CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: COLD WAR CONFLICTS

The Smurfs: Communist?

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: SECTION ONE

FORMER ALLIES CLASH Controlling the economy: the U.S. vs. the

Soviet Union* Controlling the govt.: the U.S. vs. the

Soviet Union* U.S. angry that Stalin supported Germany

for some time Stalin angry over Allies not opening a

Western front and the secret of the atomic bomb

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

United Nations* U.S. and Soviet Union use this to spread

influence to others Stalin does not keep his promises at Yalta

—no free elections or democracies Big Three meet again at Potsdam—

discuss war reparations from Germany* U.S., during war, is an economic leader—

want to grow by extending trade with Eastern Europe (we want democracies)

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Soviets also emerged as an economic and military powerhouse from the war

Yet, they suffered heavy casualties from the war

To prevent further invasions from the West, they felt they had claim to Eastern Europe

Satellite nations* Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,

Hungary, Romania, and Poland

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Containment* Europe is, now, divided by the iron

curtain* pg. 605 in textbookCOLD WAR IN EUROPE Cold War* Turkey and Greece cannot be

supported financially by Britain Truman and U.S. fear Soviet influence—

create Truman Doctrine*

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

Most of Western Europe dealing with problems of destruction by the war, refugees wandering, and a terrible winter ruining crops

Marshall Plan*SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY End of WWII, Germany divided into four

zones: U.S., France, Great Britain, and Soviet Union

City of Berlin also divided with West vs. East

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

G.B., Fr., and U.S. unify W. Germany; on their way to unify Berlin

Stalin uses this as an opportunity to close all highways and railroads leading into city

Berlin Airlift* Soviets give up just

after a year

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

As a result of the Soviet blockade, Western Europe begins to fear the decisions of the Soviets

United States, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Turkey, West Germany, and Portugal form NATO*

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP: SECTION TWO

CHINA BECOMES A COMMUNIST COUNTRY Chiang Kai-shek* Ruler of Southern and

Eastern China; had a corrupt govt.

Collected a grain tax during a famine

Was a 10,000 percent increase; people protested and his secret police opened fire on them

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

Mao Zedong* Leader of Northern

China Win peasant support

with helping them to read, fight against famine, and promising land reform

Communist Red Army grows

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

With the defeat of Japan at the end of WWII, civil war breaks out between the two groups

44-47 U.S. fails to negotiate peace Truman does not send troops to the

Nationalists gives them two billion in supplies and equipment

Not enough to help for two reasons* Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan* and rest of

China becomes Communist

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

Conservative Democrats and Republicans attack Truman for this loss

Believed we put more effort into Europe rather than Asia

THE KOREAN WAR 38th Parallel* South: Republic of Korea, capital is Seoul;

Syngman Rhee is leader North: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea;

capital is Pyongyang; Kim Il Sung is leader

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

Korean War* United Nations joins

with S. Korea Truman orders

troops stationed in Japan to support the South; stations a fleet between Taiwan and China

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

THE UNITED STATES FIGHTS IN KOREA N. Korea captures Seoul; it drives S.

Korean troops and U.N. into Pusan General Douglas MacArthur launches a

counterattack with heavy artillery, fresh troops, and tanks at Inchon

Other troops move into Pusan—traps N. Korean forces between two groups

Reach as far as the Yalu River—China on the other side

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

Now, China joins with N. Korea for two reasons*

Drive the U.N. and MacArthur into S. Korea; opposing forces take Seoul

For two years, neither side makes an advance

MacArthur calls for nuclear weapons against China; Truman refuses*

THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

MacArthur still pushes full war against China

He speaks and writes privately to newspapers and magazines about his views; criticizes Truman

Truman fires MacArthur* Soviet Union suggests a cease-fire in 51 Takes two years to settle; 38th Parallel

does not move and war ends in stalemate End results for Americans*

THE COLD WAR AT HOME: SECTION THREE

Anti-Communist PropagandaFEAR OF COMMUNIST INFLUENCE Americans fear the takeover of Eastern

European countries and China; plus, there was a communist party in the U.S.

Federal Employee Loyalty Program* 3.2 million investigated; 212 dismissed;

2,900 resigned

THE COLD WAR AT HOME

House of Un-American Activities Committee*

Believed films were trying to sneak in Communist propaganda

43 “friendly” witnesses support the presence of communism

Hollywood Ten* Blacklist*

THE COLD WAR AT HOME

SPY CASES STUN THE NATION Alger Hiss* Chambers produces

microfilm of govt. docs. typed by Hiss

Hiss is convicted of perjury and sentenced to jail

THE COLD WAR AT HOME

Sept. 3, 1949Soviets test atomic bomb

Was not supposed to happen until three to five years later

U.S. believed secrets have been leaked

Klaus Fuchs admitted to giving away info.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg*

THE COLD WAR AT HOME

MCCARTHY LAUNCHES HIS WITCH-HUNT Senator Joseph

McCarthy* McCarthyism* Claimed he had

varying numbers of names of people in the Senate; accuses Democrats of “20 years of treason”

THE COLD WAR AT HOME

Republicans did not speak out against him; they thought this would help them win the next pres. election

McCarthy made accusations against U.S. Army; became a nationally televised court proceeding

He loses support from people due to bullying witnesses; Senate criticizes him for improper conduct

Dies three years later from alchoholism

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE: SECTION FOUR

Living on the EdgeBRINKSMANSHIP RULES U.S. POLICY Soviet Union and the

United States participate in an arms race

H-bomb* Soviets build it first in 53 Dwight Eisenhower* John Foster Dulles and

brinksmanship*

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

THE COLD WAR SPREADS AROUND THE WORLD Eisenhower forms the Central Intelligence

Agency due to arms race* Prime minister of Iran takes over oil fields

in his country that belong to Britain Britain stops buying Iranian oil; causes

Iranian economy to falter Feared the prime minister might ask

Soviets for help

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

Gave several million dollars to people against the prime minister

Wanted pro-American Shah of Iran to return to power; he came back and gave oil fields to Western companies

CIA also looked at Guatemala--mad because their govt. gave away 200,000 acres of American land to peasants

Our response*

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

West Germany now allowed to rearm and join NATO, out of fear, the Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact* pg. 624

1955 Britain and U.S. agree to finance construction of a dam on the Nile River

Gamal Abdel-Nassar, Egypt’s head of govt. plays the U.S. and Soviets against each other*

U.S. finds out and withdraws a loan given to Egypt

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

Egypt takes over British and French controlled end of Suez Canal; refused to allow ships bound for Israel pass through

Three countries send out troops to gain Mediterranean end; UN stops fighting and forces them to withdraw

Egypt keeps control of the canal

During this time, Soviets support Egypt, so the Eisenhower Doctrine is formed*

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

THE COLD WAR TAKES TO THE SKIES Stalin dies in 53;

replaced by Nikita Khruschev*

They launch Sputnik—causes U.S. to catch up

CIA begins making secret flights over the Soviet Union

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

Americans are afraid of these flights for two reasons*

Eisenhower was afraid but was persuaded to do one more flight

Francis Gary Powers’ plane is shot down

Eisenhower’s reaction*