CELEBRATING EVENTS AND HEROES OF THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM

AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA

FOOTPRINTSIN THE SANDS OF TIME

Pres

ident

Thab

o Mbe

ki

32

FOO

TP

RIN

TS

IN T

HE

SA

ND

S O

F T

IME

ISB

N 9

78-1

-770

18-2

05-9

© D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion

2007

All

righ

ts re

serv

ed. Y

ou m

ay c

opy

mat

eria

l fr

om th

is p

ublic

atio

n fo

r use

in n

on-p

rofit

ed

ucat

ion

prog

ram

mes

if y

ou a

ckno

wle

dge

the

sour

ce. F

or u

se in

pub

licat

ion,

ple

ase

obta

in th

e w

ritt

en p

erm

issi

on o

f the

D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion.

Enqu

irie

sD

irec

tora

te: R

ace

and

Val

ues,

D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion,

Roo

m 2

23,

123

Scho

eman

Str

eet,

Pret

oria

Tel:

(012

) 312

-508

0Fa

x: (0

12) 3

26-1

909

Emai

l: va

lues

@do

e.go

v.za

CE

LEB

RA

TIN

G E

VE

NT

S A

ND

HE

RO

ES

O

F T

HE

ST

RU

GG

LE F

OR

FR

EE

DO

M

AN

D D

EM

OC

RA

CY

IN

SO

UT

H A

FRIC

A

LAB

OU

R O

F LO

VE

Unv

eilin

g th

e N

kosi

Alb

ert L

uthu

li Le

gacy

Pro

ject

in

Aug

ust 2

004,

Pre

side

nt T

habo

Mbe

ki re

min

ded

us

that

:

“...

as p

art o

f the

effo

rts

to li

bera

te o

urse

lves

from

ap

arth

eid

and

colo

nial

ism

, bot

h ph

ysic

ally

and

m

enta

lly, w

e ha

ve to

eng

age

in th

e pr

oces

s of

telli

ng th

e tr

uth

abou

t the

his

tory

of o

ur c

ount

ry, s

o th

at a

ll of

our

pe

ople

, arm

ed w

ith th

is tr

uth,

can

con

fiden

tly fa

ce th

e ch

alle

nges

of t

his

day

and

the

next

.

“Thi

s la

bour

of l

ove,

of t

ellin

g th

e tr

ue s

tory

of

Sout

h A

fric

a an

d A

fric

a, h

as to

be

inte

nsifi

ed o

n al

l fro

nts,

so

that

as

Afr

ican

s w

e ar

e ab

le to

wri

te,

pres

ent a

nd in

terp

ret o

ur h

isto

ry, o

ur c

ondi

tions

and

lif

e ci

rcum

stan

ces,

acc

ordi

ng to

our

kno

wle

dge

and

expe

rien

ce.

“It i

s a

chal

leng

e th

at c

onfr

onts

all

Afr

ican

s ev

eryw

here

- o

n ou

r co

ntin

ent a

nd in

the

Dia

spor

a - t

o de

fine

ours

elve

s,

not i

n th

e im

age

of o

ther

s, o

r ac

cord

ing

to th

e di

ctat

es a

nd

fanc

ies

of p

eopl

e ot

her

than

our

selv

es ..

.”

Pres

iden

t Mbe

ki g

oes

on to

quo

te fr

om a

favo

urite

po

em o

f Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli;

A P

salm

of L

ife, b

y H

enry

Lo

ngfe

llow

:

Live

s of

gre

at m

en a

ll re

min

d us

We

can

mak

e ou

r li

ves

subl

ime,

And

, dep

arti

ng, l

eave

beh

ind

usFo

otpr

ints

on

the

sand

s of

tim

e;

Foot

prin

ts, t

hat

perh

aps

anot

her,

Sail

ing

o’er

life

’s s

olem

n m

ain,

A fo

rlor

n an

d sh

ipw

reck

ed b

roth

er,

Seei

ng, s

hall

tak

e he

art

agai

n.

“I a

m c

onfid

ent t

hat t

hrou

gh o

ur c

ombi

ned

effo

rts,

toge

ther

w

e ca

n m

ake

the

lives

of o

ur p

eopl

e su

blim

e an

d m

agni

ficen

t, up

liftin

g pa

rtic

ular

ly th

ose

who

occ

upy

the

low

est r

ung

in

our

soci

al o

rder

. In

doin

g so

, and

as

the

poet

sai

d, w

e w

ill

emul

ate

A.J.

Lut

huli

in le

avin

g be

hind

us

‘foot

prin

ts o

n th

e sa

nds

of ti

me’

.”

sub·

lim

e ad

j1.

so

awe-

insp

irin

gly

beau

tiful

as

to s

eem

al

mos

t hea

venl

y2.

of t

he h

ighe

st m

oral

or

spir

itual

val

ue3.

exc

elle

nt o

r par

ticul

arly

im

pres

sive

(inf

orm

al)

4. c

ompl

ete

or u

tter

So,

what

‘footp

rints

in t

he

sands

of

tim

e’

will

you l

eave

beh

ind?

Courtesy Government Communication and Information System (GCIS)

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

Thi

s bo

ok w

as w

ritt

en in

200

7, a

yea

r tha

t ce

lebr

ated

and

com

mem

orat

ed m

any

anni

vers

arie

s. F

ifty

year

s ag

o, u

nder

the

lead

ersh

ip

of D

r K

wam

e N

krum

ah, G

hana

bec

ame

the

first

sub

-Sah

aran

Afr

ican

cou

ntry

to re

clai

m h

er

inde

pend

ence

from

col

onia

l rul

ers.

Sin

ce th

en, a

ll ot

her A

fric

an c

ount

ries

hav

e fo

ught

to ta

ke b

ack

thei

r fr

eedo

m.

For

man

y de

cade

s, A

fric

a w

as th

e vi

ctim

of

colo

nial

ism

. The

infa

mou

s Be

rlin

Con

fere

nce

of

1884

had

div

ided

Afr

ica

betw

een

Euro

pean

pow

ers.

W

hat m

ade

this

occ

upat

ion

poss

ible

was

that

Afr

ica

had

been

bro

ught

to it

s kn

ees

by a

lmos

t 400

yea

rs o

f sl

aver

y. A

fric

a’s

mal

e po

pula

tion

had

been

redu

ced

by

20%

, and

its

mor

ale

had

been

des

troy

ed. Y

ou c

an

read

abo

ut th

e 20

0th

anni

vers

ary

of th

e ab

oliti

on

of th

e Br

itish

sla

ve tr

ade

in c

hapt

er o

ne: T

WO

A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

BE

FOR

E A

ND

TH

E

ON

E A

FTE

R T

HE

HO

LOC

AU

ST

.

Not

all

anni

vers

arie

s ar

e ce

lebr

atio

ns. S

ome

are

bett

er th

ough

t of a

s co

mm

emor

atio

ns. N

inet

y ye

ars

ago,

abo

ut 3

00 b

lack

Sou

th A

fric

ans

died

with

the

sink

ing

of th

e SS

Men

di d

urin

g th

e Fi

rst W

orld

War

. Th

eir

mov

ing

stor

y is

told

in c

hapt

er tw

o: W

E D

IE

LIK

E B

RO

TH

ER

S ..

. WE

AR

E T

HE

SO

NS

OF

AFR

ICA

.

We

then

turn

our

att

entio

n to

the

liber

atio

n st

rugg

le

of th

e m

id 2

0th

cent

ury,

in w

hich

man

y br

ave

Sout

h A

fric

ans,

insp

ired

by

Mah

atm

a G

andh

i’s p

hilo

soph

y of

pas

sive

resi

stan

ce, m

arch

ed to

geth

er in

pea

cefu

l de

mon

stra

tions

aga

inst

raci

al d

iscr

imin

atio

n. T

here

is

a lo

ng h

isto

ry o

f coo

pera

tion

betw

een

Indi

an a

nd

blac

k So

uth

Afr

ican

s. It

beg

an 9

0 ye

ars

ago

with

the

Thre

e D

octo

rs’ P

act,

whi

ch y

ou c

an re

ad a

bout

in

chap

ter

thre

e: W

E S

HA

LL R

ES

IST

.

