CANADA

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DEPARTMENT of

FOREST

ANNUAL REPORT

1960 -1961

Canada

Department of Forestry

ANNUAL REPORT

Fiscal Year 1960-1961

Price 50 cents

99981-3-1

PRINTED IN CANADA

ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. QUEEN'S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY

OTTAWA, 1961

Cat. No. Fol-1OO1

OTTAWA, June 30, 1961.

To His Excellency Major General Georges P. Vanier, D.S.O., M.C.,

C.D., Governor General and Commander-in-Chief of Canada.

MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY:

The undersigned has the honour to lay before your Excellency the Annual Report of the Department of Forestry for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1961.

99981-3-li

Respectfully submitted,

3

HUGH JOHN FLEMMING Minister of Forestry.

The Honourable Hugh John Flemming, P.C., M.P.,

Minister of Forestry.

SIR:

I have the honour to submit the first Annual Report of the Department of

Forestry for the fiscal year which ended March 31, 1961.

The Department was established on October 1, 1960 by proclamation of the Governor-in-Council. Authority for its formation rests in the Department of

Forestry Act (S.C. 1960, Chapter 41), which received Royal Assent on August

1, 1960. Immediate staff requirements were met by drawing on personnel of the former Forestry Branch of the Department of Northern Affairs and National Re­sources and the former Forest Biology Division of the Research Branch, Depart­

ment of Agriculture; their transfers were effected by Order,..in-Council P.e. 1960-

1620 of November 26, 1960. Funds provided in 1960-61 appropriations for the operations of the Forestry Branch and the Forest Biology Division were also made available to this Department through a transfer authorized by Order-in-Council P.C. 1960-1768 of December 29, 1960.

The objects of the Department are indicative of the heightened interest in forestry current throughout Canada. Briefly, it will seek to promote improved man­agement and protection of our forest resources, more effective utilization of wood coupled with a reduction in waste, and improvement of the competitive position of our forest industries. It will undertake comprehensive programs of research re­lating to forestry and the utilization of forest products. It will also undertake, pro­mote and recommend measures for the encouragement of public co-operation in the protection and wise use of forest resources. The Minister, with the approval of

the Governor-in-Council, may enter into agreements with the government of any province or with any person for forest protection and management or for forest utilization.

The departmental organization is based on four Branches and a Division.

They are the Administration Branch, the Forest Research Branch, the Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, the Forest Products Research Branch, and the Economics Division. The Administration Branch is responsible for general depart­mental administration, for the provision of forest surveys and technical advice to other federal agencies and for the administration of federal-provincial agreements. The Forest Research Branch conducts investigations in the fields of silviculture,

ecology, physiology, forest mensuration, tree-breeding, forest fire protection, and forest survey methods. The Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch is concerned

with research relating to forest insect and disease problems. The Forest Products Research Branch undertakes research on the mechanical, physical, and chemical

properties of Canadian woods, on the development of new and better uses for wood products, and on improved manufacturing techniques with a view to obtain­

ing more complete utilization of the wood substance available from our forests.

4

The Economics Division will advise regarding the economic implications of present

and proposed policies, maintain a review of the economic position of Canada's forest industries, and conduct economic studies of production in Canada.

The functions of the former Forestry Branch of the Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources and of the former Forest Biology Division of the Department of Agriculture were transferred to this Department upon its inception.

Research projects commenced in the earlier organizations have continued without

interruption. These fields are being expanded and new departures will be under­taken as the Department develops.

Turning to the general condition of Canada's forest industries, it is encourag­ing to note a general improvement in 1960 as compared with 1959. Estimates of

production and exports indicate increases in the major segments of the industry. Lumber production for the country as a whole increased by nearly 6 per cent,

wood pulp and newsprint production increased by 6 per cent and paperboard by about 2 per cent. Exports of forest products reached a record high of 1,592 million dollars. Newsprint, wood pulp and lumber exports showed gains ranging from 5

per cent to 7 per cent. The volume of exports to the very important U.S. market was maintained, while export to Britain showed a dramatic increase of 93 per

cent in lumber, 30 per cent in wood pulp, and 17 per cent in newsprint.

I haw' presented in outline the development of the Department of Forestry,

together with a sketch of its organization and aims. The record would be incomplete without reference to the aid extended by other federal agencies during the Depart­ment's formative period. In particular, officials of the Department of Northern

Affairs and National Resources and of the Department of Agriculture were most co-operative; their departmental facilities were made available at all times and these were of valuable assistance during the organizational period.

Your obedient servant,

5

J. D. B. HARRISON, Deputy Minister.

Department of Forestry

Minister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HON. HUGH JOHN FLEMMING, P.C., M.P.

Executive Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .s. C. PRYDE

Deputy Minister's Office

Deputy Minister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. D. B. HARRISON

Executive Assistant . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. F. HURLEY

Economics Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. L. BEST

Administration Branch

Director . ........ ................................... H. W. BEALL

Forest Research Branch

Director ....... .................... . .......................... D. R. REDMOND

Associate Director (Forest Management Research) ........ . . ............. A . BICKERSTAFF

Associate Director (Forest Fire Research) ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. . . J. C. MACLEOD

Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch

Director

Associate Director (Entomology)

Associate Director (Pathology)

Forest Products Research Branch

....... M. L. PREBBLE

............. . B. M. MCGUGAN

. v. J. NORDIN

Director . ........................ .......................... J. H. JENKINS

6

CONTENTS

PAGE

Letters of transmittal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Annual Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Economics Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Administration Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Provincial Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Public Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Forest Research Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Forest Products Research Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Appendix

Tables 1 to 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7

Administration Branch

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

MINISTER

DEPUTY MINISTER

Ass istant

Deputy Minister

Forest Research Branch

Econom ics

Division

Forest Entomology a Pathology Branch

Forest Products

Research Branch

Annual Report of the Department of

Forestry 1960-1961

ECONOMICS DIVISIONl

Research in the economics of forestry embraces the whole range of economic activities which bear on the use of the forest resources, comprising parts of the fields of consumption, distribution and processing of the products of the forest, as well as production and use of the forest itself. It thus provides the basis for in­telligent decisions on the economic aspects of managing forest lands and of utiliz­ing their products and services.

With the establishment of the Department of Forestry the work in this field was reorganized on a divisional basis. When the reorganization is complete the Economics Division will comprise five sections located at Ottawa with regional economists stationed in selected field offices. Also, economists may be seconded to work directly with other branches of the Department on special problems. The sec­tions envisaged in the reorganization are: Statistical and Administrative, Forest Resources and Policy, Economics of Production, Marketing, and International Forestry.

The function of the Economics Division is to advise the Department regarding the economic implications of present and proposed policies; to keep the economic position of Canada's forest industries under constant review; to keep in touch with forestry and international developments in other countries; to conduct eco­nomic studies relating to forestry in Canada; and to co-operate with international organizations concerned with forestry and in which Canada maintains membership.

