forest project of - 福島大学 · ier forest project: observations of radiation effects to...

Debriefing session on IER six projects, 2015/03/19

VASYL IOSHCHENKO Institute of Environmental Radioactivity Fukushima University [email protected]

FOREST PROJECT OF IER

Contaminated forests (> 1 MBq m-2 134,137Cs): - 42,800 ha, or 4% of the forest area in Fukushima

prefecture, 66% of contaminated territory; - aboveground tree biomass volume ∼ 11,300,000

m3, or 6,100,000,000 kg (Hashimoto et al, 2012); - compensation requested from TEPCO by forestry

organizations in Fukushima and other prefectures (as of March 2013): 1,500,000,000 ¥ (MAFF, 2012)

(Hashimoto et al 2012)


Background of the project

Forests in Fukushima prefecture: - 972,000 ha, or 71% of the whole area

(http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/); - plantations ∼ 339,000 ha, or ∼34% of forests (MAFF,

2014) - annual production before 2011 ∼ 697,000 m3

(411,000 m3 of Sugi) - roundwood prices, 2012 (MAFF, 2012) Sugi – 11,400 ¥ m-3

Hinoki – 18,500 ¥ m-3

http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/


Background and aims of the project

RELIABLE LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS OF RADIOCESIUM REDISTRIBUTION IN THE FORESTS

IS NECESSARY FOR DECISION SUPPORT!

Decontamination of agricultural areas Decontamination of forests - is expensive - requires a lot of manual work - will take a long time - will lead to exposure to workers - will create a huge amount of waste - may damage the ecosystems - may be not efficient in certain conditions - may be not necessary in long-term perspective

AIMS OF THE IER FOREST PROJECT: 1) To conduct long-term monitoring on the transfer and accumulation of radionuclides and

clarify the mechanisms 2) To develop prediction models for radionuclide transfer in forests and assess their

parameters values 3) Enhance the accuracy of dose assessment of forest organisms and evaluation of radiation

effects

IER Forest project: selection of the experimental site


Experimental site: Sugi forest, Yamakiya District, Kawamata Town, Fukushima Prefecture

Sugi (Cryptomeria Japonica D.Don; Japanese Cedar) is a national tree of Japan and the main forestry species. Sugi plantations in Fukushima Prefecture: about 70% of the forest area, more than half of the timber production

IER Forest project: description of the experimental site


Activities: assessment of the biomass distribution; selection of the representative trees

DBH, cm H, m DBH2, cm2 DR, µSv h-1

min 14.6 14.6 214 1.9

max 62.7 32.6 3932 3.1

mean 35.4 24.3 1313 2.6

STD 7.9 4.5 597 0.2

Control group: 9 trees, 1 per each size class

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800

DBH2, cm2

size distribution – cumulative frequency

forest forest - lognormal control group

Plot B: local elevation

Plot A: local depression

Plot C: slope

Trees distribution by size class (based on DBH2)

1 2 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Density of plantation: 335 ha-1 0 10 m

IER Forest project: monitoring scope


IER Forest project: conceptual model and monitoring scope


MATPASS (Migration And Transfers in Plant And Soil System; first version developed by UIAR)

Biogenic fluxes

Input parameters

- biomass inventories in the forest compartments and their annual increments

- RN specific activities in the compartments

- amounts of throughfall, stemflow and litterfall per unit area and RN specific activities

- rate of RN leaching from litter

- depth distribution of the root system capacity to uptake RN

Geochemical flux - RN distribution coefficient between absorbed

and mobile forms (Kd)

- moisture fluxes in the unsaturated zone of soil

- RN distribution in soil profile

Output: long-term dynamics of RN activities in the forest compartments and in the soil profile

IER Forest project: equipping the site, monitoring & sampling


Biogenic fluxes Stemflow (SF) samplers

137Cs stemflow flux: ∼ 102 Bq m-2 y-1

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

0

20

40

60

80

100

2014

/5/1

2014

/7/1

2014

/8/3

1

2014

/10/

31

2014

/12/

31

2015

/3/2

2015

/5/2

Cum

ulat

ive

prec

ipita

tion,

mm

137C

s cum

ulat

ive

SF, B

q m

-2

SFprecipitation (site)precipitation (Fukushima)



Biogenic fluxes Throughfall (TF) samplers

137Cs throughfall flux: ∼ 104 Bq m-2 y-1

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

2014

/5/1

2014

/7/1

2014

/8/3

1

2014

/10/

31

2014

/12/

31

2015

/3/2

2015

/5/2

Cum

ulat

ive

prec

ipita

tion,

mm

137C

s cum

ulat

ive

TF, B

q m

-2

TFprecipitation (site)precipitation (Fukushima)



