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WASH Coordination ProjectFramework for the Developmentof a City Sanitation Plan for Bauchi

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ACTIVITY INFORMATION Program Name: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Coordination Project

(WCP)Activity Start Date and End Date:

November 1, 2016 to October 31, 2018

Name of Prime Implementing Partner:

Development Innovations Group (DIG)

Contract/Agreement Number: AID-620-TO-16-00003

Name of Subcontractors/ Subawardees: DAI

Geographic Coverage(cities and or countries):

Kaduna and Bauchi States, Nigeria

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Activity Information...............................................................2Table of Contents...................................................................3ACRONYMS............................................................................51. Program Overview...........................................................62. Background......................................................................73. Methodology....................................................................74. Literature Review...........................................................115. Review of City-wide Sanitation Services in Bauchi.........155.1 Sanitation Value Chain and Stakeholders.....................................155.2 Tools for Planning Sanitation Services..........................................185.3 Shit Flow Diagram Analysis for Bauchi..........................................205.4 Bauchi Urban Sanitation Markets and Opportunities.....................245.5 Service Delivery Action Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi City. 295.6 City Service Delivery Assessment of Urban Sanitation Sector

Institutions and Structures in Bauchi............................................305.7 Bauchi State: Overview of Financial Flows for Urban Water and

Sanitation......................................................................................33

6. Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi376.1 Components of an Integrated Fecal Sludge Plan for Bauchi City. .416.2 Processes and Activities for Formulating the Sanitation Plan.......416.3 Priority Actions for WASH Coordination Project (WCP)..................42

7. Annexes.........................................................................457.1 Annex 1. Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation

in Bauchi.......................................................................................457.1.1..................Annex 1.1: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban

Sanitation in Bauchi – Federal Government Actions......................457.1.2..................Annex 1.2: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban

Sanitation in Bauchi – Bauchi State Government Actions.............47

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7.1.3..................Annex 1.3: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Local Government Actions.........................50

7.1.4..................Annex 1.4: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Development Partners Actions...................52

7.2 Annex 2: Components of the Proposed Integrated Fecal Sludge Plan...............................................................................................54

7.3 Annex 3: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of Sanitation in urban Bauchi...........................................56

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ACRONYMSAfDB African Development BankATBU Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University BASEPA Bauchi State Environmental Protection AgencyBSWSC Bauchi State Water and Sewerage CorporationCLTS Community-led Total SanitationCSO Civil Society OrganizationDAI Development Alternatives IncorporatedDFID Department for International DevelopmentDIG Development Innovations Group EOI Expression of Interest FMWR Federal Ministry of Water ResourcesFSM Fecal Sludge ManagementLG Local GovernmentLGA Local Government AreaMC Municipal CouncilNGO Non-governmental OrganizationNUWSRP-3 National Urban Water Sector Reform Project 3NWRI National Water Resources InstituteO&M Operations & Management OD Open DefecationOSDG Office of Sustainable Development GoalsSDAF Service Delivery Action FrameworkSFD Shit Flow DiagramSUBEB State Universal Basic Education BoardSUWASA Sustainable Water and Sanitation in AfricaSWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats UNICEF The United Nations Children's FundUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentWASH Water, Sanitation, and HygieneWASH Comms Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Committees WCP Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Coordination ProjectWSP World Bank Water and Sanitation Program

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1. PROGRAM OVERVIEWThe purpose of this report is to present the Nigeria WASH Coordination Project’s (WCP) proposed framework for improving urban sanitation for Bauchi City. This report aims to help Bauchi City officials develop a city sanitation plan by providing authorities with key information on the landscape of sanitation actors in Bauchi; gaps in sanitation service, capacity, and enabling environment; and critically-needed infrastructure investments, legal and regulatory reforms. The report incorporates the following sections: Background; Methodology; Literature Review; Review of City-wide Sanitation Services in Bauchi; Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi; and Annexes.

The proposed Framework for the Development of a City Sanitation Plan was developed by the Development Innovations Group (DIG) under the WCP, a 24-month project financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The purpose of the WCP is to achieve the dual benefits of improved health and well-being for Nigerians through increased and more financially sustainable access to WASH services, and to build the confidence of the public in the government’s ability to deliver basic services. The WCP focuses on the generation of sector data that is critical to the development of further programming in water and sanitation and on immediate service improvements that can be achieved in the short term. The Project builds on prior work accomplished under the Sustainable Water and Sanitation in Africa (SUWASA) program and existing partnerships with the World Bank and the African Development Bank (AfDB) in the water and sanitation sector.

The WCP primarily targets urban challenges in the states of Bauchi and Kaduna, where government officials have demonstrated firm commitments to sector improvements, and where WASH service gaps remain acute. These states have also benefited from large loans from the AfDB and the World Bank. The Project will accomplish the following three objectives:

(1) Improve WASH programming based on data and information gathered/provided;

(2) Sustain the momentum established under the USAID/Nigeria SUWASA activity until a new comprehensive USAID program is in place; and

(3) Provide support to new reform-minded state governments for the immediate term until full programs are in place.

To accomplish the stated Project objectives, the WCP Team is leading five core technical tasks:

(1) Baseline data, analysis and recommendations toward the improved contributions of civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the urban WASH sector in Bauchi and Kaduna;

(2) Urban sanitation baseline survey and framework for improvement;(3) Targeted technical assistance and capacity building;(4) Development of criteria for inclusion in the USAID Urban WASH Program; and

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(5) Creation of a Community of Practice for urban WASH.

This report, presenting the framework for improving urban sanitation in Bauchi City, complements a similar framework the WCP proposed for Kaduna City. Together, these two reports will provide USAID and their development partners further insights into the depths of the urban sanitation gaps in two important cities in Nigeria, which can lead to improved strategies for addressing urban sanitation challenges throughout Nigeria.

2. BACKGROUNDUnder Task 2, from February to April 2017, the WCP carried out the work to present to USAID a Bauchi and Kaduna Urban Sanitation Baseline Survey Report. The Report investigated the conditions of urban sanitation services and the current governance policies, institutional arrangements and approaches, as well as the financial flows that would contribute to the desired increase in sanitation access and coverage.

Based on the Bauchi and Kaduna Urban Sanitation Baseline Survey Report findings, and in close collaboration with USAID and key stakeholders, the WCP presents this Framework for the Development of a City Sanitation Plan for Bauchi. This framework is expected to help:

Outline various roles and contributions of all urban sanitation actors, and synergies and linkages among them;

Identify gaps in service, capacity, and enabling environment and recommended actionable service improvements that can be accomplished in the short, medium, and long term;

Develop a list of prioritized actions, notably, related to critically-needed investments, legal and regulatory reforms, and clarification of institutional roles, as well as the recommended sequencing and timeline for implementing these activities;

Increase knowledge of fecal waste currently being generated and treated, and mapping the sanitation status for the city and its low-income areas;

Conduct an appraisal and a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of the present situation of fecal sludge management, and provide recommendations and guidance (SWOT analysis can be found in section 7.3, Annex 3 of this report); and,

Optimize sequencing of activities for rolling out city-wide sanitation improvement interventions that leverage existing skills and resources. These activities include city-wide diagnostics and the development of inclusive city sanitation plans that address informal settlements and the sanitation needs of other marginalized urban populations.

This proposed framework presents a list of prioritized actions specific to policy, legislation, and regulations; institutional arrangements; capacity building and technical assistance; sanitation planning; projects, equipment and operation needs; monitoring and evaluation; and financing.

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The proposed framework for sanitation improvement will be validated at a future sanitation stakeholders’ action planning workshop for Bauchi, scheduled for September 25 -27, 2017. The WCP will work closely with the State Water and Sanitation Board and its donor partners, as well as in consultation with USAID and key stakeholders, in hosting the validation and action planning workshop.

3. METHODOLOGYThe WCP Team, with the support from the sub-contractor Arctic Infrastructure (a Lagos-based research firm), assessed the governance and institutional frameworks for urban sanitation in Bauchi and Kaduna through interviews with key agencies, field visit work sessions, focus groups discussions and an extensive review of existing research and reports. Through its research for this report that took place between February and April 2017, the team, amongst other tasks:

Provided a comparison of different city-wide sanitation intervention and implementation strategies and the needed investments to be put in place to improve performance in sanitation service delivery in the two states;

Developed a sanitation Service Delivery Action Framework DAF), which identifies and prioritizes institutional interventions to improve the enabling environment for urban sanitation, and identifies activities for each component of the enabling environment such as policy, institutional roles, planning, monitoring and evaluation, financing, and capacity;

Developed a framework for sanitation service improvement for Bauchi and Kaduna outlining a list of prioritized actions required, including critical investments, legal and regulatory reforms and clarification of institutional roles; and,

Developed, in consultation with the World Bank, AfDB, and other WASH sector stakeholders, sequencing of activities agreed upon to lay the groundwork for improved city-wide sanitation in Bauchi and Kaduna.

In realizing the project’s goals and objectives, a multiple assessment methodology was adopted by the project team. This included (i) a desk study which reviewed literature on the existing policies, plans and reports on sanitation in Kaduna; (ii) focus group discussions (FGD); (iii) key informants’ interviews with state and non-state actors using structured questionnaires; (iv) detailed site investigation and transect walks; and, (v) review of maps and photography. Table 1 (Methodology of Assessment) describes methodology and tools used, sample size and data collection method, stakeholders and outputs for each research objective and corresponding research questions.

Table 1: Methodology of AssessmentObjective 1: To provide a general overview of the state of urban sanitation covering infrastructure, demand, availability and quality of services as well as the gaps in service, capacity, and enabling environment and recommend actionable service improvements that can be accomplished in the short-term.

