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NETWORKING DEVICES

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. Internetworking devices is a widely used term for any hardware within a networks that connect different network resources. when two or more separate networks are connected together to share data or resources ,it becomes an internetwork or internet. connecting separate networks into internet requires internetworking devices

WHAT IS NETWORKING DEVICES?

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• HUB• REPEATER• BRIDGE• ROUTER• GATEWAYS• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD• MODEM• SWITCH• WIRELESS ACCESS POINT

TYPES OF NETWORKING DEVICES

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• Hub is a networking device .• It is also a broadcasting device.• Hub operates at physical layer of OSI Model.• It is just a connector and connects the wires

coming from different sides.

HUB

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• In a star topology Ethernet LAN ,a passive hub is just a point where signals coming from different stations collide. Therefore ,Passive hub is a the collision point.

• Such a hub is part of the transmission media.• Hub connect computers together in the star

network topology.• If a network is connected using Hub then it

increases the chance of collisions.

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• Switch is a networking device.• Switch operates at Data Link Layer of OSI Model.• Switch is a device used to connect network devices

together.• A switch acts as a central connection point for cables

from network devices.• Unlike ,hub a switch does not broadcast the message to

all the ports, instead it forwards to the intended port.• So it is faster than hub.

SWITCH

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HUB SWITCH

1). HUB is a broadcasting device.

1). SWITCH is a point to point communication device.

2).HUB operates at physical layer of OSI Model.

2).SWITCH operates at Data link layer of OSI model.

3).It is not an intelligent device, so it is cheap.

3).SWITCH is an intelligent device ,so it is an expensive.

4).HUB cannot act as REPEATER(that is generates the original bit pattern).

4).SWITCH can be used as REPEATER to regenerate the original bit pattern.

5).HUB simply broadcast the incoming packet.

5).SWITCH uses switching table to find out the current destination.

Comparison between Hub and switch

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• Gateway are the internetworking devices .• It operates at the seven layer of OSI

model.• A gateway act as the protocol converter.• It is used to connect to different types of

networks,that uses different protocol.• Gateway can perform all functions of Bridges

and routers.

GATEWAY

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GATEWAY:AP

PLE

TALK GATEWAY

TCP/IP

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• A bridge is a networking device .• It operates both at the physical and data link

layer of OSI Model.• Bridge can be used to divide a large network

into smaller segment.• As a physical layer device ,a bridge regenerate

the signal.• As a data link layer device ,a bridge can access

BRIDGE

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• Physical or MAC (Medium access control)address of the stations attached to it.

• It can check the destination address of the frame .

• A bridge can maintain table of MAC address of various stations.

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FIG:

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• There are two types of bridges:• 1) Transparent Bridges.• 2)Source Routing Bridges.

• A Transparent Bridge is invisible to the network ; the stations in the network are completely are unaware of bridges existence.

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Transparent Bridges:

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• In transparent bridge route is decided by the bridges.

• The transparent bridge architecture is defined in IEEE 802.1d.

• Source routing bridge were designed by IEEE.• In this route is decided by the end station.• Bridges are not transparent to end station.• The source can select an optimum path from a

choice of route.

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SOURCE ROUTING BRIDGE

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• A repeater is also known as regenerator.• It is an electronic device that operates only

Physical layer of the OSI Model.• Signal can carry the information within a

network only for a fixed distance.• After this distance attenuation occur ,and the

signal becomes weak and corrupted.

REPEATER

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REPEATER

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• The purpose of repeater is to take this signal (before it becomes to weak or corrupted)and regenerate the original bit pattern.

• Repeater does not understand the frame format and also Physical address.

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SRNo

BRIDGE REPEATER

1) Bridge is the hardware device that operates at both physical and data link layer of OSI Model.

Repeater is the hardware device that operates at physical layer.

2) Bridge use MAC address of the stations to deliver packets to destination

Repeater can not understand the physical address or MAC addressOf station.

3) The Bridge can understand the frame format.

Repeater can not understand the frame format.

4) Bridge perform packet filtering. Repeater does not perform packet filtering.

COMPARISON BETWEEN BRIDGE AND REPEATER

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• Network interface card is a hardware card installed in a computer, so it can communicate on network.

• The network adapter provides one or more ports for the network cable to connect and transmit and receive data onto the cable.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

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Network card

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• Routers are multi port devices.• They operate at physical ,data link ,network

layer of OSI Model.• A router may connect LAN and WAN in the

internet.• A router has access to the network layer

address or logical address(IP address).

ROUTER

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ROUTER:

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• It contains a routing table that enable it to make decisions about the route.

• These routing tables are dynamic are updated Using routing protocols.• Routers act like station on a network.• The router are usually member of more than

one network at the same time.

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SRNo.

ROUTER BRIDGE

1) Router is a hardware device that operate at physical ,network and data link layer.

Bridge is a hardware device that at data link layer and physical layer of OSI Model.

2) Router interconnects two or more network s and route packet between them.

Bridge is used to divide large network into smaller segments.

3) Expensive Inexpensive

4) Difficult to setup and configure.

Easy to configure.

COMPARISON BETWEEN ROUTER AND BRIDGE

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• A wireless network adapter card with a transceiver called and broadcast and receive signal to and from the surrounding computers and passes back.

• Access point act as wireless hub to link multiple wireless NIC into a single subnet.

• Access point also have at least one fixed Ethernet port to allow the wireless network to be bridge to a traditional wireless Ethernet network.

WIRELESS ACCESS POINTER

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Wireless Access Point

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• The term “Modem” is derived from the words Modulator and Demodulator.

• Modulator converts a digital signal into an analog and demodulator converts an analog into a digital.

• The modem at transmitting end converts the digital signal generated by DTE (data terminal Equipment).

MODEM

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Digital signalAnalog signal

Digital signal

Telephone lines

Modulation/demodulation

MODEM

A B

DIAGRAM:

MODEM

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• Multiplexing is done by using a device called multiplexer.

• That combines n input lines to generate one output line i.e.(many to one).

• Therefore ,multiplexer has several input lines and one output.

MULTIPLEXER

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• At the receiving end, a device called de-multiplexer (DEMUX) is used that signal into its component lines.

• It is a reverse of the MUX.• So, DEMUX has one input and several

outputs

DEMULTIPLEXER

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Diagram:

MU

LTIL

PEXE

R

DEM

ULT

IPLE

XER

N inputs One output One input N inputs

Single communication channel

Carrying 4 differenttransmission

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YOU.