Whi

le th

e hi

stor

y of

libe

ratio

n in

Sou

th A

fric

a re

lied

on

the

mob

ilisa

tion

of th

ousa

nds,

it al

so re

lied

on th

e le

ader

ship

of a

few

. The

yea

r 200

7 m

arks

the

50th

an

nive

rsar

y of

the

deat

h of

Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli.

C

hapt

er fo

ur u

ses t

he ti

tle o

f Lut

huli’

s fam

ous b

ook,

LE

T M

Y P

EOPL

E G

O.

The

year

200

7 is

als

o th

e 90

th a

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

bi

rth

of O

liver

Reg

inal

d Ta

mbo

. In

chap

ter fi

ve:

CH

AM

PIO

N O

F FR

EE

DO

M, w

e ce

lebr

ate

the

way

he

led

the

AN

C in

exi

le, a

nd in

spir

ed

the

inte

rnat

iona

l ant

i-apa

rthe

id m

ovem

ent f

or 3

0 lo

ng a

nd d

ifficu

lt ye

ars.

One

her

o w

e al

l nee

d to

be

rem

inde

d of

is R

ober

t M

anga

liso

Sobu

kwe.

The

title

of c

hapt

er s

ix: O

F T

HE

AFR

ICA

N, B

Y T

HE

AFR

ICA

NS

, FO

R

AFR

ICA

NS

, des

crib

es th

e ki

nd o

f Afr

ican

ist -

in

spir

ed g

over

nmen

t he

wan

ted

to s

ee. T

he y

ear

2008

is th

e 29

th a

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

dea

th o

f thi

s gr

eat t

hink

er, a

nd th

e fir

st le

ader

of t

he P

an A

fric

anis

t C

ongr

ess.

Our

cel

ebra

tions

wou

ld n

ot b

e co

mpl

ete

with

out

rem

embe

ring

the

cour

ageo

us y

oung

lead

er, S

teve

Bi

ko, w

ho w

as m

urde

red

by p

olic

e 30

yea

rs a

go.

His

phi

loso

phy

of B

lack

Con

scio

usne

ss, w

hich

ca

lled

blac

k pe

ople

to li

bera

te th

emse

lves

from

sel

f-op

pres

sion

, has

insp

ired

peo

ple

all o

ver t

he w

orld

. Ex

plor

e th

ese

idea

s in

cha

pter

sev

en: B

LAC

K

MA

N, Y

OU

AR

E O

N Y

OU

R O

WN

.

Insp

ired

by

thei

r lea

ders

, Sou

th A

fric

ans

from

all

cultu

ral a

nd e

cono

mic

bac

kgro

unds

hav

e m

arch

ed

in p

rote

st a

gain

st a

part

heid

. One

of t

he m

ost

cour

ageo

us m

arch

es o

f all

time

happ

ened

50

year

s ag

o. It

was

the

thre

e-m

onth

Ale

xand

ra B

us B

oyco

tt,

in w

hich

mar

cher

s cr

ied,

AS

IKW

ELW

A! W

E

WIL

L N

OT

RID

E!

Peac

eful

pro

test

s ve

ry q

uick

ly in

vite

d vi

olen

ce

from

the

apar

thei

d go

vern

men

t, an

d m

any

Sout

h A

fric

ans

embr

aced

an

arm

ed s

trug

gle

in re

spon

se.

The

viol

ence

cou

ld h

ave

gone

on

for m

any

year

s,

but 2

0 ye

ars

ago,

som

e fa

r-th

inki

ng b

lack

and

whi

te

Sout

h A

fric

ans

agre

ed to

talk

to e

ach

othe

r abo

ut

nego

tiatio

ns fo

r a p

eace

ful c

hang

e. A

gro

up o

f w

hite

Afr

ikan

ers

and

the

lead

ers

of th

e A

NC

, met

in

Dak

ar, S

eneg

al, a

nd b

egan

a n

ew D

AW

N O

F N

EG

OT

IAT

ION

.

This

new

daw

n in

spir

es u

s to

look

to th

e fu

ture

, as

we

did

five

year

s ag

o w

hen

we

host

ed th

e W

orld

Su

mm

it on

Sus

tain

able

Dev

elop

men

t, an

d be

gan

to e

xplo

re h

ow w

e ar

e al

l CR

EAT

ING

OU

R

FUT

UR

E T

OD

AY.

We

hope

thes

e co

mm

emor

atio

ns in

spir

e yo

u to

ch

eris

h yo

ur fr

eedo

m. W

e in

vite

you

to le

arn

abou

t th

e hi

stor

y of

you

r fre

edom

in th

e LE

AR

NIN

G

AC

TIV

ITIE

S fo

r eac

h ch

apte

r fou

nd o

n pa

ge 8

5 of

th

is b

ook.

54

CO

NT

EN

TS

TW

O A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

BE

FOR

E A

ND

TH

E O

NE

AFT

ER

TH

E H

OLO

CA

US

T...

....7

200t

h A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Abo

litio

n of

the

Tran

satla

ntic

Sla

ve T

rade

WE

DIE

LIK

E B

RO

TH

ER

S ..

. WE

AR

E T

HE

SO

NS

OF

AFR

ICA

......

......

......

......

......

.15

90th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he S

inki

ng o

f the

SS

Men

di

WE

SH

ALL

RE

SIS

T .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

2190

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Thr

ee D

octo

rs’ P

act

LET

MY

PE

OP

LE G

O .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....2

950

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Dea

th o

f Nko

si A

lber

t Lut

huli

CH

AM

PIO

N O

F FR

EE

DO

M .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.37

90th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he B

irth

of O

liver

Reg

inal

d Ta

mbo

OF

TH

E A

FRIC

AN

, BY

TH

E A

FRIC

AN

S, F

OR

AFR

ICA

NS

.....

......

......

......

......

......

...47

29th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he D

eath

of R

ober

t Man

galis

o So

bukw

e

BLA

CK

MA

N, Y

OU

AR

E O

N Y

OU

R O

WN

....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

5530

th A

nniv

ersa

ry o

f the

Dea

th o

f Ste

ve B

antu

Bik

o

AS

IKW

ELW

A! W

E W

ILL

NO

T R

IDE

! ....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..63

50th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he A

lexa

ndra

Bus

Boy

cott

DA

WN

OF

NE

GO

TIA

TIO

N .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

..69

20th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he D

akar

Dec

lara

tion

CR

EAT

ING

OU

R F

UT

UR

E T

OD

AY .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.77

5th

Ann

iver

sary

of t

he W

orld

Sum

mit

on S

usta

inab

le D

evel

opm

ent

LEA

RN

ING

AC

TIV

ITIE

S...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....8

5

Ack

now

ledg

emen

ts

Proje

ct ma

nage

ment

by R

ola B

all E

dusc

ript.

Rese

arch

and w

riting

by E

ugen

ie Ba

nheg

yi, A

ndré

Cro

ucam

p, Di

ane F

avis,

Dr P

atrici

a Wats

on an

d Neil

Ver

laque

-Nap

per.

Histo

rical

cons

ultan

t: Phil

Bon

ner.

Pictu

re re

sear

ch by

Mar

ie Hu

man.

Illustr

ation

by A

lastai

r Find

lay.

Desig

n and

layo

ut by

Jero

me E

rasm

us an

d Neil

Ver

laque

-Nap

per.

Cove

r pho

togra

ph of

a foo

tprint

by A

lan K

eartla

nd.

