forest fire mba dm 2012

7/30/2019 Forest Fire MBA DM 2012

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Forest Fires


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Why look at forest fires?

Fire is a significant and continuous factor in the forests ecologyand plays a central role in deforestation in tropical and sub-

tropical regions. Fires can drastically change the vegetationpattern of large areas within a short period of time

About half of Indias forests (67.5 M ha) are prone to forest fire

and about a tenth of the forest area is affected by frequent fires.Forest fires impact 3.7 million ha. each year.

The National Forest Policy (1988) emphasizes the adoption ofimproved and modern management practices to deal with forest

fires. The Disaster Management Act (2005) recognizes forest firesas a disaster

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Forest constitute one of the most important basicnatural resources of the country.

Forests help in occurrence of rainfall, promote soilconservation in catchment areas, regulate runoff, improvemoisture holding capacity of the soils and maintainecological balance.


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Forest CoverTemperate Conifer ForestTemperate Broad Leaved ForestTemperate Mixed ForestTropical Evergreen Forest

Tropical Semi evergreen ForestTropical Moist Deciduous ForestTropical Dry Deciduous ForestTropical Thorn ForestSub Tropical ForestConifer ForestSub Alpine ForestMangrove ForestDegraded Forest

Abandoned Jhum

Land CoverAlpine MeadowsGrasslandsScrub/ShrubCurrent JhumCoral ReefsPlantationsOrchardsValley AgricultureIrrigated/ Rainfed Agriculture

Fallow LandBarren LandSand DunesMud FlatsSwampsWet PansDry PansWater BodySettlementOther ClassesSnow

CloudShadow

VEGETATION TYPE MAP OF INDIA


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What is Forest Fires ?

It is uncontrolled fireoccurring in wild land

areas.


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Present ScenarioMajor cause of degradation of Indian Forests

> 50% Forest Area fire prone (FSI 1997)

Prone to severe fire damage: 6% of the

forests

Very heavy : 8%,

Heavy : 14% and

Frequent fire damages : 5.6%

FOREST FIRES


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Present Scenario

Fire season : December to mid June

Geographic area of the country : 328.73 million ha

Total forest area of country : 69 million ha

As per FSI : 1.45 million ha annually affected by fire

As per MoEF, GoI : 3.73 million ha annually affected

by fire

FOREST FIRES


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Forest Fires


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CLASSIFICATION

ON BASIS OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS:

NATURAL

ACCIDENTAL

INTENTIONAL

FOREST FIRES


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Causes of forest fire

Natural Causes

Manmade reasons


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Causes

FOREST FIRES

Natural Lightning

Volcano eruption


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Causes

FOREST FIRES

Accidental

Labourers engaged in timber

operation, construction of road Kindling a fire without permission

In order to warm themselves

To cook food

Leaving a fire without completely

extinguishing it.


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Causes

FOREST FIRES

Accidental

Burning bark to destroy beetles.

Throwing of torchwood by villagers Throwing of cigarette or coal pieces.

Burning the field or grass lands adjacent to

forest

Accidental spread of fire in the forest while

burning fire lines departmentally.


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Causes

FOREST FIRES

Intentional

Burning of the undergrowth and grass to

collect MFP.

Charring the stumps for making charcoal.

Scaring away wild animals from near villages Inducing new shoots of grass in summer by

burning dry grass grazing.


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Creeping fire :Spreading slowly over the

ground with low flame

- No ground cover or undergrowth

ON THE BASIS OF PLACE OF ACTION :

Ground fire : Burns the ground cover

- Burns organic material of

forest floor and underlying soil

CLASSIFICATION


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Surface fire : Burns the ground cover and

also undergrowth

- Burns surface litter loose debris

and small vegetation

Fire travels above the ground surface such as grasses/low shrubs/forest litter

Flame ht. 0.2 - 3m

Crown fire : Spreads through the crown of

trees

Consumes all or part of upper

branches and foliage

CLASSIFICATION


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Forest Fire Zonation

A Zone

Zone to be highly protected having highmanagement value like prime habitats, areas ofhigh bio diversity, plantation areas etc. (Allprecautionary measures to avoid forest fire)

B Zone

Where fire can be controlled as per the locality

specificity

C Zone

Where fire cannot be controlled/Cliff etc.