The Division continued to be represented on the Interdepartmental Food and Agriculture Organization Committee. Advisory assistance was given to the Tech­nical Co-operation Service of the Department of Trade and Commerce (now the External Aid Office) in providing courses of instruction for forestry graduates and students under the provisions of the Colombo Plan and the Expanded Technical Assistance Program.

The Division also provided the Secretary to the Canadian Delegation to the Fifth World Forestry Congress, held in Seattle, Washington, August 29 to Sep­tember 10, 1960.

Forest Industries

During 1960, Canada's forest industries continued to show an improvement over the 1957 recession. Estimates of production and exports of forest products in­dicated increases in the major segments of the industry. Lumber production for the

1 See Appendix, Table 1 .

9 99981-3-2

NET VALUE OF PRODU CTION OF CANADA'S FOREST INDUSTRIES BY PROV INCES

2�O r--------f---------+----------��--------�

(/)

0: " -' 2000 ...J

o

o

LEGEND British Coiumbio-- --- c=J Prairie Provinces----- � Ontario--- - - - - -- --- !lllIIllm Du,beeu -- - - - - n_ - t ..... ;.;., Morif i me Provinces---111111111 Aliantie Provine,sunk"""",,1

"- 1500 t---------r-------� o

Z 1000 1--------+--1 o

...J

500

o ,

---

This graph shows the net value of the products of Canada's forest industries by Provinces. The

net value is the sale value less the cost of materials, fuel, electricity, and the supplies consumed by each process. (SOURCE: Dominion Bureau of Statistics)

10

country as a whole increased nearly 6 per cent with a rise in British Columbia of 11 per cent, offsetting a decline of about 3t per cent in provinces east of the Rockies. The pulp and paper industry showed advances in production in nearly all of its major products with wood pulp and newsprint up 6 per cent from 1959 and paperboard up about 2 per cent.

Export trade in forest products in 1960 reached an all-time high of $1,592 million as against $1,516 million in 1959. Exports to the United States-Canada's major market for forest products-remained virtually the same, while Great Britain imported 93 per cent more lumber from Canada than in 1959, 30 per cent more wood pulp and an additional 17 per cent of newsprint. Total exports of these major commodities to all other countries showed gains varying from 18 to 36 per cent.

Utilization of forest products in 1959 was reported as 3,097 million cubic feet, an increase of 8t per cent over 1958 and a decrease of 1 per cent in com­parison with the ten-year average, 1949-58.

Advisory Committee on Forestry Statistics

This interdepartmental committee continued to advise the Dominion Statistician on matters relating to the provision of reliable forestry statistics. The committee reviewed such problems as methods of compiling the Woodland Questionnaire for the 1961 Census of Agriculture, the estimating of pulp chip production from wood residue, the development of adequate converting factors, and the possibility of providing information on exports of primary forest products by province or origin.

The Committee recommended that the publication of forestry statistics should be handled in future by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics . The Department of Forestry will continue to supply information for the National Forest Inventory. The Forestry Branch Bulletin "Forest and Forest Products Statistics, Canada" is replaced by "Canadian Forestry Statistics", a D.B .S. Reference Paper.

Sampling of Primary Forest Production on Private Lands

The development of experimental sampling methods for estimating forest pro­duction on private lands has been carried on continuously since 1958 in co-opera­tion with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics and various provincial forest author­ities. The survey in New Brunswick, where the initial work in this field was begun, passed from the experimental stage last year with the entire province being covered. The results have proven most encouraging and for the first time give estimates with

a known reliability of primary forest production in New Brunswick by broad tenure classes. The survey in this province has now been turned over to D.B.S. and the provincial Department of Lands and Mines for continuous operation.

A sample survey of primary forest production was carried out in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. The results of this survey have formed the basis for a revision in design and the development of an overall plan for initiating the survey in other part of the province. Similar work covering the whole province was also carried out in Prince Edward Island and the results indicate that revision of the sample design is not necessary for resurvey purposes.

11 99981-3-21

The sampling design used last year in the Tweed District of Ontario was re­vised and the entire district was resurveyed on this basis. Considerable progress was attained in developing a reliable sampling method suitable to Ontario condi­tions. In co-operation with D.B.S. and the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, a program has been designed for extending the primary forest production survey to the other five districts comprising Southern Ontario.

A sample survey on a pilot basis was completed in the Edson-Whitecourt areas of Alberta with the co-operation of the Alberta Forest Service. In addition the problem of sampling for primary forest production statistics in Manitoba was fully explored and a detailed survey design developed for the province as a whole.

Study of Markets for Forest Products

In conjunction with the sample survey of primary forest production, a study was made of the markets for Prince Edward Island woodlot products . All buyers of forest products were interviewed in person in order to collect first-hand data and obtain an overall picture of the Island's sawmilling and wood-using industries. Coupled with data from the production survey and information from other sources it is now possible to evaluate the forestry sector of the Prince Edward Island economy and to appraise the opportunities for future development.

Pilot Study-Lumber End-Uses

The initial phase of this study was carried out in co-operation with the Canadian Lumbermen's Association. An interim report was prepared for the pilot study conducted in the Ottawa-Hull market area, and copies of the report were sent to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics and the Canadian Lumbermen's Association for their review and comment.

Economics of Forest Management

Because of the changing economic conditions of the past 10 years, a review was made of a study of the costs of sustained yield forest management. The original study was carried out on the Sault au Cochon Management Unit at Forestville, Quebec, in 1954, and resulted in the publication of Forestry Branch Bulletin 1 12, "Economics of Forest Management".

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ADMINISTRATION BRANCH

In addition to providing administrative and technical services for the Depart­ment as a whole, the Administration Branch is responsible for the activities formerly carried out by the Forestry Operations Division of the Forestry Branch, Depart­ment of Northern Affairs and National Resources . These include the administra­tion of federal-provincial agreements under which financial assistance is provided to the provinces for certain provincial forestry programs, the carrying out of forest surveys on federally administered lands, advising and assisting federal government agencies on forest management matters, and the provision of forestry educational material for schools, conservation associations, and the public generally.

The units which were transferred to the Department of Forestry from the Departments of Agriculture and Northern Affairs and National Resources did not include the staff required for most aspects of departmental administration, or for certain technical services. Therefore, during the latter part of the year under re­view, the Civil Service Commision undertook the recruitment of additional staff necessary to provide these services. As an interim measure, assistance was extended by the two "parent" departments in such matters as personnel administration, as well as purchasing, information, and art and photographic services. Without this generous co-operation the process of administrative organization in the new depart­ment would have been very much more difficult .

