form 4 bio diagram

8/13/2019 Form 4 Bio Diagram

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Scientific Method

Scientific Method

An orderly method which used to investigate a problemor an event.

DEFINE THE

PROBLEM

PLAN THE

INVESTIGATION

COLLECT THE

DATAWRITE A

REPORT

CONTROL THE

VARIABLES

FORM A

HYPOTHESIS

1


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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Ultrastructure Of An Animal Cell Ultrastructure Of An Animal Cell Ultrastructure Of An Animal Cell Ultrastructure Of An Animal Cell Ultrastructure Of An Animal Cell

N

uclear

M

embrane

Flagellu

m

C

hromatin

N

ucleolus

Nucleus

Endoplas

mic

reticulum

(rough)

Plasma

membrane

2

Microtuble


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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Ultrastructure Of A Plant Cell Ultrastructure Of A Plant Cell Ultrastructure Of A Plant Cell Ultrastructure Of A Plant Cell Ultrastructure Of A Plant Cell

Mitochondrion

Cell Wall

Vacuole

Microtubule

Nuclear

Chromatin

3

Cytoplasm


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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Structure And Function Of Animal Cells And Plant Cells (i)

Controls all the all activities in the cell

Responsible for all cellular structure,chemical function, growth andreproduction.

Produce all the cellschemical energy(ATP) and thecomponents that

structure nucleicacids

Changes protein intoglycoprotein

Nucleus

4

Mitochondrion

Golgi Body

outer membrane

inner membrane

cristaematrix

Nucleolus

Chromatin


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Synthesis of protein

The smallest cellular organelles

Filled with cell sap in plants

Protects the plant cellMaintains the shape of the cell

RIBOSOME

5 CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Structure And Function Of Animal Cells And Plant Cells (ii)

VACUOLE


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Both have nucleus

Both have cell

membrane

Both have cytoplasm

Animal cell Plant Cell

6 CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Similarities And Differences of Animal Cell And Plant Cell

SIMILARITIES


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7

CHAPTER3:M

OVEMENTOFSUBSTANCESACROSS

T

HEPLASMAMEMBRANE

P

lasmaMembrane

Outside cell Glycolipid

Carrier

protein

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Phospholipidbilayer

The structure of the plasma membrane

Consists of lipid bilayer and globular proteins.

The globular proteins float like icebergs in an

ocean of lipid molecules.

s of the plasma membrane: ts as a boundry between the inside and outside of cell

ntrols movement of substances into and out of cell

otects cells


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CHAPTER3

:MO

VEMENTOFSUBSTANCESA

CROSS

THEPLASMAMEMBRANE

8

Sodium ionsbind tothe proteininside theplasmamembrane.

Protein will change back quicklyto its original shape or structurefollowing the removal of thephosphate group.

Potassium ions move tothe inside of the cell.

1

carrier protein

lipid

Na+

ATP

ADPPhospholipid

bilayer

Na+

P

ATP is hydrolyzedand phosphate isproduced.

2

Na+

Na+

P

K+

The shape orstructure ofprotein changesand causes sodiumions to be expelledto the externalspace.

P

K+

Potassium ionsbind to the protein.

P

K+

3

45

6

ACTIVETRANSPORT

Acti

veTran

spor

t

Extracellularspace

Cytoplasm


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CHAPTER3:MOVEMEN

TOFSUBTANCESACROSSTHEPLAS

MAMEMBRANE

ThePassiveTransport

Facilitated Diffusion

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Simple Diffusion Osmosis

The transport of molecules

across the outer membrane ofliving cell by process thatinvolves carrier protein within

Molecules transport randomly

from a dilute solution to a moreconcentrated solution.

The passage of a solvent (eg.

water) from a dilute solutionto a more concentratedsolution across asemipermeable membrane.

