foot prints to future

FOOT PRINTS TO FUTURE

“A quick synthesis of work done by the DRI and its Associated Institutions towards evolving and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable and self reliant agriculture”

May, 2011

STUDY SPONSORED BY

MP STATE AGRICULTURE MARKETING BOARD

MINISTRY OF FARMERS’ WELFARE AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH

BHOPAL

Disclaimer:

Due care and diligence has been taken while editing and printing the book.

Neither the Author, Publisher nor the Designer, Printer of the book hold any

responsibility for any mistake that may have crept in inadvertently. SRM,

NLRI, GVT Ratlam - the Publisher - the content, typesetting and designer, as

well as Chhaap Digital Print Studio, will be free from any liability for damages

and losses of any nature arising from or related to the content. All disputes

are subject to the jurisdiction of competent courts in Ahmedabad.

© Deendayal Research Institute

and School of Rural Management 2011.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be produced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior

permission in writing of the copyright owners.

First published in 2011 by

Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh.

Design: [email protected]

communication design consultant

Print and Production: Chhaap Digital Print Studio,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

“A quick synthesis of work done by the

DRI and its Associated Institutions

towards evolving and disseminating

models to establish and strengthen

sustainable and self reliant agriculture”


by: Arun R Joshie, Yash Kanungo and Dr. Varan Singh. School of Rural Management, NLRI, GVT, Ratlam.

contents 1 Message from Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan, Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh and Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria 5-72 Why this publication? 8-93 Acknowledgement 104 Peeping into the past 11-14 4.1 The genesis

4.2 The area under focus 4.3 Project districts

4.4 The project area profile

4.5 Sectoral focus

4.5.1 Complementarities

5 The man and his mission – many facets of Nanaji 14-15

5.1 Interview with Dr. Ramkishna Kusmria, Minister, Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development, Govt of MP.

5.2 Interview with Shree Abhay Mahajan, DRI, New Delhi.

6 His love for nature 26-33

6.1 Programmatic interventions

6.2 Adoption behavior

6.3 Attainment Index

6.4 Horizontal and vertical dissemination by default and design

6.5 Means of dissemination

6.6 Conclusion

7 The livelihood outcomes 34-35

7.1 Box an economist of masses 8 Lessons for future generations 36-379 References 38


The publication “Foot Prints to Future” provides an opportunity to

understand and adore the cardinal principles and core philosophies

that remain universal and infinite. Our founding fathers

Pt Deendayal Ji Upadhyay and Nanaji illustrated these principles

through deeds. I am particularly thrilled to place before the wider

audience, the learning churned out from the field experiment

conducted in past few years covering a large area of over 500

villages in Satna and Rewa districts.

The in-depth panoramic view of the new age agriculture arguably

going back to basics of time tested technologies from Vedic period

till few decades ago. The present time calls for a paradigm shift from

the conventional to pragmatic views in terms of attaining the super

goal of a more sustainable and ever green yet safe planet earth.

When people from Copenhagen to the remotest corner of the state

are engaged in deliberating and debating the issue of climate change

and its implication to the survival of the humankind in the language

and phraseology suitable to the debating contingents, the publication

aids to find out quick answers to some of these chronic problems.

At the dawn of new decade in the new millennium, I am delighted

to unfold our strong resolve to “make the farm sector profitable

for those to whom it matters the most”. Our resolve this time is

illustrated in the new policies that cover a wide spectrum of issues

connecting the global concerns with local actions.

I wish that the learning and messages from the illustrious life of

Nanaji will enlighten our path and help us realize our dream of

“Swarnim Madhya Pradesh”

Shivraj Singh Chauhan Chief Minister

Government of Madhya Pradesh

Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan Chief Minister Government of Madhya PradeshMessage

5

Agriculture is at crossroads, the neo economic urban centric

development model emulated from the west is taking its toll; the

planned development post independence based on classic trickle

down theory did induce development in certain pockets sporadically

leading to spatial, sectoral, social and political imbalance across nation.

In my four decades of public life, as an elected representative

of masses, I have been taking part in the deliberations taking

place from Village Choupals to Loksabha taught me few quick

lessons, besides, being privileged to be the part of the political

formation that has grand credentials based on the towering high

values and fundamentals. Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay taught us

“Ekatmak Manavtawad”, which became the core philosophy of

our development thinking; later legendry Nanaji illustrated the same

with practical exhibition involving local peasantry in the remote and

underserved areas in Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Uttar Pradesh.

In these troubled times being the member of the ruling government

and sitting at the helm of affairs responsible for the developing the

farm economy, I feel huge moral responsibility towards the founding

fathers of the development philosophy that is inclusive, imbibed

with emotions of humanity, non – exploitative towards all forms of

life nurtured in lap of Mother Nature and yet make the most of the

modern times without depriving the peasants from the sweet fruits

of cutting edge science and technological advances made in the

current times. It is like walking on the tight rope without losing the

balance and not compromising with the basic ethos.

Dr. ramkriShna kuSmaria Minister Farmer Welfare and Agriculture Development

Government of Madhya PradeshMessage

Foot PrintS to Future

6

The conflict within could only be resolved by going back to basics

and mainstreaming the philosophy that was promulgated by the

founding fathers like Pt Deendayal Ji and Nanaji.

It was my earnest desire to once again revisit Nanaji’s philosophy

of self reliance and integrated development and draw few quick

lessons from his illustrious life and the work he did while developing

DRI and its associated institutions. I feel highly obliged and thank

almighty that he gave me an opportunity to place before you the

current publication “Foot Prints to Future” – a quick synthesis of

work done by the DRI and its associated institutions towards evolving

and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable and

self-reliant agriculture.

I am sure in coming times the publication will help generate

interest among the rural and agriculture development fraternity, the

successful model in totality or elements of its successful strategies

evolved in Self-Reliant Campaign under Project Chitrakut will

form the basis for piloting new initiatives elsewhere in the state of

Madhya Pradesh and other parts of the country.

I express my sincere thanks to the Team of professionals working in

DRI and its associated institutions, para – professionals, educated

youth, couples, and above all thousands of women, men and

children taking part in this silent movement and making it a model to

emulate elsewhere.

I also express my heartfelt gratitude and acknowledge the

professionals acumen of the Team of School of Rural Management,

National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust for supporting

us to undertake this study and come out with the present publication.

I am sure in the days to come Project Chitrakut would be visited by

all interested in community driven development and take the first

hand experience from the communities to draw few quick lessons.

I would be encouraged if more in-depth studies are conducted

by the professionals and hard empirical evidences are created to

answer such questions that still remain unanswered and provide

insight into the subject.

I wish that the state owned institutions and departments involved

in the development process should take cognizance of the

evolving Chitrakut Model of Self-Reliant Communities and include

the elements of successful strategies in their programmatic

interventions. This will help realize the value for money we spend

from public exchequer.

