FORMATION AND USEOF

INFINITIVES

• PRESENT ACTIVE• PRESENT PASSIVE• PERFECT ACTIVE• PERFECT PASSIVE• FUTURE ACTIVE

PRESENT STEM

• ACTIVE – PORTARE - TO CARRY

– HABERE - TO HAVE/HOLD

– AGERE - TO DO

– FACERE - TO MAKE

– AUDIRE - TO HEAR

• PASSIVE– PORTARI - TO BE CARRIED

– HABERI - TO BE HELD

– AGI - TO BE DONE

– FACI - TO BE MADE

– AUDIRI - TO BE HEARD

PERFECT STEM

• ACTIVE– PORTAVISSE - TO HAVE

CARRIED– HABUISSE - TO HAVE HELD– EGISSE - TO HAVE DONE– FECISSE - TO HAVE MADE– AUDIVISSE - TO HAVE HEARD

PASSIVE

• PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE

• PORTATUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN CARRIED

• DOCTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN TAUGHT

• ACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN DONE

• FACTUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN MADE

• AUDITUS ESSE TO HAVE BEEN HEARD

FUTURE ACTIVE INFINITIVE

• FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE + ESSE

• PORTATURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO CARRY

• DOCTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO TEACH

• ACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO DO

• FACTURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO MAKE

• AUDITURUS ESSE TO BE ABOUT TO HEAR

USE AS A COMPLEMENT TO ANOTHER VERB

• COMPLEMENTS OTHER VERBS SUCH AS: POSSE; DEBERE; PARARE,

NECESSE EST, OPORTET• EXEMPLI GRATIA;

– POSSUM DOCERE BENE DISCIPULOS.

– I am able to teach the students well.

– P ARAMUS PUGNARE BELLUM.

– We are preparing to fight the battle.

– DEBES LEGERE HISTORIAM.

– You ought to read the story.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE

• After verbs of saying, knowing, thinking, believing and others describing some mental action, if the words are not quoted directly, we use a clause introduced by

THAT • EXEMPLI GRATIA

He says that the boys are fighting. (indirect)

He says: “The boys are fighting”. (direct)

VERBS WHICH INTRODUCE INDIRECT DISCOURSE

Dico – say Scio – know

Sentio - feel Puto - think

Audio - hear Video – see

Cogito – think Nuntio – report,announce

Existimo – think,suppose

Nego - deny

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED

• In Latin, the infinitive is used as the verb in the indirect statement. The subject is put in the accusative case in the indirect statement.

• EXEMPLI GRATIA:

Dicit, “pueri pugnant.” (DIRECT)

He says: “The boys are fighting.”

Dicit pueros pugnare. (INDIRECT)

He says that the boys are fighting.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED

• In English the subject of the infinitive in the indirect statement is also in the accusative (objective) case:– I know him to be honest.

NOT

– I know he to be honest.

• Tense of the infinitive signifies the time of the indirect statement in relation to the main verb.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED

• PRESENT INFINITIVE MEANS

CONTEMPORARY ACTION

• PERFECT INFINITIVE MEANS

PREVIOUS ACTION

• FUTURE INFINITIVE MEANS

FUTURE ACTION

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED

• EXEMPLI GRATIA:

• Dicit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous)

– He says that the man is walking

• Dixit virum ambulare. (present = contemporaneous)

– He said that the man walked.

• Dicit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior)

– He says that the man walked.

• Dixit virum ambulavisse. (perfect = prior)

– He said that the man had walked.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE CONTINUED

• Dicit virum ambulaturum esse.• NB: future = future; agreement of participial portion of

infinitive in number, case (accusative) and gender of the subject in indirect discourse; this also applies to the perfect passive infinitive

– He says that the man will walk.

• Dixit virum ambulaturum esse. (future = future)

– He said that the man would walk.