Several important developments took place with regard to the federal-pro­vincial forestry agreements. The execution of an agreement respecting forest fire protection with the Province of Quebec resulted in all 10 provinces participating, for the first time, in federally supported forestry programs. The Federal Government offered to contribute half the cost to the provinces of a program of forest access road construction during a 12-month period, up to a maximum of five million dollars. It also undertook to extend, for a further period of one year, the forest inventory and reforestation agreements which expired on March 31 st, 1961. Con­tinued support of the aerial spraying program in New Brunswick against the spruce budworm, with respect to spraying operations in 1961, was also agreed to.

The compilation of data obtained from forest surveys in the northern territories, national parks, and military training areas was continued, and a limited amount of new survey work was carried out. In the field of public relations the most important development was the production of an educational game for children, called "The Tree Game", the initial distribution of which is being made through the Canadian Forestry Association.

Provincial Agreements

Since 1951, the Provincial Agreements Section has administered the federal­provincial forestry agreements which have provided assistance to the provinces for forest inventories, reforestation, forest fire protection, and forest access roads and trails. Prior to October, 1960, the agreements were implemented and carried out

13

under the provisions of the Canada Forestry Act. With the formation of this De­partment, the Canada Forestry Act was repealed and these federal-provincial forestry agreements have since come under the Department of Forestry Act.

Forest Inventories2

Under the terms of the inventory agreements, the Federal Government pays half the cost of the approved programs of the seven participating provinces. These agreements, executed in 1956 and expiring March 31, 1961, provided for com­pletion of initial inventories by March 31, 1958, and for maintenance of the in­ventories thereafter. Initial inventory reports covering a gross area of 1,129,000 square miles have been published by the participating provinces.

Since 1958, the provinces have been engaged in inventory maintenance work of two distinct types. The initial inventories have been corrected for such disturb­ances as fire and logging, and allowances have been made for growth and changes in stand structure. In addition several of the provinces, using the initial inventory data, have defined permanent forest management units which are now being com­pletely re-inventoried under the maintenance program. Generally these second inventories are of such a nature that the summaries and maps produced are adapt­able to the preparation of forest management plans.

Early in 1961 the provinces were offered a one-year renewal of the inventory agreements for the period April 1, 1961 to March 31, 1962.

Reforestation3

The participating provinces which maintain their reforestation programs on unoccupied Crown lands at a level equal to or above the previous three-year average, receive a federal contribution of $10 per thousand trees planted and $1 per acre seeded. In addition, the Federal Government contributes one-fifth of the cost of establishing and operating new forest nurseries. Under a special agreement, Prince Edward Island receives 50 per cent of the cost of reforesting lands unsuitable for agriculture .

. In 1960-61, payments were made to five provinces for the planting of a total of more than 17 million trees, and in addition nurseries were contributed to in Saskatchewan, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Since 1951 the Federal Government has contributed to the planting of 122,635,000 trees, the seeding of 8,777 acres, and the cost of 15 new nurseries. The agreements respecting reforestation expired on March 31, 1961; however, as in the case of forest in­ventories, a one-year renewal of reforestation aid was offered to the provinces early in 1961.

Forest Fire Protection4

In 1960-61 all 10 provinces participated under the federal-provincial forest fire protection agreements. Federal contributions amounting to $1,250,000 were available for capital expenditures on fire prevention, detection, and suppression equipment; buildings, airfields, and improvements; and the hiring of aircraft.

2 See Appendix, Table 2. 3 See Appendix, Tables 2 and 3. • See Appendix, Table 4.

14

The allotment to each province is dependent upon the province's past ex­penditures on fire protection and also its forested area. The fire protection agree­ments terminate on March 31, 1962, and the federal contribution in 1961-62 is again limited to $1,250,000.

Forest Access Roads and Trails5

As a continuation of a program initiated in 1958, a further offer of federal financial assistance to the provinces for the construction of forest access roads and trails was made late in 1960 for the period December 1, 1960, to November 30,

1961.

In accordance with a formula based on the productive forest area of each province, a sum of $5,000,000 was allotted to the various provinces. Within the individual provincial allotments, the Federal Government will contribute 50 per cent of the cost of approved projects.

During the fiscal period December 1, 1960, to March 31, 1961, six provinces commenced projects to which federal payments amounted to $644,107. Two other provinces commenced construction in the spring of 1961. It is expected that the entire federal allotment of $5,000,000 will be utilized during the period of the agreements.

Aerial Spraying Operation-New Brunswick6

In 1959 there was a sharp and unexpected resurgence of the spruce budworm population in residual outbreak areas of central New Brunswick. In 1960, it was necessary to renew spraying operations as it was considered that further defoliation would cause extensive tree mortality. The Federal Government contributed one­third of the cost, amounting to $522,920, and the Government of New Brunswick and the participating forest industry each contributed like amounts. The operations were conducted by Forest Protection Limited, a Crown Corporation organized for that purpose.

During the summer of 1960 weather conditions were extremely favourable to the development of the budworm and unfavourable for efficient spraying operations. As a result, it became necessary to make plans and obtain supplies for covering an area of approximately 1 .8 million acres in 1961.

Forest Management

Forest Inventory in the Territories

For the first time since 1949 no forest survey party went North in 1960. The break was used to good advantage to catch up with mapping and compilation, and to bring mapping and timber estimating methods more into line with operators' requirements. Completion of the inventory survey of 1958 on the Upper Liard River is awaiting a final check in 1961. This is perhaps the most desirable stretch of timber in the Yukon, from the standpoint of logging and accessibility.

• See Appendix, Table 4. 6 See Appendix, Table 5.

15

Mapping of the Alberta portion of Wood Buffalo Park on a scale of one mile to the inch was completed. Detailed maps on a scale of 20 chains to the inch, and timber estimates have also been completed for merchantable timber along the length of the Peace River. They are presently in use for the cutting operations in this area.

White spruce on the Peace River is rightly famous for its size and antiquity. Stands of 120 feet in height, 200-250 years old, and 40 M ft.b.m. per acre are not uncommon. Less well known but by no means unimportant is the black poplar in the same locality. The poplar cull survey in 1959 indicated, from the analysis of 850 trees cut, that interior decay was much less than expected, regardless of the frequent broken tops, scars, burls, and crooks resulting from physical injury. Al­most half the volume of trees over 100 years is estimated to be of peeler quality and decay became severe only after 200 years.

Forest Inventory-National Parks

A field party spent the summer in the Riding Mountain National Park. Some 750 fifth-acre plots were measured for stand, volume, height and productivity. Only a few of the map sheets have been drawn so far. The more conventional cover­type - age class combination was replaced by sub-type and cutting class, which is considered to be more practical for the woods manager. The divisions are slightly finer yet easier to recognize in that maturity and need for cutting are decided by the appearance and condition of the stand rather than by a predetermined age which is not always applicable. The system was ac:Iapted from Scandinavian practice.

