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Development and HealthMalaria
Disease Case Study: Introduction to Malaria
Today I will:- know the main features of Malaria- be able to describe its distribution
Development and HealthMalaria
Global population at risk: 2.3 billion people (about
40% of the world’s population)
Global annual mortality: 1.5 - 3 million deaths, or between 4000 and 8000
each day
In the time it takes to say the word malaria, ten people, seven of them
children, will have caught it
Development and HealthMalaria
The name comes from the Italian mal (bad) and aria (air) – it was originally thought the disease was spread by the damp air from swamps.
Development and HealthMalaria
The link between the disease and the Anopheles Mosquito was first made by Ronald Ross, a Scottish army doctor, working in India.
Development and HealthMalaria
You can catch Malaria from blood transfusions, infected needles or intra placentally i.e. from a mother to the baby in her womb.
But by far the most common way is by being bitten by the female Anopheles Mosquito.
Development and HealthMalaria
When the Anopheles Mosquito “bites”, it actually sinks a long, thin mouth part, the proboscis, into the skin.
The mosquito then pumps saliva under the skin, to stop the blood clotting – so that it can drink uninterrupted! In the saliva is the main culprit, the Plasmodium, a single-cell blood parasite.
Development and HealthMalaria
There are four types of malaria: Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium Falciparum – the most deadly.
If the person is infected, then they will transfer the Plasmodium into the mosquito, which can then fly off and infect someone else.
If the mosquito is carrying the Plasmodium, then it will transfer it to the victim’s bloodstream in its saliva.
Sudden onset of cold stage – patient shivers violently and turns blue with
cold, even though his actual temperature is rising. Lasts about one
hour…
Hot stage – high temperature, headache,
sickness and dizziness. Lasts several hours…
Sweating stage patient soaked in sweat, but
begins to feel better after 2-3 hours…
Several days of weakness and slow recovery
INFECTIONSeveral days of
headaches and vague, flu-like pains of the
body…
Development and HealthMalaria
Development and HealthMalaria
Microscopic magnification shows Plasmodium
falciparum—the most virulent of the four malaria
parasites that infect humans—destroying red blood cells in the liver. It
digests a cell's haemoglobin, multiplies
inside to the point of rupturing the cell, and rapidly spreads a new
generation of infection.
Development and HealthMalaria
Blood vessels to the brain are blocked with dead red blood cells, starving the brain of oxygen. Coma or death
will follow rapidly.
Development and HealthMalaria
Most at risk are the very young, who have not yet developed any degree of natural immunity…
…along with pregnant women, whose immune system is weakened.
Development and HealthMalaria
Without rapid medical help, many of these children will die: currently one every 30 seconds or less.
Development and HealthMalaria
Adult victims will have repeated
attacks for many years,
unless treated. When ill, they cannot work.
Development and HealthMalaria
Malaria is a disease which is endemic in many countries. This means it is always present.