Phot

o cr

edits

: Ahm

ed K

athra

da; A

P Ph

oto; A

rtist P

roof

Stud

io;

Baile

y’s A

frican

Hist

ory A

rchive

s; Ad

il Bra

dlow;

Luli C

allini

cos;

Cape

To

wn A

rchive

s Rep

osito

ry; C

hanc

ery o

f Ord

ers,

The P

resid

ency

; Dail

y De

spatc

h; De

partm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n; Fil

m Re

sour

ce U

nit; H

enne

r Fr

anke

nfeld;

Dr L

ance

lot G

ama;

Rash

id Lo

mbar

d; Be

nny G

ool; G

raaff

-Re

inet M

useu

m; M

arit G

reen

wood

; Pete

r Gre

enwo

od; G

over

nmen

t Co

mmun

icatio

ns an

d Info

rmati

on S

ervic

es; H

einem

ann S

A; S

teve H

ilton-

Barb

er; H

ollyb

rook

Mem

orial

; Inter

natio

nal O

rgan

isatio

n of M

igrati

on;

Jona

than B

all P

ublis

hers;

John

Car

ter B

rown

Libr

ary;

John

com

Media

; Jo

hnnic

Com

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The D

epar

tmen

t of E

duca

tion g

ratef

ully a

ckno

wled

ges p

ermi

ssion

to re

prod

uce c

opyri

ght m

ateria

l in th

is pu

blica

tion.

Ever

y effo

rt ha

s bee

n ma

de to

trac

e cop

yrigh

t hold

ers,

but if

any c

opyri

ght in

fringe

ments

have

been

mad

e, the

Dep

artm

ent w

ould

be gr

ateful

for in

forma

tion t

hat

would

enab

le an

y omi

ssion

s or e

rrors

to be

corre

cted i

n sub

sequ

ent im

pres

sions

.

Alex

la G

uma (

1925

-198

5)

Can y

ou

imagin

e bei

ng

owned

by

anoth

er

hum

an b

eing a

s th

eir

own p

erso

nal

‘rea

l es

tate

’?

All

thro

ugho

ut h

isto

ry s

lave

s ha

ve b

een

capt

ured

in w

ars,

ki

dnap

ped

and

mad

e to

ser

ve a

gain

st th

eir w

ill, t

rade

d as

pu

nish

men

t for

a c

rim

e, o

r eve

n so

ld b

y th

eir p

aren

ts a

s a

way

of

sur

vivi

ng h

arsh

con

ditio

ns. B

ut s

lave

ry h

ad n

ever

exi

sted

on

such

a g

loba

l sca

le a

nd w

ith s

uch

delib

erat

e pl

anni

ng u

ntil

the

Tran

satla

ntic

Sla

ve T

rade

. It i

s es

timat

ed th

at A

fric

a lo

st 2

0% o

f its

po

pula

tion

to s

lave

ry.

It a

ll be

gan

in th

e 15

00s

whe

n Eu

rope

ans

deve

lope

d an

app

etite

for t

he s

ugar

, and

la

ter t

he to

bacc

o an

d co

tton

, tha

t the

y ha

d

disc

over

ed in

the

Am

eric

as, k

now

n th

en a

s th

e ‘N

ew W

orld

’. Th

ese

labo

ur-in

tens

ive

crop

s ne

eded

che

ap fa

rm la

bour

ers,

and

th

e Eu

rope

ans

turn

ed to

Afr

ica.

At fi

rst,

som

e A

fric

an le

ader

s so

ld th

eir d

efea

ted

enem

ies

and

crim

inal

s as

sla

ves.

But

thes

e w

eren

’t en

ough

for t

he E

urop

ean

dem

and.

In 1

552,

the

Kin

g of

the

Kon

go c

ompl

aine

d to

the

Kin

g of

Po

rtug

al: “

… th

e dem

and

is so

gre

at th

at w

e can

not c

ount

its s

ize,

sinc

e Po

rtug

uese

trad

ers a

re ev

ery

day

taki

ng o

ur p

eopl

e ...

[loca

l] th

ieve

s and

m

en o

f evi

l con

scie

nce s

eize

them

, wis

hing

to h

ave t

hing

s and

goo

ds

of y

our k

ingd

om. T

hey

seiz

e the

m a

nd se

ll th

em, a

nd S

ire,

so g

reat

is

the c

orru

ptio

n an

d lic

entio

usne

ss th

at o

ur c

ount

ry is

bei

ng c

ompl

etel

y de

popu

late

d.”

– Ba

sil D

avid

son,

The

Sto

ry o

f Afr

ica

(198

4)

A c

ombi

natio

n of

the

polit

ical

str

ife w

ithin

A

fric

a, th

e ra

cism

of E

urop

eans

, pre

judi

ce

agai

nst n

on-C

hris

tians

, and

the

incr

easi

ng

dem

and

for l

abou

r, fu

elle

d th

e tr

ade

in

slav

es fr

om A

fric

a.

In 1

705,

the

Vir

gini

an G

ener

al A

ssem

bly,

in

Nor

th A

mer

ica,

dec

lare

d th

at, “

all

serv

ants

impo

rted

and

bro

ught

into

the

coun

try

… w

ho w

ere

not C

hris

tians

in th

eir

nativ

e co

untr

y sh

all b

e ac

coun

ted

to b

e sl

aves

. A

ll N

egro

, mul

atto

and

Indi

an s

lave

s w

ithin

th

is d

omin

ion

shal

l be

held

to b

e re

al e

stat

e.”

“Vas

t pop

ulat

ions

wer

e up

root

ed a

nd d

ispl

aced

, who

le

gene

ratio

ns d

isap

pear

ed, E

urop

ean

dise

ases

des

cend

ed li

ke a

pl

ague

, dec

imat

ing

both

cat

tle a

nd p

eopl

e, c

ities

and

tow

ns w

ere

aban

done

d, th

e th

read

s of

cul

tura

l and

his

tori

cal c

ontin

uity

w

ere

so s

avag

ely

torn

asu

nder

that

hen

cefo

rth

one

wou

ld h

ave

to th

ink

of tw

o A

fric

as: t

he o

ne b

efor

e an

d th

e on

e af

ter

the

holo

caus

t.” -–

Van

Ser

tima,

in A

fric

an R

enai

ssan

ce (1

999)

1444

– Th

e firs

t pub

lic sa

le of

Afric

an

slave

s, fro

m no

rther

n Mau

ritania

, in

Portu

gal.

1482

– Th

e Por

tugue

se st

art b

uildin

g a

perm

anen

t slav

e pos

t at E

limina

on th

e Go

ld Co

ast (

now

Ghan

a).

1510

– Sl

aves

arriv

e in t

he S

panis

h co

lonies

of S

outh

Amer

ica.

1532

– Th

e firs

t dire

ct sh

ipmen

t of s

laves

fro

m Af

rica t

o the

Ame

ricas

.16

52 –

The D

utch e

stabli

sh a

colon

y at

the C

ape o

f Goo

d Hop

e and

star

t im

portin

g slav

es.

1780

s – T

he Tr

ansa

tlanti

c Slav

e Tra

de

reac

hes t

he pe

ak of

its ac

tivity

.17

87 –

The S

ociet

y for

the A

boliti

on of

the

Slav

e Tra

de is

form

ed in

Brita

in.18

07 –

Brita

in pa

sses

the A

boliti

on of

the

Slav

e Tra

de A

ct.18

11 –

Spain

aboli

shes

slav

ery.

Its

colon

y Cub

a res

ists t

he ba

n.18

34 –

Brita

in pa

sses

the A

boliti

on of

Sl

aver

y Act,

bann

ing al

l form

s of s

laver

y thr

ough

out it

s colo

nies.