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Guiding Research Questions: What is the state of the sanitation sector in the study areas? What are the challenges and gaps in policy and practice?

Methodology Sample Size and Data Collection Method

Stakeholder Source Output

Literature review Policy review Data collection Focus group discussion Field mapping of

facilities

19 community representatives

30 institutional/ civil society representatives

Mapping of public facilities (school, health center, market, motor park, typical household)

Institutional archives/ report

Academic journals/ reports

Community groups Public facilities

overseers

Shit Flow Diagram (SFD); It is a city-wide diagnostic tool useful for engaging stakeholders and advocacy in improving the current sanitation practices

Objective 2: To provide an overview of the various roles, responsibilities and contributions of all urban sanitation actors and identify synergies and linkages among them including the related institutional framework for the participation of private and public stakeholders and recommend actionable steps to establish or improve knowledge on sanitation policy and institutional frameworks.Guiding Research Questions:

What is the state of the sanitation sector in the study areas? What are the challenges and gaps in policy and practice?



Policy and practice review

Secondary data collation

Content analysis Data collection Focus group

discussion Key informant

interviews with institutional stakeholders

Interviews with institutional actors

30 institutional/ civil society representatives

19 community representatives


Institutional stakeholders

Representatives of development partners

Sanitation Service Delivery Action Framework (SDAF); The diagnostic tool emphasizes the enabling environment (legal, institutional, regulatory

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and financial) that requires improvement and set priority for delivering the desired results.

Objective 3: To assess the financial contributions made by the federal and state governments, NGOs, implementing partners and private sector actors to the urban WASH sector.Guiding Research Questions:

What are current institutional and community responses to these challenges and/or gaps?



Institutional focus group discussion

Key informant interviews

Content analysis of institutional archives/ report/ budget allocation

Triangulation of household survey

Interviews with institutional actors

Interviews with representative of development partners

Content analysis of budget reports

Mapping of public facilities


Representatives of institutional stakeholders


Public facilities overseers

Sanitation Service Delivery Action Framework (SDAF); The diagnostic tool emphasizes the enabling environment (legal, institutional, regulatory and financial) that requires improvement and set priority for delivering the desired results.

Objective 4: To review the diagnostic tools used by WSP, WCP and other development partners in the urban sanitation sector, and share insights and recommendations on those tools that will best complement USAID sanitation programming in Nigeria while remaining consistent with the approaches being used by other development partners and key actors in the country.Guiding Research Questions:

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How can access to urban sanitation challenges be effectively addressed? Content analysis Key informant

interview with development partners and government representatives

Literature review/ policy analysis

Key informant interviews with development partners


Representatives of institutional actors

Assessment of Sanitation Diagnostic Tools –The assessment reviews the strength and weakness of each diagnostic tool

Objective 5: To provide a comparison of different city-wide sanitation intervention and implementation strategies and the needed investments to be put in place to improve performance in sanitation service delivery.Guiding Research Questions: How can access to urban sanitation challenges be effectively addressed?Methodology Sample Size and

Data Collection Method


Content analysis Comparative study of different sanitation plans and tools

Representatives of institutional actors

Web based resources

Information sharing with global network of sanitation actors


Framework for Bauchi Urban Sanitation Plan

Objective 6: To develop sanitation Service Delivery Action Framework which will identify and prioritize institutional interventions to improve the enabling environment for urban sanitation, and identify activities for each component of the enabling environment such as policy, institutional arrangements, planning, monitoring and evaluation, financing, and capacity.Guiding Research Questions:

What are the practical steps that need to be introduced to close the gaps?Methodology Sample Size

and Data Collection Method


Content analysis Literature Field data, Priority

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Triangulation of all data collected

Sanitation value chain analysis

review/ policy analysis

Content analysis of budget reports

feedback and information

actions for WCP - identifies a series of practical and immediate actions that can be taken by WCP

Priority areas for the Sanitation Plan through SSDAF – This is divided into three action categories, and span various stakeholders including federal, state and local government, and other development stakeholders.

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4. LITERATURE REVIEWA literature review was conducted by WCP to better understand the institutional challenges surrounding the implementation of water and sanitation policies and regulations. While policies and programs emphasize water and sanitation, provision of potable water dominates the implementation stage.1 Implementing the sanitation aspects of these policies is usually fragmentary and ad-hoc, dictated by political exigencies as well as emergencies and pressures from unfortunate incidents such as was recently witnessed during the Ebola Fever epidemic.2 Another institutional challenge is the low operational capacity of state water and sanitation management agencies.

Three levels of government in Nigeria share responsibility for delivery and management of water supply and sanitation services. Their roles and responsibilities are defined through a series of laws and regulations at the national and state levels, listed in Table 2 (Summary List of Laws and Policies affecting Sanitation Delivery in Bauchi).

Table 2. Summary List of Laws and Policies affecting Sanitation Delivery in Bauchi

Policy/Law Focus Level of Formulation

1 Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

Human Development

Global

2 Ekurhuleni Declaration on Water and Sanitation for Cities 2017

Urban Water and Sanitation

Africa

3 National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy of 2000

Water and Sanitation

Federal Government

4 National Water Sanitation Policy 2004

Water Sanitation Federal Government

5 Nigerian National Urban Development Policy 2011

Physical Development

Federal Government

6 Nigerian National Housing Policy 2011

Housing Federal Government

7 National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan 2013

General Infrastructure

Federal Government

8 Bauchi State Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2011

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Bauchi State Government

9 Bauchi Urban Water Sector Law of 2014

Urban Water and Sewerage


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Bauchi State Environmental Protection and Conservation Agency Edict 1997

Environmental Protection


1 Bauchi State Land Use Decree 1988 Land Bauchi State

1 Onabolu, B., O. D. Jimoh, S. B. Igboro, M. K. C. Sridhar, G. Onyilo, A. Gege and R. Ilya. Source to point of use drinking water changes and knowledge, attitude and practices in Katsina State, northern Nigeria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 36: 1189‐1196, 2011.2 Mara, D. Sanitation: what’s the real problem? IDS Bulletin volume 43 Number 2, March. Institute of Development Studies, Oxford, UK, 2012.

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1 Administration Government12

Bauchi State Urban Planning and Development Board Amendment Law 2012

Physical Development


Source: WCP Field Work/Arctic Infrastructure

At the federal level, the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR), initially created in 1976, is responsible for formulating and coordinating national water policies, management of water resources, including allocation among states, and approving development projects. It is also responsible for research and development as well as providing technical support for the 12 River Basin Development Authorities, which were also created in 1976 for planning and developing water resources, irrigation work and the collection of hydrological, hydro-geological and meteorological data. Their main involvement in potable water supply has been the provision of multi-purpose dams and the supply of water in bulk to urban water systems.

At the state level, responsibility for water and sanitation services was traditionally entrusted to departments of the state governments. By the 1970s most of these departments had transformed into fully fledged autonomous state water agencies and/or State Water Boards (SWBs), and together with Small Towns Water and Sanitation Agencies, where they exist, are responsible for the establishment, operation, quality control, and maintenance of urban, and semi-urban water supply systems. They are also responsible for licensing and monitoring private water suppliers, and providing technical assistance to local governments. There are currently 37 state water agencies in Nigeria (one for each state and the Federal Capital territory) as well as 22 State Rural Water and Sanitation Agencies. The State Rural Water and Sanitation Agencies are key partners in the implementation of Federal Government/UNICEF rural water projects.

At the local government level, Local Government Areas (LGAs), of which there are 774, are responsible for the provision of rural/ community level water supply and sanitation facilities in their areas, as well as for the establishment, equipment and funding of environmental sanitation departments. In many cases, the local governments lack the resources and skills to respond effectively; hence many of them have conceded the responsibilities to state government, private vendors and non-governmental organizations. However, several LGAs have established Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Units (WASH Units) with the support of development partners.

While the responsibility for water supply rests emphatically with the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and the state water agencies, the mandate for developing sanitation policy is shared by federal and state ministries of health, agriculture, environment and, in some cases, water resources, resulting in overlap of functions, conflicting implementation strategies and lack of definition and organization in the delivery of services.3 With the exception of Abuja and Lagos, university campuses and industries in Ibadan, Lagos, and Zaria, and a sewage treatment plant in Port Harcourt, there are virtually no functioning sewer networks or treatment facilities in Nigeria. There is heavy dependence on on-site sanitation 3 Amakom, U. Sanitation sector status and gap analysis: Nigeria, a report. September, 2009.

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and no clarity as to which institutional authority is responsible for liquid waste disposal at the state and local government levels. However, state water agencies are responsible for wastewater disposal in urban areas which enjoy networked water access. There is a high concern as the storm water drainage system is frequently a disposal point for sewage, septage and solid waste, with resultant water pollution either through the storm water drainage system or seepage into the groundwater.4

The WASH sector in Nigeria depends significantly on non-state actors. These are mostly international development partners, funding agencies and civil society/non-governmental organizations. Examples include the African Development Bank Group which has been active since 1971, as well as the World Bank which has been funding urban water and sanitation projects in states like Lagos since 1981.5 WaterAid currently facilitates monitoring and evaluation of water and sanitation projects and included partnerships with local Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) offices and other relevant institutions to provide support for small towns and advocacy for the inclusion of water and sanitation targets in urban sector plans.6 WaterAid’s 2011-12 report recorded its role in monitoring the urban water reform project of FMWR, which is funded by the World Bank, African Development Bank and other donor agencies.7 Other organisations that play active roles in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring include the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO), while several community-based organisations and an active media sector (WASH Journalists Network) play advocacy roles. Faith-based organisations are also involved in improving access to water, especially at the micro-community scale.

The institutional roles and relationships in the water supply and sanitation sector in Nigeria is summarized in a report commissioned by the African Minister’s Council on Water and created by the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program, as presented in Table 3 below.

