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FOREWORD

This Manual is issued under the authority of DoD Directive5000.59, "DoD Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Management,"January 4, 1994. Its purpose is to prescribe a uniformglossary of modeling and simulation (M&S) terminology for usethroughout the Department of Defense. In addition to the mainglossary of terms, this Manual includes a list of M&S-relatedabbreviations, acronyms, and initials commonly used within theDoD.This Manual is effective immediately and is mandatory for useby all of the DoD Components. However, it is not a substitutefor the DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JOINTPUB 1-02), which the Secretary of Defense has directed to beused throughout the DoD.The provisions of this Manual apply to the Office of theSecretary of Defense (OSD), the Military Departments, theChairman of the Joint Chief of Staff, the Combatant Commands,the Defense Agencies, and activities administrativelysupported by OSD (hereafter called "DoD Components").Send recommended changes to the Manual to:

Defense Modeling and Simulation OfficeATTENTION: Glossary Manager (Mr. Heusmann)1901 N. Beauregard Street, Suite 510.Alexandria, Virginia, 22311-1705

The DoD Components may obtain copies of this Manual throughtheir own publications channels. Approved for public release;distribution unlimited. Authorized registered users mayobtain copies of this Manual from the Defense TechnicalInformation Center, 8725 John J. Kingman Rd., Suite 0944, Ft.Belvoir VA 22060-6218. Other Federal Agencies and the publicmay obtain copies from the U.S. Department of Commerce,National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,Springfield, VA 22161.

J. S. Gansler

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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

January 1998DoD 5000.59-M

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DoD MODELING AND SIMULATION (M&S) GLOSSARY iiiTABLE OF CONTENTS iiiREFERENCES vPART I 1ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS 1A 1B 7C 9D 17E 23F 27G 29H 31I 33J 37K 41L 43M 45N 51O 55P 57Q 59R 61S 63T 69U 73V 75W 77X, Y, and Z 79PART II 81DEFINITIONS 81Glossary - A 81Glossary - B 87Glossary - C 89Glossary - D 97Glossary - E 105Glossary - F 109Glossary - G 115Glossary - H 117

DoD MODELING AND SIMULATION (M&S) GLOSSARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Glossary - I 121Glossary - J 125Glossary - K 127Glossary - L 129Glossary - M 133Glossary - N 139Glossary - O 141Glossary - P 145Glossary - Q 149Glossary - R 151Glossary - S 155Glossary - T 163Glossary - U 167Glossary - V 170Glossary - W 174Glossary - X, Y, and Z 176


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(a) Defense Systems Management College (DSMC), "VirtualPrototyping: Concept to Production," March 1994

(b) "A Glossary of Modeling and Simulation Terms forDistributed Interactive Simulation (DIS)," August, 1995

(c) IEEE Std 610.3-1989, "IEEE Standard Glossary of Modelingand Simulation Terminology"

(d) "Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) Survey ofSemi-Automated Forces," July 30, 1993

(e) DoD 8320.1-M-3 "Data Quality Assurance Procedures,"February, 1994

(f) DoD Directive 5000.59, "DoD Modeling and Simulation (M&S)Management," January 4, 1994

(g) DoD 5000.59-P, "Modeling and Simulation Master Plan,"October 1995

(h) DoD Instruction 5000.61, "DoD Modeling and Simulation(M&S) Verification, Validation, Accreditation (VVA),"April 29, 1996

(i) Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA PAM) 5-11,"Verification, Validation, and Accreditation of ArmyModels and Simulations," October 15, 1993

(j) DoD 8320.1-M, "Data Administration Procedures," March 29,1994, authorized by DoD Directive 8320.1, September 26,1991

(k) Defense Systems Management College (DSMC), "SystemsAcquisition Manager’s Guide for the Use of Models andSimulation," September 1994

(l) Department of Defense Director, Defense Research andEngineering, "Defense Science and Technology Strategy,"September 1994

(m) High Level Architecture Glossary, http:/hla.dmso.mil(n) Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication

(PUB) 184 "Integration Language for Information Modeling(IDEFIX), Undated

(o) "Military Handbook for Joint Data Base Elements forModeling and Simulation (M&S)," August 5, 1993

(p) "M&S Educational Training Tool (MSETT), Navy Air WeaponsCenter Training Systems Division Glossary," April 28, 1994

(q) DoD 8320.1-M-1, "Data Element Standardization Procedures,"January 15, 1993,

(r) Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) Publication(PUB) 11-3 "American National Dictionary for Information

REFERENCES

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Systems," (adopted in entirety from American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) X3.172-1990), February 1991

(s) DoD Directive 5000.2-R, "Mandatory Procedures for MajorDefense Acquisition Programs (MDAPs) and Major AutomatedInformation System (MAIS) Acquisition Programs," March 15,1996

(t) Military Operations Research Society (MORS) Report "ATaxonomy for Warfare Simulation (SIMTAX)," October 27,1989

(u) National Bureau of Standards (NBS) PUB 500-149, "Guide onData Entity Naming Conventions," October 1987

(v) Joint Pub 3-13.1, "Joint Doctrine for Command and ControlWarfare (C2W)," February 7, 1996

(w) DoD Std 498, "Software Development and Documentation,"December 5, 1994

(x) Joint Pub 1-02, "Department of Defense Dictionary ofMilitary and Associated Terms," March 23, 1994

(y) "Army Model and Simulation Master Plan," May 18, 1995(z) "Marine Corps Modeling and Simulation Master Plan," July

29, 1994(aa)DoD Directive 8320.1, "DoD Data Administration," September

26, 1991(bb)National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Special Pub 500-152

"Guide to Information Resource Dictionary SystemApplications: General Concepts and Strategic SystemsPlanning," April 1988

(cc)DoD Directive 8000.1, Defense Information ManagementProgram," October 27, 1992

(dd)DSB Rpt May 1988 Report of the Defense Science Board TaskForce on Computer Applications to Training and Wargaming,"May 1988

(ee)CJCSI 8510.01, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffInstruction 8510.01, "Joint Modeling and SimulationManagement," February 17, 1995

(ff)Air Force Modeling and Simulation Master Plan, January 16,1996

(gg) MIL-HDBK-850, "Glossary of Mapping, Charting, andGeodetic Terms," January 21, 1994

(hh)"Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP) 1993Confederation Annual Report," November 1993

(ii)DMA Technical Report 8350.2, 2nd Edition, September 1,1991, Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984


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A/D analog-to-digitalA2ATD Anti-Armor Advanced Technology DemonstrationAa Achieved AvailabilityAAAS American Association for the Advancement ofScienceAAAV Advanced Amphibious Assault VehicleAAIS Advanced Airborne Interceptor SimulatorAAL ATM Adaptation LayerAAODL Atmospheric Aerosols and Optics Data LibraryAAR 1 - After Action Review

2 - After Action ReportAARS After Action Review SystemAAS Advanced Automation System AASP Army Automation Security ProgramAASPEM Air-to-Air System Performance Evaluation ModelAATD Army Advanced Technology Demonstration(s)ABCSIM Atmospheric, Biological, and Chemical SimulationABE ALSP Broadcast EmulatorABM Armor Breakpoint ModelABS Advanced Battle SimulationABU Analog BackupACAAM Air Courses of Action Assessment ModelACAD Advanced Computer Aided DesignACALS Army Computer-aided Acquisition & LogisticsSupportACC Aegis Computer CenterACDI Asynchronous Communications Device InterfaceACEC Army Communications-Electronics Command (nowCECOM)ACEM 1 - Advanced Campaign Effectiveness Model

2 - Air Combat Evaluation ModelACETEF Air Combat Environment Test and EvaluationFacilityACI AWSIM CTAPS InterfaceACISD Advanced Computational and Information Sciences DirectorateACM ALSP Common Module

PART I

ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

A

2

ACMI Air Combat Maneuvering InstrumentationACMS Air Combat Maneuvering SimulatorACMT Automated Configuration Management ToolACOE Army Common Operating EnvironmentACPT Automated Corporate Planning ToolACQSIM Acquisition SimulationACR Advanced Concepts and RequirementsACS Access Control SystemACSIT Aegis Combat System Interactive TrainerACT 1 - Advanced Concepts and Technology

2 - ALSP Control Terminal3 - Architecture Characterization Template

ACTD Advanced Concept Technology DemonstrationAda High Level Computer Programming LanguageADDS 1 - Advanced Data Distribution System

2 - Automated Data Distribution SystemADEPT Administrative Data Entry for Processing

TransmissionADL Ada Design LanguageADLP Advanced Data Link ProgramADM 1 - Acquisition Decision Memorandum

2 - Advanced Development Model3 - Application Distribution Module

ADMP Army Data Management ProgramADO Army Digitization OfficeADP Automatic Data ProcessingADPA American Defense Preparedness AssociationADPE Automatic Data Processing EquipmentADPSO Automatic Data Processing Security OfficerADPSSEP Automatic Data Processing System Security

Enhancement ProgramADPSSO Automatic Data Processing System Security OfficerADRG Arc Digitized Raster GraphicsADS 1 - Advanced Distributed Simulation

2 - Authoritative Data Source3 - Automated Data System

ADSI Advanced Distributed System InterfaceADSIM Air Defense SimulationADSS 1 - Air Defense Simulation System

2 - Army Data Standardization SystemADST Advanced Distributed Simulation TechnologyADTAM Air Defense Tanker Analysis ModelADUA Administrative Directory User AgentAESAT Avionics & Electrical Systems Advanced TrainerAESOP Army EMP Simulator OperationsAETS Airborne Electronic Threat SimulatorAFAM Advanced Field Artillery Model


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AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data SystemAFCENT Allied Forces Central EuropeAFEWES Air Force Electronic Warfare Evaluation SimulatorAFIN Air Force Information NetworkAFIT Air Force Institute of TechnologyAFNET Air Force NetworkAFO Awaiting Further OccurrenceAFOR Automated ForcesAFS Advanced Flight SimulatorAFSCN Air Force Satellite Control NetworkAFWG 1 - Acquisition Functional Working Group

2 - Analysis Functional Working GroupAG Application GatewayAGCCS Army Global Command and Control SystemAGES Air to Ground Engagement SimulationAGIS Analysis and Gaming Information SystemAGRAM Air-to-Ground Assessment ModelAGRMET Agricultural Meteorological ModelAHP Analytic Hierarchical ProcessAHPCRC Army High Performance Computer Research CenterAI Artificial IntelligenceAI-ESTATE Artificial Intelligence and Expert System Tie to

Automatic Test EquipmentAI2 Advanced Image IntensificationAID AUTODIN Interface DeviceAIN Advanced Intelligent NetworkAIRES Automated Information Retrieval And Expert SystemAirSAF Air Semi-Automated ForcesAIS 1 - ALSP Infrastructure Software

2 - Automated Information SystemAISSAP Automatic Information System Security Assessment

ProgramAISSO Automated Information System Security OfficerAITS Advance Information Technology SystemsAIU Advanced Interface UnitALARM Advance Low-Altitude Radar ModelALBAM Air Land Battle Assessment ModelALBE Air Land Battlefield EnvironmentALBM Air Land Battle ManagementALES Air Land Engagement SimulationALISS Advanced Lightweight Influence Sweep SystemALM Airlift Loading ModelALS ADA language systemALSP Aggregate Level Simulation ProtocolALWSIM Army Laser Weapon SimulationAMASS ATO Mission Analysis and Simulation SystemAMES Advanced Multiple Environment Simulator

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AMG Architecture Management GroupAMHS Automated Message Handling SystemAMIP Army Model Improvement ProgramAMM 1 - Advanced Missile Model

2 - Army Mobility ModelAMME Automated Multi-Media ExchangeAMP Analysis of Mobility PlatformAMPE Automated Message Processing ExchangeAMPES Automatic Message Processing Exchange SystemAMPS 1 - Association of Modeling, Planning and

Simulation2 - Automated Mission Planning System3 - Aviation Mission Planning System

AMSAA Army Materiel Systems Analysis ActivityAMSDL Acquisition Management Systems and Data

Requirements Control ListAMSEC Army Model and Simulation Executive CouncilAMSGOSC Army Model and Simulation General Officer

Steering CouncilAMSMC Army Model and Simulation Master CatalogAMSMP Army Modeling and Simulation Management ProgramAMSO Army Model and Simulation OfficeAMSS Ammunition Management Standard SystemANDF 1 - Application Neutral Data Format

2 - Architecture Neutral Distribution FormatANM Automated Network ManagerANN Artificial Neural NetworksANS Artificial Neural SystemsANSI American National Standards InstituteAo Operational AvailabilityAoA Analysis of AlternativesAPHIDS Advanced Panoramic Helmet Interface Demonstrator

SystemAPI 1 - Application Programmer’s Initiative

2 - Application Program InterfaceAPIU Adaptable Programmable Interface UnitAPM Advanced Penetration ModelAPMM Activity Planning and Management ModelAPMS Automated Program Management Information SystemAPP Application Portability ProfileAPS Asynchronous Protocol SpecificationAPSE ADA Programming Support EnvironmentARES 1 - Advanced Regional Exploratory System

2 - Advanced Research Electromagnetic SimulatorARGUS Advanced Realtime Gaming Universal SimulationARI Army Research Institute (for the Behavioral and

Social Sciences)


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ARIEM Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineARIES Automated Real-Time Instrumented Experimentation

SystemARTBASS Army Tactical Battlefield Simulation SystemARTDT Advanced Real-Time Data ToolARTE Ada Run Time EnvironmentASBAT Air/Sea Battle ModelASC 1 - Advanced Simulation Center

2 - Aeronautical Systems Center (Air Force)3 - American Standards Committee

ASCIET All-Service Combat Identification Evaluation TeamASCII American Standard Code for Information

InterchangeASCM Advanced Space Computing ModuleASD Assistant Secretary of DefenseASD(C3I) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command,

Control, Communications and IntelligenceASEM Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Engagement ModelASIC Application-Specific Integrated CircuitASIS Ada Semantic Interface SpecificationASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASN 1 - Abstract Syntax Notation

2 - Assistant Secretary of the NavyASPT Advanced Simulator for Pilot TrainingASSIST Acquisition Streamlining and Standardization

Information SystemASTC Advanced Simulation Technology CenterASTO Advanced Systems Technology OfficeASTT Advanced Simulation Technology ThrustATASS Adaptive Training, Analysis, and SimulationSystemATB Analytical Tool BoxATCAL Attrition Model Using Calibrated ParametersATD Advanced Technology DemonstrationATDL 1 - Army Tactical Data Link

2 - Automated Tactical Data LinkATDL-1 Army Tactical Data Link-OneATE Automatic Test EquipmentATEMS Advanced Threat Emitter SimulatorATEWES Advanced Tactical Electronic Warfare Environment

SimulatorATF Advanced Tactical FighterATFM&S Acquisition Task Force on Modeling and SimulationATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeATO Air Tasking OrderATR Automatic Target RecognitionATRJ 1 - Advanced Tactical Radar Jammer

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2 - Advanced Threat Radar JammerATS 1 - Advanced Threat Simulator

2 - Automatic Telecommunication System3 - Automated Tracking System

ATTD Advanced Technology Transition DemonstrationATV ALSP (Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol)

Translator ValidatorATVSS Automatic Tracking and (with) Video Scene

Simulation SystemAU Access UnitAURA Army Unit Resiliency Analysis ModelAUT Application Under TestAUTODIN Automatic Digital NetworkAVCATT Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (virtual

simulator)AVO ADA Validation Office, part of AJPOAWACS Airborne Warning and Control SystemAWD 1 - Advanced Warfighting Demonstration

2 - Alternate World DatabaseAWE 1 - Advanced Warfighting Experiment

2 - Area Weapons EffectsAWESS Automatic Weapon Effect Signature SimulatorAWIPS Advanced Weather Interactive Processing SystemAWIS Army World-Wide Information SystemsAWSIM Air Warfare SimulationAWSIM-R Air Warfare Simulation-Reengineered


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BADD Battlefield Awareness and Data DisseminationBASEWAM Battlefield Surveillance Electronic Warfare

Analysis ModelBASOPS Base Operating Information SystemBATTS Basic Air Tactics TrainerBAUD Characters Xmitted/sec Serially From a ComputerBBN Broad Band NoiseBBS 1 - Brigade/Battalion Simulation

2 - Bulletin Board SystemBCBL Battle Command Battle LabBCC Base Communications-Computer CenterBCCS Battlefield Command and Control SystemBCOM Battalion Combat Outcome ModelBCS Battery Computer SystemBDS Battlefield Distributed SimulationBDS-D Battlefield Distributed Simulation -DevelopmentalBEES Battlefield Environmental Effects SoftwareBER 1 - Basic Encoding Rules

2 - Basic Error Rate3 - Bit Error Rate

BERT Bit-Error-Rate TestBES Background Environment SimulatorBEWSS Battlefield Environment Weapon System SimulationBFA Battlefield Functional AreaBFIT Battle Force In-port TrainerBFM Battlefield Forecast ModelBFTT Battle Force Tactical Trainer (naval virtual

simulator)BG Battle GroupBGEM Battle Group Effectiveness ModelBIA Battlefield Information ArchitectureBICES Battlefield Information Collection & Exploitation

SystemBICM Battlefield Intelligence Collection ModelBIS 1 - Battlespace Information System

2 - Built-in SimulationBISDN Binary Integrated Services Digital NetworkBIT Built-In TestBITE Built-in-Test EquipmentBLC Base Level Computing

B

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BLCI Base Level Communication InfrastructureBLDM Battalion Level Differential ModelBLERT Block-Error-Rate TestBLII Base Level Information InfrastructureBLOB Binary Large ObjectBLRSI Battle Lab Reconfigurable Simulator InitiativeBLRSIM Battle Lab Reconfigurable SimulatorBLSM II Base Level System Modernization Phase II (See

GCCS-AF)BM Battlespace ManagementBMC3 Battle Management, Command, Control, and

CommunicationsBMDES Ballistic Missile Defense Engagement SimulationBMDO Ballistic Missile Defense OrganizationBMTA Backbone Message Transfer AgentBODAS Brigade Operations Display and AAR SystemBODESIM Barrier/Obstacle Deployment and Effectiveness

SimulationBOS 1 - Battlefield Operating System

2 - Basic Operating SystemBOSM Balance of Sustainment ModelBOSS Binary Object Storage Systembps Bits Per SecondBPS Battlefield Planning SystemBRACE Base Resource and Capability EstimatorBRIDGESIM Bridge SimulatorBSC Battle Simulation CenterBST Basic Skills TrainerBT Behavioral TaxonomyBTA Best Technical ApproachBUCS Back-up computer systemBULLET Battalion/Unit Level Logistics Evaluation ToolBV Battlefield VisualizationBW Bandwidth


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C-CS Communications-Computer SystemsC2 Command and ControlC2I Command, Control, and IntelligenceC2IPS Command and Control Information Processing SystemC2IS C2 Information SystemsC2W Command and Control WarfareC3 Command, Control, and CommunicationsC3CM Command, Control and CommunicationsCountermeasuresC3I Command, Control, Communications, andIntelligenceC3I/IS C3I/Information SystemsC3S C3 SystemsC3ISR Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence,

Surveillance, and ReconnaissanceC4 Command, Control, Communications, and ComputersC4I Command, Control, Communications, Computers and

IntelligenceC4I2 Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and

Intelligence IntegrationC4IFTW C4I for the WarriorC4ISR Command, Control, Communications and Computer

Intelligence, Surveillance and ReconnaissanceC4SMP C4 System Master PlanCAA U.S. Army Concepts Analysis AgencyCAAM Composite Area Analysis ModelCAAN Combined Arms Assessment NetworkCACE Computer-Aided Cost EstimatingCACEAS Computer-Assisted Circuit Engineering and

Allocating SystemCACTIS Community Automated Counter-Terrorism

Intelligence SystemCAD Computer-Aided DesignCAD/CAM Computer Aided Design/Computer AidedManufacturingCADD Computer Aided Design and DraftingCADDS Computer Aided Design and Drafting SystemCADE Computer-Aided Design EquipmentCADEX Computer Adjunct Data Evaluator - XCADIS Communication Architecture for Distributed

Interactive Simulation

C

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CADMAT Computer-Aided Design, Manufacture and TestCADS Computer-Assisted Display SystemCAE 1 - Common Application Environment

2 - Component Acquisition Executive3 - Computer Aided Engineering4 - Computer Aided Exercise

CAESAR Computer-Aided Exploration of Synthetic ApertureRadar

CAETI Computer-Aided Education and Training InitiativeCAFMS Computer Assisted Force Management SystemCAI Computer Aided InstructionCAINES Computer Assisted Instructional Evaluation System

(AF Academy model)CAIV Cost As An Independent VariableCAL Computer Aided LearningCALOW Contingency/Limited Objective WarfareCALS 1 - Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistics

Support2 - Continuous Acquisition and Life-cycle Support

CAM 1 - Civil Affairs Model2 - Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAMAC Computer-Aided Measurement and ControlCAMD Computer Assisted Molecular DesignCAMDSS Common Architecture for Model Development and

Simulation SupportCAMEO Computer Aided Management of Emergency OperationsCAMERA Computational Algorithm for Missile Exhaust

RadiationCAMEX Computer-Assisted Map ExerciseCAMMS Condensed Army Mobility Model SystemCAMPS Computer Aided Mission Planning SystemCAPE Computer Aided Project EngineeringCAPP Computer-Aided Process PlanCAPS 1 - Computer-Aided Paperless System

2 - Contingency Analysis Planning SystemCARD Computer-Aided Remote DrivingCARDS 1 - Catalog of Approved Requirements Documents

(Army)2 - Central Archive for Reusable Defense Software3 - Comprehensive Approach to Reusable DefenseSoftware

CARE Computer Assistance Resource ExchangeCARES Cratering and Related Effects SimulationCASDM Common Approach to Software Development and

MaintenanceCASE 1 - Computer Aided Software Engineering

2 - Computer Assisted Software Engineering


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3 - Computer-Assisted Systems EngineeringCASES 1 - Capabilities Assessment Expert System

2 - Contingency Assessment Simulation andEvaluation System

CASMO Combat Analysis Sustainability ModelCASP Computer Assisted Search PlanningCASS Consolidated Automated Support SystemCAST Computer-Aided Software TestingCASTFOREM Combined Arms and Support Task Force Evaluation ModelCASTFOREM-DIS Combined Arms and Support Task Force Evaluation

Model with DISCATIA Computer-Aided Three Dimensional Interactive

ApplicationCATIS 1 - Computer-Aided Tactical Information System

2 - Computer-Assisted Tactical Information SystemCATT Combined Arms Tactical TrainerCAU Cell Adapter UnitCAX 1 - Combined Arms Exercise

2 - Computer Aided Exercise3 - Computer Assisted Exercise (NATO)

CBAM Combat Base Assessment ModelCBI Computer Based InstructionCBITS Computer Based Instructional Training SystemCBL Computer Based LearningCBR Constant Bit RateCBS Corps Battle SimulationCBS-ATCCS Corps Battle Simulation - Army Tactical Command

and Control System InterfaceCBT Computer Based TrainingCbt STTAR Combat Synthetic Test and Training AssessmentRangeCCB Configuration Control BoardCCBD Configuration Control Board DirectivesCCEB Combined Communications-Electronics BoardCCF Central Computer FacilityCCH Computer-Controlled HostilesCCIB Command and Control Interoperability BoardCCIS 1 - Command and Control Information System

2 - Command, Control and Intelligence System(NATO)CCOMEN Conventional Collateral Mission EffectivenessModelCCSIL Command and Control Simulation Interface LanguageCCSP Consolidated Computer Security ProgramCCTB Close Combat Test Bed

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CCTT Close Combat Tactical TrainerCCU Computer Control UnitCD-R Compact Disk - RecordableCD-ROM Compact Disk - Read Only MemoryCD-V Compact Disk - VideoCD-WO Compact Disk - Write OnceCDA 1 - Central Design Activity

2 - Cognitive Decision AidsCDAd Component Data AdministratorCDB Common Data BaseCDD Common Data DictionaryCDDI Copper Distributed Data InterfaceCDE Common Desktop EnvironmentCDI Compact Disk InteractiveCDIN CONUS Defense Integrated NetworkCDP Classified Data ProcessingCDRL Contract Data Requirements ListCDS Congressional Data SheetsCDU Control Display UnitCE Command EntityCECOM U.S. Army Communications-Electronics CommandCEESIM Combat Electromagnetic Environment SimulatorCEM Concepts Evaluation ModelCERS Combat Environment Realism SystemCERT Computer Emergency Response TeamCES Cognitive Environment SimulatorCET Computers and Electronic TechnologyCEWI Communications Electronic Warfare IntelligenceCFAW Contingency Force Analysis War GameCFDB Conventional Forces DatabaseCFE 1 - Center for Engineering

2 - Contractor Furnished Equipment3 - Conventional Forces in Europe

CFII Center for Integration and InteroperabilityCFOR Command ForcesCGF Computer Generated ForcesCGI 1 - Computer Generated Imagery

2 - Computer Graphics InterfaceCGM Computer Graphics MetafileCHANCES Climatological and Historical Analysis of Cloud

for Environmental SimulationsCHAS Chemical Hazard Assessment SystemCHS Common Hardware/SoftwareCI Configuration ItemCIC Combat in CitiesCICS Customer Information Control SystemCIDS Computerized Information Delivery Service


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CIE Computer Integrated EngineeringCIE-PAT Computer Integrated Engineering-Process ActionTeamCIG 1 - Computer Image Generation

2 - Computer Image GeneratorCIITA Computer Improved Instructor’s Training AidCIM 1 - Computer Integrated Manufacturing

2 - Corporate Information ManagementCIM/EI Corporate Information Management/Enterprise

IntegrationCIMNET Center for Information Management NetworkCIMP 1 - Cartographic Imaging Modeling Program

2 - Corporate Information Management PlanCIP 1 - Capital Investment Plan

2 - Combat Information Processor3 - Combined Interoperability Program

CIRIS Completely Integrated reference InstrumentationSystem

CIRRUS Clouds, IR, Real, for Use in SimulationsCIS 1 - CASE Integration Services

2 - Combat Instruction Set3 - Command Information System

CISC Complex Instruction Set ComputerCISS Center for Information Systems SecurityCITS Combat Information Transport SystemCIU Cell Interface UnitCIWG Communications Interoperability Working GroupCL Closed LoopCLA Conventional Land AttackCLAP C++ Library Actor ProgrammingCLCGF Corps Level Computer Generated ForcesCLCGF-HS Corps Level Computer Generated Forces-HybridStateCLD Center Line DataCLDGEN Cloud Scene GeneratorCLDSIM Cloud SimulationCLEAR Campaign Logistics Expenditure And Replenishment

ModelCLNP Connectionless Network ProtocolCLNS Connectionless Network ServiceCM Configuration ManagementCMAS Crisis Management ADP SystemCMASS Counterdrug Modeling and Simulation SystemCMI Computer Managed InstructionCMIP Common Management Information ProtocolCMIS/P Common Management Information Services &Protocols

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CMMS Conceptual Model of the Mission SpaceCMP Configuration Management PlanCMR Common Model RepositoryCMS Combat Mission SimulatorCMT Confederation Management ToolCMTC Combat Maneuver Training CenterCMTC-IS Combat Maneuver Training Center-Instrumented

SystemsCMUES Campaign Model Utilizing Environmental SimulatorCMWG Configuration Management Working GroupCN Communications NetworkCAN Computer Network AttackCNAD Conference of National Armament Directors (NATO)CNC Communications Network ControlCNMS Consolidated Network Management SystemCOADS Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data SetCOAST Course of Action Selection ToolCOBOL Common Business Oriented LanguageCOBRA Combat Outcome Based on Rules of AttritionCOE Common Operating EnvironmentCOEA Cost and Operational Effectiveness Analysis