1865

– Th

e 13th

Ame

ndme

nt ab

olish

es

slave

ry in

the U

nited

Stat

es of

Ame

rica.

1869

– Po

rtuga

l abo

lishe

s slav

ery i

n all

its co

lonies

.18

86 –

Slav

ery i

s abo

lishe

d in C

uba.

1888

– Sl

aver

y is a

bolis

hed i

n Bra

zil.

1926

– Th

e Lea

gue o

f Nati

ons a

dopts

the

Slav

ery C

onve

ntion

aboli

shing

slav

ery.

1948

– Th

e UN

gene

ral a

ssem

bly ad

opts

the U

niver

sal D

eclar

ation

of H

uman

Ri

ghts,

inclu

ding a

n artic

le sta

ting,

“No

one s

hall b

e held

in sl

aver

y or s

ervit

ude;

slave

ry an

d the

slav

e tra

de sh

all be

pr

ohibi

ted in

all th

eir fo

rms.”

20

0th

An

niv

er

sary o

f t

he A

bo

lit

ion

of t

he T

ran

satl

an

tic S

lave T

rad

e

TW

O A

FRIC

AS

: TH

E O

NE

B

EFO

RE

AN

D T

HE

ON

E

AFT

ER

TH

E H

OLO

CA

US

TIllu

strati

onof

slave

s be

ing so

ld by

au

ction

to th

e hig

hest

bidde

r.

Cape Town Archives Repository Cape Town Archives Repository

7

Alex

la G

uma’s

Litt

le Li

bby

Born

in D

istric

t Six,

best

know

n for

his

nove

ls an

d num

erou

s sho

rt sto

ries,

Alex

la

Guma

was

a lea

ding f

igure

in th

e an

ti-apa

rtheid

stru

ggle

durin

g the

1950

s an

d 196

0s. A

rreste

d, de

taine

d with

out

trial, b

anne

d, sh

ot at,

plac

ed un

der h

ouse

ar

rest,

alon

g with

155 o

thers

char

ged

with

treas

on an

d eve

ntuall

y acq

uitted

, he

and h

is fam

ily le

ft SA

in 19

66. In

exile

he

conti

nued

to w

rite an

d wor

k for

the l

ibera

tion o

f Sou

th Af

rica.

He

was t

he A

NC’s

Chief

Rep

rese

ntativ

e for

the r

egion

whe

n he d

ied

in Cu

ba.

His c

omic

strip

Little

Libb

y: Th

e Adv

entur

es of

Libe

ratio

n Ch

abala

la ap

pear

ed in

New

Age

betw

een M

arch

and N

ovem

ber

1959

. It te

lls th

e stor

y of a

small

impis

h cha

racte

r, Littl

e Libb

y, wh

ose a

dven

tures

take

him

from

the co

untry

side t

o the

city,

and

bring

him

into c

ontac

t with

some

of th

e wor

st as

pects

of ap

arthe

id su

ch as

force

d lab

our, p

ass l

aws a

nd fo

rced r

emov

als, a

nd w

ith

those

who

oppo

sed t

hese

evils

thr

ough

strik

es an

d stay

at

home

s.

Desp

ite su

ch se

rious

su

bject

matte

r, La G

uma

injec

ts co

nside

rable

humo

ur

into t

he st

ory t

hrou

gh sl

apsti

ck,

caric

ature

, moc

k dra

ma an

d the

pres

ence

of a

small

mou

se th

at co

mmen

ts on

even

ts or

enco

urag

es re

ader

s to

beco

me po

litica

lly ac

tive.

Them

ouse

par

ticip

ates

in th

e act

ion

and

inte

rven

es in

even

ts th

at o

ccur

in th

e main

pan

els to

ch

allen

ge th

e est

ablis

hed

orde

r and

empo

wer t

he p

ower

less.

In the

best

tradit

ion of

prog

ress

ive po

pular

cultu

re Li

ttle Li

bby

educ

ates,

enter

tains

, and

enco

urag

es us

to fig

ht for

justi

ce.

By: R

oger

Fiel

d, lec

turer

and P

hD ca

ndida

te,

Unive

rsity

of the

Wes

tern C

ape

6

© Mayibuye Centre, UWC

That

was

then

. Lo

ok a

t m

e now

. I’ve

got

a n

ew l

ife.

.. a

nd in

an o

ffic

ial

gov

ernm

ent

publica

tion,

no l

ess!

Th

ings

sure

hav

e ch

anged

!

Little

Libb

y - Th

e Adv

entur

es of

Libe

ratio

n Cha

balal

a,Ne

w Ag

e, 2 A

pril,

1959

.Co

urtes

y Wits

Afric

ana L

ibrar

y

Illustr

ation

of sl

aves

being

mar

ched

by fo

rce an

d in c

hains

acro

ss th

e Afric

an la

ndsc

ape.

Afric

a fue

ls we

ster

n ec

onom

ies“A

ccor

ding t

o lea

ding e

xper

ts, be

twee

n the

sixte

enth

and n

inetee

nth ce

nturie

s, ov

er 10

milli

on A

frican

s wer

e for

ceful

ly de

porte

d to t

he A

meric

as, th

ereb

y de

pletin

g the

Afric

an co

ntine

nt of

its m

ost

prec

ious h

uman

reso

urce

s and

stifli

ng

Afric

an de

velop

ment,

whil

e fue

lling t

he

econ

omies

of co

untrie

s in E

urop

e and

the

Ame

ricas

.”- K

oïchir

o Mats

uura

Dire

ctor-G

ener

al of

UNES

CO

The

Mid

dle

Pass

age

The

jour

ney

of a

sla

ve fr

om A

fric

a to

the

Am

eric

as -

calle

d th

e M

iddl

e Pa

ssag

e - w

as d

ehum

anis

ing

and

oppr

essi

ve. A

fter

sla

ves

wer

e ca

ptur

ed o

r rec

eive

d in

trad

e, th

ey w

ould

be

mar

ched

in

cha

ins

acro

ss th

e la

ndsc

ape

to fo

rts

esta

blis

hed

by d

iffer

ent

Euro

pean

nat

ions

alo

ng th

e co

ast.

Her

e th

ey w

ould

wai

t unt

il th

ey w

ere

cram

med

into

shi

ps fo

r lon

g an

d da

nger

ous

sea

jour

neys

to th

e N

ew W

orld

.

The

slav

es w

ere

trea

ted

like

carg

o an

d re

cord

ed a

s su

ch in

the

acco

untin

g bo

oks

of th

e sl

ave

trad

ers.

Kep

t bel

ow d

eck

- men

, w

omen

and

boy

s se

para

te -

they

wer

e ha

nd-c

uffe

d an

d th

eir

ankl

es b

olte

d to

the

floor

with

iron

leg

ring

s. T

hey

had

so li

ttle

sp

ace,

they

cou

ld o

nly

lie o

n th

eir s

ides

. The

voy

age,

oft

en in

ro

ugh

seas

, too

k at

leas

t tw

o m

onth

s. M

any

died

- as

muc

h as

20

% -

as a

resu

lt of

mal

nutr

ition

, dys

ente

ry, s

mal

l pox

and

oth

er

dise

ases

. Som

e ev

en c

omm

itted

sui

cide

.

Res

ista

nce

and

Reb

ellio

nA

fric

ans

resi

sted

thei

r ens

lave

men

t at e

very

opp

ortu

nity

. On

boar

d sh

ip th

ey w

ere,

“ev

er u

pon

the

wat

ch to

take

adv

anta

ge o

f the

le

ast n

eglig

ence

of t

heir

opp

ress

ors”

(Ale

xand

er F

alco

nbri

dge,

sla

ve

ship

’s s

urge

on).

Ove

r 250

shi

pboa

rd re

volts

wer

e re

port

ed. T

hese

us

ually

resu

lted

in s

lave

dea

ths.