Table 3: Institutional roles and relationships in the water supply and sanitation sector in Nigeria

4 ADB Nigeria: Rural water supply and sanitation sub‐programmes in Yobe and Osun States, appraisal report. Water and Sanitation Department (OWAS), 2007.5 Leary M.E., McCarthy J. The Routledge Companion to Urban Regeneration. London: Routledge, 2013.6 WaterAid/BPD. Small Town Water and Sanitation Delivery: Taking A Wider View, 2010.7 WaterAid. Nigeria Country Programme. Annual Report 2011-12.

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Source: Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond, World Bank Water and Sanitation Program 2011 in coordination with the African Minister’s Council on Water

5. REVIEW OF CITY-WIDE SANITATION SERVICES IN BAUCHI

As part of developing the framework for improved sanitation services in Bauchi City, the WCP assessed the sanitation value chain in the area and various tools city officials could employ to plan improvements in urban sanitation services. Based on the findings of this assessment, the WCP developed a proposed institutional framework for sanitation in Bauchi (please see Section 6 for more details).

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5.1Sanitation Value Chain and Stakeholders Prior to examining the tools that can be used to improve sanitation services, it is critical to understand the sanitation value chain and the different institutions involved in the Bauchi sanitation sector. Therefore, the WCP Team assessed the role of each institution along the various stages of the value chain. The stages of the sanitation value chain consist of capture, storage, transportation, disposal and reuse of fecal sludge. Figure 1 (Institutions and their Participation in the Bauchi Sanitation Value Chain), on the following page, illustrates the levels of engagement and activities of sector stakeholders in each of these value chain stages.

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Figure 1: Institutions and Their Participation in the Bauchi Sanitation Value Chain

N. Institution

Sanitation Value ChainCapture Storage Evacuation/

TransportationDisposal/

TreatmentReuse/Recycle

Statutory

Practice

Statutory

Practice

Statutory

Practice

Statutory

Practice

Statutory

Practice

1 Ministry of Water Resources

2 Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation

3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency

4 Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

5 Bauchi State Primary Healthcare Development Agency

6 Bauchi State Universal Basic Education Board

7 Office of Sustainable Development Goals

8 Bauchi Local Government

9 United States Agency

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for International Development

10 United Nations Children Education Fund

11 UK Department for International Development

12 Water Aid13 FEHINTA – Women &

Youth Development Initiative

14 Informal Sanitation Workers (Sludge Evacuators)

15 FarmersStatutory Role as statutorily specified

in law or policy documentsPractice Role as observed in day to

day practices/operations Source: WCP Field Study 2017

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5.2 Tools for Planning Sanitation Services

To effectively develop a framework for improving urban sanitation in Bauchi City and enable the city to develop a sanitation plan, the WCP Team conducted a diagnostic study of sanitation tools as part of the assessment of governance and institutional frameworks.8 The study findings revealed that sanitation tools can be broadly classified into three categories:9

Diagnostic tools used to assess the physical, political, environmental or biological conditions;

Prioritization tools used to determine the best course of action after completing the diagnosis; and,

Planning and decision-making tools which are ideal in selecting appropriate technologies or financing options to meet a specific situation.

In light of the political, governance, social, economic, and environmental circumstances surrounding sanitation in Bauchi, the WCP Team recommends a mix of existing sanitation diagnostic tools for analyzing the sanitation scenario in the city. Figure 2 (Recommended Tools for Assessing Sanitation in Bauchi), on the next page, presents the recommended tools and benefits for using each tool.

8 This diagnostic study was submitted to USAID, June 2017.9 WaterAid, “Comparison of tools & approaches for urban sanitation September 2016,” 2016.

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Figure 2: Recommended Tools for Assessing Sanitation in Bauchi

Source: WCP Field Study 2017

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Recommended Tool

Benefits Category

City Service Delivery Assessment (CSDA)

Fits well with the current state of sanitation development where policy and the enabling

environment for sanitation is still emerging.

Illustrates adequacy of budget provisions for sanitation to the Ministry of Finance & Economic

Planning and other stakeholders.

Provides key monitoring and evaluation tools to gauge progress from planning to service delivery.

Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) Diagnostic

Supported by access to best practices and examples of SFDs in other countries which can serve

as models for the Bauchi sanitation sector.

Engages city stakeholders, such as political leaders, sanitation experts and civil society

organizations in a coordinated dialogue about excreta management that aligns with the political

and social sanitation environment in Bauchi.

Service Delivery Action Framework (SDAF)

Prioritization

Helps Bauchi State Government and Bauchi Local Government prioritize policies, programs,

projects and budgets in the sanitation sector both in the short and long-term.

Assists development partners and prospective investors to understand the gap in sanitation

services, and when and where to intervene.

Diagnostic

5.3 Shit Flow Diagram Analysis for Bauchi To improve understanding and political visibility of urban sanitation challenges, WCP developed a Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) for Kaduna. A shit flow diagram (or excreta flow diagram) is a tool to readily understand and visually communicate how excreta physically flows through a city or town. It shows how excreta is or is not contained as it moves from defecation to disposal or end-use, giving a general overview of the fate of the generated excreta. SFDs are developed through a participatory process and engage city stakeholders, such as political leaders, sanitation experts, and civil society organizations in a coordinated dialogue about excreta management that aligns with the political and social sanitation environment.10

As shown in Figure 3 on the next page (Shit Flow Diagram11 for Sanitation Practices in Bauchi, Nigeria), there are numerous service inadequacies in the first four components of the sanitation value chain (capture, storage, transportation, disposal). Services related to reuse of fecal sludge are relatively non-existent. Treatment and end-use options (Reuse/Recycle) are not captured in the SFD because they are relatively non-existent as components of the existing sanitation value chain in Bauchi. In Bauchi, open defecation is recorded at 40%. About 39% of fecal sludge is safely contained on-site, emptied and transported to open dumpsites. One percent (1%) of fecal sludge is treated, while the remaining 99% is unsafely managed (disposed on the roadside, most often at night, or buried in pits).

10 http://akvopedia.org/wiki/SFD_-_An_excreta_flow_diagram.11 The SFD was developed by the WCP sub-contractor Arctic Infrastructure using data collected during the field work, particularly field observations, focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews with stakeholders with the WCP Chief of Party. FGD participants and key stakeholders were informed that WCP was preparing a SFD and information and data was subsequently collected from fecal sludge evacuators, local government officials, and State officials (including from the Environmental Protection Agency). The data and information collected during the FGDs and key informant interviews, along with the data gathered from field observations and desk research, resulted in the production of the SFD diagram.

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Figure 3: Shit Flow Diagram for Sanitation Practices in Bauchi, Nigeria

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The Shit Flow Diagram developed by WCP for Bauchi City was compared to a Shit Flow Diagram designed by the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance in 2015 for Kisumu, Kenya, a city of similar geography and population to Bauchi.

The SFD in Figure 4 (Shit Flow Diagram for Sanitation Practices in Kisumu, Kenya), on the next page, describes the fecal sludge management scenario in Kisumu, a principal city in western Kenya situated on the shores of Lake Victoria with an estimated population of 419,072. The city has an open defecation rate of 9.5%, a fecal sludge on-site containment rate12 of 11.51%, a fecal sludge on-site non-containment rate of 15.6%, and 7% of collected fecal sludge is treated.13 The analysis shows that treatment – though underutilized – is part of the city’s sanitation value chain. When compared with Bauchi City, with an estimated population of 316,149,14 Kisumu’s sanitation value chain is significantly more robust. Thus, Kisumu presents examples of good fecal sludge management practices that Bauchi City’s sanitation sector could consider as a potential model for replication and adaptation.

12 On-site fecal sludge containment references to sludge that is well protected in pits.13 Sustainable Alliance for Sanitation: Shit flow diagram generator, www.susana.org, 2017.14 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/nigeria-population/cities.

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Figure 4 Shit Flow Diagram for Sanitation Practices in Kisumu City, Kenya

Source: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), 2015

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5.4 Bauchi Urban Sanitation Markets and OpportunitiesAs presently constituted, the sanitation market in Bauchi urban area is based on private-public hybrid investment model. While government makes investments in public facilities on the capture, storage and evacuation/transportation components, private sector focuses on residential communities and privately owned public facilities for capture, storage and evacuation/transportation components. While the reuse/recycle market sometimes involves farmers and is largely untapped, the disposal/treatment market is dominated by the private sector.

Table 4 shows the sanitation market and opportunities matrix for Bauchi urban area. In ranking the investment opportunity for different components of the value chain, core responsibilities of state and private sectors, gaps in the component, the need and scope of investment related activities were taken into consideration. For example, the aspiration of a profit oriented commercial investor cannot be met in the public schools’ sanitation market; hence, the investment opportunity for a profit oriented investor in public schools will rank low.

In Table 5 (Investment Stream for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain), investment types identified for the private sector in the service value chain is ten while three traditional investment types were identified for the public sector. Investment opportunities in the sanitation value chain have been classified into two: 1) commercial which is profit motivated and 2) social investment opportunity which is social equality motivated. Save for storage component and public responsibilities in capture and evacuation/transportation, opportunities ranked high for commercial investor in all the components of the value chain. Social investment is high on the entire value chain as the investment could support or compliment both public and private investments in the sector.

If there is a reform triggered change of converting prevalent pit latrine and squat (pour flush) toilets into water closet system, this will create enormous investment opportunities for commercial investors in supply of sanitary wares, plumbing materials, new mobile toilet technology and solar water heating system among other capture and storage infrastructure. Also, it will create job and income opportunities for local artisans who will be involved in the construction and installation of new sanitary infrastructure. Aspects for social investment intervention on capture could be advocacy, training, community engagement, design, construction, sanitary wares, new technology of capture and storage facilities, solar water heating system and plumbing materials both at the household and public facilities level.