At the same time two blocks of line plots were established to record forest development after logging operations in the Park.

Camp Gagetown, N.B.

Commercial forestry operations have been carried out since 1954-55 on the 430-square-mile Camp area, 85 per cent of which is forested. Though confined largely to mature and insect-infested timber, cutting is spread throughout the area. Thanks to the co-operation of the Army, inconvenience from training is at a minimum. Good forest land and rapid recovery of young stands after severe cutting shortly before the Camp was established mean increasing volume of timber for dis­posal, and so provide an incentive for intensive forest management.

The permanent staff consists of two forestry officers, 9 rangers, a clerk and two tradesmen. Seasonal employees number 19. Each of the four ranger stations has an office-residence and garage-storehouse, two trucks and the necessary fire pumps, hose and other equipment. The four lookout towers are linked by radio and tele­phone with H.Q. near Oromocto.

Since cutting began some 1,115 permits and 9 timber sales were issued up to March 31, 1961. The total volume of wood cut during this 7-year period is 3.2 million cubic fet, yielding a stumpage revenue of more than $198,000.7 In addition, 102 hay permits and 20 grazing permits have been issued, with a revenue of $570.

The forestry staff are also responsible for fire protection on the area. From 1954 to 1960 inclusive, 135 fires have been fought but only 231 acres of forested

7 See Appendix, Table 6.

16

land have been burned. Old farm roads are being graded and new roads are being built to improve the road system for logging and fire protection. More than 30 miles of road have been improved or built in the two years since this program began. Under the winter works program 20 men were employed on trail improve­ment and cutting pulpwood in a difficult stand.

Other Military Areas

The contract sale of pine plantation thinnings at Camp Borden ended with a total of 3,780 cords of pulpwood cut since 1956-57, which yielded $5,680 in stumpage. Thinnings are continuing by permit, which may lead to continuous operations on a small scale.

Cutting began with a 500-cord pulpwood permit on the McGivney Ordnance Depot during the winter of 1960-6 1 and on the Bathurst Rifle Range, also in New Brunswick, the winter before . These operations were supervised by the Camp Gagetown staff.

Public Relations

For the first time, television was used by the Department in the form of a 20-second clip, as a means of public education in the field of forest fire prevention. This medium of mass communication is expected to reach a segment of the popu­lation untouched by those previously established such as publications, posters, dis­plays, films and photographs.

Of the 85,000 publications distributed, over 20,000 were in the category of educational material directed to non-professional groups and distributed through provincial education departments, and through associations concerned with im­proving forestry practices. The distribution of scientific and technical publications was extended to several research organizations in Europe, Asia, and South America, through the expansion of an exchange system.

The window displays shown at the Head Office of the Department of Forestry and the fire prevention posters displayed in co-operation with the Post Office Department were additional aids to public education in the protection and con­servation of our forest resources. The four training films were used by forest protection services and forest industries for the training of fire-fighting crews. Approximately 200 black and white prints and 6 transparencies were used in the production of publications by outside agencies.

An educational game for children, called "The Tree Game" was produced, and a limited initial distribution was arranged through the Canadian Forestry Association towards the end of the fiscal year. It is expected that the game will be used chiefly as a prize for essay contests and similar purposes.

17

FOREST RESEARCH BRANCH

The research conducted by this Branch contributes to the development of Canadian forestry in two ways: first, by providing basic information on the char­acteristic occurrence, growth, development, and behaviour of tree species through­out the wide range of forest types and environmental conditions in the various forest regions of Canada; and secondly, by developing and testing new or improved methods for use in forest management and forest fire control . Results are made available through publications, instruction, training, technical assistance, demon­stration of new or improved methods, and practices. Many of the studies are con­ducted in co-operation with other federal departments, provincial forest author­ities, other research agencies, universities, and industrial companies .

During the past year, the Forest Research Branch employed on a full time basis 92 research officers assisted by 72 technicians with a supporting clerical, labour and maintenance staff of 85; in addition, there was a seasonal staff of 201 composed of students, technicians, and prevailing rate employees, to assist in var­ious aspects of the field program and maintenance. The research program of the Branch is conducted through seven district offices located at Victoria, B.C.; Cal­gary, Alta.; Winnipeg, Man.; Ottawa, Ont.; Quebec, P.Q.; Fredericton, N .B.; and St. John's, Nfld. Most of the staff of the Branch is at these district offices and at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Chalk River, Ont. In addition, there are two research sections at Ottawa dealing with specialized aspects of forest fire and forest inventories research.

The highlights of the program during 1960-61 are dealt with under the following headings.

Silviculture and Management

The research program in silviculture and management provides basic infor­mation for maintaining a forest of high quality and for increasing forest production.

Special emphasis is given to means of improving regeneration following cutting and preventing the replacement of valuable species with those of inferior quality. Results that became evident during 1960-61 have shown promise of achieving these goals, with natural reproduction, for several species and a variety of habitats. Especially promising results were obtained in Quebec and Ontario with cutting methods and seedbed treatments for white pine, and in Nova Scotia with a method of partial cutting for white spruce in old-field stands. Related projects, with which substantial progress was made during the year, include studies of spruce in the Prairie Provinces and yellow birch in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario.

Planting is the only practical way to restock some lands which fail to re­produce after cutting and certain types of abandoned farm lands, and a high priority is given to plantation research. Projects active in 1960-61 were concerned mainly with methods of planting and means of treating plantations to produce high yields of particular products.

18

Artificial seeding should be less expensive than planting if reliable techniques could be devised, and several projects concerned with methods of preparing ground

prior to seeding were initiated.

In other fields of silvicultural research interim results became available from a variety of projects and several new projects were established. Those worthy of special mention among the latter are studies concerned with increasing yields of

usable products from natural stands.

A major increase in background information for program planning was pro­

vided by a survey for the preparation of new cover type and site maps of the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. Similar work was begun for the Riding

Mountain Experimental Area .

Mensuration

A new survey technique was developed for assessing the adequacy of stock­ing in reproduction stands. Another new method, for predicting density changes in lodgepole pine, was designed to aid in planning silvicultural treatments to young stands. Preliminary yield tables for the pulpwood forests of central Newfoundland

were prepared from permanent sample plot records. The continuing large-scale

program of providing basic information on the growth and development of impor­

tant forest types was advanced by the adaptation of older techniques of analysis to modern data processing procedures.

Tree Improvement

This program was expanded through the addition of two research officer posi­tions, with one of these at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station to handle provenance studies, and the other at Winnipeg to initiate a tree improvement pro­

gram in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In the spruce investigations, progress was made with black and red spruce hybridization and in the establishment of a com­prehensive red spruce provenance test in 21 localities. Several strains of Scots pine have been selected and propagated which show promise of producing ex­ceptionally fine Christmas tree stock of high economic value. In the Maritimes, the selection program built up breeding stock of native and exotic fir (Abies) for future studies of resistance to the spruce budworm and balsam woolly aphid, and for improved wood production. Development of techniques for forcing early flow­

ering continued with emphasis on reciprocal scion-rootstock relationships within pines and spruces, and also with fertilizers, chilling and photoperiod on various species.

