for more pdf - hindi 1.pdf · for more pdf - . write us : [email protected]...
TRANSCRIPT
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
dEI;wVj uksV~l
gkMZos;j
ihlh gkMZos;j Xyksljh
AGP (,DlsysjsVsM xzkfQDl iksVZ) - ;g ,d ek/;e gS
tks fofM;ks dkMZ ds fy, cuk;k x;k gS tks dh CPU]
eseksjh vkSj fofM;ks dkMZ ds chp mPp rhozrk dk lapj.k
djrk gSA
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)-,d
ROM fpi ij baLVªD'ku dk lsV gksrk gS tks daI;wVj
ds gkMZos;j vkSj lkW¶Vos;j ds chp e/;LFkrk djkrk
gS
CD&cuZj % ;g ,d vkWfIVdy LVksjst fMokbl gS tks
vkWfM;ks CD dh rjg gksrh gSA CD ROM dh
vf/kdre {kerk 700 MB ¼esxkckbV½A
CPU : çkslslj ds rkSj ij Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g
daI;wVj baLVªD'ku ds ,DlhD;wV djkus vkSj ekbØks fpi
dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrk gS ftldh rhozrk
dbZ çdkj dh gks ldrh gS] lkekU;rkSj ij bldh eki
xsxkgkVZZ~t esa gksrh gSA
E-SATA : ;g ,DlVuZy lkVk dks Mªkbo ls tksM+rk
gS tgk¡ baVuZy :i ls VªkalQj dh rhozrk ogh gksrh gS
tks ,DlVuZy dh gksrh gSA
Qk;j ok;j % ;g vfr rhoz ,DlVuZy cl gksrk gS
tks 400 Mbps ds nj ls Rofjr gksrk gSA ;g daI;wVj
dk vU; fMokbl ls tksM+us dk dke djrk gS tSls fd
fofM;ks dSejkA
gkMZ Mªkbo - ,d ,slk vkUrfjd ;a= ¼dHkh dHkh ckgjh½
gS tks MsVk dks laxzg djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA tSls fd
Qkby] QksYMj] MkD;wesaV vkSj fiDpj bR;kfnA ;s dbZ
vyx&vyx {kerkvksa vkSj lkekU; rkSj ij xhxkckbV
ds eki dk gksrk gS ;s dbZ vyx&vyx ek/;e ls Hkh
dEI;wVj ls tqM+k gksrk gS tSls fd IDE, SATA vkSj
SCSIA
ghV flad- ;g ,d lhih;w ls tqM+k gqvk okrkuqdwfyr
;a= gksrk gS tksfd lhih;w ls iSnk gqbZ xeZ gok dks
folftZr djrk gSA
tEij - ;g ,d NksVk dEiksusaV gksrk gS tksfd
bysDVªkWfudyh fiu ds tksM+s ds :i esa dusDV djrk
gS ;k tksM+rk gSA
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
enjcksMZ- ;g dEI;wVj dk eq[; lfdZV cksMZ gksrk gSA
blesa flLVe cl gksrs gSaA lhih;w] eseksjh] ,DlVsa'ku
dkMZ] gkMZMªkbo bR;kfn dks tksM+us ds fy, vyx&vyx
dusD'ku gksrs gSaA lHkh fLkLVe fMokblsl enjcksMZ ds
tfj;s tqM+s gksrs gSaA
usVodZ baVjQsl dkMZ (NIC) - ;g ,d gkMZos;j
fMokbl gS tksfd dEI;wVj dks vU; usVodZ ds
fMokblsl ls tksM+us dk dke djrk gS tSls fd fizUVj
;k ,uvkbZlh dbZ vyx&vyx MsVk VªkalQj jsV esa
gksrk gS lkekU;r% 100 Mbps gh gksrk gSA
PCI (isjhQsjy dEiksusaV baVjdusDV) - ;g ,d
isjhQsjy cl gksrk gS tksfd mPp rhozrk dh dusD'ku
miyC/k djkrk gS tSls ohfM;ks vkSj lkm.M dkMZ ls
tqM+ukA
PCI Express - ;g ,d mPp rhozrk dh isjhQsjy
baVjdusDV fMokbl gksrh gS ftldk foLrkj ewy :i
ls PCI dks tksM+us ds dke vkrk gSA ;g PCI vkSj
AGP clst ds :i esa fMtkbu fd;k x;kA
ikWoj lIykbZ -;g ,d ,slk dEiksusaV gS tks dEI;wVj
dks ikWoj lIykbZ nsrk gS vkSj AC dj.V ls DC
dj.V esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA blds vyx&vyx ikWoj
Iyx gksrs gSa tksfd gkMZos;j fMokblsl ls tqM+s gksrs gSa
tSls fd& gkMZMªkbo] CDROM vkSj enjcksMZA
RAID (fjMMsaV ,sjs vkWQ baMhiasaMsaV fMLd ;k fjMMsaV
,sjs vkWQ bu,Dlisaflo fMLd) - ;g flLVe esa dbZ
gkMZMªkbo ds :i esa ,d lkFk tqM+k gksrk gS tksfd ,d