Hydrophilicgroups(Specific bindingsite)

Carrierprotein

Solute molecule

Carrierproteinchangesshape

Sucrosemolecule

Watermolecule

Copper (ll) sulphate particle

9

Semipermeablemembrane

Higherconcen-tration

Lowerconcen-tration

Carrierprotein snapsback to itsoriginalconformation

Waterpot

entialgra

dient

Strong SucroseSolution

(less water = low

water potential)

Weak SucroseSolution

(more water = high

water potential)


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water concentration outside thecell is higher than that of in thecytoplasm.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Hiypotonic

water concentration inside andout of cell is equal.

Isotonic

wce

th

Description

water enters the cell. cell expands and eventually bursts

(haemolisis).

flow of water into and out of cellthrough plasma is balanced.

shape and cell size is definite.

w ce

de

Implicationon animalcell

water enters the cell by osmosis. cell expands and becomes firm or

turgid. The rigid cellulose cell wallexpands slightly only and so pre-

No change because flow of waterinto and out of cell through plasma

is balanced.

fla wa

ceH2O

H2O

H2O

H 2O

H2O

H2O H 2O


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CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELLS

Charateristics Of Enzymes

SpecificAction

Reactions arereversible May need cofactors/

coenzymes

Rate

ofreaction

Optimum

Temperature

n o n specificsubstrate

Specific

substrate

yme

reaction

rate

amylase

t rypsin

optimum pH

Some enzymes may need tobe bound with coenzymebefore they can catalysereactions

11

+

+

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

ENZYMES


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(554690-H)12CHAPTER 4 : CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN CELLS

Extracellular Enzymes

Roughendoplasmic

reticulum

Ribosomes

Transitionvesicle

Golgicomplex

Secretory

vesicle

Membranefusionoccuring

Discharge by


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The Mechanism Of Enzymes Action

A building up reaction

(synthesis)

A breaking down reaction

(hydrolysis)

Substrate molecule aligning itselfat the enzyme molecule active

site.

Two substrate molecules (A and

B)which can fit into the active

site.substrate

activesites

enzymemolecule

AB

1 2

A substratemolecule(sucrose)

enzymemolecule(sucrase)

activesites

13


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Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity

enzyme

reaction

rate

enzyme

reaction

rate

different enzymes, differentoptimum pH.

pH changes, protein

conformation changes. reduced ability to

each 10C increment (until 40C)reaction rate doubles.

37C - 40C, optimum range foranimal enzyme.

10

2

4

6

8

10

12

20 30 40 50 60

pH TEMPERATURE

denaturation beginsh T 40C l

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 pH

T = 37CT < 37C T >37C

T = 60Cenzymedenatures

Temperature(C)

pepsin

amylase

t rypsin

optimum pH

14

optimumtemperature


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CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION

The Cell CycleThe Cel l CycleThe Cell CycleThe Cel l CycleThe Cell Cycle

G 1

S

G2

Prophase

Metaphase

Ana

phas

e

Telophas

e

Cytokin

esis

DNA replication

Chromosomeduplication

Synthesis of enzymeand protein for cell

division.

Cell grows and

prepares for mitosis.

Cell grows andcarries out normalmetabolism.Organelles duplicate.

INTERPHASE

15


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CHANGES OF THE DNA CONTENT OF A CELL

CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION Changes Of The DNA Content Of A CellChanges Of The DNA Content Of A CellChanges Of The DNA Content Of A CellChanges Of The DNA Content Of A CellChanges Of The DNA Content Of A Cell

2nnnnn

3nnnnn

4nnnnn

DNA ContentDNA ContentDNA ContentDNA ContentDNA Content

Of CellOf CellOf CellOf CellOf Cell

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

16


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MitosisMitosisMitosisMitosisMitosis

The periods between cell

divisons. Chromosomes are in the

form of fine threads and

uncondensed.

Chromosomes condense.

Spindle microtubules

form between the

centrioles.

Nucleolus and nucleus

membrane disappear.

Chromosomes align at the

equator.

The centromeres attach to

the spindle microtubules.

INTERPHASE

Prophase

METAPHASE

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MeiosisMeiosisMeiosisMeiosisMeiosis

The periods between cell

divisons. Chromosomes are in the

form of fine threads and

uncondensed.

Chromosomes condense.

Homologous chromosomes

synapse to form a tetrad.