In the Bauchi urban area, two elements of the sanitation value chain have well developed market mechanisms, which are service delivery by the provider and bill settlement by the customer. These elements are privately owned public toilets and evacuation/transportation components. Tables 6-9, on the following ages, show investment stream, return trend and profit estimates for the evacuation/transportation component.

Table 4: Sanitation Market and Opportunities Matrix for Bauchi Urban Areas

Sanitation Value ChainCapture Storage

Service Type Residential

Public Institutions

Privately Owned Public Toilets

Residential

Public Institutions


Description/Level

Household

Schools, Health Centers, Motor Parks & Others

Household


Investment Type

1 - Private 1 - Public

2 - Private

3 - Private

2 - Public

4 - Private

Commercial Investment Opportunity

High Low High Low Low Low

Aspects for Commercial Investments

Sanitary wares, emerging capture and storage technology, solar water heating system, plumbing materials, construction

Design, construction, emerging capture and storage technology

Social Investment Opportunity

High High High High High High

Aspects for Social Investments

Advocacy, training, community engagement, design, construction, sanitary wares, emerging capture and storage facilities, solar water heating system, plumbing materials

Design, construction, emerging capture and storage technology

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Table 5: Investment Stream for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain

Sanitation Value ChainEvacuation/

TransportationDisposal/

TreatmentReuse

/RecycleService Type

Residential

Public Institutions


Fecal Sludge Dump Site

Treatment Facility

Recycle Facility

Description/Level

Household


Unapproved dump site

Unapproved dump site

Open land

Farms

Investment Type

5 - Private

3 - Public

6 - Privat

e

7 - Private

8 - Private

9 - Priva

te

10 - Priva

teCommercial Investment Opportunity

High Low High High High High High

Aspects for Commercial Investments

Trucking, pumps, equipment and vehicular parts

Design, construction, operations, maintenance, chemicals, transportation

Design, construction, operations, maintenance, chemicals, packaging, energy, transportation

Social Investment Opportunity

High High High High High High High

Aspects for Social Investments

Advocacy, training, funding support, equipment

Design, construction, training, funding support, equipment

Design, construction, training, funding support, equipment

Source: WCP Field Study, 2017

Table 5: Investment Stream for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain

Expe

ndit

ure

(NG

N)

Expenditure Type Amount (NGN) NoteInitial capital that will be required

2,300,000 This will cover the cost of second hand evacuation truck (Nigerian used of about 4,000 liters capacity) estimated at about 2,150,000 and other running costs of about 150,000. Typical evacuation company has 1 truck in its fleet.

Source of initial capital Self mobilizationDriver/Month 12,000 AverageOther Workers /Month 10,000 1 Sewage assistant + 1 collector @ N5,000

eachVehicle Repairs /Month 27,500 AverageVehicle License Fees/Month

1,167 14,000 annual payment

Hackney Permit/Month 250 3,000 annual paymentOperational License Fees/Month

- No license fee to regulatory agency, activities are informal

Office or workshop payment

-

Payment at the dumpsite (if any)

-

Informal Payments -Other Monthly Payments -Estimated Monthly Expenditure

50,917

Estimated Annual Expenditure

611,004 50,917 (Estimated Monthly Expenditure) x 12 Months

Table 6: Income Stream for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain

Inco

me

(NG

N) Income Analysis Amount (NGN) Note

Rate of Evacuation/Month

Average of 15 evacuations per month

Rate/Evacuation 7,500 AverageEstimated Monthly Income

112,500 7,500 (Rate/Evacuation) x 15 evacuations per month

Estimated Annual Income 1,350,000 112,500 (Estimated Monthly Income) x 12 Months

Table 7: Profit/Loss Estimate for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain (5 Year Recovery)Description Monthly Yearly Percentage

(%)Note

Estimated Income (NGN)

112,500 1,350,000

100

Estimated Expenditure (NGN)

50,917 611,004 45

Recoupment of Initial Capital (2,300,000) in 5 Years

38,333 460,000 34Formal business loan in Nigeria has short term repayment period of about 1 – 5 years and more than 20% interest rate.

Estimated Profit/Loss (NGN)

23,250 278,996 21 Profit

Table 8: Profit/Loss Estimate for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain (15 Year Recovery)Description Monthly Yearly Percentage

(%)Note

Estimated Income (NGN)

112,500 1,350,000

100

Estimated Expenditure (NGN)

50,917 611,004 45

Recoupment of Initial Capital (2,300,000) in 15 Years

12,777 153,333 11The 15 years adopted took into consideration the self mobilization financial model prevalent in the sector.

Estimated Profit/Loss (NGN)

48,806 585,663 44 Profit

Source: WCP Field Study, 2017

Table 7 (Profit/Loss Estimate for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain (5 Year Recovery)) and Table 8 (Profit/Loss Estimate for Evacuation/Transportation Component of the Sanitation Value Chain (15 Year Recovery)), on the previous page, show investment models under two different scenarios:

1) Initial investment capital sourced from the Nigerian banking system. This will give low returns of 21% per annum within the five years of repayment and possibly impose enormous pressure on the operators. The profit margin is low and may not be attractive to new investors. Conventional banking loans in the sector may not be sustainable.

2) Initial investment capital sourced from self-mobilization financial model. This includes personal savings by the operators and informal loans or grants by family and friends. Repayments are at liberal terms for lenders, family and friends, while operator may set his mind on longer term business sustainability. This informs the principle of 15-year recovery of initial capital. This model will yield 11% annual repayment and 44% annual profit for the operator. If the operations become formal, the expenditure will likely increase to accommodate operational license fees and other direct taxations with corresponding reduction in profit margin. In this scenario, operators may review upward their fees for evacuation to sustain the profit margin with the burden of cost increment shifted to residents.

To bridge the market dynamics, if system becomes formal, government can: (i) introduce subsidy to support residents; (ii) support operators with operational funding building on the existing funding framework, especially on vehicle acquisition and maintenance, (iii) grant tax relief to the operators for a period of years; and at the same time (iv) pursue measures that will economically empower residents of the city. The funding support should cover the entire sanitation value chain in the state.

5.5 Service Delivery Action Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi City

To improve the enabling environment for urban sanitation, the WCP Team conducted an assessment of the existing governance and institutional frameworks in Bauchi State. Using the sanitation Service Delivery Action Framework (SDAF), the team identified and prioritized institutional sanitation interventions and activities for each component of the proposed sanitation planning process in Bauchi. The framework helped identify the priority areas for the sanitation plan.

The priority areas WCP identified using the SDAF tool are divided into three action categories: (i) short term (1–3 years); (ii) intermediate (4–10 years); and (iii) long term (10–20 years) interventions. The interventions span various stakeholders including federal, state and local government, as well as other development stakeholders. The framework addresses policy/laws, institutional arrangements, capacity building/technical assistance, sanitation planning, project equipment and

31

operations, monitoring and evaluation, and financing. Annexes 1.1 to 1.4 provide the SDAF priorities, including analysis and required actions.

The key priority actions required – in the short term – at the state level, are as follows:

Policy/Laws: Begin reviewing the law establishing the Bauchi State Environmental

Protection Agency (BASEPA), Urban Planning and Development Board, and Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation (BSWSC) to strengthen synergies among all institutional actors and non-state actors under the Bauchi State Urban Water Sector Law 2014.

Institutional arrangement: Review the operations and roles of BASEPA, and the relationship

between BASEPA and commercial truck operators. Assess the opportunities and challenges of establishing an Office of

Sewerage Services.

Capacity building / Technical assistance: Embark on capacity building programs for the staff of BASEPA and

BSWSC on the roles and responsibilities in the sector.

Sanitation planning: Prepare a Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan to cover the value

chain of sanitation including capture, evacuation/transportation, disposal/treatment, and reuse/recycle.

Project equipment and operations: Support BSWSC with grants to procure and rehabilitate operational

equipment. Assess the current dumping sites at Na’tsira, Birshi, Kweto and

Dungulbe for formal take-over and conversion to sanitary landfill / treatment plants.

Monitoring and evaluation: Establish mechanisms for monitoring the performance of BSWSC and

BASEPA. Develop a database and publish a directory of all actors within the

sanitation value chain.

Financing: Establish a city-wide revenue generation mechanism for sanitation

operations and management (O&M), and investment.

5.6 City Service Delivery Assessment of Urban Sanitation Sector Institutions and Structures in Bauchi

In Bauchi State, there are numerous government institutions involved in sanitation. While many of them have direct and substantial responsibilities in the sector, others

32

have tangential roles. The WCP Team assessed and categorized the institutions based on their direct responsibility, supporting responsibility and indirect responsibility in the sanitation sector as depicted in Figure 5 (Categorization of Institutions for Sanitation in Bauchi State). Table 9 (Bauchi Sanitation Delivery Institutions, Roles and Beneficiaries) depicts the roles of institutions involved in the delivery of sanitation services in the urban areas of Bauchi State. The analysis revealed that while there are a large number of institutions with direct responsibilities in the sanitation value chain, there are four primary government institutions (listed further below) that have statutory responsibilities across the sanitation value chain. Actual roles of these institutions are limited to capture and storage, with the exception of BASEPA, which is engaged in evacuation and transportation of fecal sludge.

The four primary institutions are: Ministry of Water Resources Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

Please refer to Table 9 for all the government institutions, with a direct, supporting, or indirect role in urban sanitation. Those with direct functions in the sector, such as the Bauchi State Ministry of the Environment and the Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation, perform responsibilities such as policy, coordination, infrastructure, and service delivery.