7

(Dr. ramkriShna kuSmaria) Minister

Farmer Welfare and Agriculture Development

Government of Madhya Pradesh

Why this publication?Changing face of agriculture in the 21st century, increasing ingress

of the multi – nationals’ mega corporate, burgeoning menace of

global warming and climate change, ever spiraling cost and price

regime of the farm commodities, static dependency of the large

section of the poorer population on the agriculture and decreasing

interest of the rural youth in agriculture as prospective livelihood

option poses serious threat to agriculture in the hinterlands.

Agriculture technologies have undergone a sea of changes,

the perception of the technology producers and user’ is fast

changing and so is the change in the adoption behavior of the farm

technology users – the small and marginal farmers, women farmers

and others.

The key issue in the current time is to see the effectiveness of

the technology, its market linkages, its environmental impacts, its

economic efficiency and ergonomical aspects. The availability of

options, the efficacy over other alternatives and edge over its

conventional counterpart become the major descriptors of any

technology to compare and evaluate for its adoption rates and

behavior of its user’ and adopter.

In the era of information technology and ever widening digital divide

among urban and rural, poor and elite, the issue of dissemination of

technologies makes it paramount to understand the processes and

pathways of agriculture research and development.

The conventional wisdom of extension as against the farmer managed

participatory methodologies calls for a fresh debate. The empirical

evidence proving the point of view could prevail upon the existing

wisdom and address the anomalies arise overtime making mockery

of the agriculture development.

Deendayal Research Institute and its associated institutions like

Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) in Majhagawan near Chitrakut district

Satna in Madhya Pradesh and Ganivan in the adjoining district of

Uttar Pradesh, Aarogyadham, Udhyamita Vidhyapeeth, Surendra Paul

Gramodaya Vidhyalaya, Paramanand Ashram Paddhati Vidhyalaya,

Ramnath Ashramshala Govansha Vikas and Anusandhan

Kendra Resource Center and host of other institutions under the

overarching fold of DRI started self-reliant Campaign in January

2002. Since then over 500 villages have been brought under the

campaign, besides many programs and interventions to improve

the education, health, family income through a number of off – farm

and ancillary sources traditional to the villages, NTFP based income

generating activities, enterprise development etc., improvement of

local farming system using low cost appropriate and environmentally

benign technologies available off – shelf or evolved with the community

participation have been the main focus of the campaign.

In past 9 years things have been fast changing the villages that were

reeling under chronic poverty, unemployment, mass exodus of the

working population in search of the meaningful employment for skimpy


8

sustenance of life are now showing the signs of recovery from the

chronic debilities, aspiring to attain the supreme goal of self-reliance.

In the informal discussions the visitors, program managers, affected

communities and people at large recognizes the shift from a very

grim looking picture to an encouraging upward looking scenario

in most of the villages. Besides, anecdotal evidences, more

comprehensive and empirical evidences have been created to prove

the point of view.

Taking cognizance of the facts, MP State Agriculture Marketing

Board, Bhopal commissioned a short yet pointed study to snapshot

the changing scenario and place it before the wider audience to

further deliberate and churn out few quick lesson that may prove

spring board to jump start the similar process elsewhere in

the state.

“Understanding the adoption behavior of farmers and evaluation

of technology adoption by the farming communities in Satna and

Rewa districts as influenced by the sustainable agriculture and rural

development programs initiated by DRI and its Institutions” focusing

following key issues will provide food for thinking for future to those

interested in integrated development in the marginalized areas

lurching under chronic poverty. The key issues that attracts

the attention are:

• Understand and map the

technologies that have been found effective through a series of activities

and actions initiated by DRI and its

associated institutions in its working area;

• Illustrate the contributions made

by the DRI through its program

portfolio in terms of increased

adoption of appropriate, low cost and

environmentally benign technologies;

• Understand, assess, evaluate and

illustrate the enhanced capacities

of the farming community;

• Develop a dossier of information that

depicts few of the many contributions

made by great visionary and legendry

Late Shree Nanaji Deshmukh that could

ignite many budding minds to opt for

selfless service motto of life and work for

the agrarian communities;

It is believed that the bilingual publication however, brief shall provide ammunition to the development professionals to wedge war against chronic poverty in more sustainable, holistic and equitable manner making more villages self-reliant. 9

Acknowledgement:The publication “Foot Prints to Future” – a quick synthesis of work

done by the DRI and its associated institutions towards evolving

and disseminating models to establish and strengthen sustainable

and self reliant agriculture” is an outcome of the snapshot

study commissioned by MP State Agriculture Marketing Board,

Government of Madhya Pradesh. The study was conducted by

School of Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources

Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam, MP.

Over last few decades agriculture technology management has been

discussed at national, state and regional levels, battery institutions

ranging from research and academic organizations, universities

and their affiliated institutions, government departments, extension

agencies, trade and industry, corporate and commercial institutions,

financial institutions, civil society organizations, non – governmental

not for profit organizations, cooperatives and community based

organizations have been playing role in disseminating technologies

as per their convenience. The technologies available off the shelf

are managed in supply driven mode and hence the end users

seldom have a say or right to choose the technology appropriate

to them. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Ramkrishna

Kusmaria, Minister Farmers Welfare and Agriculture Development

and Chairman MP State Agriculture Marketing Board, Government

of Madhya Pradesh for providing SRM, NLRI, GVT the opportunity

to undertake the assignment and place the findings in the form of

this publication. His unstinted support for the cause of sustainable

development and insights in to the intricacies of the subject has

made it possible.

The most upcoming and upright opinions, conceptualizing the

issues global context and local actions and above all the intellectual

inputs provided by Dr. Bharat Pathak, Head, Deendayal

Research Institute, Chitrakut and Shree Abhay Mahajan ji,

New Delhi are highly acknowledged. The intellectual contribution

of the Professionals and scientists working at KVK, Majhgawan,

especially of Dr. R. S. Negi, Programme Coordinator are sincerely

acknowledged. The efforts of the team of Scientists from the Krishi

Vigyan Kendra for deciphering the philosophy of Late Nanaji in the

hard realities in more than 500 villages is highly acknowledged.

The intellectual contributions, logistical support managed by

Shree Umesh Sharma OSD to the Minister of Farmers’ Welfare

and Agriculture Development and Dr. S.S.Kaushik from KVK,

in arranging the numerous meetings, discussions, steering the

consultations and availing the facilities to work against time are

sincerely acknowledged.

Arun r Joshie, Yash Kanungo and Dr. Varan singh. sChool of rurAl MAnAgeMent, nlri, gVt, ratlam.