cM+s Mªkbo ds :i esa LVksjst dk dke djrk gSA
RAM (jSaMe ,Dlsl eseksjh) - ;g dEI;wVj dh
vLFkk;h eseksjh gksrh gS tksfd izksxzke dks yksM vkSj
,DthD;wV djus dk dke djrh gSA tc dEI;wVj cUn
gks tkrk gS rc bl eseksjh ds lHkh MsVk lekIr gks
tkrs gSaA
SATA (flfj;y ,MokaLM VsDuksykWth vVSpesaV)- ;g
,d LVSaMMZ gS tksfd dEI;wVj dks gkMZMªkbo ls tksM+us
dk dk;Z djrh gSA IDE VsDuksykWth dh rqyuk esa
SATA lhfj;y flXuy VsDuksykWth ij vk/kkfjr gksrh
gSA
SCSI (LekWy dEI;wVj flLVe baVjQsl) - ;g ,d
izdkj dk ek/;e gS tks ,d dEI;wVj vkSj isjhQsjy ds
chp mPp rhozrk ds lapkj cukrk gSA SCSI ,d lkFk
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
7 fMokblsl dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gS ftldk MsVk
VªkalQj jsV cgqr mPp gksrk gSA
lkm.M dkMZ - ;g ,d baVjQsl dkMZ gksrk gS tks
dEI;wVj vkSj Lihdj ds chp esa vkfM;ks flXuy dks
lapkfyr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
USB (;wuholZy lhfj;y cl) - ;g ,d cl izdkj
gS tksfd fMokblsl dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gS tSls&
dhcksMZ] ekbd] dSejk] fizUVj] LdSuj bR;kfnA T;knrj
u;s dEI;wVj esa pkj ;k pkj ls T;knk USB iksVZ
baLVky gksrs gSaA bl iksVZ ds tfj;s vf/kdre 127
fMokblsl dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
ohfM;ks dkMZ- ;g ,d baVjQsl dkMZ gksrk gS tks
dEI;wVj vkSj ekWfuVj ds chp esa ohfM;ks flXuy dks
lapkfyr djrk gSA
uEcj flLVe
Mslhey uacj flLVe
csl 10 gksrk gSA
10 vad iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vad bl izdkj gS- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
mnk: - 12, 100, 23.5,1008 bR;kfnA
ckbujh uacj flLVe
csl 2 gksrk gSA
2 vad iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vad bl izdkj gS& 0, 1
mnk: - 110, 01, 1100, 1010 bR;kfnA
vkWDVy uacj flLVe
csl 8 gksrk gSA
8 vad dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vad bl izdkj gS- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
mnk: - 125, 570, 17, 14530 bR;kfn
gsDlk Mslhey uacj flLVe
csl 16 gksrk gSA
16 vad iz;ksx gksrk gSA
vad bl izdkj gS& 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
A(10),B(11),C(12),D(13),E(14),F(15)
mnk: - 19F, 9DE, 1E, 22AE etc.
Mslhey ls ckbujh dUo'kZu
LVsi 1 uEcj fyf[k;s] 2 ls foHkkftr dhft, vkSj Hkkx
'ks"k fyf[k,A
LVsi 2 uhps ls Åij 'ks"k ¼jheSaMj½ fyf[k,A
2 42 'ks"k
2 21 0
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
2 1 0
0 1
mÙkj:( 42)10=(101010)2
Mslhey ls vkWDVy dUo'kZu
iz'u : (1092)10= ( )8
LVsi 1 uEcj fyf[k;s] 8 ls foHkkftr dhft, vkSj Hkkx
'ks"k fyf[k,A
LVsi 2 uhps ls Åij 'ks"k ¼jheSaMj½ fyf[k,
8 1092 'ks"k
8 136 4
8 17 0
8 2 1
0 2
mÙkj: (1092)10=(2104)8
Mslhey ls gsDlk Mslhey dUo'kZu
iz'u : (428)10 = ( )16
LVsi1 uEcj fyf[k;s] 16 ls foHkkftr dhft, vkSj
Hkkx 'ks"k fyf[k,A
LVsi2 uhps ls Åij 'ks"k ¼jheSaMj½ fyf[k,A
16 428 'ks"k
16 26 12
16 1 10
0 1
mÙkj: ( 428)10=(1AC)16
vkWDVy ls Mslhey dUo'kZu
iz'u : (2057)8= ( )10
LVsi 1 vkWDVy uacj fyf[k, vkSj nk,a ls ck,a] vkWDVy
uacj dks baMsDl nhft,-
23 02 51 70
LVsi 2 izR;sd vad dks 8 ls xq.kk djsa vkSj izR;sd
xq.kuQy ds lkFk “+” flacy tksM+sa-