Tree Biology

Studies of the physiology of flowering in spruce and Douglas-fir continued. Analyses of developing buds and tissues have established some of the anatomical and biochemical patterns accompanying morphogenesis and seasonal growth. Some success has been achieved in altering these patterns through modification of the

environment.

19

In silvical research, attention has been primarily focussed on the phenology, seed production, establishment and growth of the native conifers. Ecological ex­

periments using controlled environment chambers have shown that the germination of both jack pine and lodgepole pine seed is subject to photoperiodic control. Black spruce has been successfully grown to large size under continuous light, and

supplementary light in the nursery has been shown to effectively increase the sea­sonal height growth of red, white and black spruce. The role of surface drought in mortality of spruce seedlings has been further documented in the field; also addi­

tional evidence has been found that the elimination of tree seedlings under a close forest canopy is due to limitation of root growth by low light intensity. Other studies of particular interest concerned the crown-volume/foliage-weight ratios of

pine, air-layering of Douglas-fir and the taxonomy of native poplars and birches.

Forests and Forest Land

In all Districts the geographic study of forests and forest sites is a major proj­ect, and there has been a recent marked trend toward taking forest-and-Iand

"systems" as objects of study rather than treating the component parts separately. Detailed descriptions of forest regions and forest types in the Maritime Provinces and in north-central Newfoundland were completed for publication, while in

Labrador, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia reconnaissance stud­ies of important forest areas continued. Also, in the western provinces methods of land classification for forestry use were investigated, and in the east several exper­

imental site maps for silvicultural use were prepared. Developmental trends were traced in a number of disturbed and undisturbed forest types.

Limited research continued on forest soils: their physical and chemical prop­

erties, and their responses to fertilization. In connection with studies of the nutrient cycle, micro-techniques were devised for determining the nitrogen content of wood and bark. Forest climate investigations included a regional test of the

Paterson CVP index and preliminary work on the use of the Pallmann sugar­inversion method for temperature comparisons. Techniques of instrumentation and

climate measurement in forest stands received special attention at the Petawawa

Forest Experiment Station. In Alberta, a watershed research program was started in co-operation with other agencies.

Forest Inventories Research

Publications on the recognition of tree species in air photographs from crown

characteristics and from phenological information were completed. Tests of photo­grammetric methods of determining tree heights were continued and investigations

of the determination of periodic volume increment from air photographs taken periodically were commenced.

Hardwood and softwood stands were readily recognizable from tone differ­ences in infra red photographs taken in late summer at the Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. Corresponding tones were comparatively weak in the comple­mentary panchromatic photographs but were adequate except in very rare instances.

20

Testing of a promising planimeter known as the MK Area Calculator was commenced. This instrument is designed to measure automatically forest map areas on a transparent grid overlay by means of a pencil that completes an electric circuit .

Work proceeded on the construction of stand volume tables to facilitate estimating timber quantities from aerial photographs. Comparisons were made of various regression equations and graphical methods for construction of the tables. Statistical analyses were conducted to provide specific information on the value of relating local measurements to the data of the standard stand volume tables.

Forest Fire Research8

Adequate protection of forests against fire is essential not only to conserve the resource but also to encourage good forest management by providing security against destruction by fire of improvement and other investments made in the forests by governments and industries.

Preparation of two sets of forest fire danger tables for use in British Columbia was completed in time for their use at the start of the 1961 fire season. A method for reproducing fire danger tables in circular slide-rule form was devised. This fire danger 'meter' will help meet the wide-spread demand by fire bosses and other field men for a pocket-size danger-rating device.

Progress was made with a project relating to the classification of forest fuel types. Detailed statistical analyses of replies to a fuel-type questionnaire, sent to many fire control men in Ontario and Quebec, indicated some advantages and limitations of a purely SUbjective approach to the problem. An objective approach, started in 1958 and made through a study of wild-fire and prescribed fires, was continued.

Interest in prescribed burning as a silvicultural tool and as a means of reducing forest hazard has increased in Canada. Field work was completed on a project designed to show how experimental prescribed burns should be undertaken.

The laboratory portion of a project relating to the inflammability of three species of Christmas tree, spruce, balsam fir and Scots pine, was completed . The study showed that there are significant differences in the inflammability of the three species.

The first of a three- to four-year study of the physical factors of lightning as a cause of forest fires was made. A preliminary analysis of some 640 reports in­dicates that the completed project will provide background data essential for a strong attack on this troublesome fire cause.

Development of a new-style device for folding forestry hose was completed. Tests with a prototype model show that the simple instrument provides a means of folding hose quickly and compactly.

8 See Appendix, Table 7.

21

FOREST ENTOMOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY BRANCH

The Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch conducts forest insect and disease research and surveys in all provinces of Canada. The Branch also provides

technical advisory services to provincial forestry departments, industrial firms and associations, municipalities, private owners, and others concerned with control

of insects and diseases affecting forests, woodlots and shade trees.

The programs of research investigations, surveys and advisory services are

performed by specially trained staff at regional laboratories located at Comer

Brook, Nfld.; Debert, N.S .; Fredericton, N.B.; Quebec, P.Q.; Maple (Toronto) and Sault Ste. Marie , Ont.; Winnipeg, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask .; Calgary, Alta .; and Vernon and Victoria, B .C. To supplement the work of the regional laboratories, there are three special subject-matter groups that carry out investigations in cytol­ogy and genetics, bioclimatology and chemical control. The whole program of the branch is directed and co-ordinated on a national scale by branch headquarters in Ottawa.

The establishment of the Branch, which was formerly the Forest Biology Division of the Department of Agriculture, comprised 165 professional employees,

255 other year-round employees, and 135 seasonals, for a total of 555, in the fiscal year 1960-61.

The programs of work undertaken by the Branch are based on careful reviews of the more important forest insect and disease problems in the different regions

of Canada, continuing appraisals of the need for additional information to be

obtained through surveys and research and consultations with provincial forestry departments, industry, and other federal government departments and agencies.

Most of the research program is of a fairly long-term nature and does not change markedly from year to year. However, insect and disease infestations do undergo

marked seasonal changes and frequently require control action. Some features of the 1960 program are reviewed briefly in the following paragraphs .

Forest Insect and Disease Survey

The Forest Insect and Disease Survey handled more than 24,000 insect col­

lections and some 9,200 disease collections at regional centres from Comer Brook to Victoria . To complement the biological data derived from the collections, in­

formation on areas of infestation was obtained from ground and aerial surveys. Forest damage and insect population appraisals were carried out in severe in­festations to assist in planning direct control measures over extensive areas.

