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Forest Fire-A Case Study on the Four National
Park of Uttarakhand
Muchkund Pant
Department of Civil Engineering,
Uttaranchal University,Dehradun
Vinay Purohit Department of Civil Engineering,
Uttrakhand Technincal University
Abstract:- Forest fire is not a new concept in present era but
now a days the threat of forest fire looms large over the vast
cover of green vegetation. As the global temperature is rising,
increasing incidents of forest fires are increasing the
temperature of earth. The forests are prone to the wildfire
because of large spell of winter in which the precipitation is
scanty. Every year India witnesses many incidents of forest
fire in a vast geographical area. This is one of the biggest
threat to our biodiversity and wild life. Every year many
animals lost their life in wild fire. India has 104 national parks
and more than 500 wild life sanctuary. These national parks
and wild life sanctuary are under the great threat of wild fire
.Uttrakhand is a Himalayan state which holds a large number
of species of wild flora and fauna. Some of these wild animals
and plants holds a great importance in our environment.
Every year uttarakhand witnesses a large number of wild
fires. Being an ecologically sensitive zone, these wild fires
damages a large geographical area of state.Uttarakhand has
45.32% of its geographical area under the forest cover. It is
the only north Indian state to have more than 33% of area
under forest cover. When we include permanently snowbound
landscapes and alpine pastures as forests, the total area
recorded as forests is as high as 71.05%.
The present study is about the forest fire analysis in the
four national parks of Uttarakhand. These national parks are:
Jim Corbett National Park, Govind wildlife sanctuary and
national park, Nandadevi forest division, Rajaji Tiger reserve.
From 2005 to 2015, in last ten years, total 601 incidents were
reported in these four national parks and wild life sanctuaries.
Among these the Rajaji National Park witnessed most of the
fire incidents about 66.39% percent of the total reported fire
incidents.
1 INTRODUCTION
Uttrakhand has witnessed a number of fire incidents in the
past. Being a Himalayan state, the ecology of uttarakhand
is quite sensitive. Uttrakhand has a large area under its
forest cover. It has highest number of forest cover in the
northern states. Uttarakhand also an abode of many flora
and fauna which are protected by national park, sanctuaries
and bio-sphere reserve. Some of these flora and fauna are
even listed in IUCN (International Union of Conservation
and Nature) as critically endangered and endangered.
Forest fire increases the rate of extinction of species. As per
FSI Uttarakhand forest are divided in the following types:
1) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
2) Tropical Dry deciduous Forest
3) Subtropical Pine Forest
4) Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest
5) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest
6) Plantation/Trees Outside Forest
These forests are prone to forest fires. The duration of
forest fire in state is from February to June. The peak fire
incidents are reported in the May and June. The forest fire
in state is categorised in three types:
1) Ground fires
2) Surface fires
3) Crown fires
Ground fire spread on the top of organic matter. It mostly
consume matter like duff, musk or peat present beneath the
surface litter of the forest floor. Surface fire spread very
rapidly and mostly survive upon the small vegetation and
surface litter. The Crown fire burns the top trees and shrubs
without having any close link with surface fire. These are
the mainly three types of fire which occurs in forests and
natural parks of forests. The study about four national park
and occurrence of fire incidents are as follow:
2. CORBETT NATIONAL PARK:
The park is located between 29°25' to 29°39'N latitude and
between 78°44' to 79°07'E longitude. Park is covered area
1318.54 km². The altitude of the region ranges between
360 m to 1,040 m. The park has total of 488 different
species of plants have been recorded in the park. Total tree
basal cover is greater in Sal dominated areas of woody
vegetation.The park has more than 586 species of resident
and migratory birds crested serpent eagle, blossom headed
parakeet and red jungle fowl. 33 species of reptiles, seven
species of amphibians, seven species of fish and 36 species
of dragonflies have also been recorded. Leopards, barking
deer, sambar deer, hog deer, Himalayan black bear etc. are
found.From 2005 to 2015, Corbett Tiger National park,
witnessed 196 incidents, which are 32.61% of the total
number of the forest fire witnessed in this duration. The
map showing fire sensitive areas in the Corbett National
Park is as follow:
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Figure 2.1: Map of sensitive areas in Corbett National Park
(Source: Forest Fire Mitigation Measure Report)
Table 2.1 Fire Sensitive Compartments in Corbett Tiger Reserve Range BEAT Compartment Number of Fire
Incidences 2005-2015 Fire Sensitivity