(replaced by the term AOA)COLD Computer Output to Laser DiskCOM Computer Output MicroformCOMBIC Combined Obscurant Model for Battlefield-Induced

ContaminantsCOMBIC/STATIC Combined Obscuration Model for Battlefield

Induced Contaminants/Statistical TexturingApplied to Battlefield Induced Contaminants

COMINT Communications IntelligenceCOMNET Communications NetworkCOMPASS Common Operational Modeling, Planning, and

Simulation StrategyCOMPUSEC Computer SecurityCOMSAT Communications SatelliteCOMSEC Communications SecurityCONMOD Conflict ModelCORBA Common Object Request Broker ArchitectureCORBAN Corps Battle AnalyzerCORDIVEM Corps/Division Evaluation ModelCorn Computer Resource NucleusCOSAGE Combat Sample GeneratorCOSE Common Open Software EnvironmentCOTS Commercial Off The ShelfCOVART Computation of Vulnerable Area and Repair TimeCPCI Computer Program Configuration ItemCPIPT Cost/Performance Integrated Process Team


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CPM Critical Path MethodCPU Central Processing UnitCRB Configuration Review BoardCRLCMP Computer Resource Life Cycle Management PlanCRMP Computer Resources Management PlanCROSSBOW-S Construction of a Radar to Operationally Simulate

Signals Believed to Originate Within the SovietUnion

CRT Cathode Ray TubeCRWG Computer Resource Working GroupCS Constraint SetCSC Computer Software ComponentCSCI Computer Software Configuration ItemCSE Common Support EquipmentCSERIAC Crew System Ergonomics Information Analysis

CenterCSIDS CENTCOM/SOCOM Integrated Data SystemCSII Center for Systems Interoperability andIntegrationCSL Computer Systems Laboratory (part of NIST)CSM Computer Software ModuleCSP Communications Service ProcessorCSPEI Computer Software Product End ItemCSPM Communication System Performance ModelCSRDF Army Crew Station Research and DevelopmentFacilityCSS Communications Support SystemCSSBL Combat Service Support Battle LabCSSCS Combat Service Support Computer SystemCSSFAM Combat Service Support Functional Area ModelCSSM Cloud Scene Simulation ModelCSSTSS 1 - Combat Service Support Tactical Simulation

System2 - Combat Service Support Training SimulationSystem

CSU Computer Software UnitCT Computer TomographyCTAPS 1 - Contingency Tactical Air Planning System

2 - Contingency Theater Automated Planning SystemCTC Critical Technical CharacteristicsCTE Center for Test and EvaluationCTEIP Central Test And Evaluation Investment ProgramCTF Common Technical FrameworkCTIS 1 - Combat Terrain Information System

2 - Command Tactical Information SystemCTLS Concurrent Theater Level SimulationCTOS Convergent Technologies Operating Systems

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CUTM Computer Understandable Terrain ModelCVAT Combat Vehical Appended TrainerCVF Compressed Volume FileCVGA Color Video Graphics ArrayCVIT Combat Vehicle Institutional TrainerCVSA Combat Vehicle Simulation ArchitectureCVTS Combat Vehicle Training SystemCWASAR Cruise Weapon Analysis Simulation and ResearchCWIC CTAPS Wargame Interface ControlCWM Composite Warfare Model


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D/A digital-to-analogDAB Defense Acquisition BoardDACS 1 - Data and Analysis Center for Software

2 - Digital Access and Cross-Connect SystemDAd Data AdministratorDAdm Data AdministrationDADS Dynamic Analysis and Design SystemDAE Defense Acquisition ExecutiveDAES Defense Acquisition Executive SummaryDAG 1 - Data Analysis Group

2 - Data Authentication GroupDAI Distributed Artificial IntelligenceDAISY Defense Automated Information SystemDAMIS Defense Analysis and Management InformationSystemDAP 1 - Data Access Protocol

2 - Data Administration Program3 - Directory Access Protocol

DAPG Data Analysis Programming GroupDAPM 1 - Data Administration Program Manager

2 - Domain Analysis Process ModelDAPMO Data Administration Program Management OfficeDAPS Data Acquisition and Processing SystemDARIC Defense Automation Resources Information CenterDARMP Defense Automation Resources Management ProgramDARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyDASD 1 - Direct Access Storage Device

2 - Deputy Assistant Secretary of DefenseDASD(IM) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for

Information ManagementDASP Data Administration Strategic PlanDASS Digital Acoustic Sensor SimulatorDATS Data Automated Tower SimulatorDAU Data Acquisition UnitDAWN Defense Attache Worldwide Networkdb DecibelDB DatabaseDBA 1 - Design-based Analysis

2 - Dominant Battlespace AwarenessDBAd Data Base AdministratorDBAdm Data Base Administration

D

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DBD Data Base DocumentDBK Dominant Battlespace KnowledgeDBMS Data Base Management SystemDBOF Defense Business Operations FundDCA 1 - Data Collection and Analysis

2 - Defense Communications Agency (now DISA)DCAC Digital Concepts Analysis CenterDCE Distributed Computing EnvironmentDCI 1 - Data Communication Interface

2 - Director for Central IntelligenceDCID Director for Central Intelligence DirectiveDCN Defense Communications NetworkDCP 1 - Decision Coordinating Paper

2 - Distributed Collaborative PlanningDCPDS Defense Civilian Personnel Data SystemDCPS Data Communications Protocol StandardsDCT 1 - Desktop Computer Terminal

2 - Digital Communication TerminalDCTN Defense Commercial Telephone NetworkDCW Digital Chart of the WorldDD/DS Data Dictionary/Directory SystemDDA Domain Defined AttributeDDARS Distributed Data Archive and Retrieval SystemDDBMS Distributed Database Management SystemDDDS Defense Data Directory SystemDDI Director of Defense InformationDDL Data Definition LanguageDDM Distributed Data ManagementDDN Defense Data NetworkDDR DoD Data RepositoryDDR&E Director of Defense Research and EngineeringDDS 1 - Digital Data Service

2 - Direct Digital Synthesizer3 - Distributed Data System4 - Distributed Defense Simulation

DDSS Distributed Defense Simulation SystemDE Data EngineeringDEA Data Exchange AgreementDECA Digital Electronic Control AssemblyDED Data Extraction DeviceDEEM Dynamic Environmental Effects ModelDEF Data Exchange FormatDELTA Data Element Tool-Based AnalysisDEM Digital Elevation ModelDES 1 - Data Encryption Standard

2 - Digital Encryption Standard


19

DESCEM Dynamic Electromagnetic Systems CombatEffectiveness Model

DESP Data Element Standardization ProgramDET Dynamic Environment and TerrainDEWCOM Divisional Electronic Warfare Combat ModelDEXES Deployable Exercise SystemDFAD Digital Features Analysis DataDFARS Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation SupplementDFMS Data File Management SystemDFOM Derived Federation Object ModelDFSAM Direct Fire Stand-Alone ModelDGCC Defense Information Systems Agency Global Control

CenterDGDEM Dynamic Generalized Digital Environmental ModelDGIS Direct Graphics Interface StandardDGIWG Digital Geographic Information Working GroupDGSA Defense Goal Security ArchitectureDGTS Dynamic Ground Target SimulatorDHIS Distributed Heterogeneous Information SystemsDI 1 - Date Integrity

2 - Dismounted InfantryDIAL Distributed Intelligent Architecture forLogisticsDIB 1 - Defense Information Base

2 - Directory Information BaseDICE 1 - DARPA Initiative for Concurrent Engineering

2 - Distributed Interactive C3I EffectivenessSimulation Project

DID 1 - Data Item DescriptionDID 2 - Digital Interface DeviceDIDHS Deployed Intelligence Data Handling SystemDIDOP Digital Image Data Output ProductDIF Data Interchange FormatDIGEST Digital Geographic Information Exchange StandardDII Defense Information InfrastructureDIICC Defense Information Infrastructure ControlConceptDIM Director of Information ManagementDIME Digital Integrated Modeling EnvironmentDIRSP Dynamic Infrared Scene ProjectorDIS 1 - Defense Information System

2 - Distributed Interactive SimulationsDISA Defense Information Systems AgencyDISA/CI Defense Information Systems Agency/Center for

InformationDISA-IS DISA Information SystemDISANet DISA Information Network

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DISC Defense Information System CouncilDISC4 Director of Information Systems Command, Control,

Communications, and ComputersDISN Defense Information Systems NetworkDISP Directory Information Shadowing ProtocolDISS Distributed Interactive Simulation andStimulationDISSIT Distributed Interactive Simulation Synthesis with

Interactive TelevisionDISSP Defense Information System Security ProgramDIST Defense Integration Support ToolDISTAR Distributed Interactive Simulation Technologiesin

After Action ReviewDIST-EAGLE Distributed Interactive System for EagleDITPRO Defense Information Technical Procurement OfficeDIVE Dismounted Infantry in a Virtual EnvironmentDKP Distributed Knowledge ProcessingDL 1 - Data Link

2 - Distance LearningDLI Data Link InterfaceDLMS Digital Land Mass SystemDLPS Data Links Processor SystemDMAP Data Management and Analysis PlanDMD Digital Message DeviceDME 1 - Distributed Management Environment

2 - Distance Measuring EquipmentDMF Data Management FacilityDMG Digital Map GeneratorDMGMP Data Base Generation/Modification ProgramDMS 1 - Defense Message System

2 - Digital Modeling and Simulation3 - Distributed Models and Simulations

DMSCC Defense Modeling and Simulation CoordinationCenterDMSI Defense Modeling and Simulation InitiativeDMSIS Defense Modeling and Simulation InformationSystemDMSO Defense Modeling and Simulation OfficeDMSP Defense Message System ProgramDMSTTIAC Defense Modeling, Simulation, and Tactical

Technology Information Analysis CenterDNSIX DoDIIS Network Security for Information ExchangeDNVT Digital Non-Secure Voice TelephoneDoDCSEC DoD Computer Security Evaluation CenterDoDIIS DoD Intelligence Information SystemDoDISS DoD Index of Specifications and Standards


21

DoDMSEA DoD M&S Executive AgentDOE Distributed Object EnvironmentDOF Degrees of FreedomDOIM Directors of Information ManagementDOMF Distributed Object Management FacilityDONMSMO Department of the Navy, Modeling and Simulation

Managagement OfficeDONMSTSG Department of the Navy Modeling and Simulation

Technical Support GroupDOORS Demonstration of Dynamic Object Oriented

Requirements SystemDOS Disk Operating SystemDOT Distributed Object TechnologiesDOTBF Digitization of the BattlefieldDOW Day of the WeekDP Data ProcessingDPA 1 - Defense Production Act

2 - Demand Protocol ArchitectureDPDB Digital Product Data BaseDPI Data Processing InstallationDPPDB Digital Point Positioning DatabaseDPS Digital Production SystemDR 1 - Data Repositories

2 - Dead ReckoningDRAM Dynamic Random Access MemoryDRDA Distributed Relational Data Base ArchitectureDREN Defense Research and Engineering NetworkDRFM Digital RF MemoryDRLMS Digital Radar Landmass SimulatorDRN Data Representation NotationDRRB Data Requirements Review BoardDRTWG Data and Repositories Technology Working GroupDRU Data Retrieval UnitDQ Data QualityDS 1 - Data Security

2 - Digital Signal3 - Direct Support

DSA 1 - Directory System Agent2 - Distribution Systems Analyzer

DSAMS Defense Security Assistance Management SystemDSB Defense Science BoardDSCS Defense Satellite Communications SystemDSE 1 - Data Storage Equipment

2 - Dynamic Synthetic EnvironmentsDSF Display Simulation FacilityDSI Defense Simulation InternetDSMAC Digital Scene Matching Area Correlator

22

DSMC Defense Systems Management CollegeDSN Defense Switching Network [formerly Autovon]DSP Digital Signal ProcessingDSREDS Digital Storage and Retrieval Engineering Data

SystemDSRS Defense Software Repository SystemDSS 1 - Decision Support System

2 - Distribution Standard System3 - Digital Signature Standard

DSSA Domain-Specific Software ArchitectureDSSCS Defense Special Security Communications SystemDSSE Developmental Software Support EnvironmentDSSEP Developmental Software Support Environment PlanDSU 1 - Data Service Units

2 - Digital Signal UnitDSVT Digital Secure Voice TerminalDTAD Digital Terrain Analysis DataDTAMS Digital Terrain Analysis Mapping SystemDTAP Defense Technology Area PlanDTD Data Transfer DeviceDTE/DCE Data Terminal Equipment/Data Circuit-Terminating

EquipmentDTED Digital Terrain Elevation DataDTIC Defense Technical Information CenterDTLOMS Doctrine, Training, Leader Development,

Organization, Materiel and SoldierDTLS Distributed Theater Level SimulationDTM 1 - Data Transfer Module

2 - Digital Terrain MatrixDTMP Data Communications Protocol Standards Technical

Management PlanDTOP Digital Topographic DataDTS 1 - Data Terminal Set

2 - Digital Terrain SystemDTSE&E Director, Test, Systems Engineering andEvaluationDVW Dynamic Virtual WorldsDWS Distributed Wargaming System


23

E-MAIL Electronic MailE-R Entity-Relationship ModelE2DIS Environmental Effects for Distributed Interactive

SimulationE3 1 - Electromagnetic Environmental Effects

2 - End-To-End EncryptionE3SM Electromagnetic Environmental Effects and

Spectrum ManagementEA 1 - Environmental Assessment

2 - Evaluation Authority3 - Evolutionary Acquisition4 - Executive Agent

EAC Echelon Above CorpsEAD Executive Agent DeveloperEADSIM Extended Air Defense SimulationEADTB Extended Air Defense Test BedEAGLE U. S. Army Corps-Division Combat ModelEAROM Electrically Alterable Read Only MemoryEBB Electronic Bulletin BoardEBBS Electronic Bulletin Board SystemEBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeEBM Entity Based ModelEC/EDI Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data InterchangeEC Electronic CombatECCM Electronic Counter CountermeasuresECDES Electronic Combat Digital Evaluation SimulationECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information SystemECESL Electronic Combat Evaluation and Simulation

LaboratoryECM/EOCM Electronic Countermeasures/Electro-Optical

CountermeasuresECM Electronic CountermeasuresECSRL Electronic Combat Simulation Research LaboratoryEDECSIM Extended Directed Energy Combat SimulationEDI 1 - Electronic Data Interchange

2 - Electronic Document InterchangeEDIF Electronic Document Interchange FormatEDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange for Administration,

Commerce, and TransportationEDIM Enhanced Diagnostic Inference ModelEDM 1 - Electronic Document Management Program

E

24

2 - Engineering Development ModelEDP 1 - Electronic Data Processing

2 - ELINT Data ProcessorEEAT Environmental Effects Architecture ToolkitEEI External Environment InterfaceEEM Environmental Event ModelerEEPROM Electrically Erasable/Programmable Read OnlyMemoryEGA Enhanced Graphics AdapterEGM Earth Gravity ModelEHP Entity Handover ProtocolEKMS Electronic Key Management SystemELINT Electronic IntelligenceELIST Enhanced Logistics Intratheater Support ToolELMC Electronics Maintenance Company ModelEM Electro-magneticEMA Electronic Messaging AssociationEMB Extended Memory BlockEMD Engineering and Manufacturing DevelopmentEMIS Environmental Management Information SystemEMP Electromagnetic PulseEMPRESS EMP Radiation Environment Simulator for ShipsEMPRS Electronic Military Personnel Records SystemEMS Engineering Modeling SoftwareENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerENSOP Environmental/Nuclear Simulation Oversight PanelENWGS Enhanced Naval Warfare Gaming SystemEO Electro-OpticalEOB Electronic Order of BattleEOC End of ConversionEOD Erasable Optical DiskEOF End of FileEOI End of IdentityEOJ End of JobEOSAEL Electro-Optical Systems Atmospheric EffectsLibraryEOSDIS Earth Observing System Data and InformationSystemEOSS Electro-Optical Simulation SystemEOTDA Electro-Optical Tactical Decision AidsEPL ELINT Parameter ListEPROM Electronic Programmable Read Only MemoryERD Entity Relationship DiagramERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis SystemERIM Environmental Research Institute of MichiganEROM Erasable Read-Only MemoryERTWG Environmental Representation Technical Working


25

GroupESAMS Enhanced Surface-to-Air Missile SimulationESC Air Force Electronic Systems CenterESD Exploitation Support DataESDD Earth Science Data DirectoryESDI Enhanced Small Data InterfaceESP External Simulation ProtocolESPDU Entity State Protocol Data UnitESTEL E-2C Simulation Test and Evaluation LaboratoryETDA Environmental Tactical Decision AidsEW Electronic WarfareEWIRD Electronic Warfare Integrated Reprogrammable

DatabaseEWTES Electronic Warfare Threat Environment SimulatorEXCIMS Executive Council for Modeling and SimulationEXERTAS Exercise Temporal Analysis System

26



27

FADAC Field Artillery Digital Automatic ComputerFAMSIM Family of Simulations (Army term for theirapproved suite of models)FAQ Frequently Asked QuestionsFAR Federal Acquisition RegulationFAST 1 - Federal Automated System for Travel

2 - Field Assistance in Science and Technology3 - Framework for Advanced Simulation Technology

FASTALS Force Analysis and Simulation of TheaterAdministrative and Logistic Support

FASTC Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology CenterFDAd Functional Data AdministratorFDB Functional Description of the BattlespaceFDC Functional Data CoordinatorFDDI Fiber Digital Data InterfaceFDE Force Deployment EstimatorFDM Force Design ModelFEBA Forward Edge of the Battle AreaFECFR Fidelity, Exercise Control, and Feedback

RequirementsFED Federation Execution DateFEDEP Federation Execution and Development ProcessFFRDC Federally Funded Research and Development CenterFI Field InstrumentationFIFO First In, First OutFILO First In, Last OutFIM Functional Information ManagerFIP Federal Information ProcessFIPC Federal Information Processing CenterFIPS Federal Information Processing StandardsFIRESTORM Federation of Intelligence, Reconnaissance,

Surveillance and Targeting Operations, andResearch

ModelsFIRMA Federal Information Resources Management ActFIRMR Federal Information Resources ManagementRegulationFIS Federal Information SystemFLAMES Force Level Analysis and Mission Effectiveness

System

F

28

FLOT Forward Line of Own TroopsFLS Force Level SimulationFODA Feature-Oriented Domain AnalysisFODDS Fact-Oriented Data Distribution SystemFOF Force-on-ForceFOHMD 1 - Fiber-Optic Helmet-Mounted Device

2 - Fiber-Optic Helmet-Mounted DisplayFOM Federation Object ModelFON Fiber Optic NetworkForce XXI Army program to design and field the 21st Century

ArmyFORCEGEN Force Generation for Modeling and SimulationFORCEM 1 - Force Concepts Evaluation Model

2 - Force Evaluation ModelFORCES Force and Organization Cost Estimating SystemFORGE Force Evaluation Model Gaming EvaluatorForMAT Force Management and Analysis ToolFOV Field Of ViewFPDC Federal Procurement Data CenterFPM Force Protection ModelFQT Formal Qualification TestingFRAM Fleet Requirements Analysis ModelFRED Federation Required Execution DetailsFRT Faster than Real TimeFS Flight SimulatorsFSCATT Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical TrainerFSK Frequency Shift-KeyingFSM Finite State MachineFTAM File Transfer, Access and ManagementFTM Fault Tree ModeFTP File Transfer ProtocolFTS Full Threat SimulatorFTT Field Tactical TrainerFV Functional ValidationFWG Functional Working GroupFWS Flight and Weapons SimulatorFY Fiscal YearFYDP Future-Years Defense Plan


29

G/IDEP Government/Industry Data Exchange ProgramG-WARS Ground Wars (Computer simulation model)GAIS Government Automated Information SystemGAMS Generalized Algebraic Modeling SystemGASS Generic Acoustic Simulation SystemGATERS Ground Air Teleoperated Robotic SystemGAWS Graphical Analysis WorkstationGBS 1 - Global Broadcast System

2 - Global Broadcasting SystemGCCS Global Command and Control SystemGCSS Global Combat Support SystemGCSS-AF Global Combat Support System - Air Force

(formerly BLSM II)GCDIS Global Change Data and Information SystemGCSS Global Command Support SystemGDAS Global Deployment Analysis SystemGDD/D Global Data Dictionary and DirectoryGDDM Graphics Data Display ManagerGDEM Generalized Digital Environmental ModelGDI Graphics Device InterfaceGDIP General Defense Intelligence ProgramGDMS Global Data Management SystemGDSS Global Decision Support SystemGENESSIS Generic Scene Simulation SoftwareGEOLOC Geographic LocationGEOREF Geographic referenceGFE Government Furnished EquipmentGFI Government Furnished InformationGFM Government Furnished MaterialGFP Government Furnished PropertyGFS Government Furnished SoftwareGI Geospatial InformationGIAC Graphical Input Aggregate ControlGICOD Good Idea Cutoff DataGIF 1 - Graphic Imagery Files

2 - Graphics Interchange FormatGII Global Information InfrastructureGIN Graphics InputGIS Geographic Information SystemGKS Graphical Kernel SystemGLM General Linear Model

G

30

GMT Greenwich Mean TimeGNMP Government Network Management ProfileGOB Ground Order of BattleGOCO Government-Owned, Contractor OperatedGOE Government Owned EquipmentGOGO Government Owned, Government OperatedGOSC General Officer Steering CommitteeGOSG General Officer Steering GroupGOSIP Government Open System Interconnection ProtocolGOTS Government-Off-the-ShelfGPS Global Positioning SystemGPSS General Purpose Simulation SystemGREWMS Global Requirements Estimator for Wartime Medical

SupportGRWSIM Ground Warfare SimulationGSCC Global Simulation Coordination CenterGSM Global Shared MemoryGSS 1 - Generalized Stimulation Simulation

2 - Ground Station SimulatorGST Greenwich Sidereal TimeGTCT Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks Data BaseGTDB Generic Transformed Data BaseGTE Ground Threat EmitterGTM Ground Truth ModelGTMV Ground Target Modeling and ValidationGTN Global Transportation NetworkGTRI Georgia Tech Research InstituteGTWAPS Global Theater Weather Analysis and Prediction

SystemGUARDFIST Guard Unit Armory Device Full Crew Interactive

Simulation TrainerGUI Graphical User InterfaceGWEF Guided Weapons Evaluation Facility


31

H/W hardwareHAMPS Host AUTODIN Message Processing SystemHAP Host Access ProtocolHBR 1 - Human Behavior Representation

2 - House Budget ResolutionHBTWG Human Behavior Technology Working GroupHBV Human Behavior VariablesHCI 1 - Human Computer Interaction

2 - Human Computer InterfaceHD 1 - Hard Disk

2 - High DensityHDF Hierarchical Data FormatHDL Harry Diamond LaboratoriesHDLC High-level Data Link Control ProtocolHDR High-Data-RateHDS High Definition SystemsHDTV High Definition TelevisionHDU Helmet Display UnitHEFS Hierarchical Environmental Feature StructureHELIPAC Helicopter Piloted Air Combat ModelHERO Heuristic Route OrganizationHES Hostile Environment SimulatorHET HARPOON Embedded TrainerHF-ATSS High Fidelity Acoustic Time Series SimulatorHFE Human Factors EngineeringHFEA 1 - Human Factors Engineering Analysis

2 - Human Factors Engineering AssessmentHITL Human-in-the-LoopHLA High-Level ArchitectureHMD Helmet Mounted DisplayHMI Human-Machine InterfaceHMMRSS Helmet-Mounted Mission Rehearsal SimulationSystemHMS Helmet Mounted SightHMS/DS Helmet Mounted Sight/Display SystemHMU Helmet Mounted UnitHOL High Order LanguageHOM Higher Order ModelHOTMAC High Order Turbulence Model for Atmospheric

CirculationsHPC High Performance Computer

H

32

HPCC High Performance Computing and CommunicationsHPCCIT High Performance Computing, Communications, and

Information TechnologyHPCMP High Performance Computing Modernization ProgramHPMWAM High Power Microwave Weapon Assessment ModelHPPI High Performance Parallel InterfaceHRCP High Resolution Cloud Prognosis ModelHRIS Human Resource Information SystemHS High SpeedHSC Air Force Human Systems CenterHSDC High Speed Digital ChartHSI 1 - Human Systems Integration

2 - High Speed Serial InterfaceHTML Hyper Text Mark-Up LanguageHTTP Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolHTU Handheld Thermal UnitHUMINT Human IntelligenceHW/SWIL Hardware/Software-In-The-LoopHWIL Hardware-in-the-LoopHYTIME Hypermedia/Time-Based Structuring Language


33

I/DBTWG Information/Database Technology Working GroupI/ITSEC Interservice Industry Training Systems and

Education ConferenceIO 1 - Information Operations

2 - Input/OutputI&M Improvement and ModernizationI-TES I-Band Threat Environment SimulatorI3 Intelligent Integration of InformationIAC Information Analysis CenterIADS Integrated Air Defense SystemIAS Intelligence Analysis SystemIC 1 - Individual Combatant

2 - Image Computer3 - Integrated Circuit

ICA Integrated Communications ArchitectureICASE Integrated Computer Aided Software EngineeringICATT Intelligent Computer Assisted Training TestbedICC Integrated Control CenterICCOG Intelligence Community Coordination GroupICD Interface Control DocumentICDB Integrated Communications DatabaseI-CLCGF-CBS Integrated CLCGF Combat Battle SimulationICM Intelligence Correlation ModelICMP Internet Control Message ProtocolICOC Integrated Combat Operations CenterICODES Integrated Computerized Deployment SystemICOM Input, Control, Output, and MechanismICW Interactive CoursewareIDB Integrated DatabaseIDBEF Integrated Database Extract FormatIDBTF Integrated Database Transaction FormatIDEA Integrated Design/Engineering AideIDEEAS Interactive Distributed Early Entry Analysis

SimulationIDEF Integration DefinitionIDEF1X Integration Definition Language for Information

ModelingIDEF0 Integration Definition for Function ModelingIDHS Intelligence Data Handling SystemIDIQ Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite QuantityIDL 1 - Interface Definition Language

I

34

2 - Interface Design LanguageIDM Improved Data ModemIDP Initial Domain PartIDPS Integrated database Preparation SystemIDRL Integrated Data Requirements ListIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIEWTPT Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Tactical

Proficiency TrainerIFIP International Federation of InformationProcessingIFM Ionospheric Forecast ModelIFOR Intelligent ForcesIG Image GeneratorIGES Initial Graphics Exchange StandardIGOSS Industry/Government Open System SpecificationIHADSS Integrated Helmet and Display Sight SystemIIS Intelligence Information SystemIM Information ManagementIMA Information Mission AreaIMAG Information Management and Analysis GroupIMB Interoperability Management BoardIMD Information Management DirectorateIMDS Integrated Maintenance Data SystemIMINT Imagery IntelligenceIMIT Interoperability Management Information ToolIMP Information Management PlanIMR Information Management RepresentativeIMS Information Management SystemINCA Intelligence Communications ArchitectureINCOMMS Individual Combatant Modeling and SimulationINFORMS Institute for Operations Research and Management

ScienceINFOSEC Information SecurityINMS Integrated Network Management SystemINST Information Standards and Technology

StandardizationINX Information ExchangeIO Information OperationsIOC 1 - Initial Operational Capability

2 - Industrial Operations Command (Army)IODA Information Oriented Decision ArchitectureIOT&E Initial Operational Test and EvaluationIP 1 - Image Processor

2 - Information Processor3 - Internet Protocol

IPA Imagery Product ArchiveIPB Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield


35

IPC Information Policy CouncilIPM Interpersonal MessagingIPMS Interpersonal Messaging SystemIPPD Integrated Product and Process DevelopmentIPPM Integrated Product Process ModelIPR In-process ReviewIPS Illustrative Planning ScenariosIPT Integrated Product Team (See also OIPT)IPTL Integrated Priority Target ListIR&D Independent Research and DevelopmentIRDS Information Resource Dictionary SystemIREM Integrated Research, Evaluation, and System

Analysis ModelIRIAC Infrared Information Analysis CenterIRIAM Integrated Radar and Infrared Analysis andModelingIRIG Inter-Range Instrumentation GroupIRIS Internetted Range Interactive SimulationsIRM Information Resource ManagementIS 1 - Information System

2 - International Standardization3 - Interface Specification4 -International Staff (NATO)

ISA 1 - Integrated Support Activity2 - Information System Architecture3 - Industry Standard Architecture

ISATS Information System ADP Tracking SystemISC U.S. Army Information Systems CommandISDN Integrated Services Digital NetworkISEE Integrated Software Engineering EnvironmentISEM Integrated Space Environmental ModelISG Industry Steering GroupISGMS Industry Steering Group on Modeling andSimulationISLE Integrated Simulation Language EnvironmentISM Industrial, Scientific, and MedicalISMC Imagery Standards Management CommitteeISMT Indoor Simulated Marksmanship TrainerISO International Standardization OrganizationISR Intelligence, Surveillance, and ReconnaissanceISS Interactive Survivabiliy Simulation (Army

aviation manned simulator/tester)ISSAA Information Systems Selection and Acquisition

AgencyISSC Information Systems Software CenterISSM Information Systems Security ManagerISSO Information System Security Officer

36

ISSPM Information Systems Security ProgramIST 1 - Infantry Squad Trainer (marksmanship trainer)

2 - Institute for Simulation and TrainingIT Information TechnologyITAM Interdiction Tanker Analysis ModelITD 1 - Interim Terrain Data

2 - Interim Terrain DatabaseITDN Integrated Tactical Data NetworkITEC International Training Equipment ConferenceITEM Integrated Theater Engagement ModelITEMM Integrated Terrain-Environment-Multipath ModelITEMS Interactive Tactical Environment ManagementSystemITMRA Information Technology Management Reform ActITN Identification Tasking and NetworkingITPB Information Technology Policy BoardITRI Information Technology Reuse InitiativeITRUS Information Technology ReuseITS 1 - Individual Training Standards

2 - Intelligent Tutoring SystemITSDN Integrated Tactical/Strategic Data NetworkITSPO Information Technology Standards Program OfficeITTS Instrumentation Targets and Threat SimulatorsITU Information Transport UtilityITV Interactive TelevisionITVGS Interactive Television Generic ServerIUSS Integrated Unit Simulation SystemIV&V Independent Verification and ValidationIVEPSS Immersive Virtual Environment Prototyping

Simulation SystemIVIS Inter-Vehicular Information SystemIW Information WarfareIWG Interface Working GroupIWSDB Integrated Weapon Systems Data BaseIWSS Interactive Weapon System Simulation


37

J-SPACES Joint Space Combat Environment SimulationJAC Joint Analysis CenterJACG Joint Aeronautical Commanders GroupJACTS Joint Aircrew Combat Training SystemJADS Joint Advanced Distributed SimulationJADS-I Joint Advanced Distributed Simulation-ImprovedJADS/JFS Joint Advanced Distributed Simulation Joint

Feasibility StudyJAFLME Joint Automated Field Logistics Model for

EmploymentJAMC Joint Amphibious Mine CountermeasureJAMIP Joint Analytic Model Improvement ProgramJAMP Joint Analytic Model ProgramJANNAF Joint Army, Navy, NASA, Air ForceJANUS A series of land combat models with some limited

air and naval operations. Primarily sponsored byLawrence Livermore National Laboratory and TRADOC

JANUS App JANUS AppliqueJAWS Joint Analytic Warfare SystemsJBC Joint C4ISR Battle CenterJCALS Joint Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics

SupportJCAS Joint Command and Control Attack SimulationJCATS Joint Conflict and Tactical SimulationJCCC Joint Communications Control CenterJCCD Joint Camouflage, Concealment and DeceptionJC2WC Joint Command and Control Warfare Center(formerly

JEWC)JCG Joint Commanders GroupJCG(T&E) Joint Commanders Group (Test and Evaluation)JCM Joint Conflict ModelJCMO Joint CALS Management OrganizationJCOS Joint Countermine Operational SimulationJCS Joint Chiefs of StaffJCSE 1 - Joint Command Support Element

2 - Joint Communications Support ElementJDA 1 - Japan Defense Agency

2 - Joint Duty AssignmentJDAL Joint Duty Assignment ListJDBE Joint Data Base Elements

J

38

JDC Joint Doctrine Center (integrated in the JWFC)JDISS Joint Deployable Intelligence Support SystemJDL Joint Director of LaboratoriesJDS Joint Data SupportJDSS Joint Decision Support SystemJEAP Joint Electronic Analysis ProgramJECEWSI Joint Electronic Combat Electronic Warfare

SimulationJEDMICS Joint Engineering Data Management Information and

Control System (formerly EDMIS)JECG Joint Exercise Control GroupJEL Joint Electronic LibraryJEPES Joint Engineering Planning and Execution SystemJESS Joint Exercise Support SystemJETTA Joint Environment for Testing, Training, and

AnalysisJEWC Joint Electronic Warfare Center (outdated - see

JC2WC)JFACC Joint Force Air Component CommanderJFAST Joint Flow and Analysis System for TransportationJHU Johns Hopkins UniversityJHU/APL Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics LabJIC Joint Intelligence CenterJICM 1 - Joint Integrated Contingency Model

2 - Joint Intelligence Collection ModuleJIEO Joint Interoperability and EngineeringOrganizationJIMASS Joint Intelligence Modeling and Simulation SystemJINTACCS Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and

Control SystemJIPTL Joint Integrated Prioritized Target ListJITC Joint Integration Test CommandJITF Joint Integration Test FacilityJLASS Joint Land, Aerospace, and Sea SimulationJLC Joint Logistics CommandersJLOG JTF Logistics Management Information SystemJLOTS Joint Logistics Over the ShoreJM&S Joint Modeling and SimulationJMASS Joint Modeling and Simulation SystemJMCIS Joint Maritime Command Information SystemJMEM Joint Munitions Effectiveness ManualJMETL Joint Mission Essential Task ListsJMSEP Joint Modeling and Simulation Executive PanelJMSIP Joint Modeling and Simulation Integration ProgramJMSRG Joint Modeling and Simulation Requirements GroupJMSWG Joint Multi-TADIL Standards Working GroupJNETS Joint Network Simulation


39

JOISIM Joint Operations Information SimulationJOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution SystemJOTS-VIDS Joint Operations and Tactical System - Visually

Integrated Data SystemJOVE Joint Operations Visualization EnvironmentJPATS Joint Primary Aircraft Training SystemJPL Jet Propulsion LaboratoryJPO Joint Program OfficeJPSD Joint Precision Strike DemonstrationJRISS Joint Recruiting Information Support SystemJRMB Joint Requirements and Management BoardJROC Joint Requirements Oversight CouncilJRTC Joint Readiness Training CenterJSAN Joint Staff Automation of the NinetiesJSEAD Joint Suppression of Enemy Air DefenseJSEM Joint Service Endgame ModelJSF Joint Strike FighterJSIMS Joint Simulation SystemJSIP Joint Services Imagery Processing SystemJSMMPG Joint Services Medical Modeling and PlanningGroupJSOR Joint Service Operational RequirementJSOW Joint Stand-Off WeaponJSP Joint Service ProgramJSPS Joint Strategic Planning SystemJSRB Joint Software Review BoardJSS Joint STARS SimulatorJSSA Joint Stealth Strike AircraftJSTARS Joint Surveillance & Target Attack Radar SystemJSTASL Joint Scenario Tool Architecture and Script

LanguageJSTE Joint Services Training ExerciseJT&E Joint Test and EvaluationJTAGS Joint Tactical Ground StationJTAMS Joint Tactical Missile SignaturesJTASC Joint Training, Analysis and Simulation CenterJTAV Joint Total Asset Visibility SystemJTC 1 - Joint Technical Committee

2 - Joint Training ConfederationJTC3A Joint Tactical Command, Control andCommunications

AgencyJTCTS Joint Tactical Combat Training SystemJTF Joint Task ForceJTFS Joint Task Force SimulationJTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution SystemJTLS Joint Theater Level Simulation

40

JTMP Joint Training Master PlanJTP Joint Training ProgramJTS 1 - Joint Tactical Simulation

2 - Joint Training SystemJTSP Joint Training Simulation PlanJTSSG Joint Telecommunications Standards Steering GroupJTWSG Joint Theater of War Scenario GeneratorJUDI Joint Universal Data InterpreterJULLS Joint Universal Lessons Learned SystemJUSTIS Joint Uniform Services Technical InformationSystemJVIDS Joint Visually Integrated Display SystemJVL Joint Virtual LaboratoryJWAC Joint Warfare Analysis CenterJWARS Joint Warfare SystemJWCA Joint Warfighting Capability AssessmentJWFC Joint Warfighting CenterJWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence CommunicationsSystemJWID Joint Warrior Interoperability DemonstrationJWSOL Joint Warfare Simulation Object LibraryJWSTP Joint Warfighting Science and Technology Plan


41

KA Knowledge AcquisitionKASC Korean Air Simulaiton CenterKBE Knowledge Based ExtractionKBI Knowledge-Based InformationKBLPS Knowledge Based Logistics Planning Shellkbps Kilobits per secondKBS Knowledge Based SystemKBSC Korean Battle Simulation CenterKDEC Kinetic Energy Weapons Digital Emulation CenterKDR Kill/Detection RatioKE Knowledge EngineeringKHILS Kinetic Kill Vehicle HITL SimulatorkHz KilohertzKI Knowledge IntegrationKIPPL Key Intelligence Programs Priority ListKNACK Knowledge Acquisition KernelKOPS Thousands of Operations Per SecondKPP Key Performance ParametersKRS Knowledge Retrieval SystemKSS Knowledge Support SystemKWIC Key Word in ContextKWOC Key Word out of Context

K

42



43

LAD Logistics Anchor DeskLAM Louisiana ManeuversLAN Local Area NetworkLANACS Local Area Network Asynchronous Connection ServerLAPM Link Access Procedure for ModemsLASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of

RadiationLAT Local Access TerminalLATS Low Altitude Threat SimulatorLAU LAN Access UnitLAWN Local Area Wireless NetworkLB/TS Large Blast/Thermal SimulatorLBJS Littoral Battlespace Joint ServiceLBTS Lower Bound on the Time StampLCC Life Cycle CostLCCE Life Cycle Cost EstimateLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayLCM 1 - Life Cycle Management

2 - Life Cycle ModelLCSEC Life Cycle Software Engineering CenterLCSS Life Cycle Software SupportLCSSA Life Cycle Software Support ActivityLCSSE Life Cycle Software Support EnvironmentLCU 1 - Laptop Computer Unit

2 - Last Cluster Used3 - Lightweight Computer Unit

LDM 1 - Logical Data Model2 - Long Distance Modem

LDR Low-Data-RateLEC Local Exchange CarrierLED Light-Emitting DiodeLEE Leading Edge EnvironmentLEEGCCS Leading Edge Environment for the Global Command

and Control SystemLEM Language Extension ModuleLFF Logistics Factors FileLFU Least Frequently UsedLHN Long-Haul NetworkLIFO Last In, First OutLIVID Language Identification and Voice IdentificationLLNL Lawrence-Livermore National Laboratory

L

44

LNE Local Network ElementLOC 1 - Lines of Code

2 - Lines of CommunicationLOCAASS Low-Cost Anti-Armor Submunition SimulationLOCIS Library of Congress Information SystemLOD Level of DetailLOE Level of EffortLoF Loss Of FunctionLoF (P) Loss of Function for PersonnelLOGAIS Logistics Automated Information SystemLOGGEN Logistics Plan GeneratorLOGSAFE Logistics Sustainability Analysis and Feasibility

EstimatorLOGSIM Logistics SimulationLOTS Logistics Over The ShoreLOTSSIM Logistics Over The Shore SimulationLP Linear ProgrammingLPM Lines Per MinuteLRC Learning Resource CenterLRI Line Replacement ItemLRIP Low-Rate Initial ProductionLRM Language reference ManualLRN Local Range NetworkLRU Line Replaceable UnitLSA Logistics System AnalysisLSB Least Significant BitLSC Least Significant CharacterLSE Local Subscriber EnvironmentLSTF Life Sciences Test FacilityLWTB Land Warrior TestbedLWTC Littoral Warfare Training Complex


45

M&S Modeling and Simulationm.r.a. model range of accuracyM2DBMS Multi-Model, Multi-Lingual Data Base Management

SystemMACATAK Maintenance Capbilities Attack ModelMACH Model of Atmospheric Chemical HazardsMACIPS Military Airlift Command Information Processing

SystemMACS Mutually Agreeable Commercial SoftwareMAD Message Address DirectoryMADCAP Mobilization and Deployment Capability Assurance ProjectMAHCA Multiple Agent Hybrid Control ArchitectureMAIS 1 - Major Automated Information System

2 - Mobile Automated Instrumentation SuiteMAISRC Major Automated Information System Review CouncilMAMO Maintenance ModelMAPP Modern Aids to Planning ProgramMARISIM Maritime SimulationMASC Modeling Analysis and Simulation Center (U.S.

Air Force)MASDA Model and Simulation Decision AidMASE Message Administration Service ElementMASINT Measurement and Signature IntelligenceMASS Mobility Analysis Support SystemMATT Mapping and Analysis Tool for TransportationMBE Multi-Band EmitterMBO Management By ObjectivesMbps Megabits per secondMC4 Medical Communications for Combat Casualty CareMC&G Mapping, Charting and GeodesyMCAD Mechanical Computer Aided DesignMCB Memory Control BlockMCCR Mission Critical Computer ResourcesMCEB Military Communications-Electronic BoardMCGA Multicast Group AgentMCMSMO Marine Corps Modeling and Simulation Management

OfficeMCMSWG Marine Corps Modeling and Simulation WorkingGroupMCS Message Conversion System

M

46

MCTL Militarily Critical Technology ListMCTSSA Marine Corps Tactical Systems Support ActivityMDA Milestone Decision AuthorityMDAd MAJCOM Data AdministratorMDAP Major Defense Acquisition ProgramMDDC Missile Defense Data CenterMDR Medium-Data-RateMDS Meteorological Data SystemMDSE Message Delivery Service ElementMDT Message Distribution TerminalMDT2 Multi-Service Distributed Training TestbedMEL 1 - Master Environmental Library

2 - Master Events ListMERIT Model Evaluation Requirements Integration ToolMETL Mission Essential Task ListMETS Mobile Electronic Threat SimulatorMETT-T Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain, and TimeMFG Multi-Function GatewayMFIP Multi-Function Interoperability ProcessorMFS Manned Flight SimulatorMGED Multidevice Graphics EditorMGRS Military Grid reference SystemMHS Message Handling SystemMHz MegaHertzMIB Management Information BaseMICRO-SAINT Task network simulation languageMICSS Marine Corps Individual Combatant SimulatorSystemMIDAS Model for Intertheater Deployment by Air and SeaMIDS Multifunction Information Distribution SystemMIDS-LVT Multi-Functional Information Distribution System

- Low Voltage TerminalMIIDS/IDB Military Integrated Intelligence Data

System/Integrated DatabaseMIL Man-in-the-loopMILES Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement SystemMILNET Military networkMIMD 1 - Multiple-Input, Multiple Data

2 - Multiple-Instruction, Multiple-DataMIME Multipurpose Internet Mail ExtensionMIMI MADCAP Integration Management InitiativeMINX Multimedia Information Exchange NetworkMIPR 1 - Military Interagency Procurement Requisition

2 - Military Interdepartmental Purchase RequestMIPS Millions of Instructions Per SecondMIS Management Information SystemMISD Management Information Systems Directorate


47

MISMA US Army Model Improvement and Study ManagementAgency

MISSI Multi-level Information System SecurityInitiativeMIST Multiple Input Sensor TerminalMIT 1 - Management Information Tree

2 - Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMITL Man-In-The-LoopML Machine LanguageMLS Multi-Level SecurityMM Multi-MediaMMHS Military Message Handling SystemMMI Man-Machine InterfaceMMS Multilevel Mail ServerMMU 1 - Mass Memory Unit

2 - Memory Management UnitMMW Millimeter WaveMMWPROP Millimeter Wave Propagation Prediction ModelMNC 1 - Major NATO Command (NATO)

2 - Major NATO Commander (NATO)MNOI Messages Not Of InterestMNS Mission Needs StatementMOBA Military Operations in Built-Up AreasMOBACS Military Operations in Built-Up Areas Combat

SimulationMOBCEM Mobilization Capabilities Evaluation ModelMOBSAM Mobilization Station Assessment ModelMODAS Modular Ocean Data Assimilation SystemModSAF Modular Semi-Automated ForcesMOE Measure of EffectivenessMOHLL Machine Oriented High Level LanguageMOM Measure of Merit (MOMs encompass MOEs, MOOs, and

MOPs)MOO Measure of OutcomeMOOTW Military Operations Other Than WarMOP Measure of PerformanceMORIMOC More Operational Realism in Modeling of CombatMORS Military Operations Research SocietyMOSAIC MOdels and Simulations: Army Integrated CatalogMOSART Moderate Spectral Atmospheric Radiance and

Transmittance CodeMOUT Military Operations in Urban TerrainMPC Micro Portable ComputerMPD Message Preparation DirectoryMPDU Message Protocol Data UnitMPF Maritime Prepositioned ForceMPN MSE Packet Network

48

MRCI Modular Reconfigurable C4I InterfaceMRM Medical Regulating ModelMRSE Message Retrieval Service Element

MS 1 - Message Store2 - Milestone

MS&A Modeling, Simulation and AnalysisMSAS Military Simulation Assessment SystemMSC 1 - Major Subordinate Command (NATO)

2 - Major Subordinate Commander (NATO)MSCC Modeling and Simulation Coordination Center (now

MSOSA)MSCCTF Modeling and Simulation Coordination Center Task

ForceMSD Mass Storage DeviceMSDDB Master Seafloor Digital Data BaseMSDOS Microsoft Disk Operating SystemMSDS 1 - Master Simulation Data System

2 - Mission Scenario Data SystemMSE 1 - Mobile Subscriber Equipment

2 - Multiple Simulation ExerciseMSEA Modeling and Simulation Executive AgentMSEL Master Scenario Events ListMSI Multi-Spectral ImageryMSIC-CLUTTER Missile-Space and Intelligence Center-CLUTTER

ModelMSIP Modeling and Simulation Investment PlanMSIS M&S Information SystemMSL Mean Sea LevelMSMP Modeling and Simulation Master PlanMSOSA M&S Operational Support Activity (formerly MSCC)MSP Message Security ProtocolMSR Missile Simulation RoundMSRR Modeling and Simulation Resource RepositoryMSS Millimeter Simulation SystemMSSE Message Submission Service ElementMSWG Modeling and Simulation Working GroupMT Message TransferMTA Message Transfer AgentMTADME Military Thinking and Decision Making ExercisesMTDS Marine Corps Tactical Data SystemMTF 1 - Message Text Format

2 - Message Transfer Format3 - Modulation Transfer Function

MTM Model-Test-ModelMTOPS Millions of Theoretical Operations Per SecondMTS 1 - Message Transfer System


49

2 - Moving Target SimulatorMTW Major Theater WarMTWS MAGTF Tactical Warfare SimulationMUSE Multiple UAV Simulation EnvironmentMUTES Multiple Threat Emitter SystemsMWARS Maneuver-Warfare Analytical Research SystemMWTB Mounted Warfare Testbed

50



51

NABEM II Naval Air Battle Evaluation Model IINADM-V NORAD Air Defense Model - VisualNAIC National Air Intelligence CenterNALCOMIS Naval Aviation Logistics Command InformationSystemNAM Network Assessment ModelNARDAC Navy Regional Data Automation CenterNAS National Academy of SciencesNASI NetWare Asynchronous Services InterfaceNASM National Air and Space (Warfare) ModelNASNET Naval Aviation Simulator Network TrainingNATSIM National Simulation SystemNAU Network Addressable UnitNBS National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)NCA National Command AuthoritiesNCARAI Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial

IntelligenceNCC Network Control CenterNCDC National Climatic Data CenterNCS 1 - National Communications System

2 - Network Computing System3 - Network Control Station

NCSA National Center for Super-computing ApplicationsNCSC National Computer Security CenterNCSL National Computer System LaboratoryNDL Network Data LanguageNERF Naval Emitter reference FileNES Network Encryption SystemNESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data and

Information ServiceNESSE 1 - Near Earth Simulated Space Environment

2 - Near Earth Space Synthetic EnvironmentNET 1 - Network Entity Title 2 - New Equipment Training

3 - Not Earlier ThanNETT New Equipment Training TeamNETWARS Network Warfare SimulationNFS Network File ServerNGCR Next Generation Computer ResourcesNIC Network Information CenterNIDR Network Information Discover and Retrieval

N

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NII National Information InfrastructureNIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency (formerlyDMA)NIPRNET Non-secure Internet Protocol (IP) Router NetworkNIR Network Information RetrievalNISO National Information Standards OrganizationNISP National Individual Security ProgramNIST National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNITC National Information Technology CenterNITES 1 - Naval Integrated Tactical EnvironmentalSystem

2 - Navy Integrated Tactical EnvironmentSubsystemNITF 1 - National Imagery Test Facility

2 - National Imagery Transmission FormatNLSP Network Layer Security ProtocolNLT Not Later ThanNMS Network Management SystemNODC National Oceanographic Data CenterNODDS Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution SystemNOGAPS Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction

SystemNORAPS Naval Operational Regional Atmospheric

Predictions SystemNOS Network Operating SystemNOVAM Navy Oceanic Vertical Aerosol ModelNREN National Research and Education NetworkNRL Naval Research LaboratoryNRMS Near Term Mine Reconnaissance SystemNRT Near Real TimeNSC National Simulation CenterNSDE Non-Standard Data ElementNSDI National Spatial Data InfrastructureNSF National Science FoundationNSIDC National Snow and Ice Data CenterNSO Network Security OfficerNSRD National Software Reuse DirectoryNSS Naval Simulation SystemNSTC National Science and Technology CouncilNSTL National Software Testing LabsNTACMS Navy Tactical Missile SystemNTC National Training CenterNTC-IS National Training Center Instrumentation SystemNTCS-A Navy Tactical Command Systems AfloatNTCSS 1 - Naval Tactical Command Support System

2 - Navy Tactical Command Support SystemNTDS Navy Tactical Data System


53

NTF National Test FacilityNTIC 1 - National Technical Information Service

2 - Naval Technical Intelligence CenterNTU New Threat UpgradeNUI Network User InterfaceNUSSE Non-Uniform Simple Surface Evaporation (model)NV&EOL Night Vision and Electro-Optics LaboratoryNVD Night Vision DeviceNVE Night Vision EquipmentNVESD Night Vision and Electronic Sensors DirectorateNVG Night Vision GogglesNVRAM Non-Volatile Random Access MemoryNVS Night Vision SystemNWARS National Wargaming SystemNWP Numerical Weather Prediction ModelNWTDB Naval Warfare Tactical Data Base

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55

OA Operational ArchitectureOAI Open Applications InterfaceOAML Oceanographic and Atmospheric Master LibraryOASIS Operations Analysis and Simulation InterfaceSystemOATS Office Automation and Technology ServicesODES Operational and Deployment Experiments SimulatorODI Open Datalink InterfaceODM Organizational Domain ModelingODP Open Distributed ProcessingOEA Ocean Executive AgentOII Operations-Intelligence InterfaceOIRA OMB Office of Information and Regulatory AffairsOIS Office Information SystemOLE Object Linking and EmbeddingOMA Object Management ArchitectureOMEGA Operational Multiscale Environment Model withGrid

AdaptivityOMFTS Operational Maneuver From the SeaOMG Object Management GroupOMO Other Military OperationsOMT Object Model TemplateONC Open Network ComputingOO Object-OrientedOOA Object-Oriented AnalysisOOD Object-Oriented DesignOODA Object-Oriented Design with AssembliesOODB Object-Oriented Data BaseOODBMS Object-Oriented Database Management SystemOOM Object-Oriented ModelingOOP Object-Oriented ProgrammingOOT Object-Oriented TechnologiesOOTW Operations Other Than WarOPFOR Opposing ForcesOPSEC Operations SecurityOPT Operations Planning ToolOPTADS Operations Tactical Data SystemsOR Operations ResearchORACLE Operational Research and Critical Link EvaluationORB Object Request Broker

O

56

ORD Operational Requirements DocumentORSA Operations Research Systems AnalysisORSMC Off-Route Smart Mine ClearanceORT OSD Review TeamOS Operating SystemOSE Open System EnvironmentOSEA Organization for Synthetic EnvironmentArchitectureOSF Open Software ForumOSINT Open Source IntelligenceOSIRIS Optimized Synthetic Infra-Red Interactive

SimulationOSP Other Service ProgramOSRM Open System reference ModelOSS Operations Support SystemOTAU Over The Air UpdatingOTDR Optical Time Domain ReflectorOTI Office of Technical IntegrationOUSD(A&T) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for

Acquisition and Technology


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PADIL PATRIOT Air Defense Information LanguagePADS Position Azimuth Determining SystemPAL Public Ada LibraryPALOS Planning Assistant for Logistics SystemsPAMS Predictive Aircraft Maintenance SystemPASS-K PACOM ADP Site Server - KoreaPATGEN Patient GeneratorPC Personal computerPCB Printed circuit boardPCE Process-Centered EnvironmentPCIS Portable Common Interface SetPCM 1 - Production Cost Model

2 - Pulse Coded ModulationPCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International

AssociationPCMT Personal Computer Message TerminalPCTE Portable Common Tools EnvironmentPDES Product Data Exchange using STEPPDL Programmable Design LanguagePDR Preliminary Design ReviewPDSS Post Deployment Software SupportPDU Protocol Data UnitPEGASUS Perspective View Generator and Analysis Systems

for Unmanned SensorsPERT Program Evaluation Review TechniquePHIGS Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics

StandardPID Protocol Identifier DataPIF Picture Interchange FormatPIN 1 - Personal Identification Number

2 - Process Identification NumberPIO Processor Input/OutputPIPS Polar Ice Prediction SystemPLA Plain Language AddressPLAD Plain Language Address DesignatorPLEXUS Phillips Laboratory Expert User SystemPM ITTS Project Manager for Instrumentation, Targets, and

Threat SimulationsPM Program ManagerPMSP Preliminary Message Security ProtocolPNP Plug and Play

P

58

POP Point of PresencePOP-Ds Proof-of-Principle DemonstrationsPOPS Pyrotechnic Optical Plume SimulatorPORTSIM Port Simulation ModelPOSIX Portable Operating System InterfacePPDB Point Positioning Data BasePPF Platform Proto-FederationsPPP Point-to-Point ProtocolPre-BADD Pre-Battlefield Awareness Data DisseminationPRETT PATRIOT Radar Emulator Test ToolPRF Pulse Repetition FrequencyPRIMES Pre-flight Integration of Munitions and

Electronic SystemsPRISM 1 - Parameterized Real-Time Ionospheric

Specification Model2 - Portable, Reusable, Integrated Software

ModulesPROM Programmable Read-Only MemoryPSDB Perceived Situation DatabasePSM Portable Space ModelPSYOP Psychological OperationsPTADB Planning Terrain Analysis Data BasePTCCN Prototype Tactical Cryptological Communications

NetworkPTOS Patriot Tactical Operations SimulationPUA Profiling User AgentPVC Permanent Virtual CircuitPVD Plain View Display