8*2 + 8*0 + 8*5+
8*7
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
LVsi 3 Øe ds vuqlkj izR;sd 8 vad ds lkFk baMsDl
uacj fyf[k;sA-
83*2 + 82*0 + 81*5 + 80*7
LVsi 4 gy djsa %
-1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
mÙkj: (2057)8= (1071)10
lkW¶Vos;j
dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ,d izeq[k izdkj dk ,Iyhds'ku
lkW¶Vos;j dgykrk gS vkSj ;g ,d ;wtj izksxzke Hkh
dgykrk gSA ;g lkW¶Vos;j VsDLV dks ,fMV djuk]
uEcj] xzkfQDl vkSj dEI;wVj ds ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z dks
iwjk djus ds dke vkrk gSA ,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j ds
vUrxZr MkVk csl izksxzke] oMZ izkslslj vkSj LizsM'khV
bR;kfn vkrk gSA
,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j ds mnkgj.k%
is;jksy flLVe] baosaVjh daVªksy] LVwMsaV ds MsVkcsl
dks eSust djuk] oMZ izkslslj] LizsM'khV bR;kfnA
,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j ds izdkj%
oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j % bl lkW¶Vos;j dk izeq[k
mn~ns'; MkD;wesaV dks rS;kj djuk gksrk gS tSls&
,e,l oMZ] oMZ iSM] uksV iSM vkSj vU; VsDLV
,fMVj lkW¶Vos;j oMZ izkslsflax lkW¶Vos;j dgykrs
gSaA
LizsM'khV lkW¶Vos;j % LizsM'khV lkW¶Vos;j dk
mi;ksx ctV cukus] foÙkh; x.kuk] xzsM 'khV rS;kj
djuk vkSj lsYl ds fjdkWMZ dks cukus ds dke
vkrk gSA ;g tfVy x.kukvksa dks gy djus ds Hkh
dke vkrk gSA blds lsy jks vkSj dkWye ls feydj
cus gksrs gSaA LizsM'khV dk mnkgj.k ,e,l ,Dlsy]
yksVl 1&2&3 vkSj vksiu vkWfQl dSy gSA
izstsaVs'ku lkW¶Vos;j % ;g lkW¶Vos;j LykbM esa
lwpuk dks iznf'kZr djus ds dke vkrk gSA
iztsaVs'ku lkW¶Vos;j dk rhu izeq[k dk;Z VsDLV dks
lfEefyr djuk] VsDLV dks QkWessZV djuk vkSj
lkFk&lkFk xzkfQDl dks tksM+ukA lcls vPNs
mnkgj.k ds :i esa ekbØkslkW¶V ikWoj IokbaV
dgykrk gSA
izksxzkfeax ySaXost dEI;wVj izksxzke dk flaVsDl vkSj
fleSUkfVDl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds
rkSj ij dbZ cSafdax ,Iyhds'ku ds rkSj ij mi;ksx
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
gksrk gS tSls fd dkscksy ySaXost ftldk inkZi.k
1959 esa gqvk FkkA
baVjusV czkmtj % ;g lkW¶Vos;j osc dks lpZ djus
ds dke vkrk gSA lkeU;r;k bZesy dks i<+us] osc
ist dks cukus ds :i esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA mnkgj.k
ds rkSj ij baVjusV ,DlIyksjj] usVLdsi usohxsVj]
xwxy Økse] eksftyk QkW;j QkWDl bR;kfnA
MsVkcsl lkW¶Vos;j % MsVkcsl lkW¶Vos;j MsVk dk
lewg gksrk gS ftldk mn~ns'; MsVk dks lqO;ofLFkr
djuk vkSj izcaf/kr djuk gksrk gSA bldk ykHk
MsVk dks LVksj djus ds dke vkrk gSA mnkgj.k%
,e,l ,Dlsl] Mhcsl] QkWDl izks] iSjkMkXl vkSj
vksjsdyA
xzkfQDl izksxzke % ;g lkW¶Vos;j QksVksxzkQ vkSj
xzkfQDl esa cnyko djus ds dke esa vkrk gS bu
lkW¶Vos;jksa dk mi;ksx vf/kdrj MhVhih
ifCyds'ku esa gksrk gSA mnkgj.k% ,Mksc QksVks'kkWi]
isUV 'kkWi izks] ,Iiy oDlZ] ,e,l oDlZ] ,e,l
isUV] isUVjA
dE;qfuds'ku lkW¶Vos;j % ;g lkW¶Vos;j nks
dEI;wVjksa ls tqM+s ekWMe vkfM;ks] ohfM;ks vkSj pSV
ij vk/kkfjr lkW¶Vo;sj ds tfj;s lapkfyr djus
dk dke djrh gSA tSls AOL baLVsaV eSlsatj]
IRC, ICQ, MS NetMeeting.
