foran emot dev final

8/13/2019 Foran Emot Dev Final

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Two Topics In Emotion Study

Definitions of Emotion

Emotional Development


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Function and structure

Two dimensions

Basic emotions

Social emotions

Love?

Feelings?


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Function and Structure

Emotion as a motivator(e.g., Psychoanalytic Theory, Behavioral Theory)

The role of morphologyFacial feedback hypothesis

(e.g. Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983)

Affect families (Shaver, & Schwartz, et al. 1987)

Action tendencies (Frijda, 1986)


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Two Dimensions

1. Pleasure

2. Arousal

Circumplex models of personalityand emotions


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Basic Emotions

6-7 Basic emotions

Joy/happiness

SadnessInterest/surprise

AngerFearDisgustContempt


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Evidence for Basic Emotions

Literate and pre-literate cultures (Ekmanet al, 1969; Izard, 1971; Ekman, & Friesen,1972)

- Ekman et al. (5 cultures)- Izard (9 cultures)- match emotion labels to still photos

High levels of agreement across cultures forsome emotions .


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Social Emotions

Shame

Guilt

Pride

Requires self-awareness

and cognitive appraisal


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Where Does Love Fit In?

Bond-related behavior

Present from birth in (all)humans

Does not appear to be adiscrete emotion


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Feelings?

Some argue feelings are present at birth(e.g., Izard, 1977)

Some argue feelings are present at 9 mo(e.g., Lewis, & Michalson, 1983; Sroufe, 1979).

Not always included in definition of

emotion. (e.g., Campos et al. 1994)


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Emotional Development


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Types Of Emotional Development

Recognition in others

Recognition in self

Expression

Social rules for emotion displays (Bianca)

Regulation (Bianca)

Temperament/Emotional Style (Tom)


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Recognizing Emotion

In Others

Perceptual discriminationEmotional contagionSocial referencing

In Self


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Recognizing Emotion In Others

Perceptual Discrimination

Facial expression discrimination Auditory discrimination

Gesture and posturediscrimination

Is it really emotion discrimination?


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Emotional Contagion

Empathetic crying

Affect Matching


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Social referencing

Visual cliff procedure Stranger procedure

Novel toy procedure

Mood and behavior are altered


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Summary of Emotional Recognitionin Others

Empathetic Cryingpresent at birth

Affect Matching10 weeks

Visual Discrimination of FacialExpressions6 weeks - some signs7 months well developed

Social Referencing12 months


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Recognizing Emotion In Self

Reliable behaviors to invite pleasurable

experiences (infants) Labeling of emotional experiences (age 2-3)

Emotional recognition becomes linked withcontext, goals, and appraisals as one develops


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Emotional Expression

Crying

Facial expressions

Emotion language

Emotional dissemblance

Emotion management(not covered)


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Emotional Expression

Facial Expressions

Basic Emotions

Signs versus Symbols

Modeling/reinforcement


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Basic Emotions

1. Joy/happiness

2. Sadness present from birth3. Interest/surprise

4. Anger5. Fear between 2.5 - 7 months6. Disgust (contempt)


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Emotional Language

Labeling emotions and identification of

antecedents and consequences developsaround age 2 (Bretherton et al, 1985)


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Summary of Emotional Expression

Development Chronology Crying (present from birth)

Facial expressions (birth 7 months)

Emotion language (2 years)

Emotional dissemblance (2-4 years)


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Summary Various emotion skills develop at different ages

throughout childhood

Interaction with environment and individualbiological differences affect emotionaldevelopment

Emotional development affects other areas ofdevelopment


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Future Directions

Course of emotional development

Role of individual differences

Ideal emotional development

Link to later psychopathology

Prevention and treatment


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Recommended Readings* denotes class readings

Ablon, S. L., Brown, D., Khantizian, E. J., & Mack, J. E. (Eds.) (1993). Human feelings: Explorations in affectdevelopment and meaning . Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.

Bretherton, I., Fritz, J., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Ridgeway, D. (1986). Learning to talk about emotions: A functionalistperspective. Child Development, 57, 529-548.

Campos, J., Mumme, D., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. (1994). A functionist perspective on the nature of emotion. InN. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs ofthe Society for Research on Child Development, 59 , (2/3, Serial No. 240).

Cornelius, R. R. (1996). The Science of emotion: Research and tradition in the psychology of emotion . Saddle River,NJ: Prentice Hall.

Ekman, P., & Davison, R. J. (1994). The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions . New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes amongemotions. Science, 221 , 1208-1210.

Field, T. M., Woodson, R., Cohen, D., Greenberg, R., Garcia, R., & Collins, K. (1983). Discrimination and imitation offacial expression by term and preterm neonates. Infant Behavior and Development, 6 , 485-489.

Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at ten months: A second- order effect on infants responses tostrangers. Child Development, 54, 878-887.

*Izard, C. E. (2002). Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychological Bulletin,128 (5), 796-824.

*Lewis, M. D., & Granic, I. (Eds.) (2000). Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approachesto emotional development . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expression of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin,

118, 379-391.Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 462-

516). New York: Wiley.

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