Crossing over occurs at

chiasma.

Nucleus membrane dissapears.

Spindle is formed.

Chromosomes line up inpairs across the cell

MEIOSIS I

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I

18

CHAPTER 5 CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 CELL DIVISIONCHAPTER 5 CELL DIVISION


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INTERPHASE

Chromosomes become thick

and short.

Nucleolus and nuclear

membrane disappear.

Chromosomes line up singly

across the centre of each

cell.

Prophase ii

METAPHASE II

MEIOSIS II

19


MeiosisMeiosisMeiosisMeiosisMeiosis


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MEIOSIS

Pole

Chromatids

Centromere

Centriole

Spindle

MITOSIS

M

eios

Prophase I

INTERPHASE

Metaphase I

Metaphase

Prophase

CHAPTER 5 : CELL DIVISION

Comparison Of Mitosis And Meiosis20


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LEVEL OF

ORGANIZATION

Building blocks of all organismse.g simple molecule: Amino acid

complex molecule: Protein

Subcellular compartmentsspecialised for specificcellular functions.e.g. mitochondria

ORGANELLE

A

fo

MOLECULE

ORGAN SYSTEM

CHAPTER 6 : ORGANIZATION OF CELLS


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Human Organ Systems

Nervous System RespiratorySystem

Muscular System

SkeletalSystem

22

coordinates andcontrols most nerveactivities

inhales oxygen andexhales carbon dioxide

support the body

protect the organsallows body movement


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Pseudopodia

Nucleus

EctoplasmFood vacuoles

Contractile

vacuole

Cell

membrane


Unicellular Organisms - Amoeba

Respiration Feeding in AmeobaCO2

O2

Pseudopodium engulfs

E di b i

Nutrients areabsorbed

24

Endoplasm


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2


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34

MATURE CELL DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS

DAUGHTER CELLS SEPERATE DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM

Parent cell

Nucleus divides

Cytoplasm divides

Daughter cell

CHAPTER6:

ORGANIZATIONOFCELLS

REPRODUCTIONINAMOEBA

26

Nucleus

Cell becomesrounded and

nucleus startsto divide

Daughter

nuclei form

and cytoplasm

constricts

Daughter cells separate

PNICHAPTER 6 : ORGANIZATION OF CELLS


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Unicellular Organisms - Paramecium

Movement Respiration

M ith th h l f ili hi h

Cilium

TrichocystsMacronucleus

MicronucleusCytostome

Food vacuole

Contractile

vacuole

CO2

O2

Ab b f th t d i

27

2


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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

IN PARAMECIUM

Daughter cells form4

Both nuclei start to divide2

Mature Cell1

Cell contents divide3

CHAPTER6:ORGANIZATIONOF

CELLS

28

Paramecium

macronucleus

micronucleus

UnicellularOrganisms-AsexualReproduction

Micronucleus begins mitosis

Micronucleus divides

Macronucleus pulls in two

New gullet forms

Two new contractile appear

Micronucleus in mitosis

Macronucleus begins elongation

Bud appears on cytostome


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1 The conjugants come to lieside by side.

2 The macronucleidisintegrate and themicronuclei divide.

3 Eachmicronucleusdivides twiceto form 4nuclei and 3of thesedisintegrate.

4 Each remainingmicronucleusdivides into 2.One of thesemigrate into theadjacent cell.

5 Migratory nucleus fuseswith stationary nucleus ofother conjugant.

6 The cojugants separate.Each ex-conjugantcontains zygotic nucleus.

8 Each ex-cojungant dividestwice to form four new

young paramecia.

SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

IN PARAMECIUM

7The zygoticnucleusdivides intoeight.

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macronucleus

micronucleus CHAPTER6:ORGANIZATION

OFCELLS

Un

icellularorganisms-SexualReproduction

29


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CHAPTER 7: NUTRITION

Classes Of Food - Lipids

Elements

C , H , OC - CarbonH - Hydrogen

O - Oxygen

Fats And Oil

Unsaturated fat : - Oil products from plants

: - Animal fatSaturated fat

Phospolipids

Main component of

plasma membrane

Functions

Give us energy

Make cell membraneKeep us warm

Control body

temperature

LIPIDS

31

+


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Help to repair and build

up new cells

There are 20 amino

acids.