eYVhehfM;k lkW¶Vos;j % ;g lkW¶Vos;j
vyx&vyx izdkj ds Iys;lZ] vkfM;ks dUoVZj]
culZ] ohfM;ks budksMj vkSj fMdksMj ds :i esa
mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
flLVe lkW¶Vos;j
;g izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gS tksfd dEI;wVj flLVe
ds fy, cuk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j vkSj
,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j ds chp e/;LFkr% dk dke djrk
gSA ;g ,Iyhds'ku lkW¶Vos;j dks cukus ds dke Hkh
vkrk gSA
fLkLVe lkW¶Vos;j dk mnkgj.k %
vkWIkjsfVax flLVe] dEikbyj] yksMj] fyadj]
baVjizhVj] ;wVhfyVhA
vkWijsfVax flLVe
vkWIkjsfVax flLVe ,d flLVe lkW¶Vos;j gS tksfd
dEI;wVj dks okLrfod :i esa lqpk: :i ls
lapkfyr djrk gSA
;g lkW¶Vos;j lHkh izksxzke dks lfØ; djus ds
mi;ksx esa vkrk gSA
vkWIkjsfVax flLVe gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r vkSj
laxfBr djrk gSA
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
vkWIkjsfVax flLVe e'khu gkMZos;j vkSj ,Iyhds'ku
izksxzke ds chp e/;LFkrk LFkkfir djrk gSA
mnkgj.k fyusDl] foaMkst] ;wfuDl vkSj eSd vks,l]
bR;kfnA
dEIkkbyj % ,d dEikbyj izksxzke gS tks ,d Hkk"kk
esa izksxzke dks i<+rk gS vkSj lkslZ ySaXost ls vkWCtsDV
ySaXost esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
lkslZ ySaXost dk mnkgj.k
lh yaSXost
ikWLdy ySaXost
QksVªkWu
lh$$
,Mh, ySaXost
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl
ifjp; (Introduction)
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl ijLij lacaf/kr MsLdVkWi
vuqiz;ksxksa vkSj lsokvksa dk lewg gS] ftls
lkewfgd :i ls vkWfQl lwV dgk tkrk gSA
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl loZizFke lu~ 1989 esa
ekbØkslkW¶V dkWiksZjs'ku }kjk eSd&OS ds fy,
'kq: fd;k x;k mlds i'pkr lu~ 1990 esa
foaMks ds fy, izFke laLdj.k yk;k x;k
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl 3.0 vkWfQl lwV dk
foaMkst vkWijsfVax flLVe dk izFke laLdj.k
FkkA mlds ckn ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl 4.3
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl 95, ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl
2000, ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl 2003 gSa vkSj
ekbØkslkW¶V vkWfQl 2010 fQj ekbØkslkW¶V
vkWfQl 2013 gSA
jkr Hkj tkxdj dksbZ dke fd;k] ftlesa 3&4
ist dh Calculation Hkh dh ysfdu tc
Øklpsd fd;k tks Calculation lgh ugha
fudyhA rks vkidks nksckjk ls fQj ogh lc
djuk iMsxk] tks vkidks cgqr Hkkjh yx ldrk
gS] ysfdu vxj ,slk rhljh ckj djuk iMsa rks
------------'kk;n vki ml dke ls rkSck dj ysxsa]
ysfdu Excel dh enn ls vki mlh dke dks
cgqr vklkuh ls vkSj cgqr gh de le; esa dj
ldrs gks
Microsoft Excel dh fo'ks"krk;sa
;g cgqr gh ljy vkSj rst gS] Vscy dk;Z ds
fy;s igys ls gh lSy cus gksrs gSa] vkSj vki
blesa fdruk Hkh yEck pkSM+k fglkc fdrkc ,d
gh ist ij cuk ldrs gks] blfy;s çksQs'kuy
dke ds fy;s T;knkrj yksx ,Dly dk ç;ksx
djrs gSa] lkFk gh ,d ckj dksbZ Hkh QkewZyk
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
Hkjus ij og lso gks tkrk gS] vkSj ckj ckj
vki mldk ç;ksx ,d dSY;wysVj dh rjg dj
ldrs gks] ysfdu ;g dSY;wysVj vkids }kjk
cuk;k x;k gksxk] ;kuh ,d rjg ls vki ds
fn;s x;s funsZ'ku esa dke djsxk] ftlls vkidk
dke vkSj Hkh ljy gks tk;sxkA
ms excel sum formulas with