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Q/I Question/IssueQA Quality AssuranceQAE Quality Assurance EvaluatorQBE Query By ExampleQBF Query By FormQC Quality ControlQDE Quality Data EvaluationQDOS Quick and Dirty Operating SystemQDR 1 - Quadrennial Defense Review

2 - Quality Deficiency ReportQFA Quick File AccessQJM Quantified Judgement ModelQMR Quarterly Management ReviewQoS Quality of Service

Q

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R&A Review and AnalysisR&D Research and DevelopmentR-T Real-TimeRAC Reliability Analysis CenterRADGUNS Radar Directed Gun Simulation SystemRADIUS Research and Development for Image Understanding

SystemsRAM 1 - Random Access Memory

2 - Reliability, Availability, andMaintainabilityRAPIDSIM Rapid Intertheater Deployment SimulatorRASS Random Access Storage SystemRASSP Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal

ProcessorsRAV Robotic Air VehicleRBBS Remote Bulletin Board SystemRC Routing ControlRCAS Reserve Component Automation SystemRD&A Research, Development & AcquisitionRDA 1 - Remote Database Access

2 - Research, Development, and AcquisitionRDADS Real Time Data Acquisition And Display SystemRDAISA Research, Development and Acquisition Information

Systems AgencyRDB Relational DatabaseRDBMS Relational Database Management SystemRDMS 1 - Range Data Management System

2 - Relational Data Management SystemRDT Remote Debriefing ToolREA Remote Entity ApproximationREDCAP Real-Time Electronic Digitally ControlledAnalyzer

ProcessorRESA Research, Evaluation, and System Analysis ModelRESS Radar Environment Simulator SystemRFS Remote File SharingRFSS Radio Frequency Simulation SystemRG Remote GatewayRID RTI Initialization DataRIMS 1 - Radar Image Modeling System

R

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2 - Research and Development InformationManagement System

RIP Routing Information ProtocolRIS Range Instrumentation SystemsRISC Reduced Instruction Set ComputerRISM Reduced Instruction Set ModelRITN Real-Time Information Transfer and NetworkingRLF Reuse Library FrameworkRLMS Radar Land Mass SimulatorRMSD Requirements, Models, Software, and DataROAMS Reusable Object Access and Management SystemROI Return on InvestmentROM 1 - Read Only Memory

2 - Rough Order of MagnitudeROMC Required Operational Messaging CharacteristicsROSE Remote Operation Service ElementROV 1 - Range of View

2 - Remotely Operated VehicleROW Rest of the WorldRPC Remote Procedure CallRRDB Rapidly Reconfigurable Data BaseRRDS Reduced Resolution Data SetRS Relay SystemRSFCT Road Simulator for Fire Control TestingRSIS Rotorcraft Systems Integrated SimulatorRSOI Reception, Staging, Onward Movement andIntegrationRSS Remote Satellite SimulationRTAD Relocatable Targets Analysis DataRTCA Real-Time Casualty AssessmentRTCNS Real-Time Communications Network SimulatorRTCS Real Time Clock SystemRTF Rich Text FormatRTI Runtime InfrastructureRTIC Real-Time information in the cockpitRTOS 1 - Real Time Operating System

2 - Reconfigurable Tactical Operations SimulatorRTV Real Time VideoRWM 1 - Read-Write Memory

2 - Relocatable Window Model


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S/W SoftwareS&M Simulation and ModelingS&T Science and TechnologyS&TP Science and Technology ProgramSA 1 - Situational Awareness

2 - Studies and Analysis3 - Systems Architecture

SAAE Software Architecture Attribute EngineeringSADS Simulated Air Defense SystemSAE Service Acquisition ExecutiveSAF Semi-Automated ForcesSAFOR Semi-Automated ForcesSALT Society for Applied Learning TechnologySAMSON Simulation and Modeling Supporting Operational

NeedsSAS Statistical Analysis SoftwareSASER Synthetic Atmosphere and Space Environment

RepresentationsSATCOM Satellite CommunicationsSATT Stand Alone TENCAP SimulatorSAWE-RF Simulating Aerial Weapon Effect - Radio FrequencySBA Simulation Based AcquisitionSB ITS Simulation Based Intelligent Tutoring SystemSBB Synthetic Battle BridgeSBD Simulation Based DesignSBDS Simulation Based Design SystemSBIS Sustaining Base Information SystemSBLC Sustaining Base Level ComputerSBS Seamless Battlefield SimulatorSCCB Software Configuration Control BoardSCDL Surveillance and Control Data LinkSCI Sensitive Compartmented InformationSCIF Sensitive Compartmented Information FacilitySCIPMIS Standard Civilian Personnel Management

Information SystemSCM Software Configuration ManagementSCORES Scenario Oriented Recurring Evaluation SystemSCRAM System Configuration Reconfiguration Automation

ModuleSDA Software Design ActivitySDD System Design Document

S

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SDF Software Development FileSDL 1 - Sensor Data Link

2 - Software Development LibrarySDLC Synchronous Data Link Control (IBM)SDM Sub-Rate Data MultiplexerSDNS Secure Data Network SystemSDP Software Development PlanSDRB Specifications and Data Review BoardSDSA Software Development and Support ActivitySDSF Software Development and Support FacilitySE Synthetic EnvironmentSEAROADS Simulation, Evaluation, Analysis and Research onAir Defense SystemsSECOMO Software Engineering Cost ModelSED Software Engineering DirectorateSEDRIS Synthetic Environment Data Representation and

Interchange SpecificationSEE 1 - Software Engineering Environments

2 - Synthetic Environment ExerciseSEES Security Exercise Evaluation SystemSEI Software Engineering InstituteSEM 1 - Simulation, Engineering and Modeling

2 - Spherical Earth Model3 - System Engineering and Modeling

SESG Software Engineering Support GroupSEWSIM Space and Electronic Warfare SimulatorSF Synthetic ForcesSFCTMP Surface Temperature ModelSFTS Synthetic Flight Training SystemsSGD Symbolized Graphics DataSGEN Signal GeneratorSGML Standard Generalized Markup LanguageSIAM 1 - Situational Influence Assessment Model

2 - Space Impact Assessment MethodologySIDS Standard Interoperable Datalink SystemSIF 1 - Standard Interchange Format

2 - System Integration FacilitiesSIFT Simulation Interface ToolsetSIG Special Interest GroupSIGINT Signals IntelligenceSIGS Synthetic Imagery Generation SystemSIL System Integration LaboratoriesSim/Stim Simulation/StimulationSIM Sensor Interaction ModelSiMan Simulation ManagementSIMD Single Instruction Multiple DataSIMITAR Simulation in Training for Advanced Readiness


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SIMNET Simulation NetworkSIMTECH Simulation Technology ProgramSIMULOGS Simulation of Logistics SystemsSIMWG Simulation Working GroupSIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router NetworkSIRAS Simulation, Instrumentation, Reduction, and

Analysis SystemSISL Secure Integration Simulation LaboratorySISO Simulation, Interoperability, and Standards

OrganizationSLAVE Simple Lethality and Vulnerability SimulatorSLF Scalability Logger FormatSLIP Serial Line Internet ProtocolSLOD Simulator Level of DetailSMART 1 - Simulation and Modeling Anchored in Real-World

Testing2 - Susceptibility Model Assessment with Range

TestSMC Air Force Space and Missile CenterSMDS Switched Multi-megabit Data ServiceSME Subject Matter ExpertSMI Soldier-Machine InterfaceSMSE Super Multiple Simulation ExerciseSMSP Soil Moisture Strength Prediction ModelSMTA Subordinate Message Transfer AgentSMTP 1 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

2 - Simple Message Transfer ProtocolSNA System Network ArchitectureSNAP Simulator Network Analysis ProjectSND Standardized Nomenclature DatabaseSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSNNAP Statistical Neural Network Analysis PackageSNODEP Snow Depth ModelSNP Sub-Network ProtocolSNR Signal to Noise RatioSNS Secure Network ServerSOACMS Special Operations Aviation Combat Mission

SimulatorsSoar State Operator And ResultSOE 1 - Standard Operating Environment

2 - Synthetic Operating EnvironmentSOFATS Special Operations Forces Aircrew Training SystemSOFNET-JCM Special Operations Forces Inter-SimulationNetwork

- Joint Conflict Model

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SOFPARS Special Operations Forces Planning and RehearsalSystem

SOL Simulation Oriented LanguageSOM Simulation Object ModelSONET Synchronous Optical NetworkSOO Statement of ObjectivesSPCR Software Problem Change RequestsSPD Standards Planning DatabaseSPPD Signal Processor Package DesignSPRAE Stochastic Predictor of Artillery EffectivenessSPS Software Product SpecificationSQA Software Quality AssuranceSQEP Software Quality Evaluation PlanSQL Structured Query LanguageSQL/DS Structured Query Language/Data SystemSQP Software Quality ProgramSQPP Software Quality Program PlanSQuASH Stochastic Quantitative Analysis of System

Hierarchies (Computer model for predictingterminal ballistic effects)

SRF Summary Reference FileSRP Software Reuse ProgramSRR System or Software Readiness ReviewSRS 1 - Software Requirements Specification

2 - System Requirements SpecificationSRT Slower Than Real TimeSS&T Space, Science and TechnologySSA Software Support ActivitySSC Small Scale ContingencySSCDB Subsurface Currents Data BaseSSDB Standard Simulator Data BaseSSE 1 - Simulation Support Environment

2 - Single Simulation ExerciseSSF 1 - Software Support Facility

2 - Software Support FunctionSSG Synthetic Signature GeneratorSSGM Synthetic Scene Generation ModelSSID Standard Simulation Interface DesignSSM Soldier System ModelingSSMC Symbology Standards Management CommitteeSSP Simulation Support PlanSSPO Simulation Strategic Planning OfficeSSR Software Specification ReviewSSSE Small Single Simulation ExerciseSSTORM Structured Scenario Torpedo Operational

Requirements Model


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STAARS Sustainment Training for Army Aviation ReadinessThrough Simulation

STADLS Surrogate Threat Air Defense Laser SystemSTAF Simulation/Test Acceptance FacilitySTAFLO Strategic Transportation Analysis Unit Force FlowSTAGE Scenario Toolkit and Generation EnvironmentSTAMIS Standard Army Management Information SystemSTARS 1 - SHAPE Technical Center Adaptable Radar

Simulator2 - Software Technology for Adaptable, ReliableSystems3 - Software Technology for Adaptable ReliableSoftware4 - Standard Accounting and Reporting System

STDL Submarine Tactical Data Link ProgramSTDN Secure Tactical Data NetworkSTE 1 - Software Test Environment

2 - Special Test Equipment3 - Surface Threat Emitter

STEMS Software Test and Evaluation Message SystemSTEP Standard for the Exchange of Product Model DataSTM Synchronous Transfer ModeSTOW Synthetic Theater of WarSTOW-E Synthetic Theater of War - EuropeSTP Software Test PlanSTR Software Trouble ReportsSTRICOM U.S. Army Simulation, Training and

Instrumentation CommandSTSC Software Technology Support CenterSTVLS Surrogate Threat Visible Laser SystemSUAWACS Soviet Airborne Warning and Control SystemSUE System Unique EquipmentSUMM Semantic Unification Meta-ModelSUMMITS Scenario Unrestricted Mobility Model for

Intratheater SimulationSURVIAC Survivability/Vulnerability Information Analysis

CenterSUT System Under TestSWCI Software Configuration ItemSWEG Simulated Warfare Environment Generator (naval

aviation simulator support)SWIL Software-in-the-LoopSWIP Software Improvement ProgramSWOE Smart Weapon Operability EnhancementSWPS Strategic War Planning SystemSYNB Synthetic BattlefieldSYNC Synchronous

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SYSGEN System GeneratorSYSLOG System Log


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T&S Training and SimulationTA Technical ArchitectureTAA Technology Area AssessmentTAARUS TACSIM After Action Review User SystemTACCIMS Theater Automated Command Control Information

Management SystemTACCSF Theater Air Command and Control SimulationFacilityTACDEW Tactical Advanced Combat Direction and Electronic

Warfare (Navy model)TACDEWEGCS Tactical Advanced Combat Direction and Electronic

Warfare, Environmental Generation and ControlSystem

TACSIM Tactical Simulation (intelligence model, air andground sensors)

TACTICS Tri-Service Advanced Countermeasures and ThreatsIntegrated Combat Simulation

TACTS Tactical Aircrew Combat Training SystemTACWAR Tactical Warfare ModelTADIL Tactical Digital Information LinkTADSS Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, andSimulationsTAFIM Technical Architecture Framework for Information

ManagementTAFSM Target Acquisition Fire Support ModelTAGS Tactical Gamma Ray SimulatorTAIS Telecommunications and Automated Information

SystemsTALON TACSIM Analysis and Operations NodeTAM Theater Analysis ModelTAMD Theater Air and Missile DefenseTAMMIS Theater Army Medical Management InformationSystemTAMPS Tactical Aircraft Mission Planning SystemTAMS Transportation Analysis, Modeling, and SimulationTAP Technology Area PlanTAR Technology Area ReviewTARGET Theater Analysis and Replanning Graphical

Execution Toolkit

T

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TASWIT Tactical Advanced Simulated Warfare IntegratedTrainer

TAT TACSIM ALSP TranslatorTATR Technical Advisory Team for ReuseTBIS Technology Base Investment StrategyTBMCS Theater Battle Management Core SystemsTCC Telecommunications CenterTCG Time Code GeneratorTCIM Tactical Communications Interface ModuleTCIS Tactical Communications Interface SoftwareTCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet ProtocolTCSEC Trusted Computer System Evaluation CriteriaTCT Time-Critical TargetsTCU Transportable Computer UnitTD/CM Technical Data/Configuration ManagementTD/CMS Technical Data/Configuration Management SystemTDC Theater Deployable CommunicationsTDDS Tactical Data Distribution SystemTDG Tactical Decision GamesTDI Trusted Database InterpretationTDL Tactical Data LinkTDM Time-Division MultiplexerTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTDP 1 - Technical Data Package

2 - Test Design Plan3 - TSPI Data Processor

TDPS Terrain Data Preparation SystemTDS Tactical Data SystemTDSS Training Devices, Simulations, and SimulatorsTDT Tactical Data TerminalTEAM Threat Engagement Analysis ModelTEED Tactical End-to-End Encryption DeviceTEGEN Tactical Environment GeneratorTEM 1 - Terrain Effects Model

2 - Terrain Evaluation ModelTEMITS Test and Evaluation Management Information and

Tracking SystemTEMO Training, Exercises, and Military OperationsTEMPEST Security class involving compromise of classified

data through interception of electronic impulses.TEMS Test and Evaluation Mission SimulatorTENA Test and Evaluation Network ArchitectureTERIS Test and Evaluation Range Internet SystemTERSIM Terrain SimulationTES Tactical Engagement SimulationTESS 1 - Tactical Engagement Simulation System

2 - Tactical Environmental Support System


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TEXIS Theater Exercise and Intelligence SimulationTFA Transparent File AccessTFDD Text File Device DriverTFG Terrain and Feature GenerationTFT Time Flexible TrainingTFTP Trivial File Transfer ProtocolTGT Tank Gunnery TrainerTIBS Tactical Information Broadcast ServiceTID Touch Interactive DisplayTIDES Threat Intelligence Data Extraction SystemTIDS Tactical Information Distribution SystemTIE TACWAR Integrate EnvironmentTIES Terrain Imagery Exploitation SystemTIIP Topographic Imagery Integration PrototypeTIM Technical Integration ManagerTIP TACSIM Interface ProgramTIREM Terrain-Integrated Rough-Earth ModelTLCSC Top-Level Computer Software ComponentTLD Top Level DemonstrationsTLSP Transport Layer Security ProtocolTMDA Target Management and Development ApplicationTMDSE Theater Missile Defense System ExerciserTMIP Theater Medical Information ProgramTMPO Terrain Modeling Project OfficeTMS 1 - Target Management System

2 - Telecommunications Management SystemTNI Trusted Network InterpretationTOPIT Touched Objects Positioned in TimeTOPS Thermodynamic Ocean Prediction SystemTOSL Tactical Ocean Simulation LaboratoryTPFDD Time-Phased Force and Deployment DataTPFDL Time-Phased Force and Deployment ListingTPN Tactical Packet NetworkTRANSCAP Transportation Systems Capability ModelTREEGEN Tree Generation ModelTRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical CommunicationsTRM Technical reference ModelTRS 1 - Thermal Radiation Simulator

2 - Training, Readiness & SimulationTSCAM Team Signal Communications Analysis ModelTSIG Trusted Systems Interoperability GroupTSMO Threat Simulator Management OfficeTSO Time Stamp OrderedTSPI Time, Space, and Position InformationTTD Tactical Terrain DataTTES Team Tactical Engagement SimulatorTTGT Tank Team Gunnery Trainer

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TTP Tactics, Techniques and ProceduresTTS Tactical Training StrategyTWG 1 - Technical Working Group 2 - Technology Working GroupTWSEAS Tactical Warfare Simulation, Evaluation and

Analysis System


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UA User AgentUAGC Upper Air Gridded Climatology Data BaseUCCATS Urban Combat Computer Assisted Training SystemUCI User-Computer InterfaceUCOFT Unit Conduct of Fire TrainerUD User DomainUDP User Datagram ProtocolUFL Ulchi Focus LensUFSP Underground Facilities Signature ProgramUGDF Uniform Gridded Data FieldUIDL User Interface Definition LanguageUIMS User Interface Management SystemUISRM User Interface System reference ModelUJTL Unified Joint Task ListULANA Unified Local Area Network ArchitectureULCS Unit Level Command SimulationULMS Unit-Level Message SwitchUMEDS User-Oriented Minimum Essential Data SetsUNA Use No AbbreviationsUNC United Nations CommandUNIX An open-architecture operating systemUNMA Unified Network Management ArchitectureURL Universal Resource LocationUSAF/XOC U.S. Air Force Directorate of Modeling,

Simulation and AnalysisUSAISC U.S. Army Information System CommandUSD(A&T) Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition &

TechnologyUSMTF U.S. Message Transfer FormatUSMTF U.S. Message Text FormatUSNI Universal Simulator Network InterfaceUSO Unix Software OrganizationUSR Universal Sapce RectangularUTC Universal Time CoordinatedUTE Unmanned Threat EmitterUTM Universal Transverse MercatorUTSS Universal Threat System for SimulatorsUUCP Unix-to-Unix CopyUW Unconventional WarfareUWEF Underwater Evaluation Facility

U

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V&V Verification and ValidationVAIDC Video Artificial Intelligence Data CollectionVALAD Voice Activated Logistics Anchor DeskVBR Variable Bit RateVCOMM-CLCGF Virtual Communications in a Corps Level Computer

Generated ForcesVE 1 - Value Engineering

2 - Virtual EnvironmentVEMPS Vertically Polarized Electromagnetic Pulse

SimulatorVFM Variable Format MessageVGDEM Variable Generalized Digital Environmental ModelVHSIC Very High Speed Integrated CircuitVIC Vector In CommanderVICTORS Variable Intensity Computerized Training SystemVIGS Video Disk Gunnery SimulatorVISTA Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test

AircraftVIT Virtual Interactive TargetVLSHSIC Very Large Scale High Speed Integrated CircuitryVM Virtual MemoryVME Virtual Memory ExtensionVMF Variable Message FormatVMS 1 - Virtual Memory System

2 - Vertical Motion SimulatorVMU Voice Message UnitVPD Virtual Prototype DemonstrationVPG Virtual Proving GroundVPL Virtual Programming LanguageVR Virtual RealityVRML Virtual Reality Modeling LanguageVRPE Virtual Reality Presentation EngineVRT Variable Resolution Terrain ModelVSR Visual Stimulation ResearchVSTI Vehicle Signature Test InstrumentationVSU Virtual Simulation UnitsVT Virtual TerminalVTC video teleconferenceVTT video teletrainingVTTR Virtual Test and Training RangeVUAV Virtual Unmanned Aerial VehicleVV&A Verification, Validation and Accreditation

V

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VV&C Verification, Validation and Certification


77

WAIS Wide Area Information ServerWAM 1 - Wave Amplitude Model

2 - Wide Area MineWAN Wide Area NetworkWARSIM 2000 Warfighters’ Simulation 2000WASPS War-at-Sea Planning SystemWAVES Weather and Atmospheric Visualization Effects for

SimulationWB WarbreakerWBMOD Wide Band Scintillation ModelWBPDU White Board Protocol Data UnitWBSS Wideband Digital Switching SystemWBSV Wideband Secure VoiceWEAM Weapons Effectiveness Analysis ModelWEEMS Weapons Effects and Environments Modeling and

SimulationWEST 1 - Weapons Effectiveness Simulated Threat

2 - Weather Environment Simulation TechnologyWFS Weapon Fire SimulatorWGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984WISDIM Warfighting and Intelligence Systems Dictionary

for Information ManagementWISSARD What If Simulation System for Advanced Researchand DevelopmentWMASC Weapons Modification and Simulation CapabilityWORM Write Once - Read ManyWPC Warrior Preparation CenterWPE Word Processing EquipmentWPS 1 - Wideband Packet Switch

2 - Worldwide Port SystemWRAP 1 - Wide Area Rapid Acoustic Prediction

2 - Warfighter Rapid Acquisition ProgramWWOLS World Wide On-Line SystemWWW World Wide Web

W

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79

X-Windows A network based graphics windowing systemX.400 A protocol Standard for electronic mailXTERM X-terminal

ZULU time zone indicator for Universal Time

X, Y, and Z

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81

1. 3-D. Three-dimensional, refers to the visual display thatexhibits breadth, height and thickness or depth. Standard 2-Dcomputer images and television displays create a flat imagewith only height and breadth. (DSMC 1992-93 Military ResearchFellows Report (reference (a))2. 6 DOF. Refers to the number of simultaneous directions orinputs a sensor can measure. Typically used to describe thecombination of spatial positions (X, Y, Z) and orientation(roll, pitch, yaw). (DSMC 1992-93 Military Research FellowsReport (reference (a))3. Absorbing Markov Chain Model. A Markov chain model that hasat least one absorbing state and in which from every state itis possible to get to at least one absorbing state.(DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))4. Absorbing State. In a Markov chain model, a state thatcannot be left once it is entered. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))5. Abstraction. Abstraction denotes the essentialcharacteristics of an object that distinguish it from allother kinds of objects and thus provide crisply definedconceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of theuser. (DMSO Survey of Semi-Automated Forces, (reference (d))6. Accessibility. The ease of approaching, entering, orobtaining. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-3, (reference (e))7. Accreditation. The official certification that a model orsimulation is acceptable for use for a specific purpose.(DoDDirective 5000.59, DoD Publication 5000.59-P and DoDInstruction 5000.61, (references (f), (g) and (h))8. Accreditation Agent. The organization designated by theaccreditation sponsor to conduct an accreditation assessmentfor a M&S application. (DoD Instruction 5000.61, (reference(h))

PART II

DEFINITIONS

Glossary - A

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9. Accreditation Authority. An individual occupying a positionwith the appropriate rank, grade, responsibility and/orauthority to accredit a model, simulation, or federation ofmodels and/or simulations for a particular purpose orpurposes. (DoD Instruction 5000.61, (reference (h))10. Accreditation Process. The procedure followed by the M&Sapplication sponsor that culminates in the accreditationdetermination. (DA PAM 5-11, (reference (i))11. Accreditation Sponsor. The DoD Component or otherorganization with the responsibility for accrediting a model,simulation, or federation of models and/or simulations for aspecific use or series of uses (e.g., for joint training or aDefense Acquisition Board milestone review). (DoD Instruction5000.61, (reference (h))12. Accuracy. The degree of exactness of a model orsimulation, high accuracy implying low error. Accuracyequates to the quality of a result, and is distinguished fromprecision, which relates to the quality of the operation bywhich the result is obtained and can be repeated. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))13. Activity. In modeling and simulation, a task thatconsumes time and resources and whose performance is necessaryfor a system to move from one event to the next. (IEEE STD610.3 (reference (c))14. Activity-Based Simulation. A discrete simulation thatrepresents the components of a system as they proceed fromactivity to activity; for example, a simulation in which amanufactured product moves from station to station in anassembly line. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))15. Activity Models. Models of the processes that make upthe functional activity showing inputs, outputs, controls, andmechanisms through which the processes of the functionalactivity are (or will be) conducted. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))16. Ada. A high order computer language designed anddeveloped to DoD requirements for modular standard language.While the original focus was for real-time embedded software,Ada has also been used for a variety of other software systemsincluding some simulation systems. (DSMC 1993-94 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report, (reference (k))17. Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD).Technology demonstrations that are tightly focused on specificmilitary concepts and that provide the incorporation of


83

technology that is still at an informal stage into a warfighting system. The ACTDs have three objectives: a. to havethe user gain an understanding of and to evaluate the militaryutility of concepts before committing to acquisition; b. todevelop corresponding concepts of operation and doctrine thatmake best use of the new capability; and c. to provide theresidual operational capability to the forces. ACTDs are ofmilitarily significant scope and of a size sufficient toestablish utility. (DDR&E, Defense S&T Strategy, (reference(l))18. Advanced Distributed Simulation (ADS). A set ofdisparate models or simulations operating in a commonsynthetic environment in accordance with the DIS standards.The ADS may be composed of three modes of simulation: live,virtual and constructive, which can be seamlessly integratedwithin a single exercise. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))19. Affected Attributes. The specific attributes of anobject class instance whose value in a federation executionmay be affected by that instance’s participation in a dynamicinteraction with another instance of the same class, or aninstance of another object class. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))20. Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol (ALSP). A family ofsimulation interface protocols and supporting infrastructuresoftware that permit the integration of distinct simulationsand war games. Combined, the interface protocols and softwareenable large-scale, distributed simulations and war games ofdifferent domains to interact at the combat object and eventlevel. The most widely known example of an ALSP confederationis the Joint/Service Training Confederation that has providedthe backbone to many large, distributed, simulation-supportedexercises. Other examples of ALSP confederations includeconfederations of analytical models that have been formed tosupport U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and USTRANSCOM studies.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))21. Aggregation. The ability to group entities whilepreserving the effects of entity behavior and interactionwhile grouped. See also: disaggregation. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))22. Algorithm. A prescribed set of well defined unambiguousrules or processes for the solution of a problem in a finitenumber of steps. (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research FellowsReport, (reference (k))

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23. Algorithm Checks. A rigorous verification of themathematics of an algorithm to ensure freedom from any errorsin the expression (e.g., incorrect signs, incorrect variablesapplied in the equations, derivation errors) and to ensurethat the algorithms are consistent with their stated intents.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))24. Alternate Key. Property or characteristic that can beused as a secondary identifier for an entity or entity class.(Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 184,(reference (n))25. Analytical Model. A model consisting of a set ofsolvable equations; for example, a system of solvableequations that represents the laws of supply and demand in theworld market. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))26. Architecture. The structure of components in aprogram/system, their interrelationships, and the principlesand guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))27. Artificial Intelligence (AI). The effort to automatethose human skills that illustrate our intelligence e.g.,understanding visual images, understanding speech and writtentext, problem solving and medical diagnosis. (DSMC 1993-94Military Research Fellows Report, (reference (k))28. Association. A type of static relationship between twoor more object classes, apart from class-subclass or part-whole relationships. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))29. Associative Entity. An entity that inherits its primarykey from two or more other entities (those that areassociated). An associative entity is used to represent many-to-many relationships. (Military Handbook for Joint Data BaseElements for M&S, (reference (o))30. Asynchronous Transmission. Transmission in which eachinformation character is individually synchronized (usually bythe use of start elements and stop elements). (M&SEducational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))31. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). A multiplexingprotocol based on a small 53-byte fixed-length cell designedto efficiently transfer information derived from severalsources of data over a single carrier at high speeds.