10

The Deendayal Research Institute (DRI)

was founded by veteran leader and social

reformist Late Shree Nanaji Deshmukh

in the year 1968 promulgating the ideology

of “Integral Humanism” propounded by

great visionary Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay.

Besides, many issues addressed by the

Institute, agriculture forms the core of

initiatives addressing poverty especially

of rural communities. The Institute

addresses multitude of issues through

various institutions and activities like

managing a Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)

testing, piloting, demonstrating and

disseminating new and appropriate low cost

and environmentally benign technologies,

meaningful livelihood options for millions

in the hinterlands.

The self-reliant campaign was designed to

address many issues including, poverty,

unemployment, ill iteracy, health and

hygiene, habitat development with clean

and green surroundings, zero litigations and

community conflict resolutions and finally

achieving the prosperity at household level.

These objectives were perceived with

spatial and sectoral focus through a series

of programmatic interventions to address

the problems identified jointly by the local

communities in consultation with the

professionals from DRI and its associated

institutions.

developing Gaushalas protecting the

cow and bovine population, conducting

systematic and scientific research and

evolving Gowvigyna, involving itself in to

the intricacies of watershed development

and management addressing the issues

of land and water conservation and use,

transforming the uneconomical holding

through a variety of approaches, developing

and disseminating seed chain through seed

villages and seed clubs etc…

Late Nanaji in his illustrious life gave new

meanings to social work, developed

new meaning of science for communities,

created many disciples who carry forward

the philosophy of selfless life and work

for the upliftment of the downtrodden

communities in the remote and backward

areas of the country. During his time he

contributed and gave new meaning to

self ignited agrarian development. The

study would impinges upon his many

contributions and try to correlate the

adoption behavior, adoption rates,

effectiveness and adequacy of the

technologies making agriculture a

Peeping into the past:

11

The initiative started by DRI and its associated

institutions covered over 512 villages out

of which 244 falls in the districts of Satna

and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh and 268

in the adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh.

The current study commissioned by MP

State Agriculture Produce Marketing Board,

Government of Madhya Pradesh covers

villages in MP. The following section provides

an understanding of the area focus:

the area under focus:

Project districts:The districts of Satna and Rewa

falls in the Vindhya Scarpland and

Baghelkhand Plateau, hot dry–sub-

humid eco–sub-region (16Cd5). The

agro–eco–sub region constitutes

Bundelkhand region of MP, the sub-

region covers an area of 5.8 m ha

representing 26% of agro–eco region

10, and 1.8% of the total geographical

area of the country.

Satna: The total area of district

is 7502 km² with a population of

1870104 in 2001, which is 3.1% of

the state population. The district has a

population density of 249 sq km-1 and

decadal growth rate of 27.6%. The

District is divided into 8 development

blocks namely Amarpantan, Maihar,

Majhgawan, Negod, Ramnagar,

Rampur – Baghelan, Satna and

Unchaehera. The district has 1784

villages out of total geographical area

only 50% is net sown, 27% under

forest, 6% cultivable wasteland, 10%

land not available for cultivation and

3% under uncultivated and other

wasteland. The district has gross

cropped area of 4.82 Lakh ha with

1.30 Lakh ha under irrigation. The

district registered a cropping intensity

of 133.7%. The district has fertilizer

consumption of 51 kg ha-1 mostly used

in cereals, and oilseeds, however, the

yield levels are as low as 900 kg ha-1.

Rewa: The total area of district

is 6314 km² with a population of

1973306 in 2001, which is 3.3% of

the state population. The district has a

population density of 313 sq km-1 and

decadal growth rate of 26.9%. The

District is divided into 9 development

blocks namely Gangave, Hanumana,

Jawa, Mauganj, Naigarh, Raipur, Rewa,

Sirmour, and Teonthar. The district has

1638 villages out of total geographical

area only 59% is net sown, 14% under

forest, 1% cultivable wasteland, 15%

land not available for cultivation and

4% under uncultivated and other

wasteland. The district has gross

Satna madhya Pradesh

note: the MAP Is not to be scAleD It Is just For InForMAtIon


12

cropped area of 5.00 Lakh ha with 0.87 Lakh

ha under irrigation. The district registered a

cropping intensity of 134.8%. The district has

fertilizer consumption of 39 kg ha-1 mostly

used in cereals, and oilseeds, however, the

yield levels are as low as 968 kg ha-1.

the project area profile:

The 244 villages identified in the districts

of Satna and of late in Rewa had a total

population of 90513 head counts with

over 15000 families. 15.5% of the families

belong to schedule caste, 26.5% schedule

tribes, 34.6% to other backward castes and

23.4% general categories. The agriculture

including the animal husbandry remains

the major livelihood option with over 68.8%

families owing land and rest 31.2% landless

families. 94% of the land owning families

falls under the category of small and

marginal farmers. Only 2.7% households

have brick houses rest either have mud

houses (86%), kachcha houses (8.7%) or

temporary huts (2.3%).

Rice, sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea,

soybean are the major crops grown in

monsoon season followed by wheat,

chickpea, barley, lentils, sesame, mustard,

linseeds and season vegetables grown in

the winter season. Though the rice yield

in the identified clusters are approximately

13.32 qts ha-1 which is 26% higher than

the state average however, 52% lower

than the national average of little over

20 qtls ha-1, the sorghum yield is 27% less

than the state average and 6% less than

the national average, the wheat yields are

15% less than the state average and 88%

less than the national average, the soybean

yield in the clusters remain well below 20%

of the state average and 14% lower than

the national average. The crops like linseed,

mustered, lentils, chickpea, and pigeon

pea remain below state and corresponding

national average.

The cluster villages have extremely low

irrigated area, however, the potential to

generate irrigation remain under utilized till

the project inception.

The clusters have large number of bovines

(> 16500 head counts), buffalos (>7200

head counts) and Caprines especially

goats (>13000 head counts), however,

the average productivity does not appear

anywhere near the state or national average

within the similar agro–ecology and

socio–economy.

Few households possess agriculture

implements of any significance, besides the

country plough that is evident with literally every

household. Diesel engines have been used for

over last decade as water lifting device.

Over 1900 families have be identified and

registered below poverty line as per the

official records; however, in actual sense

the figures may be much higher considering

the socio–economic parameters evident

from the baseline survey conducted before

the launch of the campaign in these village

clusters. Over 2000 rural youth identified as

unemployed, however, the discrepancy of the

defining unemployment, under employment

and partial and economic employment

remain the bone of contention.

13

sectoral Focus:The campaign based on the philosophy

of “Integral Humanism” conceptualizing

and manifesting the cardinal principle

of “Complementarities” has a very vast

canvas and multitude of objectives as said

in the earlier paragraphs. The inclusive

paradigm of holistic, sustainable and

community driven development designed

to address the issues of chronic poverty,

unemployment, health, hygiene, habitat,

literacy, conflicts and litigation arising out of

them, and above all a decent livelihood that

ensures household level prosperity.