The

sla

ve tr

ader

s tr

eate

d th

ese

deat

hs a

s “l

oss

of c

argo

”and

mad

e in

sura

nce

clai

ms.

Afr

ican

sla

ves

orga

nise

d hu

ndre

ds o

f upr

isin

gs a

nd re

belli

ons.

A

t an

indi

vidu

al le

vel,

the

grea

test

act

of r

ebel

lion

was

to e

scap

e.

This

took

con

side

rabl

e br

aver

y. R

ecap

ture

cou

ld le

ad to

cru

el

tort

ure

and

deat

h.

In B

razi

l, es

cape

d

slav

es d

evel

oped

a

uniq

ue d

ance

-lik

e m

artia

l art

kn

own

as C

apoe

ira

- pos

sibl

y ba

sed

on

dan

ces

from

A

ngol

a. S

lave

s th

at

wer

e re

capt

ured

ta

ught

Cap

oeir

a to

the

plan

tatio

n sl

aves

. Wha

t the

col

onis

ts s

aw a

s a

stra

nge

Sund

ay ri

tual

, with

m

uch

mus

ic a

nd c

lapp

ing,

was

act

ually

trai

ning

for r

evol

t. El

even

revo

lts e

vent

ually

led

to th

e ab

oliti

on o

f sla

very

in B

razi

l in

188

8.

In 1

791,

Fre

nch

slav

es in

Hai

ti be

gan

a w

ar th

at la

sted

13

year

s an

d en

ded

in th

eir v

icto

ry a

nd th

e in

depe

nden

ce o

f Hai

ti in

180

4.

Ove

r tim

e, s

lave

ry w

eake

ned

Afr

ica,

mak

ing

colo

nisa

tion

poss

ible

. In

1884

, the

Ber

lin C

onfe

renc

e di

vide

d A

fric

a be

twee

n En

glan

d, F

ranc

e, G

erm

any,

Por

tuga

l and

Spa

in. S

oon,

trad

ers

and

m

issi

onar

ies

led

the

occu

patio

n.

Back

grou

nd im

age:

Deta

il fro

m a d

rawi

ng of

the

slave

ship

“Bro

okes

”, sh

owing

how

slave

s wer

e to

be pa

cked

for t

rans

portin

g. On

ly a 4

0cm

width

wa

s allo

wed f

or ea

ch en

slave

d per

son.

Over

7 00

0 po

sters

with

this i

mage

wer

e dist

ribute

d dur

ing th

e An

ti-Slav

ery C

ampa

ign.

SLA

VE

RY

AT

TH

E C

AP

ETh

e fir

st s

lave

s br

ough

t to

the

Cap

e ar

rive

d ju

st tw

o ye

ars

afte

r Jan

van

R

iebe

eck

foun

ded

a re

fres

hmen

t st

atio

n fo

r Dut

ch s

hips

. He

also

st

arte

d a

scho

ol fo

r sla

ves.

Thi

s so

unds

like

the

dece

nt th

ing

to d

o,

but a

s w

e re

ad h

is jo

urna

l, w

e le

arn

abou

t his

true

mot

ives

and

str

ange

m

etho

ds.

17 A

pril

165

8: “

… T

he a

im o

f the

sch

ool s

houl

d be

to te

ach

our

slav

es

Dut

ch a

nd th

e C

hris

tian

relig

ion.

Thi

s w

ill h

elp

them

to u

nder

stan

d an

d ob

ey o

ur o

rder

s …

”19

Apr

il 1

658:

“To

enc

oura

ge s

lave

s to

att

end

scho

ol a

nd le

arn

thei

r C

hris

tian

pray

ers,

it h

as b

een

deci

ded

that

afte

r sc

hool

eve

ryon

e is

to

rece

ive

a gl

ass

of b

rand

y an

d tw

o in

ches

of t

obac

co.”

– T

hom

. Jou

rnal

of

Jan

van

Rie

beek

(195

2), c

ited

in P

oten

za &

Fav

is, H

ands

on

His

tory

(1

994)

The

Cap

e fr

om th

e m

id-1

600s

to th

e ea

rly

1800

s is

refe

rred

to a

s a

“sla

ve

soci

ety”

bec

ause

eve

ry a

spec

t of

life

relie

d on

sla

ves

of o

ne k

ind

or

anot

her.

By th

e tim

e sl

aver

y w

as

abol

ishe

d, m

ore

than

60

000

slav

es

had

been

bro

ught

to th

e C

ape.

Ott

o M

entz

el, a

Ger

man

who

live

d at

the

Cap

e in

the

1730

s,

desc

ribe

d th

e C

ape

slav

es a

s fo

llow

s:

“It i

s no

eas

y m

atte

r to

kee

p th

e sl

aves

und

er p

rope

r or

der

and

cont

rol.

The

cond

ition

of s

lave

ry h

as s

oure

d th

eir

tem

pers

. Mos

t sla

ves

are

a su

lky,

sav

age

and

disa

gree

able

cro

wd.

Fir

mne

ss a

s w

ell a

s ta

ct is

re

quir

ed to

kee

p th

em s

ubdu

ed. T

he s

lave

s be

long

ing

to th

e C

ompa

ny

are,

und

oubt

edly

, the

mos

t ras

cally

of a

ll. T

hey

also

rece

ive

the

wor

se

trea

tmen

t. Th

eir

food

is s

cant

y an

d co

arse

; the

ir w

eekl

y do

le o

f tob

acco

is

ofte

n ke

pt b

ack.

It w

ould

be

dang

erou

s to

giv

e th

em th

e sl

ight

est l

atitu

de;

a tig

ht h

old

mus

t alw

ays

be k

ept o

n th

e re

ins;

the

task

mas

ter’

s la

sh is

the

mai

n st

imul

us fo

r ge

ttin

g an

y w

ork

out o

f the

m. T

hose

sav

ages

who

are

ow

ned

priv

atel

y ar

e, w

ith fe

w e

xcep

tions

, muc

h be

tter

trea

ted

and

muc

h m

ore

amen

able

to g

ood

trea

tmen

t.” –

Ott

o M

entz

el.,

Des

crip

tion

of th

e C

ape (

1785

)

The

Cap

e ca

me

unde

r Bri

tish

cont

rol i

n 18

06. O

n 27

Oct

ober

180

8,

two

slav

es, L

ouis

of M

auri

tius

and

Abr

aham

van

der

Caa

b, w

ere

told

by

Iris

h sa

ilors

that

Bri

tain

had

end

ed th

e sl

ave

trad

e. T

his

prom

pted

the

two

slav

es to

lead

a g

roup

of a

bout

300

oth

er s

lave

s on

a p

eace

ful m

arch

from

Koe

berg

to th

e C

ape

to d

eman

d th

eir

free

dom

. The

y w

ere

atta

cked

by

gove

rnm

ent t

roop

s at

Sal

t Riv

er.

This

was

the

first

org

anis

ed a

ct o

f sla

ve re

sist

ance

at t

he C

ape.

H

isto

rian

Nig

el W

orde

n ha

s su

gges

ted

that

27

Oct

ober

,180

8 is

a

mor

e ap

prop

riat

e da

te fo

r Sou

th A

fric

a to

com

mem

orat

e th

an th

e 18

07 d

ate

of th

e A

bolit

ion

of th

e Tr

ansa

tlant

ic S

lave

Tra

de.

Sank

ofa (

1993

)Ha

ile G

erim

a’s fil

m be

gins w

ith a

fashio

n sho

ot at

a slav

e for

t in G

hana

. An

Ame

rican

fema

le mo

del, M

ona,

is re

prim

ande

d by t

he di

vine d

rumm

er,

Sank

ofa, fo

r sell

ing he

rself a

nd

disre

spec

ting t

his sa

cred s

ite. S

anko

fa’s

drum

ming

retur

ns A

frican

souls

, take

n du

ring t

he sl

ave t

rade

, to A

frica.