The Ministry of Education plays an indirect role and has policy and supervisory functions over the Bauchi State Universal Basic Education Board (SUBEB), which is responsible for sanitation infrastructure delivery in schools. Similarly, the Ministry of Health plays an indirect role as it supports sanitation through its oversight of the Bauchi State Primary Healthcare Development Agency, which is responsible for sanitation services in healthcare facilities. Among the actors, it is also important to note that the Bauchi Local Government carries out inspection and enforcement functions, and has the authority to order the arrest those who do not clean their premises, mostly in the market place, in conjunction with BASEPA.

As previously mentioned, the actual roles of the institutions in the value chain are limited to capture and storage of fecal matter, with the exception of BASEPA, which engages in evacuation, transportation, as well as disposal and treatment. The absence of government ministries, such as the Ministry of Water Resources, in policy and coordination of disposal and treatment, as well as reuse and recycling in fecal sludge management (FSM), has allowed informal operators to provide raw sludge to farmers as fertilizer. Informal sanitation workers (sludge evacuators) have arisen to fill the space, making them key influencers in any new initiative for the sector. A reversal of this absence in regulation and guidance could trigger formal investment opportunities in these stages of the sanitation chain.

The absence of substantive government leadership and coordination among institutions on urban sanitation infrastructure delivery has resulted in a network of informal, entrenched self-help sanitation systems. These informal, disjointed

33

sanitation systems for urban areas will make it more challenging and expensive for government agencies to correct and align sanitation infrastructure in the long term.

34

Figure 5: Categorization of Government Institutions for Sanitation in Bauchi State

35

Ministry of Water ResourcesBauchi State Water and Sewerage CorporationRural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency

Ministry of EnvironmentBauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

Ministry of HealthBauchi State Primary Healthcare Agency

Ministry of EducationBauchi State Universal Basic Education Board

Office of Sustainable Development GoalsWASH Departments at the Local GovernmentsMinistry of Works, Lands & Housing

Bauchi State Development Board

Direct Responsibility (Field Operation, Delivery) Supporting Responsibility

(Finance, Funding and Reuse)

Ministry of Finance & Economic PlanningState Planning CommissionMinistry of Agriculture & Natural Resources

Ministry of Women AffairsMinistry of Local Government AffairsMinistry of Rural DevelopmentMinistry of HealthMinistry of Education

Indirect Responsibility (Mainstreaming, Administration)

Table 9: Bauchi Sanitation Delivery Institutions, Roles and BeneficiariesName of Institution Class

of Mandate

Roles as Related to Sanitation

Target Beneficiaries

1 Bauchi State Ministry of the Environment

Direct Environmental policies and sector coordination

All Residents

2 Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

Direct Sanitation regulation and sludge evacuation

All Residents

3 Bauchi State Ministry of Water Resources

Direct Sanitation policies, regulation and sector coordination

All Residents

4 Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation

Direct Sanitation infrastructure & service provider

All Residents

5 Bauchi State Ministry of Education

Indirect

Budget and monitoring of SUBEB

Public and Private Schools

6 Bauchi State Universal Basic Education Board

Direct Sanitation infrastructure

Public Schools

7 Bauchi State Ministry of Health

Indirect

Budget and Monitoring of Healthcare Centers

Public Healthcare Facilities

8 Bauchi State Primary Healthcare Development Agency


Primary Healthcare Centers

9 Office of Sustainable Development Goals


Public Spaces & Facilities

10

Bauchi Local Government

Direct Inspection and enforcement

All Residents

Source: WCP Field Study, Arctic Infrastructure, 2017

5.7 Bauchi State: Overview of Financial Flows for Urban Water and Sanitation

An analysis of the Bauchi State budgets between 2013 and 2016 shows that six institutions have a direct project implementation budget in the water and sanitation sector. The ability to identify WASH-related budget lines progressively improved.

For example, the budget for water and sanitation for the State Primary Healthcare Development Agency in 2014 was embedded in the general renovation and repairs of healthcare centers; however, in 2015 and 2016, these were reflected as separate line items. Although the Office of Sustainable Development Goals (OSDG) was mentioned as an active agency in the water and sanitation sector, there are no substantive provisions for the agency in the budget.

The proportion of WASH allocation against the total annual state budget since 2013 has consistently been below the 5% mark until 2016 when it rose to 6.48% as shown in Table 10 (Summary of Budgets History for Water and Sanitation in Bauchi). Figures 6-9 that follow show the annual budget allocations to each WASH-related department while Table 11 (Budgets for Water and Sanitation in Bauchi) provides details on budgets for the water and sanitation sector institutions receiving state allocations in Bauchi.

Table 10: Summary of Budgets History for Water and Sanitation in BauchiYear Total Budget (₦

Billion)Percentage for Water and Sanitation

Indicator

Status

2013 136.33 2.58% 15% Below2014 133.73 4.11 15% Below2015 102.86 2.59% 15% Below2016 136.30 6.48% 15% Below

Source: Arctic Infrastructure, 2017

Figure 6: Percentage of Water and Sanitation Budget to the Total State Budget in 2013

Percentage to Total Budget0

0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

0.89

1.4

0.12 0.06 0.04 0.07

Ministry of Water ResourcesBauchi State Water Sewerage Cor-poration Rural Water Supply and Sanitation AgencyBauchi State Environmental Protection AgencyBauchi State Primary Healthcare Development AgencyBauchi State Universal Basic Educa-tion BoardOffice of Sustainable Dvelopment Goals

37



0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

0.971.23

1.68

0.16 0.05 0.02

Ministry of Water ResourcesBauchi State Water Sewerage Cor-poration Rural Water Supply and Sanitation AgencyBauchi State Environmental Protec-tion AgencyBauchi State Primary Healthcare Development AgencyBauchi State Universal Basic Educa-tion Board



0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

0.39

1.34

0.740000000000001

0.03 0.09




0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

0.59

3.52

2.22

0.08 0.07



38

Table 11: Budgets for Water and Sanitation in BauchiInstitution

2013 (₦ Billion) 2014 (₦ Billion) 2015 (₦ Billion) 2016 (₦ Billion)

Total Budget

Water & Sanitation Component

Percentage to Total Budget

Total Budget



Total Budget



Total Budget



136.33

133.73

102.86

136.30

MWR 1.22 1.22 0.89 1.3 1.3 0.97

0.40 0.40 0.39

0.80 0.80 0.59

BSWSC 1.91 1.91 1.40 1.6

5 1.65 1.231.3

8 1.38 1.34 4.8 4.8 3.52RUWASSA

0.16 0.16 0.12 2.2

5 2.25 1.680.7

6 0.76 0.743.0

2 3.02 2.22BASEPA

1.59 0.08 0.06 0.9

5 0.22 0.160.7

0 0.033 0.031.1

7 0.11 0.08BSPHDA

2.65 0.05 0.04 2.0

6 0.07 0.050.9

7 EMB -3.3

5 EMB -BSUBEB

1.75 0.097 0.07 1.8

7 0.03 0.023.2

1 0.09 0.092.8

9 0.10 0.07OSDG No estimated expenditure profile

Abbreviation InstitutionMWR Ministry of Water ResourcesBSWSC Bauchi State Water and Sewerage

CorporationRUWASSA Rural Water Supply and Sanitation AgencyBASEPA Bauchi State Environmental Protection

AgencyBSPHDA Bauchi State Primary Healthcare

Development AgencyBSUBEB Bauchi State Universal Basic Education

BoardOSDG Office of Sustainable Development GoalsEMB. Embedded in other projects

Source: Bauchi State Government, 2014, 2015 & 2016, Arctic Infrastructure, 2017

39

6. PROPOSED INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SANITATION IN BAUCHI

To improve access to adequate sanitation, increase the confidence of residents of Bauchi in the ability of government to provide public infrastructure, and to encourage long term private capital investment in the sector, the government of Bauchi needs to focus on strengthening the state institutions responsible for the sector. The Shit Flow Diagram in 5.3, the Service Delivery Action Framework in 5.4, and the City Service Delivery Assessment in 5.6 show that the sanitation systems in Bauchi are currently unable to meet the needs of the city. There is a huge gap in the value chain created by an absence of state institutions, which results in inadequate access to public sanitation facilities and services in the city. It also provides a platform for informal, haphazard, and entrenched self-help services and systems. As a result, the WCP has determined the need to restructure the Service Delivery Framework to accommodate the needs of Bauchi City and emerging towns in the State.

The process for the proposed institutional restructuring has been divided into two phases, which are (i) Medium term (1 to 15 years); and (ii) Long term (more than 15 years), as shown in Figure 6 (Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi—Medium Term) and Figure 7 (Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi—Long Term).

Although the proposed restructured framework (described in more detail further below) will function within the existing sanitation system, the WCP Team recommends that any adaptation should:

1. Consider that the current structure is already overwhelmed by the demand and will face growing challenges in delivering sanitation services to the city’s growing population.

2. Clarify which government entities are responsible for regulating water, sanitation, and the environment within the system, and eliminate any overlapping roles.

3. Expand platforms for service delivery to help reduce to the bare minimum the provision of informal services within the sector.