Synthesizes enzymes,

hormones, antibodies

and haemoglobin

i) Essential amino acids

animal produts :

meat, egg, milk

ii) Non-

plant

(bea

TYPES OF

AMINO

ACID

SOURCES

C CarbonH Hydrogen

O OxygenN Nitrogen

S SulphurP Phosphorus

C, H, O, N, S and P

ELEMENT

PROTEINS

FUNCTIONS

Can be classify as :

Canbeusedforenergywhenthebodyisstarving

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PRIMARY STUCTURE

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

The linear sequenceof amino acids in apolypeptide chain.

The folding ofthe polypeptidechain to form apleated sheet.

The twisting of the

polypeptide chain toform a helix.

HELIX

Amino acids

Polypeptide chain

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

The structure of protein is characterized in 4 ways:

A Primary Stucture C Tertiary Structure

B Secondary Structure D Quarternary Structure

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BODY SIZE

AGE

GENDER

CLIMATE

HEALTH

An individual who has a

Adolescentsmore calorie

Women need lesscalories compared

to men.

Insufficient secretion of thyroxineresults in a lower metabolic rate.

Meanwhile over-secretion of thyroxinecauses higher metabolic rate.

An individual who is physically activeneeds more calories than an individual

who is inactive.

6OCCUPATION / PHYSICAL

ACTIVITY

FACTORS THAT

AFFECT DAILY

ENERGYREQUIREMENTS

1bigger build needs more calories than anindividual with a smaller build.

2

3

4

5

35CHAPTER 7 : NUTRITION

A B l d Di t F d G id P id


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Food Guide PyramidFood Guide PyramidFood Guide PyramidFood Guide PyramidFood Guide Pyramid

Fats, oils and

sweets group

Eat sparingly

Fruit group

Milk, yogurt andcheese group

2-3 servings

35

Vegetable

group

3-5 servings

Meat, poultry, fish,

eggs and nuts group

2-3 servings

A Balanced Diet : Food Guide Pyramid

Eat least

CHAPTER 7 : NUTRITION

Human Digestive System

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H Di ti S t


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Human Digestive System

Trachea

The Digestive Process

In The Alimentary Canal Starch

BileFats

THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Milk protein Casein

Break food into

small pieces Glands : Salivary glandsSecretion : Saliva (pH 7)

Glands : Liver

Secretion : Bile (pH 8)

Glands : Pancreas

Secretion : Pancreatic juice (pH 8)

Glands : Gastric glandsSecretion : Gastric juice (pH 1)

Salivary

glands

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Teeth

Mouth

Amylase

Amino Acids

Stomach

Rennin

Duodenum

Emulsified fatsLiver

Oesophagus

36 Human Digestive System

ProteinsProtease

Peptones

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Liver

Blood vessel

Glucose and amino acid are transported to the whole body.

Glucose respirated

Amino acid hormone synthesis, enzymes and new cells

Glucose Glycogen

Amino acid urea

Amino acid protein

37

Hepatic Vein

carries processednutrients from liver intosystemic circulation.

Absorption And Assimi lat ion

Sugar andamino acidabsorb in thesmall intestine.

Large intestineSmall Intestine

carries solubleproducts ofabsorption

to the liver.

Hepatic Portal Vein

Absorption ofwater, mineralsalts and water

salts solublei i

Lymphatic Vessel

carries fatty acid,glycerol, fat-solublevitamins (A, D, E, K)to lymphatic system.

