forging new generations of engineers. history of engineering

Forging new generations of engineers

History of EngineeringHistory of Engineering

When did engineering begin?

Who were the first engineers?

What were the first engineering designs?

When did engineering begin?

Who were the first engineers?

What were the first engineering designs (probably)?

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa 8000 Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa 8000

years agoyears agoChange from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers)Change from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers)Rise of The Agrarian Society (agriculture)Rise of The Agrarian Society (agriculture)

forms the basis of civilizationforms the basis of civilization cultivate plants - need increased food productioncultivate plants - need increased food production defense –use lightsabers to battle enemies defense –use lightsabers to battle enemies domesticate animals - for food and workdomesticate animals - for food and work build permanent houses in community groupbuild permanent houses in community group

Increased food production permitted time to engage in Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as: other activities such as:

EngineeringEngineering FarmingFarming Emergence of a class societyEmergence of a class society Land ownershipLand ownership Rulers - to stabilize community lifeRulers - to stabilize community life Foremen and Supervisors - organize work forceForemen and Supervisors - organize work force Workers - to complete workWorkers - to complete work Artisans - specialists in various technologiesArtisans - specialists in various technologies

Artisans are considered the first engineersArtisans are considered the first engineers

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.

Early Achievements in this EraEarly Achievements in this Era

Methods of producing fire at willMethods of producing fire at will

Melting certain rocklike materials to Melting certain rocklike materials to produce copper and bronze toolsproduce copper and bronze tools

Development of a system of symbols for Development of a system of symbols for written communicationswritten communications

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.

The Beginning of Engineering:The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.6000 - 3000 B.C.

Major Engineering Projects or Major Engineering Projects or Inventions Inventions

Irrigation systems to promote crop growthIrrigation systems to promote crop growth Animal, water, and wind driven millsAnimal, water, and wind driven mills The wheel and axleThe wheel and axle PlowPlow YokeYoke


Mesopotamia “Cradle of Civilization”Mesopotamia “Cradle of Civilization”

Clay tile material used for permanent documentationClay tile material used for permanent documentation

Clay tablets unearthed which show:Clay tablets unearthed which show: Maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities Maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities

and waterand water City plansCity plans Irrigation systemsIrrigation systems Trade InventoriesTrade Inventories Water supply systemsWater supply systems Road maps (networks)Road maps (networks)


Outstanding contributions of mathematicsOutstanding contributions of mathematics Sexagesimal system Sexagesimal system

divided circle into 360 degreesdivided circle into 360 degrees hour into 60 minuteshour into 60 minutes minute into 60 secondsminute into 60 seconds

Number system based on 60 instead of 10Number system based on 60 instead of 10

Engineering in Early Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Babylonian engineers:Babylonian engineers: Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra computing Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra computing

Land areas Land areas Volumes of land excavationsVolumes of land excavations

Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used todaystill used today

Primitive arches used in hydraulic worksPrimitive arches used in hydraulic works Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringersBridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers Roads surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a “lost art” Roads surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a “lost art”

construction system until the nineteenth centuryconstruction system until the nineteenth century

Engineering in Early Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Egyptian EngineersEgyptian Engineers Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 yearsPyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years

2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to 2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheopsbuild the Great Pyramid of Cheops

Outstanding examples of engineering skills:Outstanding examples of engineering skills: Land measurement Land measurement Building layout Building layout Transit and levelTransit and level

Irrigation systemsIrrigation systems

Science of the Greeks : Science of the Greeks : 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:Engineering in Greece: Had its origin in EgyptHad its origin in EgyptBetter known for the intensive development of Better known for the intensive development of

borrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionborrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionFamous for outstanding philosophers:Famous for outstanding philosophers:Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and

Archimedes (mathematics)Archimedes (mathematics)

Science of the Greeks:Science of the Greeks: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:Engineering in Greece:Use of ideas was held back because of the belief Use of ideas was held back because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.