“complementarities”:“The interrelation of reciprocity whereby one

thing supplements or depends on the other”

The entire campaign was designed the

manifest the core philosophies and the

cardinal principles envisioned by the leaders

and founding fathers, wherein the issue of

complementarities among different actors,

sectors, resources and responsibilities have

been woven in to the campaign design.

The present study narrow down its focus

to the broader sense of complementarities

as defined by Nanaji and deliberates

the meaning of complementarities in its

restricted sense of technologies or the

models thereof evolved during the process.

the man and his mission – Many facets of nanaji:As a true follower of the Pt Deendayal

Upadhyay, Nanaji manifested many of

his philosophies into action with the

common man at the centre stage that

were the subject of their concern. The

mission that enabled the establishment of

Deendayal Research Institute at Chitrakut

and proliferated into 16 interdependent

institutions is the living testimony of multi

faceted persona of Late Nanaji.

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVKs) at

Majhgawan in Satna and Ganivan in

adjoining district of UP addressing

the issues of agriculture technology

management, conducting action research

and on – farm research to evolve the

appropriate models that fits well within the

overarching socio – economy and agro –

ecology of the subjected villages. The KVKs

today are the thriving hubs of participatory

research and experimenting on the various

options that may well address the ever

burgeoning yield gaps between the villages

and the state and national averages.

These institutions are equipped with

the scientific academia having modern

perspective yet fall within the philosophical

necessities and follow the cardinal principles

of complementarities advocated by the

founding fathers.

The Arogyadham a multi facility resource

centre well equipped to handle the health

issues of the communities in the village

clusters. The centre caters the needs of

the out patients with diagnostic facilities,

hospital and nursing facilities, maternity,

pediatrics, OT and neo-natal care unit etc…

The entire facility is based on the principles

of Ayurveda and Naturopathy. Chitrakut Ras

Shala - produces and provides necessary

Ayurvedic preparations for Arogyadham, Foot PrintS to Future

14

the research wing identifies and develops

new products using the herbal and medicinal

plants available within vicinity.

Udhyamita Vidhyapeeth provides hands on

training to the budding village entrepreneur,

impart and upgrade skills that may well

provide the meaningful employment within

vicinity. Number of residential and non

residential schools for various sections of

the community provides quality education

and imbibes Indian values that in general

other educational institutions grossly neglect

either by default or by design.

Govansh Vikas Avem Anusandhan Kendra

conducts research and provides technical

backstopping for developing indigenous

breeds of cattle especially cows.

Gramodya Darshan Park, educational

resource center, resource centre for the

Samaj Shilpi Dampati, museum and other

public facilities all aids to the concept of

complementarities and forms basis for

self contained yet synergistic system of

institutional framework.

The well knit cohesive network

interdependent institutions each with

separate independent expertise yet

providing and seeking outputs and inputs

from each other gives a panoramic glimpse

of multi faceted persona of the mentor.

For the purpose of the developing better

understanding of the mission and its

successful operations, the study team

conducted interviews with the full time

professional engaged with the mission

since its inception and an interview of

the Minister for Farmers Welfare and

Agriculture Development, Government of

Madhya Pradesh, who in his own right

has deep insight into the subject and may

become instrumental in replication of the

whole model or elements of its successful

processes and strategies elsewhere.

The interviews with their response have

been used in totality without editing to

maintain the spirit of their feelings and their

insights for better understanding on

the subject.

The interviews have been deliberately

pinpointing the key issues pertaining to the

agriculture technologies, farm economy and

the adoption of the successful models in full

or part thereof by the subjected communities.

The essence these deliberations depicts the

mission, its message and its relevance for the

state as well as other parts of the country.

15

Q 1: You have been seen as the strong

proponent of sustainable development

especially organic farming, how do you

see the model evolved in Chitrakut?

Ans: Nanaji has been the source of our

inspiration ever since we joined the active

public life. I have attended many discourse

and had many occasions for one–on–one

discussion with the great leader, being a son

of farmer, with my education in agriculture

and above all a practicing farmer myself,

I have seen the good and bad side of the

modern agriculture. I have been talking

about organic agriculture since last two

decades, when I say organic does not

necessarily mean the legally certified organic

as per the western perspective but in more

of Indian context a holistic, integrated and

interdependent system of growing crops

with livestock, fruits, vegetables, flowers,

spices, condiments, fiber and host of other

crops, using the basic means of production

in most judicious way non – exploitative and

everlasting. I have witnessed the Chitrakut

model evolving since its inception and

now feel that it is getting mature hence

needs mainstreaming.

Q 2: Sir, do you think that it is possible

to mainstream such model in the highly

technology centric supply – led system of

the government?

Ans: Ever since I took over the charge of the

Ministry of Agriculture, now rechristened as

Ministry of Farmers Welfare and Agriculture

Development in Madhya Pradesh, I have

been taking steps to correct the past ills

and changing the policy domain that is more

supportive and encouraging the scientists,

extension experts, academia, technocrats

and everybody concern with the current

plight of agriculture to understand the call of

the day and remodel the strategies that are

more inclusive, cohesive, environmentally

benign and sustainable. I have urged

the Universities to conduct appropriate

research and find out the solutions that are

more acceptable to the small and marginal

farmers. We are working towards making

the supply led system to more demand

Minister Farmers Welfare and

Agriculture Development,

Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.


16

Interview with

Dr. ram Krishna Kusmaria:

led only when we have the right answers

to the problems faced by millions of small

and marginal farmers, women farmers and

farm workers.

Q 3: Sir, is it opportune time to talk

about sustainable agriculture when the

government is committed to convert the

agriculture as profitable venture?

Ans: I feel so; the sustainable agriculture

is the only profitable agriculture. Heavy

dependence of external, purchased and

factory produced inputs for the agriculture

production processes puts primary

producers into the realm of input traders

and then they start governing the price of

the output as well. When we rationalize

use of external purchased inputs, the cost

of production gets rationalized as well,

it is straight forward economics every

farmer understands and use to practice,

however, increasing ingress of market,

commoditization of natural resources,

increasing trends of state aid and subsidies

making farmer more dependent on the

external factors that influence the cost and

price of the input and outputs. Our efforts

are to break that nexus and take the farmer

out of the shackles of the exploitative

forces. The Chitrakut experiment is one of

the novel experiments having the elements

of interdependence and complementarities

among the processes, interventions,

actors, sectors vis–a–vis output and

the consumption.

Q 4: Sir, what is your take on the model

in particular?