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Photosynthesis38


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Water + Glucose +Light

Carbon dioxideChlorophyll

Oxygen

Process in which green plants make use of carbondioxide and water to make food (glucose) in thepresence of sunlightand chlorophyll.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The Equation for Photosynthesis is:

6H2O 6CO6 C6H12O6 6O2

Oxygen isreleased as a

waste product

Chrophyllmolecule that

can trap light

Light energy split thewater moleculesinto oxygen and hydrogen

Starch grains transportedto other parts of the plant


Mechanism Of Photosynthesis39


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Mechanism Of Photosynthesis

MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

39

Aspect Light Reactions Dark React ions

Site

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LIGHT REACTIONS AND

DARK REACTIONS

Grana of Chloroplast Stroma of Chloroplast

C6H

12O

6

LIGHT

6H2

0

6O2

DARK

REACTIONS

6CO2

6H2O

LIGHT

REACTIONS


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leaves

Phloem sieve tubes

carry away sucrose

2 to diffuse

Guard cellcontrolsopening/closure ofstomatal pores

Cuticle

waxy

reduce water loss byevaporation

Spongy mesophyll

allows diffusion of water and

gases through leaves

Palisade mesophyllmajor site ofphotosynthesis

Upper epidermis

protects against

water losstransparent to

visible light

Lower epidermis

protects against

water loss

transparent tovisible light

INTERIOR OF LEAF

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40

CHAPTER7

:

NUTRITION

LEAF

STRUCTU

RE

Leaf Structure


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Nutrients that needed in large

quantities

Necessary for the formation ofthe cell walls and protoplasm ofcells.

Example :(i) Carbon(ii) Hydrogen(iii) O xy gen

(iv) Nitrogen(v) Phosphorus(vi) Sulphur (vii) Potass ium(vii i) Magnesium(ix) Calcium

Nutrients that needed in small quantities.

Required mainly for the formationof plgments and enzymes

MINERAL REQ

How Mineral Ge

Mineral elemenfrom the soil

MACRONUTRIENTS

MICRONUTRIENTS

non-metallic

metallic

MINERAL

NUTRITION INPLANTS

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Mineral Nutrition In Plants42


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NITROGEN

Used for : Making leaves and

growth of new cellsNecessary for : (a) Protein synthesis(b) Synthesis of

(a)growth

(b)(c)

Sources :(i)(ii)

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MAGNESIUM

Used for : Formation of chlorophyll

Absence causes : (a) Poor growth (b) Yellowing of leaves

42

Source : Magnesium salts in the soil

The LimitingFactors That Influences Rate Of Photosynthesis


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rate

of

ph

otosynthesis

ynthesis

rate

of

ph

otosynthesis

light need to

be increased

plenty of light

and warmth

High intensityof light

Low intensity o

amount of carbon dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Concentration Temperature

0.03% CO2

1 3

210 20

1Light Intensity 2

Photosynthesis willgo as fast as theamount of light willal low, when it is

warm and there isplenty of carbon

dioxide .Light becomes thelimiting factor.

The LimitingFactors That Influences Rate Of Photosynthesis

When amount oflight increases,

the rate of photo-synthesis in-creases to a cer-

tain point. Beyondthis point amount

The Ruminants Digestive System

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The Ruminants Digestive System

Ruminants have four - chambered stomach

OESOPHAGUS

Rumen

cellulase

Receives fermented grass mixture

from rumen

OMASUM

Ruminants release large

volumes of methane from

both ends of their gut.

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CHAPT

ER7:NUTRITION

Digestive

SystemOfRuminants

2

1

Mouth

Food is ingested and

chewed ready forswallowing.

RETICULUM34

HCI andpepsin

conditions

1

2

3

4

5

6 sugarscellulose

Proteins fromgrass, bacteriaand ciliates

peptides

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Digestive System Of Rodents


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Digestive System Of A Rabbit

Salivary glands

Oesophagus

Heart

Gall-bladder

IleumPancrease

Duodenum

Stomach

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Cell Respiration


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C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

P

ADP ATP

PActive

transport

+

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CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATION Fish Respiratory StructureFish Respiratory StructureFish Respiratory StructureFish Respiratory StructureFish Respiratory Structure47


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Gill raker

- Have very thin walls which are permeable to gases.

- Covered with many gill lamellas.- Have a dense network of blood

capillaries

Characteristics of gill filaments

for gases exchange

Has four pairs of gills. The gillsare covered by the operculum.