DHELA RANGE Dhela-III 4 8 Highly Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela-III 5 10 Highly Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-II 5 11 Highly Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-II 6 4 Highly Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela-I 1 7 Mod. Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela-I 2 6 Mod. Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela-II 3 4 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-I 4 2 Mod. Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela-II 7 8 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-I 7 6 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-III 9 2 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-III 10 12 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-IV 11 6 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jamunagwad South-IV 12 2 Mod. Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Jamunagwad North-I 14 2 Mod. Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Jamunagwad North-I 15 6 Mod. Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Bhumkia 17 3 Mod. Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Bhumkia 18 5 Mod. Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Bhumkia 19 1 Mod. Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Bhumkia 20 5 Mod. Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Jhirna West 3 2 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Chaur 4 2 Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Laldhang 5 2 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Malani West 6 4 Sensitive
JHIRNA RANGE Machhiakhal 6 4 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Malani East 8 1 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela East 8 2 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Bijrani West 9 2 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Dhela West 11 1 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Gaujpani-II 12 2 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Gaujpani-II 13 1 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Dhara South-II 14 2 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Dhara North-I 15 4 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Bijrani Middle 16 1 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Khinanauli 16 2 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Jamunagwad North-II 17 4 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Dhara North-I 18 5 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Jamunagwad North-III 18 4 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Sarpduli 21 4 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Barsauti 23 2 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Barsauti 24 2 Sensitive
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DHIKALA RANGE Dhikala East-I 10 Part 1 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Seldhar 1 2 Sensitive
KALAGARH RANGE Nalkhatta-I 1 1 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Seldhar 2 1 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Sawaldeh West 4 2 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Pathruva East-I 5 2 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Aamdanda 6 1 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Pathruva East-II 6 1 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Dhangari Buffer 8 2 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Panod 10 2 Sensitive
SARPDULI RANGE Gajiria 12 7 Sensitive
BIJRANI RANGE Ratapani 19 2 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE Phika 1b 3 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE SAWELDEH M SAWELDEH M 3 Sensitive
DHELA RANGE SAWELDEH S SAWELDEH S 4 Sensitive
3. GOVIND WILDLIFE SANCTUARY AND
NATIONAL PARK
The park is located between 31.10°N latitude 78.29°E
longitude.Park is covered area 958 km². The altitude of the
region ranges1400m to 6323m.Trees present in the lower
parts of the sanctuary include chir pine, deodar,oak etc. At
altitudes over about 2,600 m common species
include conifers such as blue pine,silver fir, yew
and other species such as oak, maple, walnut, horse
chestnut, hazel and rhododendron.In the park about fifteen
species of large mammal and one hundred and fifty species
of birds. The mammals found in the sanctuary include
the Asian black bear, the brown bear, the common leopard,
the musk deer, the Himalayan tahr and the serow, Indian
crested porcupine, European
otter, goral, civet, hedgehog, Himalayan field rat. Birds
found here include several endangered species such as
the golden eagle, the steppe eagle and the black eagle,
the bearded vulture, the Himalayan snowcock,
the Himalayan monal pheasant.Govind wild life sanctuary
and National park witnessed less number of the wild fire in
duration between 2005 to 2015. Total 4 incidents were
reported in this time period, which is 0.665% of total
number of incidents. The main reason behind the less
number of fire incidents is high altitude and less
inhabitatedby villages. The ground holds sufficient amount
of moisture because of this , it is not prone to wildfire as
compared to other national parks.