It also

se

nds M

ona b

ack i

n tim

e to e

xper

ience

wh

at it w

as lik

e to b

e ship

ped t

o Ame

rica

as a

slave

and s

old to

wor

k on a

suga

r pla

ntatio

n. Th

e hor

rors

she w

itnes

ses

and s

uffer

s her

self t

each

es he

r abo

ut he

r an

cesto

rs. H

ow ca

n this

know

ledge

help

her t

o find

herse

lf bac

k in h

er ow

n tim

e?

The f

ilm is

a sh

ockin

gly re

alisti

c por

traya

l of

the lif

e of s

laves

.

Musli

ms a

t the

Cap

eMa

ny of

the e

xiles

and p

rison

ers b

roug

ht to

the C

ape w

ere M

uslim

. Som

e wer

e re

lease

d afte

r ser

ving t

heir s

enten

ces

and t

hey b

egan

to fo

rm a

Musli

m co

mmun

ity of

‘free

-blac

ks’. O

ne su

ch

priso

ner w

as Im

am S

ayee

d Alaw

ie of

Moch

a, kn

own a

s Tua

n Say

eed.

After

11

year

s on R

obbe

n Isla

nd, h

e bec

ame t

he

first M

uslim

relig

ious l

eade

r, or im

am, in

the

Cap

e.

Anoth

er pr

isone

r, Ima

m Ab

dulla

h ibn

Qa

di Ab

dus S

alaam

, spe

nt mu

ch of

his

time o

n Rob

ben I

sland

writi

ng th

e 600

pa

geMa

r’rifa

h al-Is

lam w

a al-Im

am

(The

Man

ifesta

tion o

f Islam

and F

aith)

, wh

ich in

clude

d an i

deal

syste

m of

socia

l re

lation

s in w

hich s

laves

had r

ights

and

could

even

beco

me im

ams.

In 17

92,

a yea

r afte

r his

relea

se fr

om R

obbe

n Isl

and,

he st

arted

the f

irst m

adra

ssah

(M

uslim

scho

ol) at

39 D

orp S

treet.

Fro

m 17

93 –

1807

it en

rolle

d 372

slav

es an

d fre

e blac

k stud

ents.

From

1794

, Mus

lims a

lso m

et in

a Dor

p St

reet

ware

hous

e. It w

as tr

ansfo

rmed

int

o the

Auw

al Mo

sque

, the f

irst M

osqu

e in

the C

ape,

in 17

98. T

he m

adra

ssah

and

mosq

ue w

ere p

laces

whe

re sl

aves

wer

e tre

ated a

s equ

als by

free

peop

le an

d co

uld in

terac

t with

free

mem

bers

of the

so

cial u

nder

class

. Her

e the

y dev

elope

d a g

reate

r sen

se of

colle

ctive

iden

tity

with

other

slav

es. A

third

of C

ape T

own’s

po

pulat

ion w

as M

uslim

by 18

42.

98

Courtesy Wilberforce House Museum, Hull Museums

Artis

t, Alas

tair F

indlay

’s int

erpr

etatio

n of s

laves

ar

riving

at th

e Cap

e of G

ood H

ope o

n a sh

ipof

the D

utch E

ast In

dia C

ompa

ny in

the 1

750s

.

Courtesy StoryWorks, Cape Town.

Auwa

l Mos

que i

n Dorp

Stree

t, the

first

mosq

ue in

the C

ape.

Courtesy National Library of South Africa

Courtesy National Library of South Africa

Belo

w: S

lave s

ale no

tice.

Courtesy Film Resource Unit

Detai

l of a

paint

ing by

Joha

nn M

oritz

Rug

enda

s, 18

35, s

howi

ng sl

aves

perfo

rming

the

Capo

eira d

ance

. Cou

rtesy

John

Car

ter B

rown

Libr

ary.

THE

AN

TI-S

LAV

ERY

CA

MPA

IGN

IN B

RIT

AIN

...

The

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade

Act

was

pa

ssed

in B

rita

in o

n M

arch

25,

180

7.

This

mad

e it

illeg

al to

buy

, sel

l or

tran

spor

t sla

ves

thro

ugho

ut th

e Br

itish

Em

pire

. How

ever

, it

wou

ld b

e a

furt

her 2

7 ye

ars

- un

til 1

834

- bef

ore

the

owne

rshi

p of

sla

ves

wou

ld b

ecom

e ill

egal

in

the

Briti

sh E

mpi

re. T

he

succ

essf

ul p

assa

ge o

f the

se

Act

s of

Par

liam

ent w

as p

artly

th

e re

sult

of a

n in

tens

e an

d w

ell

orga

nise

d an

ti-sl

aver

y ca

mpa

ign

over

m

any

year

s.

This

cam

paig

n ca

n be

see

n as

the

prot

otyp

e fo

r all

succ

essf

ul

hum

an ri

ghts

cam

paig

ns th

at fo

llow

ed it

. The

ant

i-sla

very

ca

mpa

ign

pion

eere

d th

e us

e of

man

y of

the

advo

cacy

(p

rom

otio

nal)

tool

s th

at h

uman

righ

ts m

ovem

ents

use

toda

y.

An

orga

nisa

tion

wit

h m

embe

rs c

omm

itte

d to

a

sing

le v

isio

n: O

n 22

May

, 178

7, a

gro

up o

f abo

litio

nist

s -

peop

le c

omm

itted

to th

e ab

oliti

on o

f sla

very

- or

gani

sed

them

selv

es

into

the

Soci

ety

for t

he E

ffect

ive

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade.

Thi

s fu

nctio

ned

rath

er li

ke o

rgan

isat

ions

that

figh

t for

hum

an ri

ghts

to

day.

Thi

s soc

iety

had

a v

isio

n w

ith a

sing

le fo

cus.

It al

so h

ad a

m

embe

rshi

p, a

new

slet

ter a

nd a

fund

rais

ing

prog

ram

me.

Whi

le m

ost o

f the

mem

bers

wer

e fr

om th

e re

ligio

us g

roup

kno

wn

as th

e Q

uake

rs, t

hey

chos

e tw

o A

nglic

ans,

Gra

nvill

e Sh

arp

and

Th

omas

Cla

rkso

n, to

repr

esen

t the

m b

ecau

se

Brita

in w

as p

rim

arily

an

Ang

lican

cou

ntry

.

The

use

of

the

cour

ts t

o se

t le

gal p

rece

dent

s: T

he

abol

ition

ists

sta

rted

figh

ting

case

s th

at p

reve

nted

runa

way

sla

ves

from

bei

ng fo

rced

bac

k in

to s

lave

ry. A

suc

cess

ful c

ase

coul

d se

t a

prec

eden

t – in

oth

er w

ords

, it c

ould

cha

nge

the

patt

erns

of a

ll le

gal j

udgm

ents

from

that

poi

nt o

n.

To th

is d

ay, c

ampa

igne

rs fo

r all

sort

s of

cau

ses

try

to u

se th

e co

urts

as

a w

ay o

f cha

ngin

g th

e la

w, w

hich

, in

turn

, con

trib

utes

to

chan

ging

the

valu

es o

f soc

iety

.

Inve

stig

ativ

e re

sear

ch t

hat

pres

ents

acc

urat

e in

form

atio

n an

d st

atis

tics

: Peo

ple

like

Thom

as C

lark

son

inte

rvie

wed

doc

tors

and

trad

ers

who

had

an

intim

ate

know

ledg

e of

the

slav

e tr

ade.

He

also

col

lect

ed m

any

of th

e in

stru

men

ts o

f sla

very

– li

ke s

hack

les,

leg-

iron

s, th

umbs

crew

s an

d a

devi

ce fo

r for

ce-

feed

ing

slav

es w

ho w

ent o

n hu

nger

st

rike

, to

prov

ide

phys

ical

evid

ence

of a

buse

and

con

firm

the

test

imon

ies

he h

ad re

cord

ed.