Among new records obtained by the Survey, two introduced rust diseases of European origin were discovered in British Columbia; the pine twist rust on ponderosa pine seedlings at Telkwa and the pear-juniper rust near Victoria. The

Dutch elm disease was recorded farther to the north in south-central Ontario; and

22

in New Brunswick, where the disease was first reported in 1957, it is now known to occur extensively in the Saint John River Valley from the vicinity of Fredericton nearly to Grand Falls.

Rising infestations of the forest tent caterpillar in the Prairie Provinces appear to presage a recurrence of a great general outbreak in the region. There are also evidences of similar increases in Ontario and the Maritime Provinces after several years of scarcity. The larch sawfly increased notably in New Brunswick and in eastern and central Quebec in 1960, and infestations of variable intensity extend from Newfoundland to northeastern British Columbia. Outbreaks of the spruce budworm persisted in central New Brunswick, northwestern Ontario, in parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, in the Mackenize Valley of the Northwest Territories, and in northern British Columbia. Intensive infestations of two little-known forest insects occurred in British Columbia, namely, the saddle-backed looper at Kitimat and the green-striped forest looper on the west coast of Vancouver Island.

Entomology and Pathology

Programs of basic research on forest insects and fungi have been continued to establish adequate foundations for effective control measures. Dwarf mistletoe is increasingly recognized as a menace in the lodgepole and jack pine stands of Alberta, and severe infections occur over substantial areas. Experimental trials have confirmed the value of aerial surveys for the detection of heavy infection in old stands or groups of lodgepole and jack pine trees. Research was begun in Alberta to establish procedures for assessment of mistletoe damage, and intensive studies of host-parasite relationships were initiated in the spruce mistletoe problem in eastern Canada.

Foliage diseases were favoured by weather conditions in British Columbia in 1960. The needle cast disease of yellow pine intensified for the third consecutive year, leading to killing of lower branches of mature trees and mortality of sup­pressed trees. Needle cast diseases of western larch and Douglas-fir occurred at epidemic levels. Research was begun to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics in control of the Rhabdocline needle cast disease of Douglas-fir of Christmas-tree size.

Encouraging results in previous years with ground applications of virus suspensions against the Swaine jack pine sawfly in Quebec led to experiments with applications from Stearman aircraft in 1960. Virus applied in oil-water suspensions, or as water suspensions with latex and blood plasma, at a concentration of 500,000 to 1,000,000 polyhedral bodies per cubic centimeter, and at a nominal dosage of about one gallon per acre, produced excellent control of the sawfly. Once estab­lished in an infestation, the disease spread considerably beyond the limits of initial virus spray application. It was also found that the virus contained in polyhedral bodies remains pathogenic after passage through the intestinal tracts of birds and small mammals, thus indicating that longer-range dispersal of the disease may result from the actions of vertebrate predators that feed upon diseased sawfly larvae.

The results of earlier experiments with reduced dosages of DDT against the spruce budworm were employed in extensive spray operations carried out by Forest Protection Limited against this pest in central New Brunswick in 1960.

23

Concentrations and dosages of DDT per acre were applied as follows, the acreage figures being derived from planimetric measurements of maps of the sprayed area:

1.34 million acres at t lb. per t gal. per acre 0.34 million acres at i lb. per t gal. per acre 1.24 million acres at t lb. per t gal. per acre.

It was found that where satisfactory spray deposit occurred, control of the bud­worm was adequately high at t lb. DDT per acre. Where spray deposit was un­satisfactory, the lower application rate of DDT produced less satisfactory control of the bud worm than the higher application rate. Associated studies by the Fisher­ies Department and Fisheries Research Board showed that the effect of the t lb. application rate was less serious on aquatic fauna than the t lb. application rate. Persistent budworm infestations in central New Brunswick will require a control operation again in 1961. Plans have been made to spray about 1.8 million acres at t lb. DDT per t gal . per acre. Some 400,000 acres of this operational area, wherein bud worm populations have persisted at high levels during the last three years, will be sprayed a second time, about 10 to 14 days after the first spraying, in an attempt to reduce residual populations below the danger level.

Among other forest pests against which control operations were carried out in 1960, the gypsy moth warrants special mention. This foreign pest has long been established in the northeastern states, but infestations on the Canadian side of the border (southwest New Brunswick and southern Quebec) have been infrequent and usually of short duration. Surveys and eradication programs at Canadian border points are undertaken by the Plant Protection Division of the Department of Agriculture in co-operation with the Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, provincial authorities, and the United States Department of Agriculture. As a result of spread from infestations in New York State, male moths have been captured in traps in southern Quebec west of Lake Champlain nearly every year since 1954, with considerably increased numbers in 1959. Gypsy moth eggs were found in several localities in Chateauguay and Huntingdon Counties in 1959. Aerial applications of DDT at 1 lb. per gallon of solvent per acre were made to about 2,050 acres of woodland in four localities in early May of 1960. No evidence of defoliation was noted during the summer, but some 290 moths were captured in traps in areas extending as far as 60 miles east from Valleyfield and Huntingdon. Eggs were . found in six localities in Huntingdon, St. Jean and Iberville Counties in special surveys in October and November of 1960. Plans are being laid by the Plant Protection Division for aerial spray operations over some 3,000 acres in 1961, in an effort to eradicate this infestation.

The Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch has close scientific affinities with several of the research institutes of the Research Branch of the Department of Agriculture. Arrangements have been made for continuing research liaison be­

tween the departments of Agriculture and Forestry, especially in entomology, my­cology and biological control.

24

FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH BRANCH

The Forest Products Research Branch undertakes research embracing every aspect of forest products except that relating to the paper field. The Branch, with its Headquarters in Ottawa, includes the former Forest Products Laboratories Division, and comprises the Ottawa Laboratory, the Vancouver Laboratory, an Industrial Liaison Service, and a Technical Information Service.

During 1960-61 the Branch employed 69 professional personnel, 61 tech­nicians and tradesmen, and 27 clerical staff in continuing positions. An additional 30 research workers were hired on a seasonal basis.

Fundamental and applied research, conducted through the two laboratories, is directed toward obtaining the necessary background information and data on the properties of Canadian woods; the development of new and better uses for wood products; improving manufacturing processes; and a more complete utiliza­tion of wood substances available from the forest. Close relationship with the forest products industries and users of timber is maintained to ensure that the re­search work of the Branch is of optimum national benefit.

The past year has been one of considerable activity and progress. Of special note has been the upsurge of interest in research shown by the various woodwork­ing industries, which has resulted in many suggestions and proposals for new research work.