Ans: To be very honest, I like the way

the integration is perceived not by the

technocrats and the professionals but by the

farmers and producers. The educate young

couples take the herculean task on the

clarion call of Nanaji joining the campaign

and reintroduction of the mixed farming

model, that makes it perfect fit for the small

holders and marginal producers. The sense

of self-reliance raises the self-esteem and

even the downtrodden under privileged,

victims of multitude of bias starts raising

their heads with pride that is what we feel

was taught to us as the cardinal philosophy

of “Ekatmak Manavtavad” – the integral

humanism. I owe a lot to this and the

very concept of Complementarities is

so thrilling in Chitrakut Experiment that it

needs volumes to speak about.

Q 5: One last question from Chitrakut

Experiment to where?

Ans: Entire Madhya Pradesh, whole nation,

every single farm family, let us go back to

basics with more modern, scientifically

proven facts and illustrated outcomes,

there should be no second thought but to

continue with the same spirit and zeal.

17

Q 2: There are many facets of his great

personality - a mass leader, a philosopher,

a visionary and a man who build

institutions, an educationist and above all

a great soul, what do you think is the right

way to define Nanaji and his many facets

to young and future generations?

Ans: “I am not for being myself but for

my people, the downtrodden and under

privileged are my people” was the motto

Nanaji lived and illustrated throughout

his life.

The deep dark clouds of Emergency

swallowed the democratic fabric of Indian

polity, those who raised voice against the

nepotism and authoritarian forces were

jailed, Nanaji was one of them, who had 25

year long devoted public life and had been

Q 1: It is believed that you have been

a close aide of Late Nanaji, how many

years you spent with the legendry Nanaji

and how did you came in contact with him?

Ans: In 1975 during the emergency period

and then in 1977 during the Janta Party’

regime, I heard a lot about Nanaji but it

was in 1990 during the National Conclave

of Vidhyarthi Parishad in Bhubaneswar and

then in a regional conference of full time

workers, we heard that a Rural University

is being established in Chitrakut. Since

1990 I received many invitations to visit

Chitrakut but for one or the other reason it

did not materialized. In July – Aug 2001 on

the advice of seniors office bearers a plan

was charted out to work with Deendayal

Research Institute (DRI), in September

that year during a visit to Delhi, I had an

opportunity to meet Nanaji, as per the

plan on 16 September 2001, I came to

Chitrakut with bag and baggage and since

then I am working with DRI. I had a great

fortune to be with Nanaji for over 9 years

during that period had numerous occasions

to attend his discourse and understand

his philosophy; I had many occasions to

discuss with him on many subjects.

Interview with shree Abhay Mahajan:

orGAnIsInG secretAry,

DeenDAyAl reseArch InstItute


18

a force reckon, during jail days Nanaji had

an opportunity for introspection and deep

thinking about the issues hovering his mind.

The jail days gave him answers to many

such questions, the treacherous jail days

became the treasure, setting rest of his life

in its full force rebuilding the nation what we

witness today.

Nanaji was a great philosopher; he knew

that in democratic system, politics is one of

the powerful means, however, did not find

it appropriate pathway to achieve the goal

of holistic and sustainable development

of the country and hence leaving aside

the power echelons of active politics, he

treaded the path that was not easy for

everyone. He manifested with his dedication

and deeds that “equity and self–reliance”

is the key to attain supreme goal of making

India a strong nation recognized globally.

Deendayal Research Institute (DRI) under

the dynamic leadership of Nanaji treaded a

long and difficult path, attaining a status of

lighthouse, from where it can lead the rest

of the world.

Nanaji wrote many letters inspiring

youth to partake in the process of rural

reconstruction; many educated young

couples joined the self-reliance campaign

encouraging peasantry to participate in

the local self-sustaining and integrated

development. Today the backward and

remote villages deprived of the development

around Chitrakut are witnessing a new wave

of self-reliance; the early success of this

initiative is living testimony of the strategy

that could have changed the fate of over six

Lakh villages immediately after independence,

had the educated youth been encouraged

to work in the villages, unfortunately this

was grossly neglected post independence.

The system of education adopted post

independence did not imbibe the feelings

of patriotism or responsiveness to society,

even the new generations coming from the

most secured sections of the society did not

have the values of social responsiveness,

the better–off sections of the society today

exhibits the higher levels of self interest

leading to gross neglect of values of

patriotism and societal development among

young educated generation. The educated

class in these times grossly lacks interest in

nation building and societal development.

The present leadership and the plight of

the degenerating society fail to make them

realize their social responsibilities. On the

contrary the DRI and its approach attracting

many youth towards social development,

they now realize that without improving the

conditions in the villages we may not be

able to achieve the overall goal of national

development. Many newly wed couples with

good education and right orientation joining

the campaign, the Indian civilization and

rich culture and heritage had its deep roots

in rural India. The eternal Vedic teaching of

“be the whole universe one family” evolved

and accepted in rural India. Nanaji knew it

well that the political system of governance

alone can not solve the problems especially

in rural areas, society has to come forward

and play a pivotal role, the youthful energy

has to take lead. Nanaji urged youth of the

nation to take on the responsibility as Lord

Krishna urged Arjuna to hold the mystic

Bow Gandiv against evil.

19

Q 3: While dealing with a very narrow

focus on his works with peasants,

living in the remote villages under stark

poverty, what do you think about his

great contribution?

Ans: Individual wealth created through

industrialization exploits natural

resources heavily world over, this impede

upliftment of masses leading to skewed

development depriving millions reeling

under stark poverty. DRI in Chitrakut

initiated Community self-reliance

campaign addressing these issues.

The key feature of the campaign revolves

around community led initiative wherein

all the sections of village community

work towards common goal and not the

petty personal gains. The early results are

encouraging and addressing equity in real

spirit. The elites no more can exploit the

vulnerable, the long standing inequality

and discrimination are slowly replaced by

more equitable and non–discriminatory all

inclusive development processes based

on cooperation, community participation

and mutual assistance. Today over 500

villages around Chitrakut witnessing a silent

movement involving masses manifesting

not only Integral humanism but elements

of Gandhism, socialism with the spirit

of Sarvodaya with ever increasing self

containment quotient.

Q 4: He was the economist of masses

in his own right and always propounded

the theory of living within the limits of

nature, I believe he was against extracting

or exploiting the Mother Nature, he was

a true champion practicing the great

thought “there is enough for every ones

need but not for every ones greed? How

do you react to it?

Ans: Nanaji use to say that the very

existence of human society is evolved

and based on agriculture and industries

around it. Agriculture feeds the masses and

industries satiates other basic needs, the

production processes in both agriculture

and industry are heavily based on resources

available in nature, hence the natural

resources are needed for very existence

of human being.

Q 5: You yourself have been a student

of Agriculture Science, what do you think

about his vision of agriculture education

in the country?