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32. Atmosphere. A kind of mission space entity. The mass ofair surrounding the earth and the features embedded within it,including clouds, smoke, and fog.33. Attribute. A property or characteristic of one or moreentities; for example, COLOR, WEIGHT, SEX. Also, a propertyinherent in an entity or associated with that entity fordatabase purposes. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication8320.1-M-1, and FIPS Pub 11-3, (references (j), (q), and (r))34. Attribute Overloading. The ability of an attribute tocarry one of two or more separate facts. (DoD Publication5000.2-R, (reference (s))35. Attribute Ownership. The property of a federate thatgives it the responsibility to publish values for a particularobject attribute. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))36. Attributive Entity. An entity that has the same primarykey as the parent and additional attributes that eliminate theoccurrence of repeating groups in the parent.37. Authoritative Data Source. A data source whose productshave undergone producer data verification, validation andcertification activities.38. Automated Forces (AFOR). The most automated of thecomputer-generated forces which requires little or no humaninteraction. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))39. Automated Information System (AIS). A combination ofcomputer hardware and computer software, data, and/ortelecommunications that performs functions such as collecting,processing, storing, transmitting, and displaying information.Excluded are computer resources, both hardware and software,that are: physically part of, dedicated to, or essential inreal time to the mission performance of weapon systems; usedfor weapon system specialized training, simulation, diagnostictest and maintenance, or calibration; or used for research anddevelopment of weapon systems. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M andDoD Publication 5000.2-R, (references (j) and (s))40. Autonomous. A battlefield entity that does not requirethe presence of another battlefield entity in order to conductits own simulation in the battlefield environment is said tobe autonomous. All Distributed Interactive Simulationcompliant battlespace entities are autonomous in that they areresponsible for creating their own view of the environment.(M&S Educational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference(p))


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41. Baselining. A configuration management term that impliesthat the item is placed under formal control so that it cannotbe changed without going through a formal review process.42. Battlefield View. A battlefield entity incorporates adirect soldier/machine interface that replicates thesoldier/machine interface of the actual battlefield entity.(M&S Educational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference(p))43. Battlespace. Refers both to the physical environment inwhich the simulated warfare will take place and the forcesthat will conduct the simulated warfare. All elements thatsupport the front line forces (e.g., logistics, intelligence)are included in this definition of battlespace. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))44. Battlespace Data Base. Data base that defines thespecific domain of an engagement. It includes the parametricdata needed to generate an operating version of the SIMWORLD.When combined with the SESSION data base (which provides thescenario and other simulation specific data), the BATTLESPACEcan generate an exercise. The BATTLESPACE in all capitals isused as a shortened notation for "Battlespace Data Base."(M&S Educational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference(p))45. Battlespace Entity. A simulation entity that correspondsto actual equipment, supplies, and personnel that can be seenor sensed on a real battlefield. (M&S Educational TrainingTool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))46. Behavior. For a given object, how attribute valuechanges affect (or are affected by) the object attribute valuechanges of the same or other objects.47. Benchmark. The activity of comparing the results of amodel or simulation with an accepted representation of theprocess being modeled. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference(b))48. Benchmarking. The comparison between a model’s outputand the outputs of other models or simulations, all of whichrepresent the same input and environmental conditions. (MORSReport, October 27, 1989, (reference (t))

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49. Bit. The smallest unit of information in the binarysystem of notation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))50. Black Box Model. A model whose inputs, outputs, andfunctional performance are known, but whose internalimplementation is unknown or irrelevant; for example, a modelof a computerized change-return mechanism in a vendingmachine, in the form of a table that indicates the amount ofchange to be returned for each amount deposited. Syn:input/output model. Contrast with: glass box model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))51. Boundary Condition. The values assumed by the variablesin a system, model, or simulation when one or more of them isat a limiting value at the edge of the domain of interest.Contrast with: final condition; initial condition. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))52. Broadcast. A transmission model in which a singlemessage is sent to all network destinations; i.e., one-to-all.Broadcast is a special case of multicast. Contrast with:multicast; unicast. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))53. Browsing. Opportunity for users to freely examine andperuse through the contents of a database.54. Built-in-Simulation. A special-purpose simulationprovided as a component of a simulation language; for example,a simulation of a bank that can be made specific by statingthe number of tellers, number of customers, and otherparameters. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))55. Built-in-Simulator. A simulator that is built-in to thesystem being modeled; for example, an operator trainingsimulator built into the control panel of a power plant suchthat the system can operate in simulator mode or in normaloperating mode. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))


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56. C++ (C-Plus-Plus). A high order computer language usedextensively in commercial software. C++ is an object-orientedextension to the C language. (DSMC 1993-94 Military ResearchFellows Report, (reference (k))57. Cancellation. A mechanism used in optimisticsynchronization mechanisms such as Time Warp to delete apreviously scheduled event. Cancellation is a mechanism usedwithin the Time Warp executive, and is normally not visible tothe federate. It is implemented (in part) using the RuntimeInfrastructure event retraction mechanism. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))58. Candidate Key. An attribute or group of attributes thatmight be chosen as a primary key. (Military Handbook forJoint Data Base Elements for M&S, (reference (o))59. Catalogue. An enumeration of M&S data, or other itemsarranged systematically with descriptive details such as setuptime, running time, developer, point of contact, etc. (MORSReport, October 27, 1989, (reference (t))60. Causal Order. A partial ordering of messages based onthe "causally happens before" (-->) relationship. A messagedelivery service is said to be causally ordered if for any twomessages M1 and M2 (containing notifications of events E1 and E2respectively) that are delivered to a single federate where E1-> E2, then M1 is delivered to the federate before M2. (HighLevel Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))61. Central Station. A computer connected to a local areanetwork that transmits/receives simulation management protocoldata units at the direction of the simulation manager. (M&SEducational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))62. Class. A description of a group of objects with similarproperties, common behavior, common relationships, and commonsemantics. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))63. Class Hierarchy. A specification of a class-subclass, or"is-a" relationship between object classes in a given domain.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))64. Class Word. A word in the name of a data elementdescribing the category to which the data element belongs;e.g., "date," "name," "code." The word establishes the

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general structure and domain of a standard data element. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M-1 and NBS Pub 500-149, (references (q)and (u))65. Closed-Form Solution. A closed-form solution forrepresenting time in dynamic models is a method in which thestates or status of resources are described as explicit andcomputationally tractable functions of time. Thus, the statusof a resource at time "t" can be found by evaluating theappropriate function at "t", without having to simulate combatfrom the start of that combat through time "t". (MORS Report,October 27, 1989, (reference (t))66. Code Verification. A rigorous audit of all compilablecode to ensure that the representations of verified logic havebeen properly implemented in the computer code. (DA PAM 5-11,(reference (i))67. Coenetic Variable. In modeling, a variable that affectsboth the system under consideration and that system’senvironment. (IEEE STD 610.3 (reference (c))68. Cohesion. Cohesion refers to the degree to which thecontents of a module are logically related. (DMSO Survey ofSemi-Automated Forces, (reference (d))69. Command and Control Warfare (C2W). The integrated use ofoperations security (OPSEC), military deception, psychologicaloperations (PSYOP), electronic warfare (EW), and physicaldestruction, mutually supported by intelligence, to denyinformation to, influence, degrade, or destroy adversary C2capabilities, while protecting friendly C2 capabilitiesagainst such actions. (Joint Pub 3-13.1, (reference (v))70. Common Federation Functionality. Agreements on commonsimulation functionality (services and resources) which arefinalized among all participants in the federation during thefederation development process. Federation members identifiedduring Federation Design will propose opportunities for commonservices in areas of assigned responsibilities (alsoestablished during Federation Design) during federationdevelopment for discussion and negotiation among allfederation participants. For instance, agreements on commonrepresentations of terrain (data, source, resolution, dynamicvs. static), and environment (required types, data sources,resolution, servers), would be negotiated and agreed to, aswould any relevant federation-specific algorithms (e.g.,extrapolation). (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))


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71. Common-Use M&S. M&S applications, services, or materialsprovided by a DoD Component to two or more DoD Components.(DoD Directive 5000.59 and DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(references (f) and (g))72. Complex Data. Data that cannot be characterized as asingle concept, atomic data element as defined in DoD 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q)). Complex data includes most scientificand technical data. It has been categorized into: a. highlyderived data (e.g., probability hit/kill); b. objectsutilizing the concepts of multiple inheritance (e.g., student-assistant is subclass of student class and employee class),multiple root hierarchies (e.g., a tank is a vehicle and atank is a weapon where "vehicle" and "weapon" are each roots),and polymorphic attributes (e.g., "capacity" for differenttypes of aircraft may mean number of people, pounds of cargo,or gallons of fuel); c. compositions such as commandhierarchies, road networks, images (binary large objects),compound documents; and d. artifacts of legacy systems andphysical constraints (e.g., aircraft category and mission inone data element, intelligence facility code where the firstfew bytes define how the rest of the field is used. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))73. Component Class. An object class which is a component,or part of, a "composite" object which represents a unifiedassembly of many different object classes. The identificationof a Component Class in the object model template (OMT) shouldinclude cardinality information. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))74. Composite Attribute. A single attribute that is composedof a specific set of identifiable pieces of information; e.g.,an address made up of a street number, city, state, and zipcode. (Military Handbook for Joint Data Base Elements forM&S, (reference (o))75. Compression. Any of several techniques that reduce thenumber of bits required to represent information in datatransmission or storage, therefore conserving bandwidth and/ormemory, wherein the original form of the information can bereconstructed; also called compaction. (M&S EducationalTraining Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))76. Computational Model. A model consisting of well-definedprocedures that can be executed on a computer; for example, amodel of the stock market, in the form of a set of equationsand logic rules. (IEEE STD 610.3, (reference (c))

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77. Computer Generated Forces (CGF). A generic term used torefer to computer representations of forces in simulationsthat attempts to model human behavior sufficiently so that theforces will take some actions automatically (without requiringman-in-the-loop interaction). Also referred to as Semi-automated Forces. DoD programs addressing various levels ofcomputer automation of forces include Command Forces,Intelligent Forces, Modular Semi-Automated Forces, IntegratedTactical Environment Management System, and Close CombatTactical Trainer Semi-Automated Forces. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))78. Computer Hardware. Devices capable of accepting andstoring computer data, executing a systematic sequence ofoperations on computer data, or producing control outputs.Such devices can perform substantial interpretation,computation, communication, control, or other logicalfunctions. (DoD STD-498, (reference (w))79. Computer Resources. The totality of computer hardware,firmware, software, personnel, documentation, supplies,services, and support services applied to a given effort.80. Computer Simulation. A dynamic representation of amodel, often involving some combination of executing code,control/display interface hardware, and interfaces to real-world equipment.81. Computer Software (or Software). A set of computerprograms, procedures, and associated documentation concernedwith the operation of a data processing system, e.g.,compilers, library routines, manuals, and circuit diagrams.82. Computer Software Documentation. Technical data orinformation, including computer listings and printouts, whichdocuments the requirements, design, or details of computersoftware, explains the capabilities and limitations of thesoftware, or provides operation instructions for using orsupporting computer software during the software’s operationallife. (Joint Pub 1-02, (reference (x))83. Computer War Game. A technique by which differentconcepts, different pieces of hardware, or different militaryplans can be investigated in a multi-sided confrontation usinga computer to generate displays of the battlefield and performcomputations of outcomes. (DSMC 1992-93 Military ResearchFellows Report (reference (a))84. Conceptual Analysis. The step in the federationdevelopment and execution process which establishes the


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conceptual framework for the federation. It feeds the designof the overall federation structure. The conceptual view ofthe objects and interactions that must be represented in thefederation is key to identifying reuse opportunities inestablished Federation Object Models (FOMs), and high-levelrepresentation of the federation scenario refined duringConceptual Analysis also provides the basis for generation ofa more detailed scenario instance during FederationDesign/Development. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))85. Conceptual Model. A statement of the content andinternal representations which are the user’s and developer’scombined concept of the model. It includes logic andalgorithms and explicitly recognizes assumptions andlimitations. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))86. Conceptual Model of the Mission Space (CMMS). Firstabstractions of the real world that serve as a frame ofreference for simulation development by capturing the basicinformation about important entities involved in any missionand their key actions and interactions. They are simulation-neutral views of those entities, actions, and interactionsoccurring in the real world.87. Conceptual Schema. Descriptive representation of dataand data requirements that supports the "logical" view or dataadministrator’s view of the data requirement. This view isrepresented as a semantic model of the information that isstored about objects of interest to the functional area. Thisview is an integrated definition of the data that is unbiasedtoward any single application of data and is independent ofhow the data is physically stored or accessed. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))88. Concrete Model. A model in which at least one componentrepresented is a tangible object; for example, a physicalreplica of a building. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEESTD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))89. Concurrent Engineering. Concurrent engineering is asystematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design ofproducts and their related processes, including manufactureand support. This approach is intended to cause thedevelopers, from the outset, to consider all elements of theproduct life cycle from conception through disposal, includingquality, cost, schedule, and user requirements. See also:Integrated Product and Process Development. (DSMC 1993-94Military Research Fellows Report, (reference (k))

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90. Condition. The values assumed at a given instant by thevariables in a system, model, or simulation. See also:boundary condition; final condition; initial condition; state.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))91. Conditional Event. A sequentially dependent event thatwill occur only if some other event has already taken place.See also: time-dependent event. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))92. Configuration. A collection of an item’s descriptive andgoverning characteristics, which can be expressed: a. infunctional terms i.e., what performance the item is expectedto achieve; and b. in physical terms i.e., what the itemshould look like and consist of when it is built.93. Configuration Management (CM). The application oftechnical and administrative direction and surveillance toidentify and document the functional and physicalcharacteristics of a model or simulation, control changes, andrecord and report change processing and implementation status.(DA PAM 5-11, Army M&S Master Plan, and Marine Corps M&SMaster Plan, (references (i), (y), and (z))94. Conservative Synchronization. A mechanism that preventsa federate from processing messages out of time stamp order.This is in contrast to optimistic synchronization. TheChandry/Misra/ Bryant null message protocol is an example of aconservative synchronization mechanism. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))95. Consistency. Data that is maintained so that it is freefrom variation or contradiction. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-3and DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (references (e) and (j))96. Constant. A quantity or data item whose value cannotchange. (IEEE STD 610.3, (reference (c))97. Constrained Simulation. A simulation where time advancesare paced to have a specific relationship to wallclock time.These are commonly referred to as real-time or scaled-real-time simulations. Here, the terms constrained simulation and(scaled) real-time simulation are used synonymously. Human-in-the-loop (e.g., training exercises) and hardware-in-the-loop (e.g., test and evaluation simulations) are examples ofconstrained simulations. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))


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98. Constructive Model or Simulation. See: Live, Virtual andConstructive Simulation. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(reference (g))99. Continuous Model. A mathematical or computational modelwhose output variables change in a continuous manner.Contrast with: Discrete Model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))100. Continuous Simulation. A simulation that uses acontinuous model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))101. Continuous System. A system for which the statevariables change continuously with respect to time.(DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, (reference (k))102. Control Station. Facility that provides the individualresponsible for controlling the simulation and also providesthe capability to implement simulation control as ProtocolData Units on the Distributed Interactive Simulation network.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))103. Controllability. In respect to user interface of SAFORs,this is the ability of a user to dynamically change thetactics or behavior of a force during the course of anexercise easily and efficiently. For all exercises this isthe ability to stop and restart an exercise from some interimpoint in time.104. Cooperative Development. A project in which two or moreDoD Components share in domain research, technical studies, ortechnology development that may result in dissimilar M&Sapplications. (DoD Directive 5000.59, DoD Instruction5000.61, DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, andMSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (references (f), (h), (k), and (p))105. Coordinate. Linear or angular quantities which designatethe position that a point occupies in a given reference frameor system. Also used as a general term to designate theparticular kind of reference frame or system, such asCartesian coordinates or spherical coordinates. (M&SEducational Training Tool, NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))106. Coordinated Time Advancement. A time advancementmechanism where logical clock advances within each federateonly occur after some coordination is performed among thefederates participating in the execution e.g., to ensure thatthe federate never receives an event notice in its past.Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol, for example, used

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coordinated time advancement. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))107. Critical Event Simulation. A simulation that isterminated by the occurrence of a certain event; for example,a model depicting the year-by-year forces leading up to avolcanic eruption, that is terminated when the volcano in themodel erupts. See also: time-slice simulation. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))108. Cross-Functional Integration. The melding of acquisitionfunctions (such as design analysis with logistics analysis)involving shared modeling and simulation data and information.(DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, (reference(k))109. Cultural Features. Features of the environment that havebeen constructed by man. Included are such items as roads,buildings, canals, marker buoys; boundary lines, and, in abroad sense, all names and legends on a map.110. Current Time (of a federate). Same as federate time.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))111. Cybernetics. The study of human control functions andthe mechanical and electronic systems designed to replace oremulate them, including computers. "Cyber," as a prefix,denotes anything related to computer environments, especiallythings that involve extensive interaction by the user. (DSMC1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))


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112. Data. A representation of facts, concepts, orinstructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication,interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means.(DoD Publication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, and FIPSPub 11-3, (references (j), (q), and (r))113. Data Administration (DAdm). The responsibility fordefinition, organization, supervision, and protection of datawithin an enterprise or organization. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, and DoD Directive 8320.1, (references (j) and (aa))114. Data Administrator (DAd). A person or group that ensuresthe utility of data used within an organization by definingdata policies and standards, planning for the efficient use ofdata, coordinating data structures among organizationalcomponents, performing logical database design, and definingdata security procedures. See also: Data Steward. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, and NBSSpecial Pub 500-152, (references (j), (q), and (bb))115. Data Architecture. The framework for organizing anddefining the interrelationships of data in support of anorganization’s missions, functions, goals, objectives, andstrategies. Data architectures provide the basis for theincremental, ordered design and development of databases basedon successively more detailed levels of data modeling. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))116. Data Attribute. A characteristic of a unit of data suchas length, value, or method of representation. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M-1 and NBS Special Pub 500-152,(references (q) and (bb))117. Data Center. An organization which serves as a conduitbetween data sources and data customers. The data center maytransform these data as necessary to meet the operationalrequirements, format, security, and data verification,validation, and certification provisions of its sources andsupported users.118. Data Certification. The determination that data havebeen verified and validated. Data user certification is thedetermination by the application sponsor or designated agentthat data have been verified and validated as appropriate forthe specific M&S usage. Data producer certification is the

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determination by the data producer that data have beenverified and validated against documented standards orcriteria. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))119. Data Collection. The process of obtaining informationthat supports a functional activity, or informationrequirement. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))120. Data Dictionary. A specialized type of databasecontaining metadata that is managed by a data dictionarysystem; a repository of information describing thecharacteristics of data used to design, monitor, document,protect, and control data in information systems anddatabases; an application of a data dictionary system. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M-1 and DoD Directive 8320.1, (references(q) and (aa))121. Data Dictionary System. An automated system such as anIRDS that can support one or more data dictionaries. A systemspecifically designed for managing a data dictionary.(National Bureau of Standards Pub 500-152, (reference (bb))122. Data Element. A basic unit of information having ameaning and subcategories (data items) of distinct units andvalues (e.g., address). (DoD Directive 8320.1, (reference(aa))123. Data Element Standardization. The process ofdocumenting, reviewing and approving unique names,definitions, characteristics and representations of dataelements according to established procedures and conventions.(DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q))124. Data Entity. An object of interest to the enterprise,usually tracked by an automated system. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, and NBS Pub 500-149,(references (j), (q) and (u))125. Data Exchange Standard. Formally defined protocols forthe format and content of data messages used for interchangingdata between networked simulation and/or simulator nodes usedto create and operate a distributed, time and space coherentsynthetic environment. (Army Model and Simulation MasterPlan, (reference (y))126. Data Integrity. In information processing, the conditionin which data is accurate, current, consistent, and complete(DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))127. Data Logger. A device that accepts Protocol Data Units(PDUs) from the network and stores them for later replay on


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the network in the same time sequence as the PDUs wereoriginally received. See also: Protocol Data Unit. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))128. Data Model. In a database, the user’s logical view ofthe data in contrast to the physically stored data, or storagestructures. A description of the organization of data in amanner that reflects the information structure of anenterprise. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication8320.1-M-1, and FIPS Pub 11-3, (references (j), (q), and (r))129. Data Quality. The correctness, timeliness, accuracy,completeness, relevance, and accessibility that make dataappropriate for use. Quality statements are required forsource, accuracy (positional and attribute), up-to-dateness/currency, logical consistency, completeness (featureand attribute), clipping indicator, security classification,and releasability. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, and DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (references (g) and (j)130. Data Repository. A specialized database containinginformation about data, such as meaning, relationships toother data, origin, usage, and format, including theinformation resources needed by an organization. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))131. Data Security. The protection of data from accidental orintentional modification or destruction and from accidental orintentional disclosure to unauthorized personnel. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))132. Data Source. An organization or subject matter expertwho, because of either mission or expertise, serves as a dataproducer.133. Data Standardization. The process of documenting,reviewing, and approving unique names, definitions,characteristics and representations of data according toestablished procedures and conventions. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, and DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (references (j) and(q))134. Data Steward. The person or group that manages thedevelopment, approval, and use of data within a specifiedfunctional area, ensuring that it can be used to satisfy datarequirements throughout the organization. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, and DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (references (j) and(q))

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135. Data Structure. The logical relationships that existamong units of data and the descriptive features defined forthose relationships and data units; an instance or occurrenceof a data model. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, and NBS SpecialPub 500-152, (references (q) and (bb))136. Data Synchronization. The timing requirements of a dataelement, or between and/or among data elements. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))137. Data Validation. The documented assessment of data bysubject area experts and its comparison to known values. Datauser validation is an assessment as appropriate for use in anintended model. Data producer validation is an assessmentwithin stated criteria and assumptions. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))138. Data Value. A value associated with a data element. Oneof the allowable values of a data element. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, and DoD Directive 8320.1, (references (j) and (aa))139. Data Verification. Data producer verification is the useof techniques and procedures to ensure that data meetsconstraints defined by data standards and business rulesderived from process and data modeling. Data userverification is the use of techniques and procedures to ensurethat data meets user specified constraints defined by datastandards and business rules derived from process and datamodeling, and that data are transformed and formattedproperly. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))140. Data Verification, Validation & Certification (VV&C).The process of verifying the internal consistency andcorrectness of data, validating that it represents real worldentities appropriate for its intended purpose or an expectedrange of purposes, and certifying it as having a specifiedlevel of quality or as being appropriate for a specified use,type of use, or range of uses. The process has twoperspectives: producer and user process. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))141. Database. A collection of interrelated data, often withcontrolled redundancy, organized according to a schema toserve one or more applications; the data are stored so thatthey can be used by different programs without concern for thedata structure or organization. A common approach is used toadd new data and to modify and retrieve existing data. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, and FIPS Pub11-3, (references (j), (q), and (r))


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142. Database Administration (DBAdm). The activityresponsible for the enforcement of the policies and standardsestablished by the data administrator, to include providingtechnical support for physical database definition, design,implementation, maintenance, integrity, and security; andcoordinating with computer operations technicians, systemdevelopers, vendors, and users. Database administration isoriented toward technical support for databases and theeffective and efficient use of information technologyresources. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))143. Database Administrator (DBAd). A person or group thatenforces policy of "how," "where," and "in what manner," datais stored and maintained in each database. Providesinformation to the Data Administrator (DA) on organizationaluse of data within the subject database. (DoD Directive8320.1, (reference (aa))144. Database Directory. A database of entries each of whichrepresents information about a database or a directory ofdatabases. Information includes the name of a database ordirectory, ownership, point of contact, access path to thedatabase or directory, description of purpose of database.145. Database Management System (DBMS). A system thatprovides the functionality to support the creation, access,maintenance, and control of databases, and that facilitatesthe execution of application programs using data from thesedatabases.146. Dead Reckoning. The process of extrapolating emulationentity position/orientation based on the last knownposition/orientation, velocity, and (sometimes) higher-orderderivatives of position vs. time and/or other vehicle dynamiccharacteristics. Syn: remote entity approximation. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))147. Deaggregate. See: disaggregate.148. Defense Simulation Internet (DSI). A wide-bandtelecommunications network operated over commercial lines withconnectivity to both military and civilian satellites,allowing users to be linked on a worldwide wide-area network.Note: Superceded with Enhanced Internet Protocol Services inthe Defense Information System Network (DISN). (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))

149. Dependent Variable. A variable whose value is dependenton the values of one or more independent variables. Contrast

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with: independent variable. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, andIEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))150. Descriptive Model. A model used to depict the behavioror properties of an existing system or type of system; forexample, a scale model or written specification used to conveyto potential buyers the physical and performancecharacteristics of a computer. Contrast with: prescriptivemodel. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))151. Deterministic. Pertaining to a process, model,simulation or variable whose outcome, result, or value doesnot depend upon chance. Contrast with: stochastic. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))152. Deterministic Algorithm. A process that yields a uniqueand predictable outcome for a given set of inputs. (DSMC1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, (reference (k))153. Deterministic Model. A model in which the results aredetermined through known relationships among the states andevents, and in which a given input will always produce thesame output; for example, a model depicting a known chemicalreaction. Contrast with: stochastic model. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))154. Digital Simulation. (l) A simulation that is designed tobe executed on a digital system. (2) A simulation that isdesigned to be executed on an analog system but thatrepresents a digital system. (3) A simulation of a digitalcircuit. Contrast with: analog simulation. See also: hybridsimulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))155. Disaggregate. Activity that decomposes an aggregatedentity into multiple entities representing its components.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))156. Disaggregation. The ability to represent the behavior ofan aggregated unit in terms of its component entities. If theaggregate representation did not maintain staterepresentations of the individual entities, then thedecomposition into the entities can only be notional. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))157. Discrete Model. A mathematical or computational modelwhose output variables take on only discrete values; that is,in changing from one value to another, they do not take on theintermediate values; for example, a model that predicts an


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organization’s inventory levels based on varying shipments andreceipts. Contrast with: continuous model. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))158. Discrete Simulation. A simulation that uses a discretemodel. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))159. Discrete System. A system for which the state variableschange instantaneously at separated points in time. (DSMC1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, and Joint Pub 1-02,(references (k) and (x))160. Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) Compatible. Twoor more simulations and/or simulators are DIS compatible ifthey are DIS compliant and their models and data that send andinterpret Protocol Data Units support the realization of acommon operational environment among the systems (coherent intime and space). (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))161. Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) Network Manager.A specified agency with the responsibility to manage thephysical network used for distributed simulation.Responsibilities include: ensuring security of network;scheduling of utilization; establishing network priorities;monitoring execution of scheduled usage; coordinatingfunctional, technical, and user communities’ networkrequirements. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))162. Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) Protocol DataUnit (PDU). A standard that specifies the format andstructure in which data will be organized. The generalpurpose is to facilitate the electronic transfer of databetween agencies with software; specifically, DIS PDUs aredesigned to enable communications between different types ofsimulators, simulations, and models. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))163. DoD M&S Executive Agent. A DoD Component to whom theUSD(A&T) has assigned responsibility and delegated authorityfor the development and maintenance of a specific area of M&Sapplication, including relevant standards and databases, usedby or common to many models and simulations. (DoD Directive5000.59, DoD Publication 5000.59-P, and DSMC 1993-94 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report, (references (f), (g), and (k))164. DoD Publications. DoD issuances that implement orsupplement DoD Directives and Instructions by providinguniform procedures for management or operational systems anddisseminating administrative information. DoD Publications

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include: Catalogs, Directories, Guides, Handbooks, Indexes,Inventories, Lists, Manuals, Modules, Pamphlets, Plans,Regulations, and Standards that implement or supplement DoDDirectives or Instructions. (DoD Instruction 5000.61,(reference (h))165. Domain. The physical or abstract space in which theentities and processes operate. The domain can be land, sea,air, space, undersea, a combination of any of the above, or anabstract domain, such as an n-dimensional mathematics space,or economic or psychological domains. (MORS Report, October27, 1989, (reference (t))166. Dual Use Technologies. Technologies with both a militaryand a civilian application.167. Dynamic Model. A model of a system in which there ischange, such as the occurrence of events over time or themovement of objects through space; for example, a model of abridge that is subjected to a moving load to determinecharacteristics of the bridge under changing stress. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))168. Dynamic Natural Environment. The natural environment isconstantly changing as a result of man-made efforts(battlefield smoke) and natural phenomenon (weather).Incorporating dynamic natural environment into real timesimulations provides a more realistic test bed for weapons,equipment, and personnel. (Army Model and Simulation MasterPlan, (reference (y))


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169. Emitter. A device that is able to discharge detectableelectromagnetic or acoustic energy. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (references (b) and (p))170. Empirical. Pertaining to information that is derivedfrom observation, experiment, or experience. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))171. Emulate. To represent a system by a model that acceptsthe same inputs and produces the same outputs as the systemrepresented. For example, to emulate an 8-bit computer with a32-bit computer. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))172. Emulation. A model that accepts the same inputs andproduces the same outputs as a given system. See also:simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))173. Emulator. A device, computer program, or system thatperforms emulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))174. Encapsulation. The process of hiding the details of anobject that do not contribute to its essentialcharacteristics. (DMSO Survey of Semi-Automated Forces,(reference (d))175. Endogenous variable. A variable whose value isdetermined by conditions and events within a given model.Syn: internal variable. Contrast with: exogenous variable.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))176. Enterprise. An arbitrarily defined functional andadministrative entity that exists to perform a specific,integrated set of missions and achieve associated goals andobjectives, encompassing all of the primary functionsnecessary to perform those missions.177. Enterprise Model. An information model(s) that presentsan integrated top-level representation of processes,information flows, and data. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M andDoD Directive 8000.1, (references (j) and (cc))

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178. Entity. A distinguishable person, place, unit, thing,event, or concept about which information is kept. (MilitaryHandbook for Joint Data Base Elements for M&S, (reference (o))179. Entity Coordinates. Location with respect to asimulation entity. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference(b))180. Entity Perspective. The perception of the syntheticenvironment held by a simulation entity based on its knowledgeof itself and its interactions with the other simulationentities. This includes not only its own view of thesimulated physical environment (terrain, air, and sea), butalso its own view of itself, the other entities in thesynthetic environment, and of the effects of the otherentities on itself and the synthetic environment. Syn:worldview. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))181. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). A graphicrepresentation of a data model.182. Environment. The texture or detail of the naturaldomain, that is terrain relief, weather, day, night, terraincultural features (such as cities or farmland), sea states,etc.; and the external objects, conditions, and processes thatinfluence the behavior of a system (such as terrain relief,weather, day/night, terrain cultural features, etc.). (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))183. Environmental Effect. The impact that the naturalenvironment or environmental feature has on some component orprocess in the simulation exercise such as the propagation ofenergy and image formation, the performance of a weaponsystem, platform or sensor, or other non-visualized combatprocess.184. Environmental Effect Model. A numerical model,parametric model, or database for simulating a naturalenvironmental effect on an entity of a simulation exercise,such as a sensor or platform.185. Environmental Entity. A simulation entity thatcorresponds to dynamic elements of the natural state of thegeographic, atmospheric, and bathyspheric environment, of thesynthetic environment, that can be seen or sensed on a realbattlefield, for example, craters, smoke, building collapse,weather conditions, and sea state. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))186. Environmental Features. An individual element of thenatural environment (e.g., a rain system, fog, cloud).