Ideas included:Ideas included: Archimedes water screwArchimedes water screw CrossbowCrossbow CatapultCatapult

Dominance of the Romans:Dominance of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

AYBABTUAYBABTU

Science of the Romans:Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D. 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering The Romans were a military and cultural The Romans were a military and cultural

superpower superpower Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering

knowledge from the conquered countries knowledge from the conquered countries For use in warfare For use in warfare For use in public worksFor use in public works

Superior in the application of ideas and Superior in the application of ideas and techniquestechniques

Science of the Romans: Science of the Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering Roman road systems - 180,000 miles Roman road systems - 180,000 miles subbase, compact base, topcoatsubbase, compact base, topcoat Aqueducts for water supplyAqueducts for water supply

Sanitary systemsSanitary systems Engineering principles applied to military tacticsEngineering principles applied to military tactics

Hero’s Inventions:Hero’s Inventions:Gear driven odometer on chariotGear driven odometer on chariotSteam turbineSteam turbineHydraulic clockHydraulic clockFire engineFire engine


The Pantheon Dome: The concrete for the coffered dome was poured in moulds, probably mounted on temporary scaffolding. The oculus is the main source of natural light.


Alcántara Bridge - Spain

Cornalvo Gravity Dam - Italy

Polyspastos - Treadwheel Crane

Engineering in the Middle Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th CenturiesAges: 1st to 16th Centuries

Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?known as the Dark Ages, but was it?

The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word word ingeniareingeniare, “to design or devise” , “to design or devise” Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source (the growth of Christianity, an aversion to power source (the growth of Christianity, an aversion to slaves as a primary source of power)slaves as a primary source of power)Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and opticsArabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and opticsSugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culturepart of the cultureChinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowderthe loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th CenturiesAges: 1st to 16th Centuries

Johann Gutenburg - movable type Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books printed on paper produced the first books printed on paper

Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artistLeonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist also an engineer, inventor and architect also an engineer, inventor and architect

Military and civil engineering feats Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults, bridges, and buildingssuch as catapults, bridges, and buildings

Sketches of future engineering devices such as:Sketches of future engineering devices such as:Machine Gun Machine Gun HelicopterHelicopter DrawbridgeDrawbridgeBreach-loading CannonBreach-loading Cannon Roller BearingsRoller BearingsUniversal JointUniversal Joint TanksTanks

The Revival of Science:The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries17th and 18th Centuries

Galileo Discovers:Galileo Discovers:Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weightfalling, is independent of weight

Earth moves around the sunEarth moves around the sunTorricelli and Pascal Discovers:Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:

hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometerhydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometerBoyle Discovers:Boyle Discovers:

expansion quality of air and the correlation between expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressuretemperature, volume, and pressure


Hooke Discovers:Hooke Discovers:material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashiona similar fashion

Huygens develops Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational accelerationgravitational acceleration

Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motionNewton who is famous for his three basic laws of motiondeveloped differential calculus, essential to mathematical developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systemsanalysis of most physical systems


The Developing Industrial AgeThe Developing Industrial Age James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces, James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces,

rolling mills and other industriesrolling mills and other industries Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning

and weaving machineryand weaving machinery Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a

static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitorforerunner to the capacitor

Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conductionLuigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric batteryAlessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th CenturyScience: 19th Century

Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamicscurrent, leading to the science of electrodynamics

Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field by moving a conductor through a magnetic field

Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year laterpatent for the same achievement a year later

Henry Cort develops a method of refining ironHenry Cort develops a method of refining iron James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engineJames Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engine At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate

the machinerythe machinery

20th Century Technology20th Century Technology Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production

emergesemerges Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment

and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networkssystems and communication networks

Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motoralternating current, the polyphase induction motor

Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraftOrville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical

engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer researchmany “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

20th Century Technology20th Century Technology Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mcUsing Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 2 scientists from scientists from

Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.reaction begins.

John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.square feet.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell ies, discovered that current changes in one part of a Bell ies, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.create the transistor.

20th Century Technology20th Century Technology Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that

the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”

Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet enginesPratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of

transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mphtransporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has

mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce hologramsfabric and to produce holograms

20th Century Technology20th Century Technology

And the list goes ONAnd the list goes ON ANDAND

ONON ANDAND

ONON

Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution

forging new generations of engineers. history of engineering

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