Figure 3.1 Map showing sensitive areas in Govind wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
(Source: Forest Fire Mitigation Measure Report)
Table 3.1 Fire Sensitive Compartments in Govind Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park Fire Sensitive
Compartments in Range
BEAT Compartment Number of Fire
Incidences 2005-2015
Fire Sensitivity
Supin Saur 1 2 Sensitive
Rupin Pujeli 4 2 Sensitive
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4. NANDA DEVI FOREST DIVISION:
The park is located between 30°25’7”N latitude
79°50’59”E longitude.Park is covered area 630.33 km².
The altitude of the region ranges 6000m to 7500m. This
park is also part of UNESCO World Heritage Site. The
park is home to a wide variety of flora. The park has 312
floral species that include 17 rare species have been found
here. Fir, birch, rhododendron, and juniper are the main
flora. Vegetation is scarce in the inner sanctuary due to the
dryness of the conditions. One will not find vegetation near
Nanda Devi Glacier. Ramani, alpine, prone mosses and
lichens are other notable floral species found here.
Common larger mammals are Himalayan musk
deer, mainland serow, Himalayan tahr, snow
leopard, Himalayan black bear, brown bear, Langurs are
found within the park and total no of 114 bird species were
recognized. In between 2005 to 2015, Nanda Devi National
park witnessed least number of fire incidents. High altitude
and less moisture in ground through out the year is main
reason because of this less number of forest fires are
reported in region.
Figure 4.1 Map showing sensitive areas in Nanda Devi National Park
(Source: Forest Fire Mitigation Measure Report)
Table 4.1 Fire Sensitive Compartments in Nanda Devi Forest Division Range BEAT Compartment Number of Fire
Incidences 2005-2015 Fire Sensitivity
VALLEY OF
FLOWERS RANGE
Pandukeshwar Forest
Panchayat
Forest Pan 2 Sensitive
5.0 RAJAJI NATIONAL PARK:
The park is located between29°52' to 30°15'N latitude and
between 78°57' to 78°23'E longitude. Park is covered area
820.42 km². The altitude of the region ranges 360m to
860m.The Park has deciduous forests, riverine vegetation,
scrubland, grasslands and pine forests form the range of
flora in this park. The under-wood is light and often absent,
consisting of rohini,shisham, Sal, palash, arjun, khairetc.
The Park is predominantly formed from dense green
jungles, and this environment forms a habitat for a number
of animals. Here we found sambar, barking deer, hog
deer, nilgai, wild pigs, sloth bears, leopard cat, jungle cat,
civet etc. Over 315 species of birds are found in the park,
whereas the wider region has over 500 species of birds,
including both residents and migrants. The most prominent
avian species include pea fowl,
vultures, woodpeckers, pheasants, kingfishers etc.Rajaji
National Park witnessed highest numbers of forest fires
about 399. The main reason behind the highest number of
fire incidents are :Deciduous nature of forest because of
this biomass accumulated in large quantity. The villages
which are in surrounding of national parks follow the
practice of burning of agricultural residue, sometimes the
fires escapes agricultural fields and reaches into national
park.