Biogenic fluxes Litter traps + Soil layer sampling

137Cs total soil + litter: ∼ 0.72 × 106 Bq m-2

Litter: ∼ 23 % of total in profile Fresh litter flux (2014): ∼ 104 Bq m-2 y-1

0 20 40 60 80 100

L

F

H

0-1

1-2

2-3

3-4

4-5

5-10

10-15

15-20

20-25

% of total activity

134Cs 137CsLi

tter

laye

rsSo

il la

yers

, cm

IER Forest project: biomass sampling


Tree biomass Understory

Japanese wisteria

Harlequin Glory- bower

Wavyleaf Basketgrass

Myoga

Japanese Maple

Table Dogwood

Fern

San-sho

Hazelnut

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

mass 137Cs

Tree crown and litter

youngleaves

old leaves

smallbranches

bigbranches

fresh litter

litter L

litter F

litter H

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

mass 137Cs

Tree biomass

youngleaves

old leaves

smallbranches

bigbranches

outer bark

inner bark

sapwood1-3

sapwood4+

heartwood

IER Forest project: biomass and radiocesium distributions


137Cs stemflow flux: 0.0n % y-1

137Cs throughfall flux: ∼ % y-1

Σ 137Cs RETURN flux: ∼ n % y-1

137Cs UPTAKE flux: ∼ ? % y-1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

mass 137Cs

Biomass and litter

tree

understory

fresh litter

fallenbranches

litter L

litter F

litter H

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

137Cs

Ecosystem

biomass

fresh litter

litter andfallenbranches

soil

1.E+02

1.E+04

1.E+06

C 13

7Cs,

Bq

kg-1

dw

IER Forest project: radiocesium distribution in the tree


¾ H

½ H

¼ H

BH Base

Upper tier

Middletier

Lower tier

0

2

4

6

8

C 13

7Cs,

kBq

kg-

1 dw

Base (0.4 m) BH (1.3 m)1/4 H (5.4 m) 1/2 H (10.8 m)3/4 H (16.1 m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

big branches small branches old leaves young leaves

C 13

7Cs,

kBq

kg-

1 dw lower tier middle tier upper tier



Geochemical flux Data logger for a set of moisture and temperature sensors installed at various depths in soil profile

Set of the suction pressure sensors installed at various depths in soil profile and data logger (also for the rain collector and anemometer)

Anemometer

Solar panels

Rain collector

Other equipment:

Set of moisture and temperature sensors installed at various depths in soil profile



Geochemical flux assessment. Water movement in unsaturated zone

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

02014/4/1 2014/6/1 2014/8/1 2014/10/1 2014/12/1

θ, m

3 m-3

ψ, k

Pa

tree # 5

15 cm 22.5 cm 30 cm 50 cm

moisture 15 moisture 22.5 moisture 30 moisture 50

ii

iiii ZZ

tHtHtKtq−−

−=+

+++

1

15.05.0

)()())(()( ψ )()( tztH iii ψ+=

Water flux through the layer Zi – Zi+1

-26

-21

-16

-11

-6

-10.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

ψ, k

Pa

θ, m3 m-3

tree 5, 15 cm

rise decrease

-11-10

-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

ψ, k

Pa

θ, m3 m-3

tree 5, 30 cm

rise decrease

ψ(θ, a1, a2, …) RetC sofrware

IER Forest project: observations of radiation effects to plants Studied species: Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora)

Morphological changes: cancelling apical dominance in the trees at juvenile stage of their development

In 2014 in Japanese red pine in Fukushima zone we observed morphological changes similar to those observed in Scots pine in Chernobyl zone

No new changes were detected in the older trees growing close to the studied young trees


IER Forest project: observations of radiation effects to plants Studied species: Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora)

Morphological changes: cancelling apical dominance in the Trees at juvenile stage of their development

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 2 4 6 8 10

freq

uenc

y of

mor

phos

es

Dose rate, µGy h-1

Chernobyl Fukushima

Planned activity: - further observations for formulation of the reliable dose rate – effect dependency

- improvement of the dose rate assessments - observations for identification of other impacted plant species

?

? ?

?


IER Forest project: presentation of the progress


Workshop on Effect of Radiation on Wild Flora and Fauna, 12 March 2014, JWRC, Tokyo STAR Wildlife dosimetry workshop, 10-12 June 2014, CIEMAT, Madrid The IAEA NSRW's 3rd Mission to Fukushima, monitoring session, 16 July 2014 Joint Seminar: Colorado State University - IER & SSS Fukushima University, 08 Aug 2014 Joint Seminar: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency – Fukushima University, 14 Nov 2014 Workshop UNSCEAR – Fukushima University, 12 November 2014 IER-IRSN Seminar: Temporal change in the distribution of radiocesium in forests, 05 Dec 2014 UIAR - IER workshop on the current forest projects, Kyiv, 26 Jan 2015 Round table, National Institute of Strategic Studies, Kyiv, 30 Jan 2015 Workshop on Effect of Radiation on Wild Flora and Fauna, 19 Feb 2015, JWRC, Tokyo European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2015, April 2015, Vienna International Symposium on Radiological Issues for Fukushima’s Revitalized Future, May 2015, Iizaka ICOBTE-2015, July 2015, Fukuoka … PUBLICATIONS: ON APPROACH

IER Forest project


Thank you!

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