4. Empower local governments to initiate policy, implement programs, and secure overall sanitation service delivery.

5. Adopt a strategic, long-term capacity building approach for the sanitation sector in Bauchi State.

The proposed institutional structure in Figure 6 is grouped into three strategic areas:

Strategic Area 1 – Policy, Regulatory, Coordination, and Capacity: At the apex of the proposed framework is the Bauchi State Ministry of Water Resources that will be responsible for sector strategy, policy, and coordination. This will be complemented by the Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency’s (BASEPA) expanded role, focusing on sector regulation, including licensing, price mechanism,

40

standard settings, and market development support for the sector. To build the capacity of stakeholders in the urban sanitation sector, the WCP sought out an existing institution that could serve as a capacity building platform for sanitation service stakeholders in the sanitation value chain. Kaduna houses the National Water Resources Institute, however, the WCP survey found that there is no similar entity that could be trained to provide capacity building assistance to sanitation service providers in Bauchi. Furthermore, throughout the survey fieldwork, stakeholders expressed the need – in the long run – to create a training platform. Therefore, while it is WCP’s preference to work within existing institutions, the framework proposes creating a Bauchi Center for Development Strategy (BCDS), which could be headquartered at the Faculty of Environmental Technology in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU). The BCDS is expected to focus on water and sanitation, as well as physical / urban development, climate change, and governance at both state and local levels. All of these areas are interconnected and affect current and future practices in sanitation in Bauchi. WCP proposes the BCDS serve all stakeholders involved in the delivery of sanitation services, including NGOs, small-scale operators, line staff at government departments and agencies, management of government agencies, and others.

Strategic Area 2 – Services, Value Chain, and Revenue: This strategic area includes both public and private investors and operators, across the sanitation value chain, operating with the guidance and approval of BASEPA. As part of the private sector initiatives, informal sanitation workers (i.e., sludge evacuators) and enterprises will formalize their operations, when possible. Private investment will be encouraged across the sanitation value chain. Under this scenario, three issues need to be highlighted:

i. All actors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), will be required to obtain a license to operate in the sanitation sector. Approvals for the licenses will require different levels of scrutiny and documentation for NGOs, informal operators, and established private sector investors as the circumstance may require;

ii. Local government WASH departments will expand beyond their current activities to begin carrying out all roles currently statutorily specified by law. That is, expanding beyond capture and storage, to additionally take on evacuation/transport, disposal/treatment, and reuse/recycle, under the supervision of BASEPA. They will also obtain approval to operate as part of a process to strengthen the sanitation system for the state and prepare the local governments to develop capacity in setting-up their own water and sewerage offices in the long term; and

iii. The Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation will establish an Office of Sewerage Services to focus on sanitation services and infrastructure. The Office of Sewerage Services is expected, in the Long Term (more than15 years), to become a stand-alone institution with focus on sanitation infrastructure delivery and reporting line to the Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation, which will concentrate on water supply.

Strategic Area 3 – Customer and Payment: With a focus on service delivery, customer service, and revenue collection, the coordination among the multiple stakeholders in Strategic Area 3 is expected to expand sanitation infrastructure and services across the value chain and improve service delivery. It would strengthen

41

customer rights, determine affordability levels and appropriate pricing, and revenue collection methods. Attention will also be paid to the coordination and introduction of formal multiple players. Improved, affordable services will lead to customers paying for services and will lead to system sustainability

In summary, the changes envisaged in implementing the medium term institutional reforms are expected to promote or result in:

New operational standards, guidelines, and regulations for the sanitation sector;

Investment opportunities in the sector’s value chain through private capital; Formalization of informal activities, promoting confidence and trust among

stakeholders; The current dual roles of BASEPA as regulator and service provider being

limited to regulator; New licensing regime created for all actors in the sector, including NGOs; Strengthened sanitation operations and improved learning processes for local

governments on the future of autonomous sanitation systems. In the long term, the establishment of the Bauchi Center for Development Strategy to be domiciled at the Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University;

Coordinated and formal multiple players in the sector expected to expand sanitation infrastructure across the value chain and improve service delivery; and

Affordable and regular payments made by customers, promoting sector sustainability.

42

Figure 6: Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi – Medium Term (1 to 15 Years)15


15 Dashed red outlining symbolizes proposed institutions.

43

Bauchi State Governor’s Office

Bauchi State Ministry of Water Resources

Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

Residents of Bauchi

Local Government WASH Departments

Bauchi Center for Development Strategy (Faculty of Environmental Technology,

(ATBU)

PolicyRegulatoryCoordinationCapacity

ServicesValue ChainRevenue

CustomerPayment

Private Sector Other Actors (OSDG, SUBEB, NGOs, and Others)

Community Committees

Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation (Office

of Water and Sewerage Services)

Figure 7: Proposed Institutional Framework for Sanitation in Bauchi – Long Term (more than 15 Years)16

16 Dashed red outlining symbolizes proposed institutions.

44

Bauchi State Governor’s Office

Bauchi State Ministry of Water Resources

Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency

Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation

Residents of Bauchi

Local Governments

Bauchi Center for Development Strategy (Faculty of Environmental Technology at ATBU)

PolicyRegulatoryCoordinationCapacity

ServiceValue ChainRevenue

CustomerPayment

Private Sector Other Actors (OSDG, SUBEB, NGOs and Others)

Community Committees (WASH Comms)

Local Government WASH Departments

Office of Water and Sewerage Services

6.1 Components of an Integrated Fecal Sludge Plan for Bauchi City

The WCP proposes that the sanitation plan that BSWSC will oversee the “Bauchi City Integrated Fecal Sludge Plan”. As noted above, the BSWSC will be the lead agency in preparing this plan, coordinating closely with other state government institutions, and receiving support from WCP. This integrated sanitation plan covers nine broad components.

The broad components include the following: 1. General Background and Justification for the Plan 2. Existing Sanitation Situation3. Planning Scenario

a. Planning Scenario – Urban Planning Interfaceb. Planning Scenario – Human Fecal Sludgec. Planning Scenario – Wastewaterd. Planning Scenario – Drainage and Floodinge. Planning Scenario – Solid Waste

4. Climate Change and Resilience Strategy5. Institutional Framework for Implementation and Management of the Plan6. Financing, Funding and Cost Recovery Mechanism7. Implementation Strategies8. Operation and Maintenance and Service Delivery System9. Next Steps

The level of detail that BSWSC develops in the plan will depend on how many of the specific proposed planning scenarios it chooses to address. The potential scenarios include: urban planning interface; human fecal sludge, wastewater, drainage and flooding; and solid waste. Details of the components included in a typical sanitation planning process are presented in Annex 2 (Components of the Proposed Integrated Sanitation Plan).

6.2 Processes and Activities for Formulating the Sanitation PlanThe proposed process for formulating the Bauchi City Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan is outlined as a work plan in Figure 9 (Work Plan for the Preparation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan). The work plan recognizes Bauchi State Water and Sewerage Corporation (BSWSC) as the institution with a mandate to formulate a city sanitation plan, hence assuming most of the responsibilities. Development partners, including USAID, may collaborate with BSWSC in producing the sanitation plan. Some of the sanitation survey data and reports prepared under the WCP will be helpful inputs in meeting the requirements for stages of sanitation plan preparation. WCP estimates that, under the proposed work plan, the process of delivering the sanitation plan will span 20 months, with implementation starting in month 21.

Figure 9: Work Plan for the Preparation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan

45

Activity Purpose Responsible stakeholder

Timeline

Stakeholders’ Sensitization and Engagement

To receive inputs into the process, and mobilize and obtain broad support for the sanitation plan

BSWSC

Household Survey on Sanitation

To understand the needs and gaps in the sector on which the sanitation plan will be based

BSWSC & USAID 2nd Month

Institutional and Governance Mapping

To map the stakeholders and key processes to formulate the plan

BSWSC & USAID 3rd Month

Request for Expression of Interest for the Preparation of the Sanitation Plan

To invite and assess the capacity, competency, and costs from different prospective consultants

BSWSC, State Development Board & USAID

5th – 6th Month

Commission Consultants to Develop the Sanitation Plan

To commission a consultant or consortium to formulate the plan in accordance with the outlined components

BSWSC 7th – 12th Month

Submission of Draft Plan and Convene Validation Meetings

To enable customers and stakeholders to provide further inputs into the sanitation plan

Consultants & BSWSC

13th – 15th Month

Review the Plan and the Plan Preparation Processes

To understand the gaps, challenges and potentials in the planning and preparation process

BSWSC & USAID 16th – 17th Month

Submission of Final Plan and Approval

To obtain approval by the State Development Board following the submission and to pave the way for implementation

Consultants, BSWSC & State Development Board

18th – 19th Month

Explore the Implementation Processes

The implementation will be executed in accordance with the recommendations of the plan

BSWSC, USAID & Ministry of Works, Lands & Housing

20th Month

Implementation BSWSC, USAID & Multiple Stakeholders

From 21st Month

6.3 Priority Actions for WASH Coordination Project (WCP)The WCP has identified a series of practical and immediate actions that can be taken, see Table 12: Priority Actions for WCP.

46

Table 13: Immediate Actions for WCPN. Activity Sub-Activities Role

BearersTimeline

1 Liaise with key stakeholders both in the public, private and civil society sectors on WCP plan for the sector

Two focus group discussions are recommended in this regard; (i) key government institutions; and (ii) other stakeholders

DIG September - October, 2017

2 Initiate a capacity building plan that will focus on developing a sanitation plan, processes of sanitation infrastructure delivery and regulations for the sector

Prepare a capacity building plan for the sector showing subject areas, modules, participants, logistics and budgets

DIG, BSWSC and Bauchi Local Government (BLG)

September, 2017

Implement the capacity building plan

DIG, BSWSC and Consultants

November, 2017 till the end of WCP

3 Collaborate with the state in developing database and publishing a directory of all actors within the sanitation value chain in the state

Obtain and review the details of all actors in the state’s sanitation value chain

DIG, BSWSC, BASEPA

October – November, 2017

Publish the brochure of all actors in the sanitation value chain

DIG, BSWSC and Printing Consultants

February – March, 2018

4 Support the process of starting the Office of Sewerage and Sanitation Services

Review, in conjunction with BSWSC, the needs to starting and operating the office

DIG and BSWSC

February – March, 2018

Intervene in the operations commencement for the office based on the needs’ review.