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Figure 5.1 Map showing sensitive areas in Rajaji National Park
(Source: Forest Fire Mitigation Measure Report)
Table 5.1 Fire Sensitive Compartments in RajajiNational Park Range BEAT Compartment Number of Fire
Incidences 2005-2015
Fire Sensitivity
Haridwar Range Ranipur West Beat 2a (Part) 15 Highly Sensitive
Haridwar Range Ranipur West Beat 2b (Part) 7 Highly Sensitive
Beribara Range Bam Beat 1 1 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Gholna Beat 1 2 Mod. Sensitive
Chilla Range Pulani Beat 1 3 Mod. Sensitive
Gohri Range Gohri Beat 2 1 Mod. Sensitive
Gohri Range Gohri Beat 3 2 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 3 1 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 4 2 Mod. Sensitive
Gohri Range Gohri Beat 5 4 Mod. Sensitive
Gohri Range Gohri Beat 8 4 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 8 6 Mod. Sensitive
Chilla Range Pulani Beat 9 5 Mod. Sensitive
Chilla Range Pulani Beat 11 3 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 14 1 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 10b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 11a 2 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 11a 2 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 11b 1 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 11b 3 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 11b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 12a 5 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 12a 1 Mod. Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bullawala Beat 12b 1 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 15a 2 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Gholna Beat 2a 4 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Harnol Beat 2a 8 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Rawali Beat 2a 11 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Chirrak West Beat 2a (Part) 9 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Ranipur East Beat 2a (Part) 4 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Gholna Beat 2b 7 Mod. Sensitive
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Haridwar Range Harnol Beat 2b 3 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Rawali Beat 2b 3 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Chirrak West Beat 2b (Part) 4 Mod. Sensitive
Haridwar Range Ranipur East Beat 2b (Part) 8 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Bam Beat 3a 1 Mod. Sensitive
Chillawali Range Sukh Beat 3a 9 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Bam Beat 3b 8 Mod. Sensitive
Chillawali Range Sukh Beat 3b 6 Mod. Sensitive
Chillawali Range Gaj Beat 4a 10 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 4a 3 Mod. Sensitive
Chillawali Range Gaj Beat 4b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 4b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 5a 3 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 5b 4 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 6b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 7b 2 Mod. Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Bulindawala Beat 9b 3 Mod. Sensitive
Beribara Range Sendhli Beat 1 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Kasan Beat 1 1 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Rasulpur Beat 1 1 Sensitive
Gohri Maral 1 2 Sensitive
Gohri Range Laxmanjhula North Beat 1 4 Sensitive
Haridwar Range Mayapur West Beat 1 1 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jamunkhata Beat 1 1 Sensitive
Chilla Range Khara Beat 2 6 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jamunkhata Beat 2 4 Sensitive
Motichur Range GularPadawa West Beat 3 2 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Amsot Beat 3 3 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Rasulpur Beat 4 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Phandowala Beat 4 1 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 5 4 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Rasulpur Beat 5 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Phandowala Beat 5 3 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 6 5 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Ganjarban Beat 6 1 Sensitive
Gohri Palelgaon 6 3 Sensitive
Gohri Range Kunao Beat 6 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 7 10 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Ganjarban Beat 7 4 Sensitive
Gohri Range Bidasani Beat 7 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Danda Beat 7 4 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Ramgarh Beat 7 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura West Beat 8 2 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 8 4 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Ramgarh Beat 8 4 Sensitive
Gohri Range Bidasani Beat 9 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 10 3 Sensitive
Gohri Range Kunao Beat 12 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 13 1 Sensitive
Gohri Range Bidasani Beat 15 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 18 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 19 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 20 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura East Beat 10a 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura East Beat 10b 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 11a 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Luni Beat 12b 3 Sensitive
Chilla Range Luni Beat 16a 2 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 17a 2 Sensitive
Chillawali Range Lalwala Beat 1a 2 Sensitive
Haridwar Range Kharkhari North Beat 1a 1 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jamunkhata Beat 1a 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Danda Beat 1a 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 1a 3 Sensitive