He

also

col

lect

ed s

tatis

tics,

like

the

fact

that

20%

of s

lave

shi

p cr

ews

died

from

dis

ease

or i

ll tr

eatm

ent –

sho

win

g th

at s

lave

ry

was

bad

for s

ailo

rs a

s w

ell a

s fo

r sla

ves.

In th

is w

ay h

e co

uld

accu

rate

ly re

pres

ent a

pic

ture

of s

lave

ry th

at

ordi

nary

peo

ple

neve

r got

to s

ee. H

e re

pres

ente

d hi

s re

sear

ch in

an

inte

llige

nt a

nd u

nem

otio

nal w

ay, r

elyi

ng o

n fa

cts,

sta

tistic

s an

d ph

ysic

al e

vide

nce.

Thi

s ap

proa

ch h

as b

ecom

e th

e st

anda

rd

for t

he re

sear

ch u

sed

in h

uman

righ

ts re

port

s an

d in

vest

igat

ive

jour

nalis

m to

day.

Pub

lishi

ng p

erso

nal t

esti

mon

ies:

Th

e ab

oliti

onis

ts k

new

how

to g

et th

eir

info

rmat

ion

‘out

ther

e’. T

he Q

uake

rs h

ad

acce

ss to

a p

rint

ing

pres

s an

d na

tiona

l ne

twor

ks th

at th

ey c

ould

use

to d

istr

ibut

e th

eir i

nfor

mat

ion.

The

y pu

blis

hed

wid

ely.

M

any

of th

ese

publ

icat

ions

wer

e vi

vid

pe

rson

al te

stim

onie

s an

d so

me,

like

the

life

stor

y of

Equ

iano

, bec

ame

best

-sel

lers

.

“At l

ast w

e ca

me

in s

ight

of t

he is

land

of B

arba

does

, at w

hich

the

whi

tes

on b

oard

gav

e a

grea

t sho

ut, a

nd m

ade

man

y si

gns

of jo

y to

us.

We

did

not k

now

wha

t to

thin

k of

this

... M

any

mer

chan

ts a

nd p

lant

ers

now

ca

me

on b

oard

, tho

ugh

it w

as in

the

even

ing.

The

y pu

t us

in s

epar

ate

parc

els,

and

exa

min

ed u

s at

tent

ivel

y. T

hey

also

mad

e us

jum

p, a

nd

poin

ted

to th

e la

nd, s

igni

fyin

g w

e w

ere

to g

o th

ere.

We

thou

ght b

y th

is

we

shou

ld b

e ea

ten

by th

ese

ugly

men

, as

they

app

eare

d to

us;

and

, whe

n so

on a

fter

we

wer

e al

l put

dow

n un

der

the

deck

aga

in, t

here

was

muc

h dr

ead

and

trem

blin

g am

ong

us, a

nd n

othi

ng b

ut b

itter

cri

es to

be

hear

d al

l the

nig

ht fr

om th

ese

appr

ehen

sion

s ...

[The

nex

t mor

ning

] We

wer

e co

nduc

ted

imm

edia

tely

to th

e m

erch

ant’s

ya

rd, w

here

we

wer

e al

l pen

t up

toge

ther

like

so

man

y sh

eep

in a

fo

ld, w

ithou

t reg

ard

to s

ex o

r ag

e ...

We

wer

e no

t man

y da

ys in

the

mer

chan

t’s c

usto

dy b

efor

e w

e w

ere

sold

afte

r th

eir

usua

l man

ner,

whi

ch

is th

is: O

n a

sign

al g

iven

(as

the

beat

of a

dru

m),

the

buye

rs r

ush

at

once

into

the

yard

whe

re th

e sl

aves

are

con

fined

, and

mak

e ch

oice

of t

hat

parc

el th

ey li

ke b

est.

The

nois

e an

d cl

amou

r w

ith w

hich

this

is a

tten

ded,

an

d th

e ea

gern

ess

visi

ble

in th

e co

unte

nanc

es o

f the

buy

ers,

ser

ve n

ot

a lit

tle to

incr

ease

the

appr

ehen

sion

s of

the

terr

ified

Afr

ican

s, w

ho m

ay

wel

l be

supp

osed

to c

onsi

der

them

as

the

min

iste

rs o

f tha

t des

truc

tion

to

whi

ch th

ey th

ink

them

selv

es d

evot

ed. I

n th

is m

anne

r, w

ithou

t scr

uple

, ar

e re

latio

ns a

nd fr

iend

s se

para

ted,

mos

t of t

hem

nev

er to

see

eac

h ot

her

agai

n.

- Ola

udah

Equ

iano

, The

Inte

rest

ing

Nar

rativ

e of

the

Life

of O

laud

ah

Equi

ano,

or

Gus

tavu

s V

assa

, The

Afr

ican

, wri

tten

by

him

self

(178

9)

Muc

h of

the

effe

ctiv

e m

edia

of h

uman

righ

ts g

roup

s to

day

relie

s on

pub

licat

ions

of p

erso

nal t

estim

onie

s w

ith w

hich

peo

ple

can

easi

ly id

entif

y. (S

ee b

ox o

n th

e ri

ght.)

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Sing

le Vi

sion

Amne

sty In

terna

tiona

l (AI)

is a w

orldw

ide

move

ment

of pe

ople

who c

ampa

ign

for in

terna

tiona

lly re

cogn

ised h

uman

rig

hts. A

I has

a va

ried n

etwor

k of m

ore

than 2

.2 mi

llion m

embe

rs wo

rldwi

de.

Altho

ugh t

hey c

ome f

rom

many

diffe

rent

back

grou

nds a

nd ha

ve w

idely

differ

ent

politi

cal a

nd re

ligiou

s beli

efs, th

ey ar

e un

ited b

y the

ir dete

rmina

tion t

o wor

k for

a w

orld

wher

e eve

ryone

enjoy

s hum

an

rights

.

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Lega

l Pre

cede

ntW

hen p

arlia

ment

pass

es a

law, it

cann

ot im

agine

all th

e pos

sible

case

scen

arios

. So

metim

es th

e law

need

s to b

e ada

pted.

In So

uth A

frica,

the hi

gher

cour

ts ar

e all

owed

to co

ntinu

e dev

elopin

g the

law

by

settin

g new

lega

l pre

cede

nts th

at low

er

cour

ts the

n hav

e to f

ollow

. For

exam

ple:

A Hi

ndu s

tuden

t was

told

that w

earin

g a n

ose s

tud to

scho

ol wa

s aga

inst th

e sc

hool’

s cod

e of c

ondu

ct - w

hich t

he

scho

ol ha

d a le

gal ri

ght to

impo

se. T

he

stude

nt sa

id tha

t the n

ose s

tud w

as an

ex

pres

sion o

f her

cultu

ral p

racti

ces a

nd

relig

ious b

eliefs

. She

took

the c

ase t

o the

Du

rban

Mag

istra

te’s E

quali

ty Co

urt. T

hat

cour

t sup

porte

d the

scho

ol’s d

ecisi

on. T

he

stude

nt the

n too

k the

case

to th

e Nata

l Hi

gh C

ourt.

In 20

06, th

e High

Cou

rt se

t a

legal

prec

eden

t stat

ing th

at the

prev

ious

cour

t had

disre

gard

ed th

e stud

ent’s

re

ligiou

s and

cultu

ral ri

ghts,

and t

hat

the pr

ohibi

tion o

f nos

e stud

s for

Hind

u stu

dents

was

disc

rimina

tory a

nd di

d not

value

cultu

ral d

iversi

ty in

South

Afric

a.