Ans: I did M. Sc. Ag with specialization

Agronomy in 1886 and joined the social

work as my primary focus, for self

sustenance I took up a petty job, however

on the advice of seniors; I left the job and

became full time social worker.

Nanaji had no formal degree or education

in the field of agriculture, however, looking

to his original concepts, philosophy and

thinking in the field of agriculture and

rural development, the Director general

of ICAR, policy planners and higher officials

came and saw the experiments steered

under his leadership and use to consult him

on many higher level policy issues.


20

Q 6: He was the founder father of the

Institutions like DRI, KVK, and then

MGCGVV to name few, would you

elaborate on his vision to establish and

strengthen these institutions?

Ans: Decades post independence, neither

the nation nor its people became self-

reliant, both remain victim to the over

dependence on outsiders and state. Our

freedom struggle wherein thousands of

people sacrificed was based on attaining

freedom with self-reliance, however,

we achieved freedom but self-reliance

remains elusive.

DRI is committed itself to evolve,

st rengthen and establ ish a

development model that exhibits self–

reliance, sustainability and is truly based

integral humanism, when we started we

only had the capital of rural masses though

grossly disenfranchised and disenchanted

with the hollow promises made by the

political leaders and their formations in the

past and the fragile and highly marginalized

nature resources around these villages.

In 1991 Nanaji established India’ first Rural

University in Chitrakut named as Chitrakut

Gramodaya Vishwavidhyalaya, during 1991-

94 Nanaji was the first founding Chancellor

of the newly established University, but

disgruntled with the policies of the then

government he left the Chancellorship and

handed over the University to the State

Government and started developing DRI.

500 villages were identified around Chitrakut

and clusters of 5 villages were earmarked

as a self contained unit of development, the

young and educated couple was identified,

trained and deployed as Samaj Shilpi

Dampati to coordinate the development

activities under the Self–Reliance Campaign.

DRI and the village community mutually

agreed to evolve and establish the

Self- Reliant Campaign based on the

core philosophy of Complementarities.

The communities took a pledge that

by 15 August, 2010 we will eradicate

unemployment, illness, poverty and illiteracy,

we all will lead a happy and self contained

life, making our villages “Zero Litigation”

villages, resolve all our old and long

pending legal and other disputes by mutual

understanding, compromises and local social

arbitration, our villages would clean and green

decorated with trees. The pledge reiterated

the very existence of DRI.

21

Q 7: He was the great proponent

of sustainable development and he

identified, evolved and developed holistic

yet sustainable agriculture development

model, I believe the institutions under is

dynamic leadership disseminated many

elements of these successful models, would

you elaborate on any of these models?

Ans: Converting the uneconomical land

holdings of marginal farmers in to profitable

and economically viable units was the central

idea of his thinking for agrarian development,

the technological advancement.

We are food self-sufficient country for

last several decades but the aspects

of human development like physical

development, mental development, social

and economical development goes beyond

mere food security and demand nutritional

and financial security. Human resource

development plays pivotal role in the overall

development. We are agriculture based

economy and hence the majority of the

contribution in livelihood of the masses

in the rural India comes from farm sector.

Our focus has been on the agriculture

that includes livestock, forest, fishery,

and other ancillary activities associated

with agriculture to enhance the livelihood

outcomes of the rural poor in the program

area. The technologies that ensures

enhancement in crop husbandry with new

and appropriate varieties acceptable by the

farmers, integrated pest management, weeds

management, along with the technologies

that increases livestock productivity have

shown encouraging results so far in the

program villages. The ever increasing

population has skewed the arable land–

human ratio resulting in to fragmented,

shrinking and uneconomical holdings.

The increasing demand for food and

attaining the household level food security

necessitates bringing in new land under the

plough, but we have limited land and it can

not be increased as and when required,

on the contrary we have to increase the

unit productivity of the available arable land

and realize its full potential. The results of

the new research show very high potential

and there appears a big gap between

productivity at the famers’ field level to that

of research farm productivity. Ever since

independence the new technologies are

being developed keeping in view the needs

and aspirations of large and well off farmers,

the green revolution technologies are the

best examples, this needs to be corrected.

The current policies and the agriculture

technology management strategies

based on sole crops for the small and

marginal farmers do not guarantee even

the subsistence level of food availability

and security to these households despite

using the large amount of external inputs,

the production levels are very low, this

discourages the small and marginal farmers

towards farming as a viable livelihood

option. Most policy planners perceive

that the holding less than 2.5 acre is

uneconomical and hence the farmers

falling in this category can not contribute

to national income, but the policy planners

should not forget that the average holding

size in our country is <1.6 acres and hence

agriculture policy at any level should not

neglect this fact. Scientists from the DRI

and its KVKs when conducted a survey

in Satna district of MP for the Self-Reliant

Campaign found that such families having


22

6 or more members requires an average

income RS 33000/- (RS Thirty Three

Thousand) per annum for their sustenance,

but with the traditional practices they hardly

get RS 19000/- (RS Nineteen Thousand),

having a deficit of RS 14000/- (RS Fourteen

Thousand), the deficit is either met by

taking loans or earning through labour,

which leads to lowering down the socio –

economic status, besides getting caught

into the vicious circle of malnourishment,

indebtedness etc…To address such

issues, the DRI has evolved and adopted

diversification pathway with more number of

crops per unit area and time, which not only

provides diversified diet, food and nutritional

security but assures additional cash income

as well.

Q 8: How he would have reacted to

the events of farmers suicides, had he

been alive in these disturbed times? Any

reaction from your side knowing him

from very close quarters?

Ans: In past few years looking to the

increasing trend of suicides by the farmers

in Beed district in Maharashtra, he sent

me to Maharashtra to get the first hand

impressions and meet all the affected

families to enquire and understand their

plight, I spent over week in Beed with our

local functionaries and met all the families

to understand how come in last three

years 33 farmers have committed suicide,

we came to know that more than 50%

committed suicide due to heavy burden of

loan or failure of crops, 6 families received

assistance from our local sources and came

out of the grim situation, however, it was

over emphasized by media.

Q 9: .....and his possible reaction to

the burning of the fields after wheat

harvesting, had he lived these times?

Ans: In this universe all the life forms macro

or micro have definite role to maintaining

ecological balance, India has over 42

million ha area under wheat, if the fields

are burnt after the harvest at this scale,

we will destroy soil micro flora and fauna

which maintains the soil health, enhances

the water holding capacity and raises the

soil organic matter. If we continue with

this practice we will aggravate the global

warming. Nanaji was true believer in the

Vedic teaching of Vasudhayva Kutumbakam

“be the whole universe one family” which

means without harming any living being

one needs to attain the objectives. If stop

burning wheat, we may be able to protect

Mother Nature and our soils, and also help

reduce the menace of global warming,

achieve the super goal of sustainable

development.