DIG and BSWSC

May – July, 2018

Commission a consultant to prepare the sanitation plan

DIG and Consultant

February 2018 – May, 2018

Consultant delivery of the sanitation plan

Consultant

June, 2018

Develop a preliminary May –

47

5 Develop a report template to aggregate annual sanitation projects in Bauchi especially for government institutions

reporting template and share among sanitation infrastructure delivery agencies

DIG, BSWSC and BLG

July, 2018

Review, consolidate and develop a final template and share among sanitation infrastructure delivery agencies

July – August, 2018

Convene a validation meeting among the sanitation infrastructure delivery agencies to review the final report template

September, 2018

6

Support the formulations of regulatory and standard guidelines for water and sanitation

Develop the Statement of Work and invite Consultants to bid for the preparation of regulatory and standard guidelines for water and sanitation

DIG and BSWSC

June – July, 2018

Commission a consultant to prepare the regulatory and standard guidelines for water and sanitation

DIG and Consultant

September – November, 2018

Consultant delivery of the regulatory and standard guidelines for water and sanitation

Consultant

December, 2018

Develop the Statement of Work and invite Consultants to bid for the sanitation facility need assessments in selected schools and healthcare centers

DIG January, 2019

Commission a consultant to prepare the sanitation facility need assessments

DIG January - February, 2019

Consultant delivery of the sanitation facility need assessments

Consultant

March, 2019

Recruit contractors to deliver sanitation infrastructure in the selected schools and healthcare centers in accordance with the recommendations of the

DIG April – June, 2019

48

sanitation facility need assessmentsContractors delivery of the sanitation infrastructure

Contractors

May, 2019

49

7. ANNEXES7.1 Annex 1. Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi7.1.1 Annex 1.1: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Federal

Government ActionsStages of Actions

Short Term Actions (1 – 3 Years)

Critical Interventions to Protect Public

Health

Intermediate Actions (4 – 10 Years)

Strengthening Existing Platforms

Long Term Actions (10 - 20 Years)

Full Chain and Sustainable Services

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

t of N

iger

ia

Policy, legislation and regulations

Adopt and assess the performance of National Water Sanitation Policy at the state and local government (LG) levels

Develop a National Urban Sanitation Strategy

Review, update, and adopt the National Water Sanitation Policy as it affects states and LG

Develop National Strategy for Fecal Sludge Management

Formulate adaptable regulatory framework for sanitation planning at state and municipal councils (MCs) / LGs’ levels

Strengthen the autonomous structure of MCs / LGs.

Institutional arrangements

Review MCs / LGs’ performances on sanitation matters

Provide adaptable institutional framework for MCs / LGs in sanitation matters

Provide adaptable institutional framework for LGs in sanitation matters

Capacity building and

Provide training on sanitation project management at

Provide training and technical assistance in formulating sanitation plans

Provide training and technical assistance in building and sustaining

50

technical assistance

both states and LG’s levels

Support public utilities association as possible learning platforms

at both states and LG’s levels Strengthen National Water

Resources Institute and Nigerian Water Supply Association as platform for training and knowledge sharing on urban sanitation

institutions for sanitation matters at both states and MC / LG levels

Provide technical assistance on building virile MCs / LGs

Planning, monitoring and evaluation

Ensure sanitation is a component of national performance monitoring framework under NUWSRP-3

Support the online sanitation tracking system initiated by UNICEF and DFID

Facilitate a nationally coordinated online sanitation tracking system, including the NUWSRP-3, UNICEF and DFID systems

Financing Establish budget line for sanitation

Ensure 5% of annual budget goes to water and sanitation sector

Develop a financing framework for urban sanitation including public health and hygiene promotion and private sector investment guarantee

Strengthen Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) as the repository of water related sanitation budget and expenditure at the Federal level

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7.1.2 Annex 1.2: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Bauchi State Government Actions

Stages of Actions


Critical Interventions to Protect Public Health





Bauc

hi S

tate

Gov

ernm

ent

Policy, legislation, and regulations

Commence the process of reviewing law establishing BASEPA and Urban Planning and Development Board to strengthen synergy amongst all institutional actors and non-state actors under the Bauchi State Urban Water Sector Law

Review, update and adopt the Bauchi State Environmental Protection and Conservation Agency of 1997

Support the Bauchi MC / LGs in developing respective adaptive sanitation policies and strategies


Review the operations and roles of BASEPA

Review the relationship between BASEPA and commercial truck operators

Assess the potentials and challenges of starting the Office of

Provide guidelines for strengthening of Sanitation Committees (WASH Comms) at low income areas of Bauchi town and the MCs / LG’s levels

Explore the setting up of Office of Sewerage Services

Strengthen BASEPA to focus on regulatory, support, strategy and capacity roles in the sanitation sector

Strengthen BSWSC to focus on water delivery

Strengthen Office of Sewerage Services to focus on sanitation

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Sewerage Services Support the setting up of virile water, sewerage and sanitation departments in all MCs / LGs

matters. Strengthen MC / LG

abilities to develop sanitation strategies and policies in their jurisdictions

Capacity building and technical assistance

Embark on capacity building programs for the staff of BASEPA and BSWSC on the roles and responsibilities in the sector

Review the modalities of establishing Bauchi Center for Development Strategy

Convene workshops for all state and non-state actors on the need to converge all efforts in the sanitation sector

Establish Bauchi Center for Development Strategy

Set up a regular training framework for private sector operators in the sanitation value chain

Sanitation plan

Prepare Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan to cover the value chain of sanitation including capture, evacuation/transportation, disposal/treatment and reuse/recycle

Provide guide and framework for MCs’ / LGs’ sanitation plan

Commence full implementation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan, in conjunction with the State Development Board

Develop and share learning products from Bauchi Town sanitation planning process and exercise

Projects, equipment and operations

Support BSWSC with grants to procure and rehabilitate operational equipment

Assess the current

Call for expression of interest (EOI) and yield to the private sector the operations and management of

Ensure the sustainability and expansion of the Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan

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dumping sites at Na’tsira, Birshi, Kweto and Dungulbe for formal take over and conversion to sanitary landfill / treatment plants

identified dumpsites and to develop sanitary landfills / treatment plants

Monitoring and evaluation

Establish mechanism of monitoring the performance of BSWSC and BASEPA

Develop database and publish a directory of all actors within the sanitation value chain

Implement the online sanitation tracking system initiated by FMWR and that of UNICEF and DFID

Initiate and publish 5-year progress reports on the sector

Institutionalize biennial sanitation sector progress review meetings

Consolidate on the 5-year progress reports in the sector

Convene stakeholders meeting to review progress, challenges, and future opportunities in the sector

Financing Improve budget allocation to the water and sanitation sector from the current less than 7% to about 10%

Establish a city-wide revenue generation mechanism for sanitation O&M & investments

Create Bauchi State Development Fund which will be accessible to WASH development actors in Bauchi and increase budget to 12.5%

Improve budget allocation to the water and sanitation sector to about 15%

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7.1.3 Annex 1.3: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Local Government Actions

Stages of Actions







Bauc

hi L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ents


Review, understand, and gain clarity on the interpretation for the Declaration of Urban Land Order 1988

Review the local government bye-laws with a view to bringing sanitation as core service delivery of MCs / LGs

Develop municipal / LG WASH policy, guidelines and regulations


Review the performance of WASH Departments within and outside the context of new urban water sector law and determine impacts and challenges

Reach out to informal operators and share business and structure models for possible replication and with a view to building sustainable relationship

Strengthen the relationship between WASH Departments and new and new coordination outlet to be established by BSWSC

Develop integrated framework to coordinate relationship among WASH Departments, WASH Comms, informal operators, BSWSC coordination outlet and BASEPA

Realize independence in policy and administration set up in water and sanitation matters.

Explore the full process of transforming into autonomous WASH Departments

Establish collaborations and links with both local and international organizations active in the WASH sector

Capacity building

Explore training opportunities for WASH Department/Unit both

Review the capacity of WASH Department/Unit

Retool the capacity of

Sustain access to capacity support and technical assistance opportunities

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at the state and federal levels

Conduct training for WASH Comms and informal operators

WASH Department/Unit Expose the staff of the

new WASH Department to both local and international trainings.

Sanitation plan

Actively participate in activities at the state level on the preparation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan

Mobilize stakeholders for the implementation of the sanitation plan

Participate and sustain the implementation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan


Develop a local sanitation action plan showing deliverables within three years

Identify priority areas for quick win interventions

Implement quick win projects and programs

Implement the online sanitation tracking system initiated by UNICEF and DFID

Review the progress in the sector through household and community surveys

Develop a database of all actors within the sanitation value chain in the local government

Financing Provide funding for the implementation of identified quick win projects

Give priority to WASH financing and seek to attain 15% budget benchmark

Introduce targeted subsidies to poor households in improving sanitation facilities

Work with the private sector operators, WASH Comms, and households to develop viable and affordable market oriented mechanisms for the sector

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7.1.4 Annex 1.4: Service Delivery Action Framework for Urban Sanitation in Bauchi – Development Partners Actions

Stages of Actions

Short Term Actions(1 – 3 Years)


Intermediate Actions(4 – 10 Years)




Oth

er D

evel

opm

ent

Part

ners


Collaborate with the FMWR in reviewing the National Water Sanitation Policy

Support the FMWR in developing a National Urban Sanitation Strategy

Support the revision of the law establishing BASEPA and the new urban water sector law

Support the formulations of regulatory and standard guidelines for water and sanitation

Support the LG in the initial stages of policy formulation

Support the LG in the final stages of policy formulation


Support the establishment of Office of Sewerage Services

Support the organization of informal operators and establishment of clear roles for private sector participation

Support the setting up of virile water, sewerage and sanitation departments and systems in all MCs / LGs

Support the reform of the urban sanitation sector with BASEPA focused on regulatory support, while BSWSC is focused on water supply services delivery

Support the strengthening of Office of Sewerage Services to focusing on sanitation matters

Capacity building and technical assistance

Support assessment capacity gaps in the sector with a view to understanding the intervention required

Work with BSWSC, BASEPA, NGOs, and Department of Urban and Regional Planning, ABTU, to build capacity in the sector and promote citizens’ voice and civil society participation

Collaborate with LG and state actors to build capacity in the sector

Sanitation plan

Support assessment Bauchi Town’s sanitation needs and gaps

Collaborate with the state in the preparation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan

Support the state in the implementation of Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan


Map the stakeholders, policies and projects in the sector

Develop and coordinate sector donors’ intervention plan

Support the state in developing database and publishing a directory of all actors within the sanitation value chain in the state

Key into the online sanitation tracking system initiated by UNICEF and DFID

Support the state in the publication of 5-year progress reports? on the sector

Support biennial stakeholders convening to review progress, challenges, and future opportunities in the sector

Provide support to LG in developing and sustaining monitoring and evaluation mechanism.