Gill bar holds out the gill

filaments into thestream of water.

Gill filament

Water in

Each gill consists of two gill

rakers, gill arches and tworows of gill filaments.

OperculumA muscular flapwhich covers

the gill chamber.

Water out

provide enourmoussurface area for

gas exchange.

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CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATION Breathing Mechanism In FishBreathing Mechanism In FishBreathing Mechanism In FishBreathing Mechanism In FishBreathing Mechanism In Fish48


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EXPIRATIONDIFFERENCESINSPIRATION

Waterin

Mouth

Gill

Operculum

Operculum

valve

Water out Water outBuccal cavity

Flowing of waterthrough the gills.

KEYBreathe

inBreathe

out

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CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION

The Respiratory System And Mechanism49


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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND MECHANISM

Larynx

Bronchus

Rib

Trachea

Internalintercostal

muscle

Pleuralmembranes

Di h

Pleural cavity withpleural fluid

Externalintercostal

muscle

Bronchiole

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CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATION The Breathing MechanismThe Breathing MechanismThe Breathing MechanismThe Breathing MechanismThe Breathing Mechanism

50


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EXPIRATION (EXHALATION)

Air in

INSPIRATION (INHALATION)

Air out

RibsLung

Vertebral

column

Internal

intercostal

muscle

Diaphragm Sternum

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CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION

The Regulation Of Breathing

C t l

5151515151


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The nerve impulsessent to

medulla oblongata.

Central

chemoreceptors

In medula oblongata,information analysedand impulses sent tointercostal muscle

and diaphragmmuscle.

The chemoreceptors in the carotidbody and aorta body are stimulatedwhen: concentration of O

2 decreases

concentration of CO2

increases Blood pH changes

Intercostal

l

Cerebellum

Medulla Oblongata

2

1

3

Cerebrum

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CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 :CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATIONRESPIRATION Gaseous Exchange In The Alveolus AndGaseous Exchange In The Alveolus AndGaseous Exchange In The Alveolus AndGaseous Exchange In The Alveolus AndGaseous Exchange In The Alveolus And

TissuesTissu esTissuesTissu esTissues52


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ALVEOLAR AIRALVEOLAR AIRALVEOLAR AIRALVEOLAR AIRALVEOLAR AIR

Po2 104 mm Hg

Pco2 40 mm Hg

Inspired air

Po2 160 mm HgPco

2 0.3 mm Hg

Expired air

Po2 120 mm HgPco

2 27 mm Hg

Blood leavingtissue capillaries

Po2

104 mm Hg

Pco2 40 mm Hg

Bloodentering alveolar

capillaries

Po2 40 mm Hg

Pco2 45 mm Hg

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CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 : RESPIRATION Site Of Photosynthesis And Respiration In Mesophyll CellsSite Of Photosynthesis And Respiration In Mesophyll CellsSite Of Photosynthesis And Respiration In Mesophyll CellsSite Of Photosynthesis And Respiration In Mesophyll CellsSite Of Photosynthesis And Respiration In Mesophyl l Cells53


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C6H12O6 + 6O26CO6 + 6H2 O

Light energy

chlorophyll

Sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

Sunlight

Chlorophyll containingorganelles that are found inlarge numbers in plant cells

undergoing photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ATP and

heat

A structure within thecytoplasm that carry outaerobic respiration

CHLOROPLAST

MITOCHONDRION

Respiration (heat) 70%Respiration energy used

Use of energy entering an animal

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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS

Describes the number ofindividuals at each link ina food chain.

Some energy arelost during

excretion and respiration

processes.