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187. Environmental Model. A numerical model, parametricmodel, or database designed to produce an accurate andconsistent data set for one or more parameters thatcharacterize the state of the natural environment.188. Environmental Representation. An authoritativerepresentation of all or a part of the natural or man-madeenvironment, including permanent or semi-permanent man-madefeatures.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))189. Environmental Simulation. A simulation that depicts allor part of the natural or manmade environment of a system; forexample, a simulation of the radar equipment and othertracking devices that provide input to an aircraft trackingsystem. (IEEE STD 610.3 (reference (c))190. Equilibrium. See: steady state. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))191. Error Model. a. A model used to estimate or predict theextent of deviation of the behavior of an actual system fromthe desired behavior of the system; for example, a model of acommunications channel, used to estimate the number oftransmission errors that can be expected in the channel; b.in software evaluation, a model used to estimate or predictthe number of remaining faults, required test time, andsimilar characteristics of a system. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))192. Euler Angles. A set of three angles used to describe theorientation of an entity as a set of three successiverotations about three different orthogonal axes (x, y, and z).The order of rotation is first about z by angle (psi), thenabout the new y by angle (theta), then about the newest x byangle (phi). Angles psi and phi range between +/- pi, whileangle theta ranges only between +/- pi/2 radians. Theseangles specify the successive rotations needed to transformfrom the world coordinate system to the entity coordinatesystem. The positive direction of rotation about an axis isdefined by the right-hand rule. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))193. Event. A change of object attribute value, aninteraction between objects, an instantiation of a new object,or a deletion of an existing object that is associated with aparticular point on the federation time axis. Each eventcontains a time stamp indicating when it is said to occur.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))

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194. Event Notice. A message containing event information.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))195. Event-Oriented Simulation. A simulation in whichattention is focused on the occurrence of events and the timesat which those events occur; for example, a simulation of adigital circuit that focuses on the time of state transition.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))196. Executive Council for Modeling and Simulation (EXCIMS).An organization established by the USD(A&T) and responsiblefor providing advice and assistance on DoD M&S issues.Membership is determined by the USD(A&T) and is at the SeniorExecutive Service, flag, and general officer level. DoDDirective 5000.59, (reference (f))197. Exercise Manager. Test director or training officer whomanages the setup, control, and feedback of a simulationexercise after the computer network is activated. Thisindividual is part of the user organization. Syn: SimulationManager. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))198. Exogenous Variable. A variable whose value is determinedby conditions and events external to a given model. Syn:external variable. Contrast with: endogenous variable. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))199. Expert System. An expert system is a knowledgecollection combined with an inference engine capable ofinterpreting queries and chaining together separate items ofknowledge to develop new inferences. The knowledge istypically causally represented as a system of rules. In somecases, expert systems can retrace their paths of inference ondemand, thus explaining their conclusions and reasoning. (DSBReport May 1988, (reference (dd))200. Extensibility. The ability of a data structure toaccommodate additional values or iterations of data over timewithout impacting its initial design. (DoD Publication8320.1-M-3 and DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (references (e) and(j))201. External Schema. A logical description of an enterprisethat may differ from the conceptual schema upon which it isbased in that some entities, attributes, or relationships maybe omitted, renamed, or otherwise transformed. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))


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202. Face Validation. The process of determining whether amodel or simulation seems reasonable to people who areknowledgeable about the system under study, based on themodel's performance. This process does not review thesoftware code or logic, but rather reviews the inputs andoutputs to ensure they appear realistic or representative.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))203. Fair Fight. Two or more simulations may be considered tobe in a fair fight when differences in the simulations’performance characteristics have significantly less effect onthe outcome of the conflict than actions taken by thesimulation participants. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))204. Fast Time. a. Simulated time with the property that agiven period of actual time represents more than that periodof time in the system being modeled; for example, in asimulation of plant growth, running the simulation for onesecond may result in the model advancing time by one full day;that is, simulated time advances faster than actual time; b.the duration of activities within a simulation in whichsimulated time advances faster than actual time. Contrastwith: real time; slow time.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, andIEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))205. Feature. A static element of the synthetic environmentthat exists but does not actively participate in syntheticenvironment interactions. Features are represented in theimplementation environment by cartographic databases that areused by simulation assets. Entities can interact withfeatures (building them, destroying them, colliding with them,etc.), but features are passive in that they do not initiateaction. When features are dynamic (e.g., dynamic terrain)they are called environment entities. See: environmentalentity; synthetic environment. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))206. Federate. A member of a High Level ArchitectureFederation. All applications participating in a Federationare called Federates. This may include federation managers,

Glossary - F

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data collectors, real world ("live") systems (e.g., C4Isystems, instrumented ranges, sensors), simulations, passiveviewers and other utilities. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))207. Federate Time. Scaled wallclock time or logical time ofa federate, whichever is smaller. Federate time is synonymouswith the "current time" of the federate. At any instant of anexecution different federates will, in general, have differentfederate times. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))208. Federation. A named set of interacting federates, acommon federation object model, and supporting RuntimeInfrastructure, that are used as a whole to achieve somespecific objective. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))209. Federation Element. Term applied to an individual modeland/or simulation that is part of a federation of models andsimulations. (DoD Instruction 5000.61, (reference (h))210. Federation Execution. The actual operation, over time,of a subset of the federates and the Runtime Infrastructureinitialization data taken from a particular federation. It isthe step where the executable code is run to conduct theexercise and produce the data for the measures ofeffectiveness for the federation execution. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))211. Federation Execution Data (FED). Information derivedfrom the Federation Object Model (class, attribute, parameternames, etc.). Each federation execution needs one. In theabstract, creation of a federation execution is simply thebinding of a federation execution name to a FederationExecution Data. The organization of Federation Execution Datawill become the subject of standard so Federate Object Modeltools can automatically generate them for any vendor’s RuntimeInfrastructure. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))212. Federation Execution Sponsor. Federation developmentbegins with a user and a requirement. The federationexecution sponsor is the organization that uses the resultsand/or products from a specific application of modeling andsimulation. It is the group responsible for establishing theneed for the development and execution of a federation. Theyalso establish the framework for the Measures of Effectivenessby which the results of the execution are employed. (HighLevel Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))


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213. Federation Object Model (FOM). An identification of theessential classes of objects, object attributes, and objectinteractions that are supported by a High Level Architecturefederation. In addition, optional classes of additionalinformation may also be specified to achieve a more completedescription of the federation structure and/or behavior.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))214. Federation Objective. The statement of the problem thatis to be addressed by the establishment and execution of afederation. The description of the problem domain implicit inthe objectives statement is critical for focusing the domainanalysis activities in the conceptual analysis phase. Itspecifies the top-level goals of the federation, and mayspecify the operational need or shortfall from whichfederation developers will derive a scenario for thefederation execution. The federation objectives drive thisspecification, as the scenario development phase must utilizethe statement of the objectives to generate a viable contextfor system evaluations intrinsic to the federation objectives.High-level testing requirements implied in the federationobjectives may also drive the identification of well defined"test points" during development of the federation scenario.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))215. Federation Required Execution Details (FRED). A globalspecification of several classes of information needed by theRuntime Infrastructure to instantiate an execution of thefederation. Additional execution-specific information neededto fully establish the "contract" between federation members(e.g., publish responsibilities, subscription requirements,etc.) is also documented in the FRED. The set of managementrequirements provides one source of input to the FederationRequired Execution Details specification, which will berecorded in a standardized format. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))216. Federation Time. The time used to coordinate theactivities between federation members. Runtime Infrastructureservices are specified in terms of Federation Time and areindependent of the discipline used by Federation members toadvance to their individual temporal states. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))217. Federation Time Axis. A totally ordered sequence ofvalues where each value represents an instant of time in thephysical system being modeled, and for any two points T1 and T2on the federation time axis, if T1 < T2, then T1 represents aninstant of physical time that occurs before the instant

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represented by T2. Logical time, scaled wallclock time, andfederate time specify points on the federation time axis. Theprogression of a federate along the federation time axisduring the execution may or may not have a direct relationshipto the progression of wallclock time. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))218. Fidelity. The accuracy of the representation whencompared to the real world. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(reference (g))219. Field. A series of contiguous bits treated as aninstance of a particular data type that may be part of ahigher-level data structure. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, andMSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (references (b) and (p))220. Field Instrumentation. An internal or externalrecording, monitoring, and relaying device employed by liveinstrumented entities, usually platform, facility, orexercise-unique, and not typically part of the operationalsystem or equipment. These devices provide an independentsource of data to assess the performance of operationalsystems involved in the exercise. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))221. Final Condition. The values assumed by the variables ina system, model, or simulation at the completion of somespecified duration of time. Syn: equilibrium condition.Contrast with: boundary condition; initial condition. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))222. Final State. The values assumed by the state variablesof a system, component, or simulation at the completion ofsome specified duration of time. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))223. Functional Area. A functional area encompasses the scope(the boundaries) of a set of related functions and data forwhich an OSD Principal Staff Assistant or the Chairman of theJoint Chiefs of Staff has DoD-wide responsibility, authority,and accountability. A functional area (e.g., personnel) iscomposed of one or more functional activities (e.g.,recruiting), each of which consists of one or more functionalprocesses (e.g., interviews). Also known as a business area.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))224. Functional Data Administrator (FDAd). A person or groupthat ensure the utility of data used within the FunctionalArea by defining data policies and standards, planning for the


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efficient use of data, coordinating data structures amongorganizational components, performing logical database design,and defining data security procedures. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))225. Functional Process. A well-defined (or definable) set oflogically related tasks and decisions within a functionalactivity that use resources to produce products or services.(DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))226. Functional Process Improvement. Application of astructured methodology to define a function’s "as is" and "tobe" environments; current and future mission needs and enduser requirements; objectives and a strategy for achievingthose objectives; and a program of incremental andevolutionary improvements to processes, data, and supportingAutomated Information Systems that are implemented throughfunctional, technical, and economic analysis and decision-making. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))

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227. Game. A physical or mental competition in which theparticipants, called players, seek to achieve some objectivewithin a given set of rules. See also: game theory. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))228. Game Theory. a. The study of situations involvingcompeting interests, modeled in terms of the strategies,probabilities, actions, gains, and losses of opposing playersin a game. See also: management game; war game; b. The studyof games to determine the probability of winning given variousstrategies. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))229. Gateway. A device that connects two systems, especiallyif the systems use different protocols. For example, agateway is needed to connect two independent local networks,or to connect a local network to a long-haul network. (MSETTNAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))230. Generic Domain. A domain type where the attribute isconstrained only by the data type assigned by the data basemanagement system (DBMS), or implied by the record type in aflat file, whichever is applicable. (Military Handbook forJoint Data Base Elements for M&S, (reference (o))231. Generic Element. A generic element is the part of a dataelement that establishes a structure and limits the allowableset of values of a data element. A generic element has nofunctional or application context other than to define ageneral class of data and ensure consistency in structure anddomain. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q))232. General-Use M&S Applications. Specific representationsof the physical environment or environmental effects used by,or common to, many models and simulations; e.g., terrain,atmospheric, or hydrographic effects. (DoD Directive 5000.59,DoD Publication 5000.59-P, and DoD Instruction 5000.61,(references (f), (g) and (h))233. Glass Box Model. A model whose internal implementationis known and fully visible; for example, a model of acomputerized change-return mechanism in a vending machine, inthe form of a diagram of the circuits and gears that make thechange. Contrast with: black box model. Syn: white box

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model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))234. Global Combat Support System (GCSS). Demand driven,joint initiative designed to accelerate delivery of combatsupport applications and databases (e.g., logistics,engineering, finance, medical, etc.) to the warfighter. Focusis on providing user access to these applications from asingle workstation.235. Graphical Model. A symbolic model whose properties areexpressed in diagrams; for example, a decision tree used toexpress a complex procedure. Contrast with: mathematicalmodel; narrative model; software model; tabular model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))236. Guise. A function that provides the capability for anentity to be viewed with one appearance by one group ofparticipants, and with another appearance by another group.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))237. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). A measure of time thatconforms, within a close approximation, to the mean diurnalrotation of the Earth and serves as the basis of civil time-keeping. Universal time (UT1) is determined from observationsof the stars, radio sources, and also from rangingobservations of the Moon and artificial Earth satellites. Thescale determined directly from such observations is designatedUniversal Time Observed (UTO); it is slightly dependent on theplace of observation. When UTO is corrected for the shift inlongitude of the observing station caused by polar motion, thetime scale UT1 is obtained. When an accuracy better than onesecond is not required, Universal Time can be used to meanCoordinated Universal Time (UTC). Also called "UniversalTime [Coordinated]" or "Zulu Time." (Joint Pub 1-02,(reference (x))238. Ground Truth. The actual facts of a situation, withouterrors introduced by sensors or human perception and judgment.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))


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239. Happens Before, Causal (-->). A relationship between twoactions A1 and A2 (where an action can be an event, an RTImessage send, or an Runtime Infrastructure message receive)defined as follows: a. if A1 and A2 occur in the samefederate/Runtime Infrastructure, and A1 precedes A2 in thatfederate/Runtime Infrastructure, then A1 -->A2; b. if A1 is amessage send action and A2 is a receive action for the samemessage, then A1 -->A2; and c. if A1 -->A2 and A2 -->A3, then A1-->A3 (transitivity). (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))240. Happens Before, Temporal (-->t). A relationship betweentwo events E

1 and E

2 defined as follows: if E

1 has a smaller

time stamp than E2, the E

1 -->

t E

2. The Runtime Infrastructure

provides an internal tie-breaking mechanism to ensure (ineffect) that no two events observed by a single federatecontain the same time stamp. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))241. Haptic. Refers to all the physical sensors that providea sense of touch at the skin level and force feedbackinformation from muscles and joints. (DSMC 1992-93 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report (reference (a))242. Haptics. The design of clothing or exoskeletons that notonly sense motions of body parts (e.g., fingers) but alsoprovide tactile and force feedback for haptic perception of avirtual world.243. Heterogeneous. Consisting of or involving dissimilarelements or parts.244. Heterogeneous Network. A collection of simulations withpartially consistent behaviors and/or partially correlateddata bases. Examples include simulators of differentfidelity, mixed virtual and live simulations, and mixes ofvirtual and constructive simulations. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))245. Heuristic. Relating to or using a problem-solvingtechnique in which the most appropriate solution of severalfound by alternative methods is selected at successive stagesof a program for use in the next step of the program.

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246. Hierarchical Model. A model of information in which dataare represented as trees of records connected by pointers.(Military Handbook for Joint Data Base Elements for M&S,(reference (o))247. Hierarchy. Hierarchy is a ranking or ordering ofabstractions. (DMSO Survey of Semi-Automated Forces,(reference (d))248. High Level Architecture (HLA). Major functionalelements, interfaces, and design rules, pertaining as feasibleto all DoD simulation applications, and providing a commonframework within which specific system architectures can bedefined. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))249. Higher Order Model (HOM). A computer model representingcombat elements, their functions and/or the terrain theyoperate on in an aggregated manner. A HOM may represent abattalion as a specific entity that is a conglomeration oraveraging of the characteristics of its real-world components."Higher Order" generally refers to echelons battalion andabove with greater than 100m resolution, e.g. 3km, and withfaster than real-time performance (e.g., days compressed intominutes, hours into seconds). See also: war game. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))250. Homogeneous Network. A network of DIS objects with fullyconsistent behaviors and fully correlated data bases.(Glossary of M&S Terms for DIS, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))251. Host or Host Computer. A computer that supports one ormore simulation applications. All host computersparticipating in a simulation exercise are connected bynetwork(s) including wide area networks, local area networks,and RF links. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))252. Human Factors. The discipline or science of studyingman-machine relationships and interactions. The term coversall biomedical and psychological considerations; it includes,but is not limited to, principles and applications in theareas of human engineering, personnel selection, training,life support, job performance aids, and human performanceevaluation.253. Human-in-the-Loop (HITL). A model that requires humaninteraction. See: interactive model. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))


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254. Human-Machine Simulation. A simulation carried out byboth human participants and computers, typically with thehuman participants asked to make decisions and a computerperforming processing based on those decisions. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, (reference (b))255. Hybrid Simulation. A simulation that combinesconstructive, live, and/or virtual simulations, typically in adistributed environment. Such simulations typically combinesimulators with actual operational equipment, prototypes offuture systems, and realistic representations of operationalenvironments. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))

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256. Iconic Model. A physical model or graphical display thatlooks like the system being modeled; for example, a non-functional replica of a computer tape drive used for displaypurposes. See also: scale model.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))257. Identity Simulation. A simulation in which the roles ofthe participants are investigated or defined; for example, asimulation that identifies aircraft based on their physicalprofiles, speed, altitude, and acoustic characteristics. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))258. Implementation. The means by which a syntheticenvironment, or portions of a synthetic environment, isrealized. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))259. In-Basket Simulation. A simulation in which a set ofissues is presented to a participant in the form of documentson which action must be taken; for example, a simulation of anunfolding international crisis as a sequence of memosdescribing relevant events and outcomes of the participant’sactions on previous memos.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEESTD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))260. Independent Time Advancement. A means of advancingfederate time where advances occur without explicitcoordination among federates. Distributed InteractiveSimulation is an example of a federation using independenttime advancement. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))261. Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V). Theconduct of verification and validation of a model orsimulation by individuals or agencies that did not develop themodel or simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference(b))262. Information. Any communication or reception of knowledgesuch as facts, data, or opinions, including numerical,graphic, or narrative forms, whether oral or maintained in anymedium, including computerized databases, paper, microform, ormagnetic tape. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, D0D Publication8320.1-M-1, and DoD Directive 8000.1, (references (j), (q),and (cc))

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263. Information Management (IM). The creation, use, sharing,and disposition of data or information as corporate resourcescritical to the effective and efficient operation offunctional activities consistent with Information Managementguidance issued by the Office of the Secretary of Defense.Information Management includes the structuring of functionalmanagement improvement processes by the Office of theSecretary of Defense Principal Staff Assistants to produce andcontrol the use of data and information in functionalactivities; information resources management; and supportinginformation technology and information services. (CJCSI8510.01, (reference (ee))264. Information Model. A model that represents theprocesses, entities, information flows, and elements of anorganization and all relationships between these factors.(DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q))265. Information Resource Dictionary System (IRDS). A set ofstandard specifications for a data dictionary system resultingfrom U.S. Federal and national standards efforts; a computersystem conforming to those standards that provides facilitiesfor recording, storing, and processing descriptions of anorganization’s significant information and informationprocessing resources. (DoD Directive 8320.1 and NBS SpecialPub 500-152, (references (aa) and (bb))266. Information System (IS). The organized collection,processing, maintenance, transmission, and dissemination ofinformation in accordance with defined procedures, whetherautomated or manual(DoD Publication 8320.1-M, and DoDPublication 8320.1-M-1, (references (j) and (q))267. Information Technology (IT). The hardware and softwareused in connection with government information, regardless oftechnology involved, whether computers, communications,micrographics, or others. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M and DoDDirective 8000.1, (references (j) and (cc))268. Information Warfare (IW). Actions taken to achieveinformation superiority by affecting adversary information,information-based processes, information systems, andcomputer-based networks, while defending one’s owninformation, information-based processes, information systems,and computer-based networks. (National Bureau of StandardsPub 500-149, (reference (u))269. Infrastructure. An underlying base or foundation; thebasic facilities, equipment, and installations needed for thefunctioning of a system. See: M&S infrastructure.


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270. Initial Condition. The values assumed by the variablesin a system, model, or simulation at the beginning of somespecified duration of time. Contrast with: boundarycondition; final condition. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))271. Initial State. The values assumed by the state variablesof a system, component, or simulation at the beginning of somespecified duration of time. Contrast with: final state. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))272. Instantiation. To represent an abstraction by a concreteinstance.273. Instructional Simulation. A simulation intended toprovide a simulation equivalent of a real or hypothesizedstimulus that could occur in the synthetic environment for thepurpose of training. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference(b))274. Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD. Anapproach to systems acquisition that brings together all ofthe functional disciplines required to develop, design, test,produce and field a system. This is essentially the same asConcurrent Engineering. (DSMC 1993-94 Military ResearchFellows Report, (reference (k))275. Integrated Product Team (IPT). Integrated Product Teamsare a means to achieve concurrent engineering or IntegratedProduct and Process Development. They are multi-disciplinaryteams consisting of representatives from all disciplinesinvolved in the system acquisition process, from requirementsdevelopment through disposal. Having the participation of allthe appropriate disciplines, Integrated Product Teams areoften empowered to make decisions to achieve successfuldevelopment of their particular product. (DSMC 1993-94Military Research Fellows Report, (reference (k))276. Intelligence Community Coordinating Group (ICCOG).Serves as the intelligence community’s forum for M&S exchange,fostering improved communication among community and othergovernment agencies and industry. The Intelligence CommunityCoordinating Group promotes sharing programs, methodologies,tools, techniques, data and other information. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))277. Intelligent Agent. A software entity that carries out aset of operations on behalf of a user with some degree ofindependence or autonomy, and in so doing, employs knowledgeor representation of the user’s goals or desires.

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278. Intelligent Forces (IFOR). A specific program funded byDefense Research Projects Agency to build a maximum ofintelligence into the computer representations of forces.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))279. Interaction. An explicit action taken by an object, thatcan optionally (within the bounds of the Federation ObjectModel) be directed toward other objects, includinggeographical areas etc. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))280. Interaction Parameters. The information associated withan interaction which objects potentially affected by theinteraction must receive in order to calculate the effects ofthat interaction on its current state. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))281. Interactive Model. A model that requires humanparticipation. Syn: human-in-the-loop. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))282. Internal Schema. An internal schema describes data as itis physically stored and includes all aspects of theenvironment in which a database is to reside. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M and FIPS Pub 11-3, (references (j) and(r))283. Interoperability. See: M&S Interoperability.(DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))284. Interval-Oriented Simulation. A continuous simulation inwhich simulated time is advanced in increments of a sizesuitable to make implementation possible on a digital system.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b)and (c))


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285. Joint M&S. Representations of joint and Service forces,capabilities, equipment, materiel, and services used by theJoint community or by two, or more, Military Services. (DoDDirective 5000.59, (reference (f)286. JM&S Proponent. The joint Component responsible for lifecycle management of a JM&S application or data base. (CJCSI8510.01, (reference (ee))287. Joint Modeling and Simulation Executive Panel (JMSEP).An organization responsible for providing advice andassistance on joint M&S issues. The joint Components providerepresentatives. Membership is at the 0-6 level or higher.The Deputy Director for Wargaming, Simulation, and Operations,J-8, serves as the chair. (CJCSI 8510.01, (reference (ee))288. Joint Modeling and Simulation Investment Plan (JMSIP). Ajoint Components plan, published under the authority of theChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and with thecoordination of the joint Components, that establishes short-term (present to 6 years) and long-term (beyond 6 years)programs and funding for joint and common use JM&S to achievethe specified goals and objectives outlined in the JM&S MasterPlan. (CJCSI 8510.01, (reference (ee))

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289. Knowledge. The rules, environment, etc. that form thestructure humans use to process and relate to information, orthe information a computer system must have to behave in anapparently intelligent manner.290. Knowledge-Based System. A system in which the domainknowledge is explicit and separate from the system’soperational instructions/information.291. Known Object. An object is known to a federate if thefederate is reflecting or updating any attributes of thatobject. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))

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292. Lag Variable. a. In a discrete simulation, a variablethat is an output of one period and an input for some futureperiod; b. in an analog simulation, a variable that is afunction of an output variable and that is used as input tothe simulation to provide a time delay response or feedback.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))293. Latency. The time required for a device to beginphysical output of a desired piece of data once processing iscomplete.294. Lead Variable. a. In a discrete simulation, a variablethat is an output of one period and that predicts what theoutput of some future period will be; b. in an analogsimulation, a variable that is a function of an outputvariable and that is used as input to the simulation toprovide advanced time response or feedback. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))295. Live Entity. A perceptible object that can appear in thevirtual battlespace but is unaware and non-responsive (eitherby intent, lack of capability or circumstance) to the actionsof virtual entities. See also: field instrumentation. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))296. Live Simulation. One of several categories ofsimulation. See Live, Virtual, and Constructive Simulation.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))297. Live, Virtual, and Constructive Simulation. A broadlyused taxonomy for classifying simulation types. Thecategorization of simulation into live, virtual, andconstructive is problematic, because there is no cleardivision between these categories. The degree of humanparticipation in the simulation is infinitely variable, as isthe degree of equipment realism. This categorization ofsimulations also suffers by excluding a category for simulatedpeople working real equipment (e.g., smart vehicles). (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))298. Live Simulation. A simulation involving real peopleoperating real systems.