examples
excel ds sum formula ds Use dSls
fd;k tk;s] ;g cgqr mi;ksxh vkSj ljy
formula gS&
lcls igys fp= 1-1 nsf[k;s ;g‚ column
& Row dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS] bUgha ls feydj
lsy curk gS] ms excel esa formulas
dk ç;ksx djus ls igys ;kn jf[k;s fd
formula ges'kk cell ds fy;s yxk;k tkrk
gS] ml cell esa fy[kh la[;k ls dksbZ Hkh gks
ldrh gSA
vxj vkidks ms excel esa sum
formula dk ç;ksx djuk gS rks cell esa
fy[kh la[;k ij ugha cell ij /;ku nhft;s&
For example & vxj vkidks a1 ls a4
rd ds Cells dks tksMuk gS rks a5 ;k fdlh
vU; cell esa Vkbi dhft;s
¾SUM¼A1:A4½ fp= 1-2 nsf[k;s –
vki vyx&vyx lsy dks viuh ethZ ds
vuqlkj Hkh pqu ldrs gSa & tSls
¾sum¼a1+a2+a4½ ;g‚ geus Cell a3
dks NksMdj ckdh cell dk ;ksx fd;k gSA
Average ;kuh vkSlr] MS Excel esa Hkh
Average fudkyus ds fy;s bl Formula
dk use fd;k tkrk gS] ;g cgqr easy gS]
tSls vki Math esa Average Formula
dk Use djrs gks] mlh çdkj ls MS
Excel esa Hkh Average fudkyk tk ldrk
gS lkFk gh Auto Average Hkh fudkyk tk
ldrk gS] ge nksuksa lh[ksxsa & igys ns[krs gSa
fd maths esa Average dk Formula
D;k gS&
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
Average ¾ sum of numbers on
list ÷ amount of numbers in list
;kuh list fn;s x;s numbers dk ;ksx ÷
dqy numbers
For example & vxj 2] 4] 6] 8 dk
Average fudkyuk gks rks
2+4+6+8 ÷ 4 ¾ 5
vc blh çdkj ge MS Excel esa Hkh
Average fudkyrs gSa &
MS Excel esa Hkh Average dk
Formula gS –
¾ AVERAGE¼number1]number2]-
--½
For example & vxj vkidks cell A1
ls cell A4 rd ds numbers dk
Average fudkyuk gS rks vkidks ;g
Formula type djuk gksxk&
¾AVERAGE¼A1:A4½
bl Formula esa bracket esa fy[kh la[;k
vkidh Cell Range gS
MS Excel esa bUgha Number ds
Average fudkyus dk Formula nwljk
rjhdk ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd igys bu
Number dk Sum dj fy;k tk;s vkSj
fQj mls 4 ls Divide dj fn;k tk;s]
dksf'k'k djds nsf[k;s D;k gksrk gS
D;k gS ikoj ikbUV ¼What is Power Point½
Ldwy] dkWyst] vkWfQl ;k dksbZ Hkh eYVhus'kuy
dEiuh gks lHkh txg çkstsDVj ds ek/;e ls
çkstsDV dk çLrqfrdj.k izst+sUVs'ku fd;k tkrk
gS] vkSj Project or slideshow rS;kj
djus esa Power Point vkidh cgqr enn
djrk gS] blesa NV ls LykbM 'kks rS;kj fd;k
tk ldrk gS] blfy;s ;g Kids vkSj
Professional people dh ilan gSA
Power Point ,Iyhds'ku Office dk gh
,d Hkkx gSa] tks gesa cM+h gh vklkuh ls
Slideshow cukus dh vktknh çnku djrk
gSA bldks bl çdkj Design fd;k x;k gS]
fd dksbZ Hkh bls vklkuh ls le> lds] bldk
Basic Kku gksus ij gh vki
Professional Slideshow rS;kj dj
ldrs gks] ;gka rd dh vkSj Hkh jksekapd rjhds
ls bldk ç;ksx dj ldrs gksA Power
Point esa igys ls gh lSadMksa Free
Template fn;s x;s x;s gksrs gSa] ftudh
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
lgk;rk ls vki vius Project dks de le;
esa rS;kj dj ldrs gks] vkSj t:jr iMus ij
viuh bPNkuqlkj cnyk Hkh tk ldrk gSA
bldh ,DlVsU'ku Qkby .ppt, .pptx,
.pps gksrh gSA
iz'u (MkVkcsl)
MkVkcsl
MkVkcsl O;olk;] LokLF;] f'k{kk] ljdkj vkSj
iqLrdky; lfgr lHkh çdkj ds laxBuksa esa MkVk dks
LVksj] esfuI;wysV] rFkk fjVªkbo ¼iqu% mi;ksx es ykuk½
djus ds fy, ç;qä gksrk gSA usVodZ loZj }kjk dbZ
O;fä odZ–xzqi esa MkVkcsl dks bLreky djrs gSa rFkk