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HOW FOREST FIRES IGNITE & BURN

Fire Triangle

Fuel


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Three Principal EnvironmentalElements

Affecting Wildland Fire Behavior

Fuels

Weather

Topography


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Fuel Type

Fuel Moisture

Size and Shape

Fuel Loading

Horizontal Continuity

Vertical Arrangement


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Fuel Types

GrassShrub

Timber litter

Logging Slash


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Categories of Fuels

Light fuels:

Grass, Leaves, Shrubs

Heavy fuels:Limbs, Logs, Stumps


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Oxygen and fuel combine in presence of heat

to create forest fire.

Convection motion of air or fluid : heats

the fuel

Radiation transmits heat by means of rays

from a heat source

Fire in forests occurs by both convection as

well as radiation


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Inflammable material

Grass, dry leaves, dry fallen wood

Early burning

Green grass cover before fire environment

Departmental operation during winters Resin tapping

Sawn timber in coniferous forest

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIRE

S f F l


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Surface FuelsAll materials lying on or immediatelyabove the ground including needles orleaves, grass, downed logs, stumps,

large limbs and low shrubs.

i l l


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Aerial FuelsAll green and dead materials located in

the upper forest canopy including treebranches and crowns, snags, moss, andhigh shrubs.


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Topography : Altitude and aspect

S & SW aspect

Hotter and drier

Lower altitude

Spreads fast, traveling up on hill

slope

Chir forest and fir forest

risk of fire

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIRE


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Topography

Aspect - direction a slope faces

Slope - Steepness.

Position of Fire - Top, middle, or bottomof slope.

Shape of Country- Narrow canyons & box

canyons.Elevation- Relates to curing of fuels,

precipitation, length of fire season, etc.


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Aspect


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Topography


Slope - Steepness.


Shape of Country - Narrow canyons & box

canyons.Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,


St Sl C


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Steep Slopes CauseRapid Fire Spread


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Topography


Slope - Steepness.


Shape of Country - Narrow canyons & box

canyons.Elevation - Relates to curing of fuels,



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Position of Fire on Slope
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Year Area No of Loss due to fire Casualties Types of fire Reasons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Propagation_model_wildfire.png


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affected

by fire(ha)

incidents (if any)

2000-1 680 53 Most of the

cases are ofground fire due

to which ground

flora, natural

regeneration,

plantations/sapli

ng and some ofthe trees

including the

wildlife habitat

has been

damaged and

affected.

nil Manmade/in

cidental

For control

andimmediate

action,

W/T

control

room in

headoffice and

all the

districts

has been

made

operational round the

clock and

proper

recording

of data

has beentaken up.

2001-2 33 9 nil

2002-3 45 14 nil

2003-4 37 18 nil

2004-5 377 46 nil

2005-6 1136 106

FOREST FIRES


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Damage

FOREST FIRES

1. Damage to the trees.

2. Damage to regeneration.

3. Damage to soil.

4. Damage to wild animals.

5. Damage to Productive/protectivepower of the forests.

6. Recreational loss.

FOREST FIRES


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Damage to Trees

FOREST FIRES

It varies with species, age, conditions and

season.

Hard bark or cortex barkless effected

Broad leaved trees less effected than

conifers.

Young tree less height and less dia more

effected Old, dead, hollowmore damaged

Burning of cambium affects the growth of

plant.

FOREST FIRES


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FOREST FIRES

Surface or ground fire

completely wiped out

Artificial regeneration

wastage of money also

Effect on stand composition

Disturbing the composition of growing stock

and existing stand,

Susceptible to damages by Insects and

Diseases

Damage to Regeneration

FOREST FIRES


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FOREST FIRES

Damage to soil

Exposed to sun, wind, rain

Destruction of organic matter

Nitrogen content

Soil compact and impervious

Loss of grazing value


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Prevention: Training of staff & villagers

Detection : Watch tower, modern Tech.

Suppression : JFM, Controlled Fire

FOREST FIRES MANAGEMENT

FOREST FIRES


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Preventive Measures

Goodwill of people

Education

No permission for Collection of FPs

during summers.

Denial of certain benefits in RFs.

Punishment/Rewards.