Financing Discuss and agree with the state, local government, and other stakeholders on funding framework for sanitation

Support the funding of quick win critical sanitation infrastructure in public places, especially in schools (public, private, and Arabic schools)

Support budget monitoring and tracking process

Collaborate with government and other stakeholders in investing in critical sanitation infrastructure

Invest in accordance with the provisions of the Bauchi Integrated Urban Sanitation Plan

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7.2 Annex 2: Components of the Proposed Integrated Fecal Sludge PlanN. Broad Area Components1 General Background and Justification for

the Plan Goals Objectives Scope Planning Area Justification for the Plan Methodology

2 Existing Sanitation Situation Infrastructure Reticulation System Processes Policies and Plans Governance

3 Planning Scenario – Urban Planning Interface

City Architecture Predominant Settlement Type Housing Types Resettlement Action Plan

Planning Scenario – Human Fecal Sludge Capture Types and Specifications Storage Types and Specifications Network and Reticulation Models Evacuation and Transport Options Disposal and Treatment Models Reuse, Recycle and Renew Business Model

Planning Scenario – Wastewater Capture Types and Specifications Storage Types and Specifications Network and Reticulation Models Evacuation and Transport Options Disposal and Treatment Models Reuse, Recycle and Renew Business Model

Planning Scenario – Drainage and Flooding Tertiary, Secondary and Primary Channels Specifications

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Urban Drainage Network Drainage/River Tributary Links River Bank Management Plan Flood Abatement Measures Channels Evacuation and Management Plan

Planning Scenario – Solid Waste Collection and Storage Methods and Specifications Evacuation and Transport Options Disposal and Treatment Models Reuse, Recycle and Renew Business Model

4 Climate Change and Resilience Strategy Urban Risk and Vulnerability Analysis City Climate Adaptation Strategies Proposed Water and Sanitation Green Infrastructure

N. Broad Area Components5 Institutional Framework for Implementation

and Management of the Plan Formal Institutions Community Based Institutions Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation

6 Financing, Funding and Cost Recovery Mechanism

Financing Options for Implementation Funding Structure among the Stakeholders Sanitation Marketing Plan Cost Recovery and Sanitation Business Model

7 Implementations Strategies Roles and Responsibilities for Implementations’ Stakeholders

Time Schedule Implementation Phasing Plan

8 Operation & Maintenance and Service Delivery System

Operational Plan for the Sector Maintenance Plan for Different Components of the Plan Service Delivery Structure

9 Next Steps Priority Areas Work Plan for Identified Priority Areas Quick Win Actions

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7.3 Annex 3: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of Sanitation in urban Bauchi

The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis provides areas of focus and attention for urban sanitation in Bauchi. It identifies threats with the aim of provoking robust strategies in minimizing the threats.

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Strengths Recognition of the neglect of sanitation is a key strength that will

drive future initiatives in the sector. Existing staff of BASEPA and informal sanitation workers

(sludge evacuators) are key assets to driving sectoral reform. Despite observed inadequacies, Bauchi State Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene Policy, 2011 and Bauchi Urban Water Sector Law of 2014 are good platforms to strengthen the reform process in the urban sanitation sector.

Existing land resources, if well acquired, are viable factors for investment in disposal, treatment and re-use components.

Weaknesses Policy attention to sanitation matters is weak. Despite the law that established Bauchi State Urban Water and Sewerage

Corporation, institutional framework for sanitation is weak. Lack of city sanitation plan is an obstacle to early and holistic intervention in the

sector. The economic power of about half of the residents is weak (about half of the

population in Bauchi is living with income below US $1/day) which may present a challenge on the affordability of sanitation services to the new investors.

Absence of price regulatory mechanism is capable of compelling interested formal investors into unfair and unethical pricing practice.

Opportunities Gap in the value chain presents huge opportunities for

intervention by different stakeholders. Considerable population growth rate at 3.4% is a good incentive

for demand for service in the sanitation sector. Existing informal relationship between the sludge evacuators

and the farmers is an indicator of a market opportunity that can be taken to scale.

New energy efficiency and green sanitation technology that are adaptable to settlement type in Bauchi are emerging.

Interest of development partners such as USAID in Bauchi State sanitation sector is a noteworthy opportunity to develop a market system for the sector.

Threats Inadequacy of law to encourage private sector ownership of sanitation

infrastructure is a threat. Threats could be prolonged if law is not amended within a reasonable

investment time frame. Inadequacy of sanitation infrastructure along the value chain is a threat to

component’s value chain investor. Restricted access to water will compromise any gain made in the sector. Instability in the global oil pricing will reduce federal budgetary allocation to

Bauchi which will affect government investment in the sanitation sector. Reduction in funding support for development partners will have significant

impacts on the actors in the sector.

SWOT

The SWOT summary on the previous page shows gaps and opportunities in the sanitation sector. The table below highlights some of the mitigation measures in response to the SWOT analysis.

Mitigation Measures in response to Sanitation Sector SWOT for urban Bauchi.N. Identified Issue Mitigating Measure

Strengths1 Recognition of the neglect of

sanitation is a key strength that will drive future initiatives in the sector.

Problem recognition must be matched by corresponding actions to drive reform.

2 Existing staff of BASEPA and informal sanitation workers (sludge evacuators) are key assets to driving sectoral reform.

Stakeholders capacity building to reposition the human resources is key to improvement in the sector.

3 Despite observed inadequacies, Bauchi State Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2011 and Bauchi Urban Water Sector Law of 2014 are good platforms to strengthen the reform process in the urban sanitation sector.

In the medium term, priority should be given to policy adjustment and amendment of law.

4 Existing land resources, if well acquired, are viable factors for investment in disposal, treatment and re-use components.

Formal accessibility to existing unapproved fecal sludge disposal sites should be prioritized to make them attractive to interested investors.

Weaknesses1 Policy attention to sanitation

matters is weak.In the medium term, priority should be given to policy adjustment and amendment of law.

2 Despite the law that established Bauchi State Urban Water and Sewerage Corporation, institutional framework for sanitation is weak.

Revise the institutional framework with adequate attention to sanitation matters.

3 Lack of city sanitation plan is an obstacle to early and holistic intervention in the sector.

Priority should be given to the preparation of the city sanitation plan.

4 The economic power of about half of the residents is weak (about half of the population in Bauchi has income below US $1/day) which may present a

Bauchi State Government should adopt a sustainable economic approach that can lift majority of the residents out of poverty.

challenge on the affordability of sanitation services to the new investors.

5 Absence of price regulatory mechanism is capable of compelling interested formal investors into unfair and unethical pricing practice.

Price mechanism should be given considerable attention in the suggested reform outlined in this report.

Opportunities1 Gap in the value chain presents

huge opportunities for intervention by different stakeholders.

Attractive policy and governance sanitation environment should be created to attracting stakeholders that can fill the value chain gaps.

2 Considerable population growth rate at 3.4% is a good incentive for demand for service in the sanitation sector.

Bauchi State Government should adopt a sustainable economic approach that can lift majority of the residents out of poverty condition.

3 Existing informal relationship between the sludge evacuators and the farmers is an indicator of a market opportunity that can be taken to scale.

The relationship should be strengthened and formalized in a new proposed reform and with vibrant policy framework.

4 New energy efficiency and green sanitation technology that are adaptable to settlement type in Bauchi are emerging.

In improving the sanitation status in Bauchi urban area, the state and local governments should explore the opportunities presented by emerging green sanitation infrastructure for the sector.

5 Interest of development partners such as USAID in Bauchi State sanitation sector is a noteworthy opportunity to develop market system for the sector.

Bauchi State Government should develop a strategic engagement plan and strengthen its collaboration with development partners including USAID and others.

Threats1 Inadequacy of law to encourage

private sector ownership of sanitation infrastructure is a threat.


2 Threats could be prolonged if law is not amended within a reasonable investment time frame.


3 Inadequacy of sanitation infrastructure along the value chain is a threat to component’s value chain investor.

In accordance with the provisions of the city sanitation plan, attention should be given to the delivery of sanitation infrastructure.

4 Restricted access to water will compromise any gain made in

Efforts should be sustained in achieving the goal of access to water for the

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the sector. residents of Bauchi State.5 Instability in the global oil

pricing will reduce federal budgetary allocation to Bauchi which will affect government investment in the sanitation sector.

Bauchi State Government should be looking inward on building stronger economy through diversification, investment in people, networking and infrastructure development.

6 Reduction in funding support for development partners will have significant impacts on the actors in the sector.

Bauchi State Government should develop a strategic engagement plan and strengthen its collaboration with development partners including USAID and others.

Source: Field Study, 2017

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