deZpkjh laxBu esa fMfLVªC;wVsM ,fIyds'ku ¼,d gh
vIyhds'ku ij cgqr yksxksa }kjk dke djuk½ }kjk
MkVkcsl dks bLrseky djrs gSaA MkVkcsl lacaf/kr
MkVk dk laxzg gSA MkVk ls vk'k; gS – viw.kZ Kkr
rF; o vkadMsa – ftUgsa fjdkWMZ fd;k tk ldrk gS]
vkSj tks dqN ifj.kke ns ldrs gSaA
MkVkcsl ds xq.k
1- ,d MkVkcsl okLrfod nqfu;k ds dqN igyw çLrqr
djrk gSA
2- ,d MkVkcsl dks dqN [kkl mís'; ds fy, fMtkbu
fd;k tkrk gS] cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj MkVk ls ;qä
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- MkVkcsl MkVk dk rdZlaxr laxzg gSA
MkVkcsl fdlh Hkh vkdkj dk vkSj vfLFkj :i ls
tfVy gks ldrk gSA flLVe ds ;wtj dks QkbZyksa ij
dbZ çdkj ds dk;Z djus dh lqfo/kk nh tkrh gSA tSls&
1- MkVkcsl esa ubZ QkbZysa tksM+uk A
2- igys ls mifLFkr QkbZyksa esa u;k MkVk Mkyuk A
3- ekStwn QkbZyksa ls MkVk çkIr djuk A
4- ekStwn QkbZyksa esa MkVk dks viMsV djuk A
5- QkbZyksa ls MkVk dks fMfyV djuk A
6- MkVkcsl ls ekStwn QkbZyksa dks gVkuk A
QkbZyksa ds ç;ksx ds nkSjku gksus okyh dfBukbZ;k¡
1- vfu;af=r çfrfyfi cukuk
& LFkku O;FkZ djrk gS A
& lHkh QkbZyksa dks viMsV djus esa dfBukbZ
& budaflVsaV MkVk
dfBukbZ
& MkVk ifjorZu esa dfBukbZ
& çksxzke ifjorZu esa dfBukbZ
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
& lhfer MkVk 'ks;fjax
& vf/kd çksxzke fu;a=.k
& MkVk ,Dlsl esa dfBukbZ;k¡
& lqj{kk dfBukbZ
usVofdZax
dEI;wVj usVodZ % vkt ds ;qx es mi;ksxdrkZ dks
bysDVªkfud lapkj dh vko';drk gS yksxks ds ijLij
lwpuk ds lapkj ds fy, rduhd dh vko';drk gSA
,d vPNh lwpuk lapkj i)fr çR;sd laLFkkuksa ds fy,
vko';d gS laLFkk, lwpuk dh çfØ;k ds fy, ijLij
tqMs gq, dEI;wVj ij fuHkZj jgrh gS bysdVªkfudh dh
lgk;rk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij lwpuk çsf"kr
djus dh fØ;k dks nwjlapkj dgrs gSA ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd dEI;wVj vkSj fofo/k çdkj ds VfeZuyksa ds chp
vkadMksa dks Hkstuk ;k çkIr djuk MkVk lapkj dgykrk
gS A
usVodZ dh :i js[kk % lkekU;r;k lapkj usVodZ es
fdlh pSuy ds ek/;e ls çs"kd viuk lans'k çkIrdrkZ
dks Hkstrk gSA fdlh Hkh usVodZ ds ik¡p ewy vax gSA
1½ VfeZuy % VfeZuy eq[; :i ls ohfM;ks VfeZuy ,oa
odZLVs'kuks dk lekos'k gksrk gSA bu iqV ,oa vkmV
iqV midj.k usVodZ es MsVk Hkstus ,oa çkIr djus
dk dk;Z djrs gS mnkgj.k% ekbØksdEI;wVj]
VsyhQksu QsDl e'khu vkfn
2½ nwjlapkj çkslslj % nwjlapkj çkslslj os VfeZuy vkSj
dEI;wVj ds chp jgrs gSA ;s MkVk Hkstus ,oa çkIr
djus ds lgk;rk djrs gSA eksMse eYVhIysDlj]
ÝUV ,.M çkslslj tSls midj.k usVodZ es gksus
okyh fofo/k fØ;kvks vkSj fu;a=.kksa es lgk;rk
djrk gSA
3½ nwjlapkj pSuy ,oa ek/;e % os ek/;e ftuds mij
MkVk çsf”kr ,oa çkIr fd;k tkrk gS mls nwjlapkj
pSuy dgrs gSA nwjlapkj usVodZ ds fofHkUu vaxks
dks tksMus ds fy, ek/;e dk mi;ksx djrs gS A
4½ dEI;wVj % usVodZ lHkh çdkj ds dEI;wVj dks
vkil es tksM+rk gSA ftlls os mldh lwpuk ij
çfØ;k dj ldsA
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
5½ nwjlapkj lk¶Vos;j % nwjlapkj lk¶Vos;j ,d
çksxzke gS tksfd gksLV dEI;wVj i)fr ij vk/kkfjr
gS A ;g dEI;wVj i)fr nwjlapkj fof/k;ks dks
fu;af=r djrk gS vkSj usVodZ dh fØ;kvksa dks
O;ofLFkr djrk gS
MsVk dE;wfuds'ku ek/;e ¼Data
Communication Medium½
,d daI;wVj ls VfeZuy ;k VfeZuy ls daI;wVj rd
MkVk ds çokg ds fy, fdlh ek/;e dh vko';drk
