Forensic science in illegal trade on

wildlife

Dr Richard K BagineKenya Wildlife Service

Presentation outline

• Introduction

• Illegal trade in wildlife

• Wildlife crimes in Kenya

• Forensic in wildlife and their potentials

• Challenges in use of forensic science

• Use of forensics in KWS

• Conclusion

Introduction Forensic - The application of scientific knowledge to legal matters

Wildlife forensics is a relatively new field of wildlife criminal investigations.

Goals:1. Use scientific procedures to examine, identify, and compare evidence from wildlife crime scenes

2. Link this evidence with a suspect and a victim

Introduction cont’d…

Forensic science has a key role to play in curbing wildlife crimes

Illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products affects the survival of species

Populations of rhinos and elephants have declined in recent years as a result of trade in their products.

Introduction cont’d…

A three decade wildlife population estimates ('00) in Kenya

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

1970 1980 1990

Years

Po

p.

es

tim

ate

s

Other wildlife species also declining due to continued degradation of habitats and unsustainable use of their products

Illegal trade in wildlife(1)

The factors contributing to illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products

Poverty – unsustainable use

Human population growth and encroachment to wildlife areas

Ineffective legal deterrent measures

Low input costs involved in the trade

Deepening antipathy towards wildlife by landowners

Illegal trade in wildlife(2)

Issues that feature prominently in illegal trade on wildlife & their products

What is the identity of the specimen in question?

What is the provenance of the specimen in question?

What is the cause of death or injury?

Can a suspect be connected to wildlife crime scene?

WILDLIFE CRIMES IN KENYA.

• Kenya's invaluable wildlife resources are a target of illegal activities such as poaching and illegal exploitation.

• These illegal activities threaten the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats

• E.g

Bush meat trade

Illegal trade on a wide spectrum of wildlife products has become a serious threat and a major conservation challenge to Kenya Wildlife Service.

TROPHY POACHING OF WILDLIFE

• Target Trophies Ivory Rhino horns Skins

Corals and shells

SOME STATISTICS - ARRESTS AND

RECOVERIES (2005) CRIME ARRESTS RECOVERIES

Poaching 40 Bush meat 146 862 Kgs

Snares 32 2468 Others 181 Totals

399

Forensics in wildlife conservation

Among the many fields of forensic science the most applicable in illegal trade in wildlife is Forensic Biology

Many forensic techniques can be utilized to investigate illegal trade on wildlife & other contraband products.

Forensic science can support effective enforcement of national wildlife legislation.

Forensic science has other wider applications in wildlife conservation

Forensic methods in wildlife crime

The ouchterlony immuno diffusion methods

The precipitin method using the eletrophorensis

The DNA material analysis- mitochondrial DNA- nuclear DNA – micro satellites

- multilocus fingerprints

Molecular based techniques, which are highly sensitive and specific are perhaps the ultimate forensic tools to curb trade in wildlife products

Forensic PotentialSmooth surfaces –

– Fingerprints/footprints/tool marks– DNA

Absorbent surfaces – (paper/wood/cloth)– DNA– Fingerprints (ninhydrin)– Chemical/Morphometric analysis

Fluid – (Blood/saliva)– DNA– Toxicology– Spatter pattern analysis

Potential strength of evidence using forensic

methods

Wildlife crime scene assessment

Identify all forensic trace evidence Identify which will assist to investigate

the offence Preserve, recover and record the

appropriate evidence Deliver to the laboratory in a condition

and with a chain of custody which allows it to be used as evidence.

Challenges in use of forensic science in wildlife

crimesIdentification of trace evidence that can assist your case by –– Proving an offence has taken place– Identifying an offender– Linking an offender to a crime scene– Linking items removed from a crime

scene with that scene In some cases no reliable methods for

identification of wildlife products are available

Use of forensics in KWS

In the year 2002, KWS embarked on developing a forensic technique for detecting bush meat.KWS employed the immuno-diffusion

technique for wildlife meat identification. This method, developed with assistance from University of Nairobi is considered easier and less expensive

KWS collaborates with the Government Chemist to identify suspected meat samples using precipitin method.

The molecular based approach (using DNA) is yet to be used despite its complexity and cost factors

Challenges in combating wildlife crimes in Kenya

Lack of human resource

Court and litigation procedures

Weaker laws on wildlife forensics

Costs and protocols

Conclusion (1)

All standard forensic techniques are applicable to wildlife law enforcement cases

Forensic opportunities to assist a case are many and available

Many of the techniques can be applied long after the crime has taken place so long as good crime scene preservation and recovery of evidence has been carried out

Forensic requirements in wildlife sector

Modern laboratory

Capacity building and training in forensic sciences for wildlife officers

Improved collaboration with local and international partners including

INTERPOL

Appropriate policies that enhance compliance and enforcement of wildlife laws

Conclusion (2)

THANK YOU

SOME THREATENED/ENDANGERED SPECIES

What are you looking to identify?

Anything which does not belong to the scene

Anything which has been disturbed or damaged

Anything which has been removed

Any part of something which has been removed or has been left behind

Anything left at the scene by the offender

Marks made at the scene by the offender

Basic handling and contamination

avoidanceFour Key Areas – PPE – (Personal Protective

Equipment) Activities at the scene Sample Collection/taking Transportation and packaging