90% of energylost

10 kJ/m/year

90% of energylost

1 000 kJ/m/year

1(1 kg)

50

50 000(total 100 kg)

10 000 000

Tertiary consumer(4th trophic level)

Secondary consumers (3rd trophic)

Primary consumers (2nd trophic)

Producers (1st trophic level)

10% ofenergy

transmitted

10% ofenergy

transmitted

10% ofenergy

transmitted

10% ofenergy

transmitted

10 000 kJ/m/year

p ( )

Food eaten

100%

Growth 2%

Urine 3%

Faeces 10%

p gyin activities for living 5%

Respiration (movement) 10%

CHAPTER9

:DYNAMICECOSYSTEM

TheP

yramidOfNumbers

90% of energylost

100 kJ/m/year

FOOD WEB 55

Herbivores

Primary consumers Secondary consumers

Carnivores Carnivores

Tertiary consumersSunlight

Provides energyin the food


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CHAPTER9

:DYNAMICECOSYSTEM

FoodWeb

Producers

Usually green plants. They

can convert light energyto chemical energy in foodcompounds.

Obtain energy in foodcompounds obtainedfrom producers.

Carnivores

Obtain energy in foodcompounds obtained byeating primary consumers.

Carnivores

Obtain energy in foodcompounds obtained byeating primary/ secondaryconsumers.

chain.

Decomposers

Bacteria and fungi

CHAPTER 9 : DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Symbiosis56


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SYMBIOSIS : An intersection between individuals ofdifferent species (symbionts)

Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism

A specific (commensal)

benefits from the

association with the

other (host) is not

affected significantly.

An association in

which one organism

(parasite) lives on

another body (host) to

obtain its nutrients.

An intersectionbetween two speciesin which bothspecies benefit.

Both species couldnot live separatelybut dependent oneach other to survive.

A plant that growsupon another plant.

A parasite that livesoutside itshost sbody.

Bacteria in rootd l k i

EctoparasiteEpiphyte

Host

1 1

Flea

CHAPTER 9 : DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

The Interaction Between Biotic Components57


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Any organism that feeds by absorbing dead organic matter.

Any plants that

Any animals that

Interactionbetween two

depends fully on dead organisms

for food.

obtain food from dead and

decaying organisms.

Saprophytism

Saprophyte Saprozoite

Prey -predator Competition

organisms in which one

INTERACTIONBETWEEN

BIOTIC

The interactionamong living

organisms that share

the limited resources

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CHAPTER 9 : MICROORGANISMS AND THIER EFFECT ON LIVING THINGS

Biodiversity - Classification of Organisms58


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Prokaryotae

Unicellular

Do not have nuclearmembrane

Simple organisationwithout muscle

Protoctista

Almost unicellular

Have nuclearmembrane

Simple organisationwithout muscle

Fungi

Do not have chlorophyll

Have chitin wall butnot cellulose

Produce spores

CLASSIFICATION

OF

CHAPTER 9 : MICROORANISMS AND ITS EFFECT ON LIVING THINGS

The Classification Of Microorganisms59


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Unicellular organism

Asexual reproductionthrough spores andbudding.

Do not have

hl h ll

Unicellular organisms. Asexual reproduction

through dual cleft. 4 ways of nutrition :

Living in the soil, sea, moist

area or upon another organism.

Reproduce through cell

division.

Sexual and asexual

reproduction.

BacteriaFungi

Protozoa

ParameciumAmoeba

Attachment1


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Virus attaches on thesurface of bacteria

cell.

THE LIFE CYCLE OF

A TYPICAL VIRUS

Attachment1

Complex virus

Protein coat

BacterialChromosome

Nucleic acid

Th i l ti f it g i th i tNITROGEN CYCLE


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The circulation of nitrogen in the environment.NITROGEN CYCLE

Denitrifyingbacteria

Animal proteins

Plant proteins

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitratesabsorbed byroots.

Nibaso

Nitrogen in the

atmosphere

Ammonia andammoniumcompounds

DecompositionDecompositionof urea and

faeces.

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria inroots

death animal

and plants

Nirates in

th il


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Light energyfrom the sun

Sun


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About 10% of the solarenergy reflected backinto space.

Meltingicebergcausesto rise

Solar enerngy re-emittedin the infrared range.

About 83% of thesolar energypenetrates the

atmosphere.

Some of the Earthred emissions are r

back to the Earths

Greenhousegasesfromcombustion offossil fuels,car exhaustetc.

Sun


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form 4 bio diagram

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