299. Virtual Simulation. A simulation involving real peopleoperating simulated systems. Virtual simulations inject

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human-in-the-loop in a central role by exercising motorcontrol skills (e.g., flying an airplane), decision skills(e.g., committing fire control resources to action), orcommunication skills (e.g., as members of a C4I team).

300. Constructive Model or Simulation. Models and simulationsthat involve simulated people operating simulated systems.Real people stimulate (make inputs) to such simulations, butare not involved in determining the outcomes.

301. Local Area Network. A class of data network thatprovides high data rate interconnection between network nodesin close physical proximity. (Marine Corps Modeling andSimulation Master Plan, (reference (z))302. Local Time. The mean solar time for the meridian of theobserver. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))303. Logical Data Model. A model of the data stores and flowsof the organization derived from the conceptual businessmodel. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q))304. Logical Time. A federate’s current point on the logicaltime axis. If the federate’s logical time is T, all timestamp ordered messages with time stamp less than T have beendelivered to the federate, and no time stamp ordered messageswith time stamp greater than T have been delivered; some,though not necessarily all, time stamp ordered messages withtime stamp equal to T may also have been delivered. Logicaltime does not, in general, bear a direct relationship towallclock time, and advances in logical time are controlledentirely by the federates and the Runtime Infrastructure.Specifically, the federate requests advances in logical timevia the Time Advance Request and Next Event Request RuntimeInfrastructure services, and the Runtime Infrastructurenotifies the federate when it has advanced logical timeexplicitly through the Time Advance Grant service, orimplicitly by the time stamp of time stamp ordered messagesthat are delivered to the federate. Logical time (along withscaled wallclock time) is used to determine the current timeof the federate (see definition of federate time). Logicaltime is only relevant to federates using time stamp orderedmessage delivery and coordinated time advances, and may beignored (by requesting a time advance to "infinity" at thebeginning of the execution) by other federates. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))305. Logical Time Axis. A set of points (instants) on thefederation time axis used to specify before and after


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relationships among events. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))306. Logical Verification. The identification of a set ofassumptions and interactions for which the M&S correctlyproduces intended results. It determines the appropriatenessof the M&S for a particular application and ensures that allassumptions and algorithms are consistent with the conceptualM&S. (DA PAM 5-11, (reference (i))307. Long-Haul Network (LHN). A communications network ofdevices which are separated by substantial geographicaldistance. A LHN could be any of numerous networks availablecommercially or through the government that can accommodatethe requirements of the DIS virtual battlefield for longdistance network services. Also called Wide Area Network.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))308. Lookahead. A value used to determine the smallest timestamped message using the time stamp ordered service that afederate may generate in the future. If a federate’s currenttime (i.e., federate time) is T, and its lookahead is L, anymessage generated by the federate must have a time stamp of atleast T+L. In general, lookahead may be associated with anentire federate (as in the example just described), or at afiner level of detail e.g., from one federate to another, orfor a specific attribute. Any federate using the time stampordered message delivery service must specify a lookaheadvalue. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))309. Lower Bound on the Time Stamp (LBTS). Lower Bound on theTime Stamp of the next time stamp ordered message to bereceived by a Runtime Infrastructure from another federate.Messages with time stamp less than LBTS are eligible fordelivery by the runtime infrastructure to the federate withoutcompromising time stamp order delivery guarantees. Timestamped ordered messages with time stamp greater than LBTS arenot yet eligible for delivery. LBTS is maintained within theruntime infrastructure using a conservative synchronizationprotocol. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))

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310. Machine Simulation. A simulation that is executed on amachine. See also: computer simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))311. Management Game. A simulation game in which participantsseek to achieve a specified management objective given pre-established resources and constraints; for example, asimulation in which participants make decisions designed tomaximize profit in a given business situation and a computerdetermines the results of those decisions. See also: wargame. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))312. Markov Chain. A discrete Markov process. (IEEE STD610.3 (reference (c))313. Markov Chain Model. A discrete, stochastic model inwhich the probability that the model is in a given state at acertain time depends only on the value of the immediatelypreceding state. Syn: Markov model. See also: semi-Markovmodel. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))314. Markov Process. A stochastic process that assumes thatin a series of random events, the probability for occurrenceof each event depends only on the immediately precedingoutcome. See also: semi-Markov process. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))315. Mass Storage. Refers to any device that can store largeamounts of data and retrieve it at some later time, even aftersystem power-down. Mass storage devices are usuallycategorized in terms of being either on-line storage or off-line storage.316. Mathematical Model. A symbolic model whose propertiesare expressed in mathematical symbols and relationships; forexample, a model of a nation’s economy expressed as a set ofequations. Contrast with: graphical model; narrative model;software model; tabular model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))317. Mean Solar Time. A time measurement where time ismeasured by the diurnal motion of a fictitious body (called"mean Sun") which is supposed to move uniformly in the

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celestial Equator, completing the circuit in one tropicalyear. Often termed simply "mean time." The mean Sun may beconsidered as moving in the celestial Equator and having aright ascension equal to the mean celestial longitude of thetrue Sun. At any given instant, mean solar time is the hourangle of the mean Sun. In civil life, mean solar time iscounted from the two branches of the meridian through 12hours; the hours from the lower branch are marked a.m. (antemeridian), and those from the upper branch, p.m. (postmeridian). In astronomical work, mean solar time is countedfrom the lower branch of the meridian through 24 hours.Naming the meridian of reference is essential to the completeidentification of time. The Greenwich meridian is thereference for a worldwide standard of mean solar time called"Greenwich Mean Time" (GMT) or "Universal Time [Coordinated]"(UTC). (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))318. Measure of Effectiveness (MOE). A qualitative orquantitative measure of the performance of a model orsimulation or a characteristic that indicates the degree towhich it performs the task or meets an operational objectiveor requirement under specified conditions.319. Measure of Outcome (MOO). Metric that defines howoperational requirements contribute to end results at higherlevels, such as campaign or national strategic outcomes.(DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report, (reference(k))320. Measure of Performance (MOP). Measure of how thesystem/individual performs its functions in a givenenvironment (e.g., number of targets detected, reaction time,number of targets nominated, susceptibility of deception, taskcompletion time). It is closely related to inherentparameters (physical and structural) but measures attributesof system behavior. See also: measure of effectiveness. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))321. Message. A data unit transmitted between federatescontaining at most one event. Here, a message typicallycontains information concerning an event, and is used tonotify another federate that the event has occurred. Whencontaining such event information, the message’s time stamp isdefined as the time stamp of the event to which itcorresponds. Here, a "message" corresponds to a single event,however the physical transport media may include several suchmessages in a single "physical message" that is transmitted


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through the network. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))322. Message (event) Delivery. Invocation of thecorresponding service (Reflect Attribute Values, ReceiveInteraction, Instantiate Discovered Object, or Remove Object)by the Runtime Infrastructure to notify a federate of theoccurrence of an event. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))323. Metadata. Information describing the characteristics ofdata; data or information about data; descriptive informationabout an organization’s data, data activities, systems, andholdings. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, DoD Directive 8320.1, and NBS Special Pub 500-152,(references (j), (q), (aa), and (bb))324. Meta-Knowledge. Knowledge about knowledge. Knowledgeabout the use and control of domain knowledge in an expert orknowledge-based system. Knowledge about how the systemoperates or reasons. Syn: wisdom. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(reference (p))325. Metamodel. A model of a model. Metamodels areabstractions of the M&S being developed which use functionaldecomposition to show relationships, paths of data andalgorithms, ordering, and interactions between modelcomponents and subcomponents. Metamodels allow the softwareengineers who are developing the model to abstract details toa level that subject matter experts can validate. (MSETTNAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))326. Methodology. The system of principles, practices, andprocedures, applied to a specific branch of knowledge.327. Metric A measure of the extent or degree to which aproduct possesses and exhibits a certain quality, property, orattribute. (IEEE STD 610.3 (reference (c))328. Metric(s). A process or algorithm that may involvestatistical sampling, mathematical computations, and rule-based inferencing. Metrics provide the capability to detectand report defects within a sample. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-3, (reference (e))329. Mission Space. The environment of entities, actions, andinteractions comprising the set of interrelated processes usedby individuals and/organizations to accomplish assigned tasks.(DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))

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330. Mock-Up. A full-sized structural, but not necessarilyfunctional, model built accurately to scale, used chiefly forstudy, testing, or display. See also: physical model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))331. Model. A physical, mathematical, or otherwise logicalrepresentation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, DoD Directive 5000.59, DoDPublication 5000.59-P and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (references(b), (f), (g), and (p))332. Modeling. Application of a standard, rigorous,structured methodology to create and validate a physical,mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of a system,entity, phenomenon, or process. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M,(reference (j))333. Modeling and Simulation (M&S). The use of models,including emulators, prototypes, simulators, and stimulators,either statically or over time, to develop data as a basis formaking managerial or technical decisions. The terms"modeling" and "simulation" are often used interchangeably.(MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))334. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Accreditation. Theofficial certification that a model or simulation isacceptable for use for a specific purpose. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and DoD Directive 5000.59, (references (b) and (f))335. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Application Sponsor. Theorganization that utilizes the results/product(s) from aspecific application of an M&S. (DoD Instruction 5000.61,(reference (h))336. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Developer. The agency thatactually develops an M&S or the agency that is overseeing theM&S development by a contractor or FFRDC. (Army Model andSimulation Master Plan, (reference (y))337. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Executive Agent. See: DoDM&S Executive Agent. (DoD Directive 5000.59, DoD Publication5000.59-P, and DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report,(references (f), (g), and (k))338. M&S Infrastructure. A M&S infrastructure consists of M&Ssystems and applications, communications, networks,architectures, standards and protocols, and informationresource repositories. (DoD Directive 5000.59, DoDPublication 5000.59-P, and DSMC 1993-94 Military ResearchFellows Report, (references (f), (g) and (k))


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339. M&S Interoperability. The ability of a model orsimulation to provide services to and accept services fromother models and simulations, and to use the services soexchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.(DoD Directive 5000.59 and DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(references (f) and (g))340. Modeling and Simulation Master Plan (MSMP). A DoD plan,published under the authority of the USD(A&T) and with thecoordination of the DoD Components, that establishes short-term (present to 6 years) and long-term (beyond 6 years) DoDgoals and objectives for the application of M&S for joint andcommon use within the Department of Defense. It shall alsoinclude an assessment of current M&S capabilities, and a roadmap that delineates the management, investment, and technicalstrategies required to achieve DoD M&S objectives. (DoDDirective 5000.59, (reference (f))341. M&S Working Group (MSWG). The MSWG supports theactivities of the Executive Council for Modeling andSimulation and responds to guidance and direction from theUSD(A&T). The Director, Defense Modeling and SimulationOffice, chairs the MSWG. The membership of the MSWG willnormally be 0-6 military officers or GM-15 grade civilians.The MSWG promotes coordination and cooperation of DoD M&S atthe working level. Members will represent their organization,serve as the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office point ofcontact for M&S issues, and prepare their principals forExecutive Council for Modeling and Simulation meetings. MSWGmembership will mirror the organizational makeup of theExecutive Council for Modeling and Simulation; however, otherorganizations may be added by majority vote of the group, asrequired. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))342. Model-Test-Model. An integrated approach to using modelsand simulations in support of pre-test analysis and planning;conducting the actual test and collecting data; and post-testanalysis of test results along with further validation of themodels using the test data. (DSMC 1993-94 Military ResearchFellows Report, (reference (k))343. Modifier. A word that helps define and render a nameunique within the database, which is not the prime or classword. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1 and NBS Pub 500-149,(references (q) and (u))344. Modular Semi-Automated Forces (ModSAF). A class ofComputer Generated Forces utilizing a modular softwarestructure in which model components have well-defined and

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documented interfaces allowing run-time reconfiguration ofmodel behavior to develop generalized, and more sophisticated,representations of reactive behaviors and missions. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))345. Monte Carlo Algorithm. A statistical procedure thatdetermines the occurrence of probabilistic events or values ofprobabilistic variables for deterministic models; e.g., makinga random draw. (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research FellowsReport, (reference (k))346. Monte Carlo Method. In modeling and simulation, anymethod that employs Monte Carlo simulation to determineestimates for unknown values in a deterministic problem. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))347. Monte Carlo Simulation. A simulation in which randomstatistical sampling techniques are employed such that theresult determines estimates for unknown values. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, (reference (b))348. Multicast. A transmission mode in which a single messageis sent to selected multiple (but not necessarily all) networkdestinations; i.e., one-to-many. Contrast with: broadcast,unicast. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))349. Multisensory I/O. The use of more than one sensorymechanism (visual, aural, tactile, etc.) to interact with acomputer-generated environment. (DSMC 1992-93 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report (reference (a))350. Multi-State Objects. Mission space entities that expressa changing state (in attribution and visual display) as thesimulation progresses (e.g., damage to structures, changes invegetation, damage system representations such as vehicles,tanks, etc). (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))


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351. Narrative Model. A symbolic model the propertiesof which are expressed in words; for example, a writtenspecification for a computer system. Syn: verbal descriptivemodel. Contrast with: graphical model; mathematical model;software model and tabular model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))352. Natural Model. A model that represents a system byanother system that already exists in the real world; forexample, a model that uses one body of water to representanother. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))353. Network Byte Order. The Internet-standard ordering ofthe bytes corresponding to numeric values. (MSETT NAWC-TSDGlossary, (reference (p))354. Network Communication Services. The capability providedto electronically transmit modeling and simulation databetween networked computational nodes in a manner that meetsrequirements for transmission latency, multi-cast addressingand security needed to support the creation and operation ofdistributed time and space coherent synthetic environments.(Army Model and Simulation Master Plan, (reference (y))355. Network Filter. A system to selectively accept or rejectdata received from the network. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))356. Network Management. The collection of administrativestructures, policies, and procedures that collectively providefor the management of the organization and operation of thenetwork as a whole. See: network manager. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))357. Network Manager. The person or organization responsiblefor maintaining, monitoring and scheduling the operation ofthe portion of a network used for a distributed simulation andwhose responsibilities for the network terminates at thegateways and who is not responsible for the simulation hostsor a local area network. Normally, also in charge of thegateway and not part of the user organization. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, (reference (b))

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358. Network Node. A specific network address. See: node.Contrast with: processing node. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))359. Network Theory. The study of networks used to modelprocesses such as communications, computer performance,routing problems, and project management. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))360. Node. A general term denoting either a switching elementin a network or a host computer attached to a network. See:processing node; network node. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))361. Non-Absorbing State. In a Markov chain model, a statethat can be left once it is entered. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))362. Non-Standard Cell. A cell that is not compliant with theDistributed Interactive Simulation message and data basestandards. Non-standard cells require a Cell Adapter Unit inorder to join a Distributed Interactive Simulation exercise.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))363. Non-Standard Data Element. Any data element that existsin a system or application program and does not conform to theconventions, procedures, or guidelines established by theorganization. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (reference (q))364. Normative Model. A model that makes use of a familiarsituation to represent a less familiar one; for example, amodel that depicts the human cardiovascular system by using amechanical pump, rubber hoses, and water. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))365. Notional Data. Speculative or theoretical data ratherthan actual data.366. Numerical Model. a. A mathematical model in which a setof mathematical operations is reduced to a form suitable forsolution by simpler methods such as numerical analysis orautomation; for example, a model in which a single equationrepresenting a nation’s economy is replaced by a large set ofsimple averages based on empirical observations of inflationrate, unemployment rate, gross national product, and otherindicators; b. A model whose properties are expressed bynumbers. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))


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367. Object. A fundamental element of a conceptualrepresentation for a federate that reflects the "real world"at levels of abstraction and resolution appropriate forfederate interoperability. For any given value of time, thestate of an object is defined as the enumeration of all itsattribute values. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))368. Object-Based. A software design methodology adhering toonly some of the properties of object-oriented software; forexample, Ada does not support inheritance, a key property ofobject oriented systems, therefore Ada is often referred to asan object based language. See: object-oriented.369. Object Model. A specification of the objects intrinsicto a given system, including a description of the objectcharacteristics (attributes) and a description of the staticand dynamic relationships that exist between objects. (HighLevel Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))370. Object Model Framework. The rules and terminology usedto describe High Level Architecture object models. (HighLevel Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))371. Object Ownership. Ownership of the ID attribute of anobject, initially established by use of the Instantiate Objectinterface service. Encompasses the privilege of deleting theobject using the Delete Object service. Can be transferred toanother federate using the attribute ownership managementservices. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))372. Object-Oriented Language. A language that best suits anobject-oriented decomposition of software and that providesthe capability to implement classes and objects. Directlysupports data abstraction and classes, and provides additionalsupport for inheritance as a means of expressing hierarchiesof classes. (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Reportand Air Force Modeling and Simulation Master Plan, (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report and Air Force Modelingand Simulation Master Plan, (references (k) and (ff))373. Object-Oriented Programming. Use of a programming systemthat results in programs organized as cooperative collectionsof objects, each of which represents an instance of someclass, and whose classes are members of class hierarchies asdefined by the inheritance mechanism. (DMSO Survey of Semi-Automated Forces, (reference (d))

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374. Occlusion. The vision effect of closer objectsoverlapping or occluding more distant ones, providing visualclues to judge how close objects are from the viewer. Slighthead motions provide more information about occlusions. (DSMC1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))375. Octet. A sequence of eight bits, usually operated uponas a unit. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))376. Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). Includes theimmediate Offices of the Secretary and Deputy Secretary ofDefense, the Under Secretaries of Defense, the Director ofDefense Research and Engineering, the Assistant Secretaries ofDefense (ASDs), the General Counsel of the Department ofDefense (GC, DoD), the Assistants to the Secretary of Defense(ATSDs), the OSD Directors, or equivalents, who reportdirectly to the Secretary or the Deputy Secretary of Defense,and such other staff offices as the Secretary of Defenseestablishes to assist in carrying out assignedresponsibilities. (DoD Directive 5000.59 and DoD Instruction5000.61, (references (f) and (h))377. Off-Line Storage Devices. Off-line storage devicesgenerally are used for data backup and archival applications,using media-like magnetic tapes or removable hard or floppydisks.378. On-Line Storage Devices. On-line storage devices providemore immediate retrieval of data than off-line storagedevices, and usually refer to non-removable magnetic oroptical hard disk drives.379. Open System. A system in which the components and theircomposition are specified in a non-proprietary environment,enabling competing organizations to use these standardcomponents to build competitive systems. There are threeperspectives on open systems: portability - the degree towhich a system component can be used in various environments,interoperability - the ability of individual components toexchange information, and integration - the consistency of thevarious human-machine interfaces between an individual and allhardware and software in the system. (DSMC 1993-94 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report and Air Force Modeling and SimulationMaster Plan, (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Reportand Air Force Modeling and Simulation Master Plan,(references (k) and (ff))380. Operational Environment. A composite of the conditions,circumstances, and influences that affect the employment ofmilitary forces and the decisions of the unit commander.


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Frequently characterized as permissive, semi-permissive, ornon-permissive. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))381. Optimisitic Synchronization. A mechanism that uses arecovery mechanism to erase the effects of out-of-order eventprocessing. This is in contrast to conservativesynchronization. The Time Warp protocol is an example of anoptimistic synchronization mechanism. Messages sent by anoptimistic federate that could later be canceled. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))382. Orthogonal. Pertaining to or composed of right angles.Variables which are orthogonal are mutually independentmathematically. This includes the notion of ‘independence’ or‘ease of transformation’ as used in regard to matrices inmultivariate analysis.383. Outcome-Oriented Simulation. A simulation in which theend result is considered more important than the process bywhich it is obtained; for example, a simulation of a radarsystem that uses methods far different from those used by theactual radar, but whose output is the same. Contrast with:process-oriented simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, andIEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))384. Output Validation. The process of determining the extentto which the output (outcome distributions for the M&S and/orsub-models) represent the significant and salient features ofdistributions or real world systems, events, and scenarios.(DA PAM 5-11, (reference (i))385. Owned Attribute. An object attribute that is explicitlymodeled by the owning federate. A federate that owns anattribute has the unique responsibility to provide values forthat attribute to the federation, through the RuntimeInfrastructure, as they are produced. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))

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386. Parallax. The vision effect of having two eyes viewingthe same scene from slightly different positions that createsa sense of depth. Computer-generated environments, one foreach eye, artificially create the parallax effect. (DSMC1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))

387. Parallel Processing. Multiple processes running onmultiple processors simultaneously. (DSMC 1993-94 MilitaryResearch Fellows Report, (reference (k))388. Parametric Model. A model using parametric equationsthat may be based on numerical model outputs or fits to semi-empirical data to succinctly describe a particular process,feature, or effect. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))389. Period. The time interval between successive events in adiscrete simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))390. Petri Net. An abstract, formal model of informationflow, showing static and dynamic properties of a system;i.e., the petri net is defined by its places, transitions,input function, and output function.(DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))391. Physical Data Model. A representation of thetechnologically independent information requirements in aphysical environment of hardware, software, and networkconfigurations representing them in the constraints of anexisting physical environment. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, andFIPS Pub 11-3, (references (j) and (r))392. Physical Model. A model whose physical characteristicsresemble the physical characteristics of the system beingmodeled; for example, a plastic or wooden replica of anairplane. A mock-up. See also: iconic model; scale model.Contrast with: symbolic model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))393. Pixel. A "picture element," refers to the smallestvisual unit in an image on a computer display. (DSMC 1992-93Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))394. Platform. A generic term used to describe a level ofrepresentation equating to vehicles, aircraft, missiles,

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ships, fixed sites, etc., in the hierarchy of representationpossibilities. Other representation levels include units(made up of platforms) and components or modules (which makeup platforms). (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSDGlossary, (references (b) and (p))395. Polygon. A flat plane figure with multiple sides, thebasic building block of virtual worlds. The more polygons acomputer can display and manipulate per second, the morerealistic the virtual world will appear. Humans perceive theequivalent of 80 million polygons at more than 30 frames persecond in normal vision. (DSMC 1992-93 Military ResearchFellows Report (reference (a))396. Predictive Model. A model in which the values of futurestates can be predicted or are hypothesized; for example, amodel that predicts weather patterns based on the currentvalue of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and so on atvarious locations. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))397. Prescriptive Model. A model used to convey the requiredbehavior or properties of a proposed system; for example, ascale model or written specification used to convey to acomputer supplier the physical and performance characteristicsof a required computer. Contrast with: descriptive model.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))398. Prime Word. A word included in the name of a data entitythat represents the logical data grouping (in the logical datamodel) to which it belongs. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1 andNBS Pub 500-149, (references (q) and (u))399. Principal Staff Assistants. The Under Secretaries ofDefense; the Assistant Secretaries of Defense (ASDs); theGeneral Counsel of the Department of Defense (GC, DoD); theAssistants to the Secretary of Defense (ATSDs); and the OSDDirectors, or equivalents, who report directly to theSecretary or Deputy Secretary of Defense. (DoD Instruction5000.61, (reference (h))400. Probabilistic Model. See: stochastic model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))401. Processes. Processes affect entities. Attrition,communications, and movement are examples of processes.Processes have a level of detail by which they are described.(MORS Report, October 27, 1989, (reference (t))


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402. Process Improvement Modeling. Defines and documents thecurrent ("as is") and desired future ("to be") processes andinformation requirements of a functional activity. Two typesof process improvement models are:403. Activity Models. Models of the processes that make upthe functional activity showing inputs, outputs, controls, andmechanisms through which the processes of the functionalactivity are (or will be) conducted. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))

404. Data Model. In a database, the user’s logical view ofthe data in contrast to the physically stored data, or storagestructure. A description of the organization of data in amanner that reflects the information structure of anenterprise. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1 and NBS Pub 500-149,(references (q) and (u))

405. Process Model. A model of the processes performed by asystem; for example, a model that represents the softwaredevelopment process as a sequence of phases. Contrast with:structural model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))406. Process-Oriented Simulation. A simulation in which theprocess is considered more important than the outcome; forexample, a model of a radar system in which the objective isto replicate exactly the radar’s operation, and duplication ofits results is a lesser concern. Contrast with: outcome-oriented simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))407. Processing Node. The hardware and software processingresources devoted to one or more simulation entities. See:node. Contrast with: network node. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))408. Protocol. A set of rules and formats (semantic andsyntactic) that define the communication behavior ofsimulation applications. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, IEEE STD610.3, and DoD Directive 5000.59, (references (b), (c), and(f))409. Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Distributed InteractiveSimulation terminology for a unit of data that is passed on anetwork between simulation applications. (DoD Publication5000.59-P, (reference (g))410. Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Standards. Formally defineddata exchange standards established for each of the severalprimary classes of functionality that is represented in the

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DIS synthetic environment; e.g., movement, weapons, firingeffects, collisions, etc. (Army Model and Simulation MasterPlan, (reference (y))411. Protocol Entity. An object that exchanges informationwith other protocol entities in a network via Protocol DataUnits in accordance with an established protocol. A keyattribute of a protocol entity is its state. Statetransitions occur in a given protocol entity in accordancewith the established protocol as the result of: a. ProtocolData Units received from other protocol entities, and b.occurrence of an external event (e.g., expiration of a time-out counter.) See also: Protocol Data Unit. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))412. Protocol Suite. A defined set of complementary protocolswithin the communication architecture profile. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))413. Prototype. A preliminary type, form, or instance of asystem that serves as a model for later stages or for thefinal, complete version of the system. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))414. Pseudocode. A description of control and/or datastructures in a natural language with no rigid rules ofsyntax. (DA PAM 5-11, (reference (i))


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415. Qualitative Data. A data value that is a non-numericdescription of a person, place, thing, event, activity, orconcept. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (references (q))416. Quality Assurance (QA). The policies, procedures andsystematic actions established in an enterprise for thepurpose of providing and maintaining some degree of confidencein data integrity and accuracy throughout the life cycle ofthe data. The planned systematic activities necessary toensure that a component, module, or system conforms toestablished technical requirements. (FIPS Pub 11-3,(reference (r))417. Quantitative Data. Numerical expressions that use Arabicnumbers, upon which mathematical operations can be performed.(DoD Publication 8320.1-M-1, (references (q))418. Queue. In queuing theory, a set of zero or more entitieswaiting to be serviced by a service facility. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))419. Queuing Model. A model consisting of service facilitiesand entities waiting in queues to be served; for example, amodel depicting teller windows and customers at a bank. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))420. Queuing Network Model. A model in which a process isdescribed as a network in which each node represents a servicefacility rendering a given type of service and a queue forholding entities waiting to be served; for example, a modeldepicting a network of shipping routes and docking facilitiesat which ships must form queues in order to unload theircargo. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))421. Queuing Theory. The study of queues and the performanceof systems that service entities that are organized intoqueues. See also: queuing model; queuing network model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))

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422. Random. Pertaining to a process or variable whoseoutcome or value depends on chance or on a process thatsimulates chance, often with the implication that all possibleoutcomes or values have an equal probability of occurrence;for example, the outcome of flipping a coin or executing acomputer-programmed random number generator. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))423. Real Battlefield. See: real world. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))424. Real-Time. In modeling and simulation, simulated timeadvances at the same rate as actual time; for example, runningthe simulation for one second results in the model advancingtime by one second. Contrast with: fast time; slow time.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))425. Real-Time Service. A service that satisfies timingconstraints imposed by the service user. The timingconstraints are user specific and should be such that the userwill not be adversely affected by delays within theconstraints. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary, (reference (p))426. Real-Time Simulation. Same as constrained simulation.(High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))427. Real-Time System. A system that computes its results asquickly as they are needed by a real-world system. Such asystem responds quickly enough that there is no perceptibledelay to the human observer. In general use, the term isoften perverted to mean within the patience and tolerance of ahuman user.428. Real-World. The set of real or hypothetical causes andeffects that simulation technology attempts to replicate.When used in a military context, the term is synonymous withreal battlefield to include air, land, and sea combat. Syn:real battlefield. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))429. Real-World Time. The actual time in Greenwich, England.Syn: sidereal time. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))

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430. Reality Engine. Any computer system specificallydesigned to generate virtual images on a display device.(DSMC 1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))431. reference Version. The most recent version of a model orsimulation that has been released by, and under configurationmanagement of an approving authority. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))432. Reflected Attribute. An object attribute that isrepresented but not explicitly modeled in a federate. Thereflecting federate accepts new values of the reflectedattribute as they are produced by some other federation memberand provided to it by the Runtime Infrastructure. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))433. Reflected Object. An object that is represented but notexplicitly modeled in a simulation. The reflecting simulationaccepts changes in state of the reflected object as they areproduced by some other federation member and provided to it bythe Runtime Infrastructure.434. Regime. The interaction domain of entities. Platformlevel435. Reliability Model. A model used to estimate, measure, orpredict the reliability of a system; for example, a model of acomputer system, used to estimate the total down time thatwill be experienced. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))436. Reliable Service. A communication service in which thereceived data is guaranteed to be exactly as transmitted.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, IEEE STD 610.3 and MSETT NAWC-TSDGlossary, (references (b), (c), and (p))437. Remote Entity Approximation (REA). The process ofextrapolating and interpolating any state of an entity basedon its last known state. This includes dead reckoning andsmoothing. Syn: dead reckoning. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))438. Research, Development, and Acquisition (RDA). One of thethree domains for Army M&S applications. RDA includes all M&Sused for design, development, and acquisition of weaponssystems and equipment. M&S in the RDA domain are used forscientific inquiry to discover or revise facts and theories ofphenomena, followed by transformation of these discoveriesinto physical representations. RDA also includes test andevaluation (T&E) where M&S are used to augment and possibly


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reduce the scope of real-world T&E. (Army Model andSimulation Master Plan, (reference (y))439. Resolution. The degree of detail and precision used inthe representation of real world aspects in a model orsimulation. See also: granularity. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, DA PAM 5-11, and DSMC 1993-94 Military Research FellowsReport, (references (g), (i), and (k))440. Retraction. An action performed by a federate tounschedule a previously scheduled event. Event retraction isvisible to the federate. Unlike "cancellation" that is onlyrelevant to optimistic federates such as Time Warp,"retraction" is a facility provided to the federate.Retraction is widely used in classical event oriented discreteevent simulations to model behaviors such as preemption andinterrupts. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))441. Right-Hand Rule. Positive rotation is clockwise whenviewed toward the positive direction along the axis ofrotation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))442. Runtime Infrastructure (RTI). The general purposedistributed operating system software that provides the commoninterface services during the runtime of a High LevelArchitecture federation.

