(II) ion Read: “Iron two ion,”
Example: Cr2+ Written: Chromium(II) ionRead: “chromium two ion”
Transition Metals
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Transition MetalsClassical System
A suffix is used with root name to name the ion
Example: Fe2+ Written: Ferrous Ion
Example: Fe3+ Written: Ferric Ion
Example: Cr2+Written: Chromous Ion
Example: Cr3+Written: Chromic Ion
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Transition MetalsClassical System: some names may seem
unfamiliarIron: Ferr-Copper: Cupr-Tin: Stann-Lead: Plumb-
Some transition metals have only one chargeAg+
Cd2+
Zn2+
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Determining the charge on a Determining the charge on a cation:cation:
Example 1) FeCl3
Fe 3+ Cl-
• The charge on the chloride anion is correct.• Therefore the charge on the cation is correct.
Example 2) FeO
Fe+ O-
• The anion charge is incorrect.• Doubling the charges on both ions gives the
correct charges.
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Some common ions and their Some common ions and their location on the periodic tablelocation on the periodic table
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Practice Naming Ionic Practice Naming Ionic CompoundsCompounds
Write the name for each of the following ionic compounds:
a. FeO Reverse Cross-over
Fe charge + O2- charge = 0Fe O ? + (2-) = 0 Fe1+ O1-
(2+) + (2-) = 0 2x(Fe1+)(O1-)
Fe2+ O2-
Stock System Classic SystemIron (II) oxide Ferrous oxide
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b. Cu2S Reverse Cross-Over
2(Cu charge) + S2- charge = 0 Cu2 S 2(?) + (2-) = 0Cu1+ S2-
2(1+) + (2-) = 0
Stock System Classic System Copper (I) sulfide Cuprous
sulfide
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Polyatomic Ions Ions composed of more than one atom Tightly bound groups of atoms that
behave as one unit and have a charge All Anions ending in -ite or -ate contain
Oxygen “-ites” have one less oxygen than “-ates”Examples: ClO2- Chlorite
ClO3- ChlorateCr2O7
2- DichromatePO3
3- Phosphite
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Polyatomic Ions
When a polyatomic ion contains Hydrogen,
it is like adding a H+ with another polyatomic ion
Examples: H+ + CO32- ----> HCO3
-
Carbonate Hydrogen Carbonate
H+ + PO43- ----> HPO4
2-
Phosphate Hydrogen Phosphate
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Binary Ionic CompoundsAn ionic or molecular compound
composed of two elements
Naming: Place the cation first followed by the anion.Formula: Cation first, Anion second
Remember, total charge equals zero!
Example: Cs2O = Cesium Oxide (Ionic)CuO = Copper(II) Oxide (Ionic) Hint: 1:1 ratio
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Naming and Writing FormulasBinary Ionic Compounds
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Naming and Writing FormulasCompounds with Polyatomic Ions
Recall that a Polyatomic Ion acts as one unit
Naming: Place the cation first followed by the anion.
Formula: Cation first, Anion second
Example: PbSO4 = Lead(II) Sulfate
K2HPO4 = Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate
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Naming and Writing Formulas
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
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Naming Chemical Compounds
Guidelines:1) -ide generally indicates a binary
compound2) -ite or -ate means a polyatomic ion
that includes O3) A Roman numeral shows the charge of
the cation4) Prefixes generally indicate a molecular
compound