gksrh gSa ftls dE;wfuds'ku ykbu ;k MkVk fyad dgrs
gSa- ;s fuEu çdkj ds gksrs gS –
& LVSaMMZ VsyhQksu ykbu ¼Standard
Telephone Line½
& dks&,Dlsy dscy ¼Coaxial & Cable½
& ekbØksoso Vªkalfe'ku ¼Microwave
Transmission½
& mixzg lapkj ¼Satellite
Communication½
& çdk'kh; rarq ¼Optical Fiber½
LVSaMMZ VsyhQksu ykbu ¼Standard Telephone
Line½
;g O;kid :i ls mi;ksx gksus okyk MkVk
dE;wfuds'ku ek/;e gSaA blds T;knk çHkkoh :i ls
gksus dk dkj.k ;g gS dh bls tksM+uk ljy gSa rFkk
cM+h ek=k es VsyhQksu dscy ykbu miyC/k gSA ;s nks
rkacs ds rkj gksrs gSa ftuij dqpkyd dh ,d ijr p<+h
gksrh gSaA
dks&,Dlsy dscy ¼Coaxial&Cable½
;g mPp xq.koÙkk ds lapkj ds ek/;e gSA ;s tehu ;k
leqUæ ds uhps ls ys tk, tkrs gSaA dks&,Dlsy dscy
ds dsUæ esa ,d Bksl rkj gksrk gSa tks dqpkyd ls pkjksa
rjQ f?kjk gksrk gSaA bl dqpkyd ds Åij rkj dh
,d tkyh gksrh gSa ftlds Hkh Åij ,d vkSj dqpkyd
dh ijr gksrh gSaA ;s VsfyQksu rkj dh rqyuk es cgqr
egxk gksrk gS ij ;s vf/kd MsVk dks ys tk ldrk gSaA
bldk mi;ksx dsoy Vhoh usVodZ ;k fQj daI;wVj
usVodZ es fd;k tkrk gSaA
ekbØksoso Vªkalfe'ku ¼Microwave
Transmission½
bl flLVe es flXuy [kqys txg ls gksdj jsfM;ks
flXuy dh rjg lapkfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g LVSaMMZ
VsfyQksu ykbu vkSj dks&,Dlsy dscy dh rqyuk esa
rhoz xfr ls lapkj vnku çnku djrk gSaA ,d flLVe
es MkVk ,d lh/kh js[kk es xeu djrh gS rFkk ,aVhuk
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSaA yxHkx rhl fdyksehVj
ij ,d fjys LVs'ku dh Hkh t:jr gksrh gSA bldk
mi;ksx Vhoh çlkj.k vkSj lsyqyj usVodZ es fd;k
tkrk gSaA
mixzg lapkj ¼Satellite Communication½&
mixzg lapkj rhoz xfr ds MsVk lapkj dk ek/;e gSA
;g yach nwjh ds lapkj ds fy, vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk
gSaA varjh{k es fLFkr mixzg dks tehu ij fLFkr
LVs'ku ls flXuy Hkstk tkrk gSA mixzg ml flXuy
dk foLrkj dj nwljs tehuh LVs'ku dks iqu% Hkstrk
gSA ,d flLVe es fo'kky MsVk ds lewg dks de
le; eas vf/kdre nwjh ij Hkstk tkrk gSaA bldk
mi;ksx mixzg Qksu] Vhoh] bUVjusV vkSj dbZ
oSKkfud dkj.k ls fd;k tkrk gSaA
çdk'kh; rarq ¼Optical Fiber½&
;g ,d ubZ rduhd gSa ftles /kkrq ds rkj ;k dscy
ds txg fof'k"V çdkj ds Xykl ;k IykfLVd rarq dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s cgqr gh gydh vkSj vkSj
cgqr gh rsth ls MkVk vnku çnku djus es dkjxj
gksrh gSaA ;g çdk'k dks vk/kkj cuk dj mlh ds ek/;e
ls MkVk dks Hkstrh gSA ;g iw.kZ vkarfjd ijkorZu ds
fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSaA ;g jsfM;ks vkof̀r vojks/kksa
ls eqä gksrk gSaA vkt gjsd Ns= esa bldk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSaA vkius cgqr ls txg Vscy ij j[kk
irys irys rkjks ls ykbV fudyus okyk ltkus dk
lkeku ns[kk gksxk ;s mlh ds fl)kar ij dke djrk
gSaA
usVodZ VksiksykWth
usVodZ VksiksykWth fofHkUu uksM~l ;k VehZuy ¼daI;wVj½
dks vkil esa tksM+us dk rjhdk gSaA ;g fofHkUu uksM~l
ds chp HkkSfrd lajpuk dks n'kkZrk gSaA
usVodZ VksiksykWth fuEufyf[kr çdkj ds gksrs gSa&
esl usVodZ& ;g usVodZ mPp VªsfQd fLFkfr esa ekxZ
dks /;ku esa j[kdj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa fdlh
Hkh lzksr ls dbZ ekxksZ ls lUns'k Hkstk tk ldrk gSaA
iw.kZr% baVjdusDVsM esl usVodZ [kphZyk gSa] D;wafd blesa