DRI has initiated action in this regard, we

advocate deep ploughing during summer

using mould-board plough once in three years

interval, besides encouraging farmers to use

more Organic Manure, Farm Yard Manure,

NADEP Composting Methods, Vermiculture

etc… to help keep the environment clean and

soils healthy with increased water holding

capacity and productivity

23

Q 10: He had true love and affection for

cows and their role in agriculture, how he

would have reacted to the current plight

of the bovine in the country?

Ans: In Indian agriculture crop husbandry

and animal husbandry are complementary

to each other, both contribute to each

other nourishment and nutrition, farmers

in general does both growing crops as

well as tending animals, this ensures

better economic returns and income as

well as better family nutrition.

Crop husbandry and animal husbandry

as I said are mutually beneficial providing

nourishment to each other, waste from

the cropping provides feed and fodder for

the animals and animal waste like dung

and urine provides manure for the soil,

good nourishment of one assures better

productivity of other, cow dung manure is

by far the superior manure for the soils and

cow urine one of the competent insecticide.

Since Vedic period cow is a symbol of

religion, culture, civilization and economy.

India being the dominantly agrarian

economy has always seen cow as true

wealth. Cow milk - the life giving elixir,

besides, Ghee, Curd and Whey, cows

provide draught power to plough the field

and other agricultural operation, local

transport, the work bulls and oxen provides

all these and forms the backbone of

agrarian economy since early civilization.

Cow has been the symbol of national

integration since the dawn of civilization.

It is unfortunate that chemical fertilizers

and pesticides have been promoted

as modern and higher producing

technologies at the cost of organic

manure and pesticides from the cow dung

and urine, we now have started realizing

the ill effects of such faulty policies.

I t is evident f rom the American

experience wherein the technologies

like mechanization, chemical fertilizers,

pesticides, hybrid and genetically

modified seeds have been adopted on

national scale, with 400 years of their

agricultural history they are witnessing

productivity stagnation and decline, while

Indian agriculture in its 10000 year old

history has withstand such things.

We have seen phenomenal growth in

terms of overall production post green

revolution but with it came many serious

threats, for example mechanization we

have already discussed. Nanaji was

always advocating the use of oxen in the

farming practices, we believed that this

will ensure the sustainable livelihoods

for small and marginal farmers, as well

generate employment locally within

villages for carpenters, blacksmiths and

other craftsmen. This was what he use to

illustrate the complementarities.

Q 11: What was his message for

the farmers?

Ans: The very existence of the human

society depends upon the agriculture

is the very basis for life sustenance.

Managing the soil health and its

productivity is the only answer to continue

producing food, as with every crop

harvest we reduce the soil fertility hence it

was to be replenished by putting manures

and fertilizers. Agriculture production

is complex organic process; hence Foot PrintS to Future

24

replenishing the soil fertility with organic

sources is the right way to address the

ever depleting soil fertility. Unfortunately

we have been neglecting the key

component of the agriculture i.e. livestock

especially cows and oxen and depending

more and more on external chemical

inputs. We need to once again start using

organic manures, keep more cows and

use oxen for the farm operations. The

Panch Gavya - five products from cow

could help address the malnutrition

as well. In nutshell Nanaji’ message to Indian

farmers was:

Adopt organic and natural farming;•

Conserve soil and water;•

Use home saved seeds, own •manures for better quality crops that

taste better as well;

Discourage as far as possible the •use of artificial hybrids;

Plant multipurpose trees on wasteland;•

Practice integrated farming system;•

Encourage and practice crop •diversification on farm;

Encourage and mainstream the role •of women in agriculture;

Practice cow based farming and •use oxen for the draught power in

farm operations;

Rationalize the • Vedic Agriculture

with modern scientific agriculture;

Integrated and rational use of available •natural resources in sustainable and

non – exploitative manner;

25

his love for nature:The agriculture program portfolio in the

self-reliant campaign revolve around the

technologies and the models that are

environmentally benign, low cost, low

external input based, within the realm of

local agro–ecological conditions, integrate

in a systems mode, requires low or

no deskilling, easy to use addressing

ergonomically designed technologies.

During the planning phase tools like

participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) were

used to identify the needs and gauge

the aspirations of the communities. The

community consultation processes as

evident from the following program portfolio

gives clear indications that low productivity,

lack of irrigation facilities, lack of availability

of appropriate and pure quality seeds

and varieties of the crops grown in the

area, poor soil health management, pest

management, lack of interest in developing

local livestock population, poor feeding,

housing and breeding management, lack of

integration of the available resources, small,

fragmented and uneconomical holdings

were some of the key causes making the

existing farming system extremely low

production potential system.

The Self–Reliant Campaign identified and

established cause and effect relationship

and introduced number of technologies:

soil and water conservation

technology: This includes soil and water conservation

on watershed scale with special emphasis

low cost measures using locally available

resources, rainwater harvesting to generate

the irrigation potential during the weak

monsoon season for protective irrigation

and generate potential for second crop

during winter season;

crop production technology: This includes organic farming, use of organic

manures like vermi–compost, NADEP and

other such methods using locally available

feedstock, integrated pest management

using low cost non chemical and biological

insect, disease and weed control agents,

crop diversification using 1.5 and 2.5 acre

model integrating crop diversification with

other farm enterprises like livestock using

the feed and fodder available from the

crop residues, introduction of high value

cash crops like ginger, turmeric and other

seasonal vegetables;

seed production technology: Every early during the diagnostic processes

for low productivity, it was evident that

the crop varieties and seed portfolio was

very weak, plagued with non availability of

appropriate varieties and genetically pure

seeds, very low seed replacement rates and

cultivar replacement rates, the campaign

integrated and holistic approach for Comprehensive development


26

started participatory trials, identified new

and appropriate varieties of the diversified

crop portfolio, started seed production

within villages by developing seed self –

reliant villages, seed clubs etc…

Fruit production technology:1.

As diversification strategy, the

campaign identified number of fruit

crops grown locally traditionally

and introduced number of fruit

trees like gooseberry, mango and

papaya, farmers were encouraged

to grow fruit trees near homestead

in the backyard or developing small

orchards on the wastelands.

Vegetable production technology: 2.

The diagnostic studies conducted

before the launch of the campaign

as a part of creating baseline

and establishing cause – effect

relationship addressing issues of

chronic poverty poor health status

and malnutrition at household level

revealed that lack of disposable

cash to purchase vegetables for

daily diet remain the major cause.

Besides the household nutrition,

vegetable production was seen as

one of the quick cash generating

activity through on – farm enterprise.

Number of vegetable climatically

appropriate the region and grown

traditionally were reintroduced, crop

plans were developed and integrated

with 1.5 and 2.5 acre model as well.