FOREST FIRES

Fo est Fi es


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Preventive Measures

Training of staff

Clearing Camp site wards & paths

Early burning

Slash disposal in hill forests

Control burning in resin tapping areas

Raising fire breaking green belts

Clearance of firelines

Forest Fires


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FOREST FIRES


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Measures to Control Fire

Measures to Suppress fires

Pre-Suppression

Suppression

Post Suppression

FOREST FIRES

FOREST FIRES


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Measures to extinguish/Suppress fire

Pre Suppression

Preparatory activities ( Men, Materials, Machine)

Training & Co-operation

Provision & Maintenance of equipment

Fire danger measurement & forecasting

Detection

Communication & Transport

Firebreaks & firelines

FOREST FIRES


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Suppression

By Water

By Earth

By Beating

By clean fire line

FOREST FIRES

FOREST FIRES


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Post Suppression Phase

Area Survey, Mapping of the area and damage

assessment

Class A Forests natural regeneration areas

and manmade plantation of valuable species

Class B Forests forest of valuable species

Class C Forests miscellaneous forests and

open mixed degraded forests

PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES


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IN INDIA

Forestry Concurrent list

Forest Fire Prevention Forest Protection Division of

MoEF, GoI

GoI proposes to effectively monitor forest fire

incidences in the country in order to create sound

data base and quick detection infrastructure

Proposed to set up a National Institute of Forest

Fire Management for proper research, extension of

technology and training of personnel



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PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIESIN INDIA

Forests managed through well prepared Working Plans

Important component of W.P.

Prescriptions relate to employing traditional practices like

creation and maintenance of firelines, fire tracks, controlburning, engaging fire watchers during fire seasons etc.

Proved quite effective in controlling forest fires in the

country initially

Nowadays population pressure, resultant conflicts and

resource hunger

Difficult to check forest fires through these traditional

methods



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Conflict between Forest Department and local

villagers and activists

Forest officials accuse, villagers deliberately set

fires in the forests for grazing, FP Collection.

Local villagers accuse, forest authorities allow

fires to get out of control to misuse the funds

for afforestation.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIESIN INDIA

Prevention and Control Strategies in


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National Forest Policy, 1988

Lays emphasis on protection of forest against

encroachment, fire and grazing. It states the

incidence of forest fires in the country is high.Standing trees and fodder are destroyed on a

large scale and natural regeneration annihilated

by such fires. Special precautions should be

taken during the fire season. Improved and

modern management practices should be

adopted to deal with forestfire.

gIndia

PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN INDIA


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Forest Fire Prevention

Forests Concurrent list

Issues related to policy planning and finance GoI

Field Administration SFD

Direct responsibility of fire prevention and control

measures

At MoEF Forest Fire Prevention looked after by FPD

headed by IG (FPD)

FFPlan scheme Modern Forest Fire Control Methods

Under this Scheme MoEF provided financial assistance

for fire prevention and control to SFDs




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More biotic pressure increase fire incidences

resulting in poor regeneration

Govt realised to implement a modern forest fire

regime in the country

UNDP Project (1985-90) to address the problem

of resource damage from uncontrolled forest fires

Project primarily focused on involving a systematic

approach to deal with forest fire damages



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Pilot project U.P. and Maharashtra

Two states with different ecological and

physical characteristics good opportunity to

try the technologies of Forest Fire Prevention

and Control

Excellent results fires incidents could be

drastically reduced (by 90% in some selected

areas)



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Forest Prevention follow up of UNDP Project

Modern Forest Fire Control Methods (MFFCM) - Launched during

8th plan period (92-93) in 11 States where major forest fires

occur

Project covers 60% of the forest area

Financial assistance to SFDs for procurement of hand tools, fire

resistance clothes, FF equipments, wireless sets, construction of

watch towers, fire finders, creation of fire link

Also for research, training and publicity on fire fighting

Air operation wing maintained under GoI to introduce latest fire

fighting techniques including use of Helicopters and Aircrafts



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Aircraft used extensively in the states of Haryana,

H.P., U.P., M.P., Rajasthan, Punjab and Delhi

Cost involvements in Aircraft quite high and Govt.

of India realised modern forest fire fightingmethods alone wont suffice

Aircraft closed as GoI felt to strengthen and follow

the traditional cost effective methods



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Forest Fire Prevention

Introduced a component of close monitoring

of forest fires for creation of data base for

generating more information on forest fires

for better planning and management

Corroborated by an impact assessment study

by independent agency

Traditional methods cost effective and better

suited in Indian conditions

Combination of both is better



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Active involvement of the people in prevention andcontrol of forest fire is necessary