Meda

ls co

mmem

orati

ng th

e Abo

lition

of th

e Slav

e Tra

de A

ct we

re po

pular

in B

ritain

in the

early

1800

s.

Exam

ples o

f stam

ps pr

oduc

ed by

the R

oyal

Mail i

n Brita

in to

comm

emor

ate th

e Abo

lition

of th

e Slav

e Tra

de A

ct.

... A

HU

MA

N R

IGH

TS

CA

MPA

IGN

MO

DE

LHu

man

Rig

hts C

ampa

igns

Toda

y:In

form

atio

n an

d St

atist

icsCA

ST (C

oaliti

on to

Abo

lish S

laver

y an

d Tra

ffickin

g), th

e only

Ame

rican

or

ganis

ation

dedic

ated s

olely

to sto

pping

hu

man t

raffic

king,

uses

stati

stics

to tr

y to

conv

ince A

meric

ans t

o figh

t slav

ery.

For e

xamp

le, ac

cord

ing to

their

rese

arch

, ev

ery 1

0 minu

tes, a

wom

an or

child

is

traffic

ked i

nto th

e Unit

ed S

tates

for f

orce

d lab

our. I

n 199

9, the

CIA

estim

ated t

hat

45,00

0 wom

en an

d chil

dren

are t

raffic

ked

to the

Unit

ed S

tates

annu

ally.

Curre

ntly,

there

is no

t one

shelt

er fo

r suc

h per

sons

in

the U

nited

Stat

es. H

uman

traff

icking

ha

s bec

ome a

$9 bi

llion a

year

glob

al ind

ustry

and i

s inc

reas

ingly

an ac

tivity

of

orga

nised

crim

e. (w

ww.ca

stla.o

rg/fa

cts)

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Pers

onal

Test

imon

ies“I

was r

ecru

ited .

.. to b

e a do

mesti

c se

rvant

in Sa

udi A

rabia

... I s

aw it

as an

op

portu

nity t

o imp

rove

my s

ituati

on an

d tha

t of m

y moth

er ...

I was

surp

rised

that

when

we w

ere b

eing s

electe

d to g

o to

our e

mploy

ers,

the “p

retty

” girls

wer

e tol

d to s

tand t

o one

side

whil

e the

less

att

racti

ve on

es w

ere p

ut in

anoth

er gr

oup.

Unfor

tunate

ly for

me,

I was

chos

en as

a “p

retty

” one

. I en

ded u

p in S

audi

Arab

ia,

worki

ng fo

r a ba

chelo

r. He r

epea

tedly

rape

d me a

nd I f

ell pr

egna

nt ...

I gav

e bir

th to

my so

n in j

ail an

d the

y [the

polic

e] too

k him

away

from

me.

I wen

t mad

and

refus

ed to

eat a

nd sh

outed

and s

houte

d un

til the

y bro

ught

him to

me t

wice

a we

ek.”

Testi

mony

of a

youn

g Ethi

opian

wom

an

from

Brea

king t

he C

ycle

of Vu

lnera

bility

,Int

erna

tiona

l Org

anisa

tion f

or M

igrati

on

(200

6)

1110

Fron

tispie

ce of

Olau

dah E

quian

o.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy National Maritime Museum, London.

Courtesy Royal Main.

Courtesy International Organisation for Migration.

An ex

ample

of le

g-iro

ns.

Popu

lar

med

ia: W

hile

pri

ntin

g w

as a

pow

erfu

l too

l, at

th

at ti

me

only

hal

f of t

he B

ritis

h po

pula

tion

was

lite

rate

. The

ab

oliti

onis

ts u

sed

all t

he m

edia

ava

ilabl

e to

them

- po

ster

s,

cart

oons

, poe

ms,

son

gs -

and

soug

ht th

e su

ppor

t of t

he c

eleb

ritie

s of

the

day.

Man

y fa

mou

s pe

ople

sup

port

ed th

e A

nti-S

lave

ry

Cam

paig

n, in

clud

ing

artis

ts li

ke W

illia

m T

urne

r and

Will

iam

Bl

ake,

and

poe

ts li

ke W

illia

m C

owpe

r, Sa

mue

l Tay

lor C

oler

idge

, H

anna

h M

ore

and

Will

iam

Wor

dsw

orth

.

Cea

se, y

e Br

itish

Son

s of

mur

der!

C

ease

from

forg

ing

Afr

ic’s

Cha

in;

Moc

k yo

ur S

avio

ur’s

nam

e no

fu

rthe

r,C

ease

you

r sa

vage

lust

of g

ain.

Ye th

at b

oast

“Ye

rul

e th

e w

aves

,”Bi

d no

Sla

ve S

hip

soil

the

sea,

Ye t

hat “

neve

r will

be s

lave

s,”

Bid

poor

Afr

ic’s

land

be

free

.

Han

nah

Mor

e, T

he

Sorr

ows

of Y

amba

(179

7)

Bra

ndin

g an

d m

erch

andi

sing

: Lik

e m

any

mod

ern

day

hum

an ri

ghts

mov

emen

ts, t

he

Qua

ker-

led

Soci

ety

for E

ffec

ting

the

Abo

litio

n of

the

Slav

e Tr

ade

had

a lo

go. I

n 17

88, t

he

soci

ety

appr

oved

a d

esig

n “e

xpre

ssiv

e of

an

Afr

ican

in C

hain

s in

a S

uppl

icat

ing

Post

ure”

.

The

desi

gn w

as u

sed

to b

rand

soc

iety

pu

blic

atio

ns a

nd b

anne

rs. S

uppo

rter

s of

the

Ant

i-Sla

very

Cam

paig

n us

ed th

e de

sign

on

chin

awar

e, s

nuff

boxe

s,

cuffl

inks

, bra

cele

ts, h

at

pins

and

oth

er fa

shio

n ac

cess

orie

s. P

eopl

e us

ed

thes

e ite

ms

to s

how

th

eir s

uppo

rt fo

r the

A

nti-S

lave

ry C

ampa

ign.

Con

sum

er

boyc

otts

: One

of t

he m

ost

pow

erfu

l way

s to

cha

nge

a sy

stem

is th

roug

h bo

ycot

t - “

the

act

of a

bsta

inin

g fr

om u

sing

, buy

ing,

or

deal

ing

with

som

eone

or

som

e ot

her

orga

nisa

tion

as a

n ex

pres

sion

of p

rote

st o

r as

a m

eans

of c

oerc

ion”

(W

ikip

edia

). M

any

slav

es w

orke

d on

sug

ar p

lant

atio

ns, s

o in

17

91 a

cam

paig

n to

boy

cott

sug

ar w

as

orga

nise

d. S

ome

estim

ates

sug

gest

that

30

0 00

0 pe

ople

sto

pped

usi

ng s

ugar

. Th

ey li

tera

lly v

oted

in th

e w

ay th

ey

shop

ped.

Hum

an R

ight

s Cam

paig

ns To

day:

Popu

lar M

edia

Form

er P

resid

ent N

elson

Man

dela

kisse

s US

sing

er, B

eyon

cé K

nowl

es, a

t the

Nelso

n Man

dela

AIDS

Ben

efit C

once

rt in

Cape

Town

, Nov

embe

r 29,

2003

.

“The

desig

n was

symb

olic b

oth ar

tistic

ally

and p

olitic

ally.

In ad

dition

to ev

oking

cla

ssica

l art,

the f

igure

’s nu

dity s

ignifie

d a

state

of no

bility

and f

reed

om, y

et he

was

bo

und b

y cha

ins. B

lack f

igure

s, us

ually

de

picted

as se

rvants

or su

pplic

ants,

typ

ically

knelt

in th

e art

of the

perio

d, at

a tim

e whe

n mem

bers

of the

uppe

r clas

ses

did no

t kne

el wh

en pr

aying

; this

partic