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443. Scalability. The ability of a distributed simulation tomaintain time and spatial consistency as the number ofentities and accompanying interactions increase. (DoDPublication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))444. Scale Model. A physical model that resembles a givensystem, with only a change in scale; for example, a replica ofan airplane one tenth the size of the actual airplane. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))445. Scaled Wallclock Time. A quantity derived from awallclock time defined as offset +[rate*(wallclock time - timeof last exercise start or restart)]. All scaled wallclocktime values represent points on the federation time axis. Ifthe "rate" factor is k, scaled wallclock time advances at arate that is k time faster than wallclock time. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))446. Scenario. a. Description of an exercise. It is part ofthe session database that configures the units and platformsand places them in specific locations with specific missions;b. an initial set of conditions and time line of significantevents imposed on trainees or systems to achieve exerciseobjectives. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))447. Scenario Development. A phase of the development of afederation. In this phase, the federation developer(s)formulate a scenario whose execution and subsequent evaluationwill lead toward achieving the study objectives set forth bythe federation sponsor. The scenario provides anidentification of the major entities that must be representedby the federation, a conceptual description of thecapabilities, behavior, and relationships (interactions)between these major entities over time, and a specification ofrelevant environmental conditions (e.g., terrain,atmospherics). Initial and termination conditions are alsoprovided. The style of format of the scenario documentation(e.g., graphics, tables, text) is entirely at the discretionof the federation developer. However, communities of use maywish to establish scenario documentation standards amongthemselves to facilitate reuse of scenario components. The

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output of this phase is a functional-level scenariodescription, which is provided as input to the ConceptualAnalysis phase. Certain key activities during ConceptualAnalysis may also drive reiterations of the ScenarioDevelopment phase. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))448. Scheduling an Event. Invocation of a primitive (UpdateAttribute Values, Send Interaction, Instantiate Object, orDelete Object) by a federate to notify the RuntimeInfrastructure of the occurrence of an event. Scheduling anevent normally results in the Runtime Infrastructure sendingmessages to other federates to notify them of the occurrenceof the event. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))449. Schema. Descriptive representation of data and/or datarequirements that describe conceptual, internal, or externalviews of information/data needs.450. Scope. Used in reference to SAFOR, scope refers to theaspects of combat portrayed by the system. For example,ground combat, combat support, combat service support, air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat, air-to-ship combat, navalsurface combat, naval undersea warfare, deployment. (DMSOSurvey of Semi-Automated Forces, (reference (d))451. Seamless. Perfectly consistent. Transparent.452. Segment. A portion of a session that is contiguous insimulation time and in wallclock time (sidereal time). (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))453. Selector. A portion of an address identifying aparticular entity at an address (e.g., a session selectoridentifies a user of the session service residing at aparticular session address). (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(reference (p))454. Semi-Automated Forces (SAFOR). Simulation of friendly,enemy and neutral platforms on the virtual battlefield inwhich the individual platform simulation are operated bycomputer simulation of the platform crew and commandhierarchy. The term "semi-automated" implies that theautomation is controlled and monitored by a human who injectscommand-level decision making into the automated commandprocess. See also: Computer-Generated Forces. (DSMC 1993-94Military Research Fellows Report and Air Force Modeling andSimulation Master Plan, (references (k) and (ff))


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455. Semi-Markov Model. A Markov chain model in which thelength of time spent in each state is randomly distributed.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))456. Semi-Markov Process. A Markov process in which theduration of each event is randomly distributed. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))457. Session. A portion of an exercise that is contiguous inwall-clock (sidereal) time and that is initialized per anexercise database. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))458. Shutter Glasses. Stereoscopic viewing eyeglasses thatalternately reveal an image to the left and right eye tocreate the parallax effect giving a sense of depth (each eyereceives a slightly different image). The shutters aretypically composed of electrically switched liquid crystaldisplay or Polaroid material and have no moving parts. (DSMC1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report (reference (a))459. Sidereal Time. Time based upon the rotation of the Earthrelative to the vernal equinox. Time that is independent ofsimulation clocks, time zones, or measurement errors. The"Ground Truth" of time measurement. See also: Real WorldTime. (MIL-HDBK-850, (reference (gg))460. Simuland. The system being simulated by a simulation.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))461. Simulated Time. Time as represented within a simulation.Syn: virtual time. See also: fast time; real time; slow time.(IEEE STD 610.3, (reference (c))462. Simulation. A method for implementing a model over time.(DoD Directive 5000.59 and DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(references (f) and (g))463. Simulation Application. a. The executing software on ahost computer that models all or part of the representation ofone or more simulation entities. The simulation applicationrepresents or "simulates" real-world phenomena for the purposeof training, analysis, or experimentation. Examples includemanned vehicle (virtual) simulators, computer-generated forces(constructive), environment simulators, and computerinterfaces between a Distributed Interactive Simulationnetwork and real (live) equipment. The simulation applicationreceives and processes information concerning entities createdby peer simulation applications through the exchange ofDistributed Interactive Simulation Protocol Data Units. More

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than one simulation application may simultaneously execute ona host computer; b. the application layer protocol entitythat implements standard Distributed Interactive Simulationprotocol. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))464. Simulation Clock. A counter used to accumulate simulatedtime. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))465. Simulation Entity. An element of the syntheticenvironment that is created and controlled by a simulationapplication through the exchange of Distributed InteractiveSimulation Protocol Data Units (e.g., tanks, submarines,carriers, fighter aircraft, missiles, bridges). It ispossible that a simulation application may be controlling morethan one simulation entity. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, andIEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))466. Simulation Environment. a. Consists of the operationalenvironment surrounding the simulation entities includingterrain, atmospheric, bathyspheric and cultural information;b. all the conditions, circumstances, and influencessurrounding and affecting simulation entities including thosestated in a. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))467. Simulation Game. A simulation in which the participantsseek to achieve some agreed upon objective within anestablished set of rules. For example, a management game, awar game. Note: The objective may not be to compete, but toevaluate the participants, increase their knowledge concerningthe simulated scenario, or achieve other goals. Syn: gamingsimulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))468. Simulation Management. A mechanism that providescentralized control of the simulation exercise. Functions ofsimulation management include: start, restart, maintenance,shutdown of the exercise, and collection and distribution ofcertain types of data. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEESTD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))469. Simulation Manager. See: exercise manager. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))470. Simulation Object Model (SOM). A specification of theintrinsic capabilities that an individual simulation offers tofederations. The standard format in which SOMs are expressedprovides a means for federation developers to quicklydetermine the suitability of simulation systems to assume


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specific roles within a federation. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))471. Simulation Process. The imitative representation of theactions of platform(s), munitions(s), and life form(s) bycomputer program(s) in accordance with a mathematical modeland the generation of associated battlefield entities. May befully automated or partially automated. In the latter case,the human-in-the-loop injects command-level decisions into theprocess and is not intended to be a "trainee." (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, (reference (b))472. Simulation Support Entity. Processing modules used tosupport, control, or monitor the simulation environment, butwhich do not actually exist on the battlefield. This includesbattlefield viewing devices for controllers or exerciseobservers such as the stealth vehicle, the plan view display,after action review systems, and simulation control systems.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))473. Simulation Time. a. A simulation’s internalrepresentation of time. Simulation time may accumulatefaster, slower, or at the same pace as sidereal time; b. Thereference time (e.g., Universal Coordinated Time) within asimulation exercise, this time is established by thesimulation management function before the start of thesimulation and is common to all participants in a particularexercise. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))474. Simulator. a. A device, computer program, or systemthat performs simulation; b. For training, a device whichduplicates the essential features of a task situation andprovides for direct human operation. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))475. Single Point-of-Entry. The organization (s) responsiblefor entering data values for a data element. (DoD Publication8320.1-M, (reference (j))476. Slow Time. The duration of activities within asimulation in which simulated time advances slower than actualtime. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))477. Smoothing. Interpolation of the previous state of anentity (location, velocity, etc.) to the current state,creating a smoothed transition between two successive entitystate updates. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))

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478. Span. The scale of the domain that is global, theater,regional, local, individual. Description of the span is oftensubjective.479. Stability. Constancy of purpose; steadfastness;reliability; dependability. (DoD Publication 8320.1-M-3,(reference (e))480. Stabilized-Variable Model. A model in which some of thevariables are held constant and the others are allowed tovary; for example, a model of a controlled climate in whichhumidity is held constant and temperature is allowed to vary.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))481. Standard. A rule, principle, or measurement establishedby authority, custom, or general consent as a representationor example. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))482. State. a. The internal status of a simulation entity;e.g. fuel level, number of rounds remaining, location ofcraters, etc. b. A condition or mode of existence that asystem, component, or simulation may be in; for example, thepre-flight state of an aircraft navigation program or theinput state of given channel; c. the values assumed at agiven instant by the variables that define the characteristicsof a system, component, or simulation. Syn: system state.See also: final state; initial state; steady state. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))483. State Transition. A change from one state to another ina system, component, or simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))484. State Variable. A variable that defines one of thecharacteristics of a system, component, or simulation. Thevalues of all such variables define the state of the system,component, or simulation. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))485. Static Model. A model of a system in which there is nochange; for example, a scale model of a bridge, studied forits appearance rather than for its performance under varyingloads. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))486. Steady State. A situation in which a model, process, ordevice exhibits stable behavior independent of time. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))


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487. Stealth Viewer. A component that provides thecapabilities for visually observing a Distributed InteractiveSimulation exercise without participating in the DistributedInteractive Simulation exercise interaction. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))488. Stimulate. To provide input to a system in order toobserve or evaluate the system’s response. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))489. Stimulation. Stimulation is the use of simulations toprovide an external stimulus to a system or subsystem. Anexample is the use of a simulation representing the radarreturn from a target to drive (stimulate) the radar of amissile system within a hardware/software-in-the-loopsimulation. (DSMC 1993-94 Military Research Fellows Report,(reference (k))490. Stimulator. a. A hardware device that injects orradiates signals into the sensor system(s) of operationalequipment to imitate the effects of platforms, munitions, andenvironment that are not physically present; b. a battlefieldentity consisting of hardware and/or software modules thatinjects signals directly into the sensor systems of an actualbattlefield entity to simulate other battlefield entities inthe virtual battlefield. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))491. Stochastic. Pertaining to a process, model, or variablewhose outcome, result, or value depends on chance. Contrastwith: deterministic. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD610.3, (references (b) and (c))492. Stochastic Model. A model in which the results aredetermined by using one or more random variables to representuncertainty about a process or in which a given input willproduce an output according to some statistical distribution;for example, a model that estimates the total dollars spent ateach of the checkout stations in a supermarket, based onprobable number of customers and probable purchase amount ofeach customer. Syn: probabilistic model. See also: Markov-chain model. Contrast with: deterministic model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))493. Stochastic Process. Any process dealing with events thatdevelop in time or cannot be described precisely, except interms of probability theory. (DSMC 1993-94 Military ResearchFellows Report, (reference (k))

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494. Structural Model. A representation of the physical orlogical structure of a system; for example, a representationof a computer network as a set of boxes connected bycommunication lines. Contrast with: process model. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))495. Structural Validation. The process of determining thatthe M&S assumptions, algorithms, and architecture provide anaccurate representation of the composition of the real worldas relevant to the intended use of the M&S. (DA PAM 5-11,(reference (i))496. Subject Area. A major, high-level classification ofdata. A group of entity types that pertain directly to afunction or major topic of interest to the enterprise. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))497. Symbolic Model. A model whose properties are expressedin symbols. Examples include graphical models, mathematicalmodels, narrative models, software models, and tabular models.Contrast with: physical model. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))498. Symbology. A graphic representation of concepts orphysical objects. (DoD Directive 8320.1, (reference (aa))499. Synthetic Battlefield. One type of syntheticenvironment. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))500. Synthetic Environments (SE). Internetted simulationsthat represent activities at a high level of realism fromsimulations of theaters of war to factories and manufacturingprocesses. These environments may be created within a singlecomputer or a vast distributed network connected by local andwide area networks and augmented by super-realistic specialeffects and accurate behavioral models. They allowvisualization of and immersion into the environment beingsimulated. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, Army Model andSimulation Master Plan, and CJCSI 8510.01, (references (g),(y), and (ee))501. System. A collection of components organized toaccomplish a specific function or set of functions. (IEEE STD610.3 (reference (c))


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502. T-1. Data communications service that supports 1.544megabits per second operation. (Marine Corps Modeling andSimulation Master Plan, (reference (z))503. T-2. Data communications service that supports 45megabits per second operation. (Marine Corps Modeling andSimulation Master Plan, (reference (z))504. Tabular Model. A symbolic model whose properties areexpressed in tabular form; for example, a truth table thatrepresents a Boolean logic "OR" function. Contrast with:graphical model; mathematical model; narrative model; softwaremodel. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))505. Taxonomy. A classification system. Provides the basisfor classifying objects for identification, retrieval andresearch purposes. (MORS Report, October 27, 1989, (reference(t))506. Technical Data. Scientific or technical informationrecorded in any form or medium (such as manuals and drawings).Computer programs and related software are not technical data;documentation of computer programs and related software are.Also excluded are financial data or other information relatedto contract administration.507. Technical Infrastructure. The internal framework thatmust be built to implement an operational service. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M, (reference (j))508. Tightly Coupled. A condition that exists when simulationentities are involved in very close interaction such thatevery action of an entity must be immediately accounted for bythe other entities. Several tanks in close formation involvedrapid, complicated maneuvers over the terrain is an example ofa tightly coupled situation. (MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(reference (p))509. Time. The measurable aspect of duration. Time makes useof scales based upon the occurrence of periodic events. Theseare: the day, depending on the rotation of the Earth; themonth, depending on the revolution of the Moon around theEarth; and the year, depending upon the revolution of theEarth around the Sun. Time is expressed as a length on a

Glossary - T

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duration scale measured from an index on that scale. Forexample: 4 p.m. local mean solar time means that 4 mean solarhours have elapsed since the mean Sun was on the meridian ofthe observer. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))510. Time-Dependent Event. An event that occurs at apredetermined point in time or after a predetermined period oftime has elapsed. See also: conditional event. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))511. Time Flow Mechanism. The approach used locally by anindividual federate to perform time advancement. Commonlyused time flow mechanisms include event driven (or eventstepped), time driven, and independent time advance (real-timesynchronization) mechanisms. (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))512. Time Management. A collection of mechanisms and servicesto control the advancement of time within each federate duringan execution in a way that is consistent with federationrequirements for message ordering and delivery. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))513. Time-Slice Simulation. a. A discrete simulation that isterminated after a specific amount of time has elapsed; forexample, a model depicting the year-by-year forces affecting avolcanic eruption over a period of 100,000 years. Syn: time-interval simulation. See also: critical event simulation; b.a discrete simulation of continuous events in which timeadvances by intervals chosen independent of the simulatedevents; for example, a model of a time multiplexedcommunication system with multiple channels transmittingsignals over a single transmission line in very rapidsuccession. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))514. Time Stamp (of an event). A value representing a pointon the federation time axis that is assigned to an event toindicate when that event is said to occur. Certain messageordering services are based on this time stamp value. Inconstrained simulations, the time stamp may be viewed as adeadline indicating the latest time at which the messagenotifying the federate of the event may be processed. (HighLevel Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))515. Time Stamp Order (TSO). A total ordering of messagesbased on the "temporally happens before" (-->

t) relationship.

A message delivery service is said to be time stamp ordered iffor any two messages M

1 and M

2 (containing notifications of


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events E1 and E

2, respectively) that are delivered to a single

federate where E1 -->t

E2, then M

1 is delivered to the

federate before M2. The Runtime Infrastructure ensures that

any two-time stamp ordered messages will be delivered to allfederates receiving both messages in the same relative order.To ensure this, the Runtime Infrastructure uses a consistenttie-breaking mechanism to ensure that all federates perceivethe same ordering of events containing the same time stamp.Further, the tie-breaking mechanism is deterministic, meaningrepeated executions of the federation will yield the samerelative ordering of these events if the same initialconditions and inputs are used, and all messages aretransmitted using time stamp ordering. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))516. Time Step Models. Dynamic models in which time isadvanced by a fixed or independently determined amount to anew point in time, and the states or status of some or allresources are updated as of that new point in time. Typicallythese time steps are of constant size, but they need not be.(MORS Report, October 27, 1989, (reference (t))517. Time Variable. A variable whose value representssimulated time or the state of the simulation clock. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and(c))518. Tracked Munitions. A munition for which tracking data isrequired. By necessity, a tracked munition becomes asimulation entity during its flight; its flight path isrepresented, therefore, by Entity State Protocol Data Units.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references(b) and (c))519. Translator. The translator is the portion of an actorthat interacts with ALSP. Normally, this is new software thatadds the ability to transmit information about objects modeledby the actor and to receive information about objects modeledby other actors and to ghost these objects. (ALSP 1993 AnnualReport, (reference (hh))520. Transmit Management. The control of the transmissionrate to match the transmission media. The transmission rateis selected to reduce total network traffic. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))521. Transportation Service. A Runtime Infrastructureprovided service for transmitting messages between federates.Different categories of service are defined with different

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characteristics regarding reliability of delivery and messageordering. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference (m))522. True Global Time. A federation-standard representationof time synchronized to Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time[Coordinated] (as defined in this glossary) with or withoutsome offset (positive or negative) applied. (High LevelArchitecture Glossary, (reference (m))523. Typing. Typing is the enforcement of the class of anobject, such that objects of different types may not beinterchanged, or may be interchanged only in restricted ways.(DMSO Survey of Semi-Automated Forces, (reference (d))


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524. Unbundling. The process of unpacking a bundled ProtocolData Unit into multiple separate Protocol Data Units.Contrast with: bundling. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms,(reference (b))525. Unconstrained Simulation. A simulation where there is noexplicit relationship between wall clock time and the rate oftime advancements. These are sometimes call "as-fast-as-possible" simulations, and these two terms are usedsynonymously here. Analytic simulation models and manyconstructive "war game" simulations are often unconstrainedsimulations. (High Level Architecture Glossary, (reference(m))526. Unicast. A transmission mode in which a single messageis sent to a single network destination; i.e., one-to-one.(Glossary of M&S Terms for DIS, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))527. Unit. a. An aggregation of entities; b. A basis ofmeasurement. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))528. Unit Conversion. A system of converting measurement fromone basis to another; for example, English/metric, knots/feetper second, etc. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))529. Universal Time [Coordinated] (UTC). The same asGreenwich Mean Time. A non-uniform time based on the rotationof the Earth, which is not constant. Usually spoken as,"Coordinated Universal Time." (High Level ArchitectureGlossary, (reference (m))530. Universal Space Rectangular (USR) Coordinate System. Aright-handed orthogonal coordinate system with its origin atthe center of the Earth, positive x-axis in the equatorialplane and passing through the zero degree meridian, positivey-axis in the equatorial plane and passing through the ninetydegree east meridian, and positive z-axis passing through theNorth Pole. (MIL-HDBK-850, (reference (gg))531. User. Military, industrial, or academic organizationsrequiring access to the DIS network. Prior to use, they willappoint one point of responsibility for their use of thenetwork. This person is the Exercise Manager. See also:

Glossary - U

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Simulation Manager. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, (reference(b))


169


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532. Validation. The process of determining the degree towhich a model or simulation is an accurate representation ofthe real-world from the perspective of the intended uses ofthe model or simulation. (DoD Directive 5000.59, and DoDInstruction 5000.61, (references (f) and (h))533. Validation Agent. The organization designated by the M&Ssponsor to perform validation for a model, simulation, orfederation of models and/or simulations. See also:verification and validation proponent. (DoD Instruction5000.61, (reference (h))534. Validity. The quality of maintained data that is foundon an adequate system of classification (e.g., data model)that is rigorous enough to compel acceptance. (DoDPublication 8320.1-M-3 and DoD Publication 8320.1-M,(references (e) and (j))535. Variable. A quantity or data item whose value canchange. See also: dependent variable; independent variable;state variable. Contrast with: constant. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))536. Verification. The process of determining that a model orsimulation implementation accurately represents thedeveloper’s conceptual description and specification.Verification also evaluates the extent to which the model orsimulation has been developed using sound and establishedsoftware engineering techniques. (DoD Directive 5000.59 andDoD Publication 5000.59-P, (references (f) and (g))537. Verification Agent. The organization designated by theM&S sponsor to perform verification for a model, simulation,or federation of models and/or simulations. See also:verification and validation proponent. (DoD Instruction5000.61, (reference (h))538. Verification and Validation (V&V) Proponent. The agencyresponsible for ensuring verification and validation isperformed on a specific model or simulation. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))539. Vignette. A self-contained portion of a scenario. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))

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540. Virtual. Refers to the essence or effect of something,not the fact. (DSMC 1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report(reference (a))541. Virtual Battlespace. The illusion resulting fromsimulating the actual battlespace. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, (reference (b))542. Virtual Images. Visual, auditory and tactile stimulithat are transmitted to the sensory end organs so they appearto originate from within the three-dimensional spacesurrounding the user. (DSMC 1992-93 Military Research FellowsReport (reference (a))543. Virtual Network. The interconnection of DistributedInteractive Simulation cells by any communications means thatprovide the necessary network services to conduct an exercise.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))544. Virtual Prototype. A model or simulation of a systemplaced in a synthetic environment, and used to investigate andevaluate requirements, concepts, system design, testing,production, and sustainment of the system throughout its lifecycle. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P, (reference (g))545. Virtual Reality. The effect created by generating anenvironment that does not exist in the real world. Usually, astereoscopic display and computer-generated three-dimensionalenvironment giving the immersion effect. The environment isinteractive, allowing the participant to look and navigateabout the environment, enhancing the immersion effect.Virtual environment and virtual world are synonyms for virtualreality. (DSMC 1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report(reference (a))546. Virtual Simulation. See: Live, Virtual, andConstructive Simulation. (DoD Publication 5000.59-P,(reference (g))547. Virtual Time. See: simulated time. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))548. Virtual World. See: synthetic environment. (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, (reference (b))549. Visualization. The formation of an artificial image thatcannot be seen otherwise. Typically, abstract data that wouldnormally appear as text and numbers is graphically displayedas an image. The image can be animated to display time

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varying data. (DSMC 1992-93 Military Research Fellows Report(reference (a))550. Visual Stealth. A component that provides thecapabilities for visually observing a Distributed InteractiveSimulation exercise without participating in the DistributedInteractive Simulation exercise interaction. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, (reference (b))


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551. Wallclock Time. A federate’s measurement of true globaltime, where the measurement is typically output from ahardware clock. The error in this measurement can beexpressed as an algebraic residual between wallclock time andtrue global time or as an amount of estimation uncertaintyassociated with the wallclock time measurement software andthe hardware clock errors. (High Level Architecture Glossary,(reference (m))552. Warfare Simulation. A model of warfare or any part ofwarfare for any purpose (such as analysis or training). (DISGlossary of M&S Terms, and MORS Report, (references (b) and(t))553. War Game. A simulation game in which participants seekto achieve a specified military objective given pre-established resources and constraints; for example, asimulation in which participants make battlefield decisionsand a computer determines the results of those decisions. Seealso: management game. Syn: constructive simulation; higherorder model.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))554. White Box Model. See: glass box model. (DIS Glossaryof M&S Terms, (reference (b))555. Wide Area Network (WAN). A communications networkdesigned for large geographic areas. (DIS Glossary of M&STerms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))556. World Coordinate System. The right-handed geocentricCartesian system. The shape of the world is described by theWorld Geodetic System 1984 standard. The origin of the worldcoordinate system is the centroid of the earth. The axes ofthis system are labeled X, Y, and Z, with: the positive X-axispassing through the Prime Meridian at the Equator; thepositive Y-axis passing through 90 degrees East longitude atthe Equator; and the positive Z-axis passing through the NorthPole. (DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3,(references (b) and (c))557. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). A geocentriccoordinate system which describes a basic frame of referenceand geometric figure for the Earth, and which models the Earthfrom a geometric, geodetic, and gravitational standpoint. TheWGS 84 coordinate system origin and axes also serve as the x,

Glossary - W


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y, and z axes of the WGS 84 ellipsoid, the z axis being therotational axis. (DMA Technical Report 8350.2, (reference(ii))558. World View. The view each simulation entity maintains ofthe simulated world from its own vantage point, based on theresults of its own simulation and its processing of eventmessages received from all external entities. For ComputerGenerated Forces and for manned simulators or real vehicles,the world view is the perceptions of the participating humans.(DIS Glossary of M&S Terms, and MSETT NAWC-TSD Glossary,(references (b) and (p))

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559. Yoked Variable. One of two or more variables that aredependent on each other in such a manner that a change in oneautomatically causes a change in the others. (DIS Glossary ofM&S Terms, and IEEE STD 610.3, (references (b) and (c))

Glossary - X, Y, and Z


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