Beribara Range Teera Beat 1a(i) 2 Sensitive
Beribara Range Teera Beat 1a(i) 7 Sensitive
Beribara Range Teera Beat 1b 6 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Amsot Beat 1b 2 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 1b 1 Sensitive
Haridwar Range Chirrak East Beat 2a (Part) 2 Sensitive
Beribara Range Betban Beat 2b 1 Sensitive
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Beribara Range Sendhli Beat 2b 3 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bahera Beat 2b 1 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Asarori Beat 2b 1 Sensitive
Haridwar Range Chirrak East Beat 2b (Part) 2 Sensitive
Beribara Range Sendhli Beat 2c 1 Sensitive
Chilla Range Rawasan Beat 3a 1 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Dholkhand Beat 3a 1 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Dholkhand Beat 3a 3 Sensitive
Beribara Range Sendhli Beat 3a (Part) 2 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Dholkhand Beat 3b 3 Sensitive
Chillawali Range Mohand East Beat 3b(Part) 3 Sensitive
Dholkhand Range Ganjarban Beat 4a 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura East Beat 4a 2 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Amsot Beat 4a 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura East Beat 4b 3 Sensitive
Chillawali Range Andheri Beat 5a 2 Sensitive
Chillawali Range Chillawali Beat 5a 2 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jhabarawala Beat 5a 1 Sensitive
Chillawali Range Chillawali Beat 5b 8 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jhabarawala Beat 5b 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 6a 2 Sensitive
Ramgarh Range Ramgarh Beat 6a 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 6b 4 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jhabarawala Beat 7b 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 8a 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Koelpura East Beat 8b 2 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 8b 1 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jhabarawala Beat 9a 1 Sensitive
Motichur Range Motichur Beat 9a 1 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Bahera Beat 9b 1 Sensitive
Kans Rao Range Jhabarawala Beat 9c 2 Sensitive
Gohri Range Kunao Beat KunaoChaur Block 2 Sensitive
Table 5.2 Total Number of fire Incidents in Four National Park
Nationa Park and wild life sancturies Fire Incidents Percentage
Corbett National Park 196 32.61%
Govind Wildlife Santury and National Park 4 0.605%
Nanda Devi National Park 2 0.332%
Rajaji National Park 399 66.39%
Total 601
Figure 5.2 : Fire Incidents reported in Nantional Parks reported in between 2005-15
6 REASONS FOR FOREST FIRE:
1 Lack of Rain and moisture in the forests: Uttrakhand
receives a good amount of precipitation but it is
concentrated in mostly in the monsoon months and leave a
long spell of nine months without rain. In this long spell the
deciduous forests become vulnerable to forest fire. The rain
and snow is important to maintain the moisture in the
33%
1%
0%
66%
Fire Incidents reported in National parks reported between 2005-15
Carbett National Park Govind Wildlife Senctury
Nanda Devi National Park Rajaji National Park
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ground which helps in preventing the forest fire. If winter
do not get sufficient amount of rain, it makes the forests
floor and biomass too dry and extremely vulnerable to fire.
2. Uttarakhand is in the lap of Himalayas and villages in
uttarakhand are in the middle of forests of Himalayas.
Uttarakhandhave large expense of chir pine forest. As a
traditional practices the people are burning there near
places to reduce the slippery chir pine needle and to ensure
a fresh green grass for their live stocks. When the ground
has sufficient moisture, the fire remain control but if the
there is no winter rain, it can go out of control.
3. Burning of agricultural biomass in agricultural fields is
very common in entire north India. Sometime the fire
escapes from the fields and reaches into forests and
national parks
4. A large area of uttarakhand is hilly terrain which makes
it very difficult to control forest fire. To reach a site which
is often away from road head is difficult. Many places in
national parks and forests have no foot track and bridge
path to reach site.
5. Technology has helped in the detection of fires in but
there are still a lot of challenges like mobilisation of
department of workforce on a particle site because of less
number of vehicle and fire extinguishing equipment.
7 FOREST FIRE MITIGATION MEASURES:
1:The national park authorities and forest department
officials have to create awareness generation programsin
the villages which are surroundings of the national parks
and wild life santucuries.
2:The national park authorities must follow rotational
burning/controlled burning of forest floor so that the litter
and bio mass would not accumulate in an areas.
3: During the peak season of the forest fire burning
national park authorities can create master control room to
monitor the situation.
4: The forest department and national park official must
create watch towers in the surroundings of national parks-
5: The forest department can create a crew stations for
tackling the situation immediately so that the forest fire can
be control easily in its initial phases.
6: All ground crew stations must be connected to the
wireless communication network so that they can get
proper information from master control room
7: The forest department official and other persons must be
equipped with efficient firefighting tools.
8: The national park authorities must adopt a suitable
techniques to reduce fuel load onforest floor:
9:The national park authorities must continue their
awareness campaign about forest fire and its impact on
wild life.
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