forest insects and diseases - western forestry and conservation … · 2016. 6. 23. · forest...
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Forest Insects and
Diseases
White Sulphur Springs
Forest Management Seminar
Amy Gannon
January 2012
Western Spruce Budworm
Amy Gannon
MT DNRC
Forest Pest Management Program
Western Forest Conservation Association
2016
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Defoliators
Feed on foliage
Reduce food-making capacity of tree
Not necessarily tree killers
Predispose tree to bark beetles
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WSBW Hosts
Douglas-fir
Spruce
Grand fir
Subalpine fir
Larch
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WSBW Life Cycle
Four developmental stages:
Egg
Caterpillar
Adult
Pupa
BC Ministry of Forests
BC Ministry of Forests
William M. Ciesla
Jed Dewey
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WSBW Life CycleJa
nu
ary
Fe
bru
ary
Ap
ril
Ma
rch
Ma
y
Ju
ne
Ju
ly
Au
gu
st
Se
pte
mb
er
No
ve
mb
er
Oc
tob
er
De
ce
mb
er
Larvae
Larvae
Eggs
Pupae
Adults
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Larval Instars
6 instars
Reference handout!
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WSBW Identification
Distinct larvae
Chewed needles
Silken clusters
Persistent pupal cases
At least one life stage present
Scott Tunnock
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WSBW Identification
Indicative cream-color dots at fourth instar
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Emerge in spring – mine buds
May feed in developing cones
Feed primarily on new growth
WSBW Impact - Immediate
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After 2-3 years:
Decreased radial
growth
Branch dieback
After 4-5 years:
Top-kill
Understory mortality
Cone crop destruction
Predispose to DFB
WSBW Impact - Recurring
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WSBW Damage
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WSBW Damage
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Stand Composition:
Pure host species
Stand Structure:
Multi-storied, dense
Site Climate:
Warm, dry
Fire suppression history?
Site Characteristics
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WSBW Distribution
Regional Climate
Regional temperature + precipitation patterns
4 class divisions based on frequency
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Acres Impacted by WSBW
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MT Distribution - 2015
1,207,832 acres
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WA Distribution – 2011-2015
2015 = 79,000 acres
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Create single layer canopies
Intermediate treatments
(fire, thinning)
Promote vigor
Diversify tree species
WSBW Management
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Phenotypically superior trees
Budburst phenology:
later = less defoliation, smaller
females
Soluble N = limiting factor in
insect development
Terpenes drastically impact
development
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Biotic Controls
Predation
Viral outbreaks
Abiotic Controls
Weather most influential
Unseasonable frosts in
spring or fall
WSBW – Natural Controls
Caution:
Cool, wet springs can simply delay development
Monitor instars!
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High value sites:
seed orchards
home sites
recreation areas
Various options:
carbaryl
Btk
insect growth regulator
Protection is NOT long term!
Chemical Controls
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Label is the law!
Aerial vs. ground
Systemics vs. topical
Annual reapplication
Will not stem outbreak
Recommend certified
applicator
Insecticide Application
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Trade name Sevin
Neurotoxin
Non-target impacts
aquatic invertebrates
pollinators!
pH sensitivity
Careful application
Apply to foliage
Insecticides - carbaryl
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Bti = mosquito control
Btt = leaf-feeding beetle
Btk = butterflies, moths
Insecticides - Btk
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Naturally occurring in soil
Pest in silkworm colonies
Dipel = oil-based
Foray = aqueous
Treat early instar
Must be ingested
Need foliage to catch spray
Persists for 3-7 days
Insecticides - Btk
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Insect Growth Regulator - interferes with molting process
Larvae stop feeding within 24 hours
Specific to lepidopterans – butterflies, moths, skippers
Active ingredient = tebufenozide
Trade name = Mimic (Valent Biosciences Corporation)
Registered for forest use – because the label matters
Apply to 4th - 5th instar larvae
Insecticides - IGR
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Questions?