Involved VFPC people under JFM to invoke their

interest and enlist their support for fire preventionand fire fighting operation

A national master plan for forest fire control prepared

with an outlay of Rs 600 CroresScheme now called as Forest Fire Control and

Management

Being implemented in all states

NATIONAL FOREST FIRE GUIDELINES 2000


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GENERAL MEASURES

Identification and mapping of all fire prone areas

Compilation and analysis of data-base on forest fire

damage

Development and installation of Fire DangerRating System and Fire Forecasting System

Item of forest protection to be treated as a planitem

Professional approach by the forest departmentstaff


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SPECIFIC MEASURES

Preventive measures to be taken before the beginning of fire

season

Nodal officer in each state

A crisis management group to be constituted at the state

headquarters to closely monitor the situation, co-ordinate

various preventive measures and arrange adequate

enforcement of men and material in case of any eventuality

Communication network to be set up for quick flow of

information and movement of material and men to fire site



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JFM Committees and Forest Protection Committees - actively

involved in prevention and control of forest fires.

The communities and government staff to be regularly trained

for prevention and control of forest fires

Efforts to be made to create public awareness against ill

effects of forest fires. A fire prevention week to be celebrated

to create mass awareness

LEGAL MEASURES

The legal provisions for fire prevention and control be

implemented forcefully

COIMBATORE CHARTER, JAN 2001


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State and UTs - map forest fire prone areas

Ensure funds spent on identified areas

Implement NFFPC Guidelines, 2000

JFMC assigned specific roles for forest fire

prevention and control

Organized FFP week every year

COIMBATORE CHARTER, JAN 2001

Forest Fires & Biomass Burning


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RS for identifying, locating, monitoring extent of fires (thermal,smoke and burnt scar)

FSI (MODIS Rapid Response) and NRSC (MODIS, OLS with burntarea) provide near realtime to Forest Dept about fires


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NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FORFOREST FIRE CONTROL


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FOREST FIRE CONTROL

MoEF prepared this plan covering important

forest fire management elements

Strategic fire plans

Coordination among departments

Funding

HRDFire Research

Fire Management & Extension Programmes

NATIONAL MASTER PLAN FORFOREST FIRE CONTROL


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Well coordinated and integrated fire management Plan

Prevention of fire caused by man through education and

environmental modification

More emphasis on people participation through JFFM

preventing forest fires

Detection of forest fire in time through a well coordinated

network of observation points, efficient ground patrolling,

communication network emphasis to remote sensing

National Fire Danger Rating System (NFDRS) to be

developed

Special emphasis on Research, Training & Development

FOREST FIRE CONTROL

Subsequent Modifications


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Funds being provided to the states

under State Sector for

Building up a strong communication network

and infrastructure

Wireless

Effective transportation

Improved fire resistant clothing

Fire finders

Watch towers




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Fire tender/tractor trolley mounted with water

tanker

Back pack pumps

Fire fighting equipment

Fire line creation and maintenance

Creation of water harvesting structures

Fire management plans

Fire fighting cells

Any other technological innovation

Assistance to JFM Committees

Awareness, training and research


Modifications


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A strong Central Sector Component in the Scheme

Fund being provided to the Forest Survey of India

Development of Early Warning System for

forest fires

Mapping of forest fire affected areas

Development at a fire danger rating system

Monitoring the impact of the scheme and its

evaluation

SCHEME FOR ESTABLISHING NATIONAL GEO-INFORMATICS CENTRE FOR FOREST FIRE


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MoEF sanctioned scheme under CSS Forest Fire

Control & Management

Scheme for developing An Early Warning System

for Detection of Forest Fires

Scheme envisages establishing an earth Station for

a receiving NOAA AVHRR satellite data to detect

forest fires

INFORMATICS CENTRE FOR FOREST FIREMONITORING AT FSI, DEHRADUN

Scheme for Establishing National Geo-Informatics Centre for Forest Fire Monitoring


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Activities include detection & monitoring on

forest fire in a real time

Burnt area mapping to assess damagecaused by forest fires using satellite data

Developing National Forest Fire Danger

Rating System

Impact Studies

Informatics Centre for Forest Fire Monitoringat FSI, Dehradun


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forest fire mba dm 2012

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