T;knk dscy vkSj gj uksM ij baVsyhtsal dh
vko';drk gksrh gSaA bl usVodZ esa mPp lqj{kk
vuqçks;ksx esa MkVk çsf”kr fd;k tkrk gSaA
LVkj usVodZ& bl usVodZ esa ,d dsUæh; uksM gksrk
gSa tks baVsyhtsal ls ;qä gksrk gSaA ckdh uksM~l blls
tqM+k gksrk gSaA bl dsUæh; uksM dks gc dgk tkrk gSaA
dksbZ ,d dscy es dksbZ leL;k vkus ij uksM foQy
gksrk gSa ijUrq gc esa dksbZ leL;k vkus ij lkjk usVodZ
foQy gks tkrk gSaA bldk Lo:i rkjksa ds lkeku gksus
ds dkj.k bls LVkj usVodZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
fjax usVodZ& bl usVodZ esa lHkh uksM~l esa baVsyhtsal
gksrk gSaA MsVk dk çokg ges'kk ,d gh fn'kk esa gksrk
gSa ijUrq fdlh Hkh ,d dscy ;k uksM esa leL;k vkus
ij nwljs fn'kk esa MkVk dk çokg laHko gSaA bldk
Lo:i fjax ¼xksys½ ds lkeku gksus ds dkj.k bls fjax
usVodZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSaA
cl usVodZ& bl usVodZ ds lHkh uksM ,d gh dscy
ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh uksM fdlh nwljs uksM dks
MsVk çsf"kr djuk pkgrk gSa rks mls ns[kuk gksrk gSa fd
cl esa dksbZ MsVk çokfgr rks ugha gks jgk gSaA cl [kkyh
jgus ij uksM MsVk çsf"kr dj ldrk gSaA
MsVk çkIr djus ds fy, gj uksM ds ikl bruh
baVsyhtsal gksuh pkg;s fd cl ls vius irk Kkr dj
MsVk çkIr dj ldsA blesa de dscy fd vko';drk
gksrh gSa rFkk dksbZ u;k uksM tksM+uk vklku gksrk gSaA
b.VjusV
bUVjusV ,d lwpuk lqij gkbos ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ;g lwpuk osc ds tfj;s
iwjs fo'o esa izlkfjr gksrk gSA fQj Hkh bls
fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
baVjusV vkilh dEI;wVjksa dk ,d tky gSA
baVjusV TCP/IP izksVksdkWy dks vuqlj.k djrk
gSA
izR;sd dEI;wVj esa [kqn dk ;wfud vkbZih ,Mªsl
gksrk gSA
vkbZih ,Mªsl uEcjksa dk ,d fo'ks"k lsV gksrk gSA
¼tSls fd 110-22-33-114½ tks dEI;wVj dh
yksds'ku n'kkZrk gSA
,d fo'ks"k dEI;wVj DNS ¼Mksesu use loZj½ dk
mi;ksx uke ds }kjk dEI;wVj dh vkbZih ,Mªsl
dh tkudkjh izkIr djkrk gSA
baVjusV iwjs fo'o esa gj ;wtj ,Dlsl dj ldrk
gSA
lapkj lsok
lapkj lsok dbZ izdkj ls lwpukvksa dks izlkfjr
djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lsok iznku djrk gS&
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
Ø-la- fooj.k
1- bysDVªkWfud esy % bldk mi;ksx baVjusV ds
ek/;e ls eSlst dks Hkstus vkSj izkIr djus esa
gksrk gSaA
2- VsyusV % baVjusV ds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj dks
fjeksV ls ykWx vkWu djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
3- U;wtxzqi % yksxksa dks vkil esa okrkZyki djus dh
vuqefr iznku djrk gSA
4- baVjusV fjys pSV (IRC) % iwjs fo'o esa yksx
okLrfod le; esa vkil esa lapkj djrs gSaA
5- esfyax fyLV % lkekU;r% ;wtj bZesy ds ek/;e
ls lewg esa laxfBr gksdj vkilh lapkj djrs
gSaA
6- baVjusV VsyhQksuh (VoIP)% fdlh Hkh ihlh ds
VsyhQksuh ek/;e ls baVjusV ds }kjk vkil esa
dkWy dks fjlho dj ldrs gSaA
7- baLVsaV eSlsftax % yksxksa ds ,d lewg vkSj O;fDr
ds chp esa okLrfod le; esa vkil esa pSV
djukA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;kgw eSalstj]
,e,l,u eSlsatjA
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com
Write us : [email protected] www.mahendras.org www.mahendraguru.com myshop.mahendras.org
STUDY NOTES FOR ALL COMPETATIVE EXAM
For More PDF - www.Nitin-Gupta.com