During the past year, material for a very comprehensive publication was pre­pared on span tables for wood joists and rafters for housing, based on the use of grade-marked lumber. This important information is contained in FPRB Technical Note No. 30 which is being distributed widely to provide builders and lumbermen with an opportunity to become familiar with maximum permissible spans for floor, ceiling and roof joists, and rafters, under various live load conditions, for com­mercial species and grades of Canadian lumber. The Tables, calculated at the Ottawa Laboratory, were compiled at the request of the Associate Committee of the National Building Code of Canada, and it is anticipated that these Tables will be included in the new Housing Standards now being prepared. It is expected that this publication will find widespread use by engineers, architects, builders and ad­ministrative officers dealing with housing.

The Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation announced, in February, 1961, that grade-marked lumber will be required in housing constructed under the National Housing Act and in direct construction operations of CMHC, when the new Canadian Housing Code comes into effect, January 1, 1962. The Canadian Lumber Standards Administrative Board, of which the Chairman and Secretary are provided by the FPRB, has taken the necessary action to establish facilities to comply with NHA requirements for the grade marking of Canadian lumber. A similar procedure was established last year to meet requirements for Canadian lumber exported to the United States for use in FHA housing.

25

Industrial Liaison

The Industrial Liaison Service, a new function established this year, com­prises officers and clerical staff suitably located to service the Maritimes, Eastern Ontario, and the Prairies. Industrial Liaison Officers visited a large number of sawmill operations and secondary industries in their respective regions, to acquaint their owners with this new service to assist industry by keeping it aware of tech­nical advances and research developments. An encouraging number of technical inquiries were received from plants seeking to improve their manufacturing tech­niques ; from potential new businesses; and from established firms considering the expansion of their lines. Reports from these officers kept the laboratories informed of field problems on which research would be of value. There is every indication that the Industrial Liaison Service is looked upon with favour and, as it becomes better known, its value to industry will continue to increase.

Laboratories

Under active study during the year were some 14 1 research projects at the Ottawa Laboratory, and 52 at the Vancouver Laboratory.

Personnel of the Forest Products Research Branch were active on committees engaged in the preparation of National Standards covering a wide range of products manufactured from wood. Continuing technical assistance and advice was provided to Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation on the use of wood and wood products for housing. Acceptance testing was continued on wood, plywood, fibre­board, particle board, and fasteners, to determine their suitability in the housing field.

Considerable progress was made in the field of non-destructive testing of wood. A non-destructive test based on the relationship between vibrational and mechanical properties of wood shows promise for eventual use in the selection of clear wood for ladder rungs, tool handles, and other products requiring high strength and stiffness.

Various projects were initiated to deal with the use of wood as an engineered material. Of special interest were problems related to the manufacture and use of glued, laminated timbers. Investigations of the factors involved in the end-jointing of individual laminates were undertaken to determine their influence on strength and manufacturing costs. Some 70 full-size commercial beams were fabricated and tested for purposes of comparing their performances under service conditions and the results were tabulated and prepared for publication. Investigations indicated that properly designed and fabricated finger joints are sufficiently strong for safe use in many applications, but that they are somewhat weaker than equally well designed scarf joints, and that their performance is considerably in excess of design requirements.

An item of especial interest was the development of an experimental circular saw blade in the Branch research sawmill. This new blade comprises a separate rim section which is joined to a laminated centre-section in such a manner as to permit free expansion in operation. The blade shows promise, both as a means of increasing sawing accuracy and of reducing the amount of sawdust.

26

Hardwood logging studies undertaken in Eastern Canada indicated that a sub­stantial improvement in log quality and overall utilization could be achieved through the application of log-grading techniques on commercial hardwood oper­ations. These and previous findings are considered of major importance, and a

course-demonstration presentation is being prepared which will be available to representatives of industry in the near future.

In lumber recovery studies conducted in Alberta, the amount of solid residue and sawdust produced when spruce logs are manufactured into lumber was meas­ured at representative mills. The Alberta Forest Service and the Alberta Forest Products Association co-operated in this study which also included an examination of the effect of different types of equipment on the quality of lumber produced.

Analysis of data from pre-logging and re-Iogging studies in British Columbia

indicated that 5 .9 per cent of the gross volume of wood remained on the area after pre-logging, 9.0 per cent after re-Iogging, and 26.4 per cent after standard logging. As a direct result of this study, new logging practices aimed at reducing the volume of wasted wood have been adopted by some companies in British Columbia.

Investigations of problems involved in bonding plywood and veneer indicate that good hot-press phenolic-resin bonds can be obtained with liquid resins only

when the water content of the glue, at the instant of pressing, is at or near optimum. This research also was indicative of a number of interesting relationships that are being investigated more intensively with the aim of obtaining information that will contribute towards improved bonding techniques and lower plywood manufacturing costs.

In the field of chemical utilization of wood, an experimental method has been developed for the preparation of wood pulps from sawdust, using gases dissolved in wood swelling compounds as the pulping agents. The pulping conditions are very mild and the pulps obtained show interesting properties.

Extensive investigations during the year finally determined the chemical structure of the main phenolic component of extractives of western red cedar. This

highly reactive substance was named plica tic acid. The substance has several in­teresting and unusual properties and it is believed that the new knowledge acquired

will stimulate utilization developments. Chemical studies were also commenced to determine the nature of a brown stain in western hemlock lumber shipped to

European markets.

Experiments were undertaken in an attempt to devise a satisfactory method

for preservative treatment to round western hemlock, which has always been

refractory in respect to penetration by creosote. The findings, which are considered

a useful contribution to basic wood preservation data, are being improved by

further experimentation.

Work undertaken on the more efficient utilization of forest products in pro­

tective packaging should result in substantial savings to consumer, industry, and

government. It is estimated that, from studies carried out on methods for the export

packing of butter, possible savings of more than one cent per pound could result.

A publication has been prepared for the guidance of the Canadian manu­facturer in means of reducing loss, damage, and costs in packing for export,

27

thereby enabling him to compete more efficiently in world markets. Considerable assistance was also given to the Department of National Defence through studies related to the use of more efficient materials and packaging systems to reduce costs.

Technical Information

The preparation of exhibits portraying the results of research and illustrating the properties of wood and wood products continued. In addition, 9,108 identi­fication-labelled wood samples of Canadian timber species were sold to the general public.

The dissemination of research findings continued during the past year. Tech­nical information was supplied in response to more than 3,263 inquiries received from manufacturers and users of all forms of forest products. A total of some 61,000 FPRB publications were distributed, 47 articles published in various trade papers and technical journals, several Branch articles being republished in foreign countries. Forty-eight talks and lectures were delivered by the staff to industrial and public groups. The "Improved Sawmilling Techniques" course initiated in 1958 was continued, with four courses being given during the year to 192 milImen in Ontario and Manitoba.

