for other people named charles darwin
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For other people named Charles Darwin, seeCharles Darwin (disambiguation).
Charles Darwin
Darwin, aged 45 in 1854, by then working towards
publication ofOn the Origin of Species
Born
Charles Robert Darwin12 February 1809
The Mount,Shrewsbury,
Shropshire,UK
Died19 April 1882 (aged 73)Down House,Downe,Kent,UK
Residence EnglandCitizenship British
Nationality British
Fields Natural history,Geology
Institutions
tertiary education:University of Edinburgh Medical
School(medicine)University of Cambridge
(ordinary Bachelor of Arts)
professional institution:
Geological Society of LondonAcademic
advisors
John Stevens Henslow
Adam Sedgwick
Known for
The Voyage of the Beagle
On the Origin of Speciesevolutionby
natural selection,
common descent
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Influences
Alexander von HumboldtJohn Herschel
Charles Lyell
Influenced
Joseph Dalton Hooker
Thomas Henry Huxley
George RomanesErnst Haeckel
Sir John Lubbock
Notable awards
Royal Medal(1853)
Wollaston Medal(1859)Copley Medal(1864)
Spouse Emma Darwin(married 1839)
Children 10 children (see list)
Signature
Charles Robert Darwin,FRS(12 February 180919 April 1882) was an Englishnaturalistandgeologist,
[1]best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory.
[I]He established that all
speciesof life have descended over time fromcommon ancestors,[2]
and in a joint publication
withAlfred Russel Wallaceintroduced hisscientific theorythat thisbranching patternofevolutionresulted from a process that he callednatural selection,in which thestruggle for
existencehas a similar effect to theartificial selectioninvolved inselective breeding.[3]
Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 bookOn the
Origin of Species,overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts oftransmutation ofspecies.
[4][5]By the 1870s thescientific communityand much of the general public had accepted
evolution as a fact.However, many favouredcompeting explanationsand it was not until the
emergence of themodern evolutionary synthesisfrom the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad
consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[6][7]
Inmodified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of thelife sciences,
explaining thediversity of life.[8][9]
Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect hismedical educationat theUniversity of
Edinburgh;instead, he helped to investigatemarine invertebrates.Studies at theUniversity of
Cambridgeencouraged his passion fornatural science.[10]
Hisfive-year voyageonHMSBeagle
established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supportedCharlesLyell'suniformitarianideas, and publication of hisjournal of the voyagemade him famous as a
popular author.[11]
Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife andfossilshe collected on the voyage,
Darwin began detailed investigations and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.[12]
Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive researchand his geological work had priority.
[13]He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred
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Russel Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint
publication ofboth of their theories.[14]
Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with
modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.[6]
In 1871 heexaminedhuman evolutionandsexual selectioninThe Descent of Man, and Selection inRelation to Sex,followed byThe Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.His research
on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examinedearthwormsandtheir effect on soil.[15]
In recognition of Darwin's pre-eminence as a scientist, he was honoured with a major ceremonialfuneral and buried inWestminster Abbey,close toJohn HerschelandIsaac Newton.
[16]Darwin
has been described as one of the most influential figures in human
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