28

APPENDIX

1. Annual Forest Depletion 1

Products utilized :

Logs and bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Pulpwood . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Fuelwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wastage:

By forest fues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grand TotaL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Millions of Cu. Ft. of Usable Wood

1 949-58 19592

1 ,483

1 , 243

337

69

3 , 1 32

288

3 , 420

1 , 7303

1 , 062

260

45

3 , 097

94

3 , 1 9 1

Percentage of Depletion

1949-58 1 959

43 . 4 54 . 2

36 . 3 3 3 . 3

9 . 9 8 . 2

2 . 0 1 . 4

91 . 6 97 . 1

8 . 4 2 . 9

1 00 . 0 1 00 . 0

1 Does not include wastage caused by agencies other than fire, such a s insects, diseases, and natural mortality for which no reliable estimates are available.

2Preliminary estimates.

3Including logs for pulping.

2. Payments to Provinces Under the Forest Inventory and Reforestation Agreements

Total Forest Inventory Reforestation Federal Payments

Province Fiscal Total Fiscal Total Fiscal Total Year to Year to Year to

1960-61 Date 1 960-61 Date 1 960-61 Date $ $ $ $ $ $

Prince Edward Island . . . . 1 9 , 001 1 47 , 045 1 9 , 001 147 , 045

Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 , 454 342 , 545 854 1 3 , 869 I I , 308 356,414

New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 , 63 1 1 83 , 476 28 , 63 1 1 83 , 476

Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 1 85 , 787 2 , 31 8 , 1 53 1 8 3 , 367 1 , 1 14 , 76 1 369 , 1 54 3 , 432,914

Manitoba . . . . . . . 20, 089 390 , 343 1 1 , 841 83 , 82 1 3 1 , 930 474 , 1 64

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 354 352 , 579 1 8 , 603 3 5 , 220 55 , 957 387, 799

Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . 69 , 159 779, 026 769 769 69, 928 779,795

British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . 441 , 901 4 , 209 , 923 161 , 9 1 1 441 , 901 4 , 371 , 834

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 , 375 8 , 576 ,045 234,435 1 , 557, 396 1 , 027, 8 1 0 1 0 , 1 33 , 44 1

29

3. Reforestation Under the Forestry Agreements

Number of Trees Planted Area Planted (Acres) Area Seeded (Acres)

Province Fiscal Total Fiscal Total Fiscal Total Year to Year to Year to

1960-61 Date 1960-61 Date 1960-61 Date

Prince Edward Island . . . . 89 , 000 492, 000 90 416

Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 5 , 000 1 ,087

Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 , 435, 000 97, 730, 000 1 5 , 435 97, 730 6 , 000

Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 149, 000 7 , 122 ,000 1 , 169 6 , 586 35 1 351

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307, 000 1 ,932 , 000 314 1 , 667 241 1 , 877

Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,000 22 , 000 30 30 549 549

British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 , 422, 000 1 7 , 922

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 , 002 ,000 122 , 635 , 000 1 7 , 038 125, 438 1 , 141 8 , 777

4. Payments to Provinces Under the Forest Fire Protection and Access Roads Agreements

Forest Fire Protection Access Roads and Trails

Province Fiscal Year Total Fiscal Year Total 1960-61 to Date 1960-61 to Date

$ $ $ $

Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ,228 223,680 67, 009

Prince Edward Island . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 , 000 1 3 , 184

Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 , 360 164, 777 6 , 937 86, 336

New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63, 148 220, 209 9 , 806 65 , 461

Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286, 528 286 , 528 1 77 , 9 1 1 1 77 , 9 1 1

Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 281 , 224 997 , 1 58 1 , 78 3 , 289

Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 140 255 , 268 54, 844 507, 767

Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 , 996 308 , 364 435 , 848

Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,448 473 , 145 129, 445 390, 705

British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204, 928 787 , 271 265 , 164 1 , 423,951

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,250,000 3 , 729, 584 644 , 107 4 , 938 , 277

30

5. Aerial Spraying-New Brunswick and British Columbia

Area Sprayed Federal Payments Province

New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fiscal Year 1960-61 (acres)

2 , 920,000

2 , 920,000

Total to Date (acres)

1 6 , 753 , 0001

1 56, 000

1 6 , 909, 000

lGross area, including re-spraying. Net area approx. 6,850,000 acres.

Fiscal Year 1960·61

$

522, 920

522, 920

6. Timber Disposal, 1954·55 to 1960·61, Camp Gagetown

Unit of Stumpage Semi-Class Measure Sales Manufactured

Sawlogs, cut... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ft.b.m. 8 , 31 5 1 7

Pulpwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cords 4 , 7 1 8 351

Fuelwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cords 1 0 , 820 68

Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . number 1 5 , 675

Christmas trees .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bundles 2 1 , 75 1

Total volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cubic feet 3 , 1 30 , 140 3 8 , 700

Stumpage revenue .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... $ 195 , 171 2 , 947

.3 1

Total to Date

$

4 , 224, 967

83 , 927

4 , 308 , 894

Total Sales

8 , 332

5 , 069

10, 888

1 5 , 675

2 1 , 751

3 , 1 68 , 840

198 , 1 18

7. Forest Fire Losses in Canada, 1959

(compared with 1 00year average, 1 949-58)

Total number of fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total area burned (acres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Size of average fire {acres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saw timber burned (M ft. b.m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Small material (cords) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Actual cost of fire fighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $

Other fire protection costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . $

Area under protection (sq. mi.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Provinces

Annual Average 1 949-58

5 , 689

1 , 547, 934

272

545 , 589

1 , 825 , 79 1

3 , 48 5 , 637

1 7 , 472, 05 1

1959

5 , 245

549 ,434

104

74, 250

732, 659

4 , 1 59 , 208

25 , 681 , 6281

1 , 221 , 077

Yukon and NWT

Annual Average 1 949-58 1959

1 1 5 1 3 8

747, 1 8 1 1 53 , 04 1

6 , 497 1 , 109

1 2 , 043 2 , 000

250, 693 199 , 030

69 , 9 1 7 94, 967

1 68 , 690 487, 979

125 , 000

IBased on 1958 data. Complete cost figures for 1959 are not available at time of printing.

8. Publicatious and Articles, 1960-61

Types of Publications

Bulletins English . . . . . . . .

Technical Notes English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Articles and Papers in Scientific Journals, Proceedings, etc.

English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-Chapters in Scientific Books and Mono­graphs

English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Issues of Periodicals English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Limited Distribution English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Other Classifications English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Forest Economics

Division

2

Administra­tion

Branch

Forest Research

Branch

(Number of Items)

2

1 6 7

1 5

4 3

7

1 43 articles in six issues during the year.

2 1 2 issues of Research News includes 73 short articles.

32

Forest Entomology

and Pathology

Branch

1 19 3

10

61 6

4

Forest Products Research

Branch

7 2

46 I

1 62

3

Total

3

23

9

1 83 4

1 0

28 10

1 1

6