Backyard or homestead vegetable

or kitchen gardens were a major

intervention addressing number of

issues illustrated above.

Dairy technology:3. Livestock

has always been an alternative

yet synergized intervention in the

traditional farming system in the

region, most household maintain

a small herd of livestock with

composition including cows, work

bulls or oxen, small ruminants

especially goats and some other

animals. The bovine population

though with non–descript local

breeds has very poor yield provide

dung for domestic fuel primarily and

to some extent manure for the fields

and work bulls or oxen the draught

power. The milk yield remains

abysmally low. The interventions on

breed improvement using genetically

pure indigenous breeds through

natural and artificial insemination,

veterinary services, proper housing

and use of cow dung for manures

discouraging its use as domestic fuel

were the key interventions.

Fodder production technology:4.

The herd size, its composition and

quality is the function of fodder

availability and feeding management

strategies. Considering this the

campaign introduced on–farm

fodder production both in 1.5 and

2.5 acre model, encourage the

farmers to use the marginal and

wastelands for fodder production,

use the crop residues as important

and nutritive fodder, use strategies

for fodder supplements like mineral

blocks, urea treatment and hey

making in more scientific manner.

Green fodder production using

the legumes and collection of 27

grasses from the open grazing

area by scientifically managing the

grazing regime was some of the key

interventions.

Health, education, training and 5.

skill development related to

technology introduction: Besides

a full scale program on health and

education emphasis was laid on

imparting time and appropriate

hand–on training to the farmers on

various aspects of technologies that

were introduced.

Adoption behavior:

During the study conducted in 8 villages

in Satna and Rewa districts, where the

DRI and its associated institutions like

KVK, Majhgawan and Rewa were actively

engaged with the local communities,

it was revealed and as depicted in

Table No. 1, that a 100% respondents

confirmed the adoption of the crop

production technologies introduced during

the campaign even before, with 97%

respondents reported adoption of soil and

water conservation technologies especially

the rain water harvesting and arresting soil

erosion through appropriate and low cost

measures. Similarly, 97% and 100%

respondents agreed that interventions

like health and education within the

ambit of technology management were

effective. The vegetable production,

fodder production and dairy technologies

still remain in the range of 20 – 50%,

on further scrutiny, it was reported that

water, availability of the additional land

and appropriate opportunities restricts the

adoption of these technologies.

Technology Adoption behavior of the Farmers of Satna and Rewa districts, Table No -1

N= 172 Number of farmers studied during the study

Technologies% Adoption

Years of

introduction

No. of Years

Soil and water conservation technology

97.60% 2006 5

Crop production technology 100.00%

1995

2006

16

5

Seed production technology 76.70% 2008 3

Fruit production technology 43.02% 2006-07 4-5

Vegetable production technology

21.51% 2003-06 5-8

Dairy technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6

Fodder production technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6

Education 97.09% 2004-05 6-7

Health and social development 100.00% 2000-05 6-11

Attainment Index:

Fliegel (1993), with support from Feder and Umali (1993), proposes

a more widely accepted, non-linear approach to the adoption of

agricultural innovations. He argues that the linear approach tends

to restrict diffusion to a rational, planned process that relies on

institutions such as government departments, rather than viewing

the farmer as a passive individual who responds to random forces

related to social participation and communication.

A non-linear approach to the adoption of agricultural innovations

Social structure:

Age •

Education•

Size of farm Income •

Tenure status•

Social participation:

Membership in farmers organizations;•

Participation in community organizations•

Outcome

Communication:

Extension contact•

Print media contact•

Radio contact•

Antecedents

Adoption decision by farmers

29

The study revealed that in case of the

campaign the adoption behavior followed

the pathway argued and illustrated above.

The adoption rates as shown in the

Table No. 1 were the function of social

parameters like age, education, farm size

and the land tenure as antecedents when

driven by the processes like community

participation on one hand and the

communication on the other hand yielded

the outcome as farmer’ decision to adopt

or reject certain technologies.

Farmers Satisfaction about the TechnologyTable No -2


Name of technology % highly satisfied

% satisfied

% No difference


39.5 8.7 2.3

Agriculture and production technology

44.1 55.8 0

Seed technology 33.1 63.3 3.4

Fruit production technology

37.7 51.1 11.0


23.2 59.3 11.6

Dairy technology 36.0 61.0 2.9

Fodder production technology

34.8 62.2 2.9

Education 88.9 11.2 0

Health and social development

34.8 59.8 5.2

It is further argued that the farmers when

asked about the level of satisfaction, farmers

in all the cases reported very high to high

levels of satisfaction with a very small

percentage of respondents reported no

difference with their previous position in

terms of impact of technologies on the yield

and overall efficiency of the productivity of

the farming system. The Table No. 2 provides

the glimpses of the current scenario.


30

horizontal and vertical

dissemination by default or design:

The campaign following the spirit of

cardinal principle of Complementarities,

strategies for vertical dissemination of the

key technologies by the adopter farmers,

besides this the dissemination strategy

encompasses the horizontal dissemination

within village and outside by other farmers.

This enabled farmer managed extension

to take place in the study villages. The

Table No. 3 illustrates the dissemination

by default within and outside villages the

respondent farmers gave a very vivid

account of the dissemination, however, the

methodology was based on Memory Recall

(MR) approach require further scrutiny.

The dissemination out of villages shows

the number of household in other villages

adopted in part of full the elements of

technologies from the respondent farmers.

31

Dissemination of Technologies Table -3

No. of villages 8

Technology Dissemination out of village


168 1008


172 860

Seed production technology 123 738

Fruit production technology 74 222


37 258

Dairy technology 43 219

Fodder production technology 43 219

Education 167 834

Health and social development 172 1656

No of farmers

Means of Dissemination:

The study further explored the means of dissemination and it was

found that, in most cases the respondents assign the reasons

for dissemination as designed communication through trainings,

exposures, field days, farmers’ consultations and hence the findings

are summarized in the Table No. 4.

Means of Technologies DisseminationTable -4

No. of study villages 8

Technology No. of farmers

Dissemination out of village

Means of Dissemination


168 2504 Trainings, exposures


172 8032 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days

Seed production technology






Dairy technology 43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days



Education 167 3340 Training campaign




32

conclusion:The technologies and their adoption by the end users remain within the realm

of cost effectiveness, appropriateness, production potential and acceptability

by the farmers. The bundles of technologies evolved, developed, tested and

demonstrated by the DRI and its associated institutions qualified the litmus test

and have been adopted in full or part by most farmers in the region.

This not only illustrates the effectiveness of the technologies but the processes

and strategies followed to test, demonstrate and disseminate them.

Seemingly, it appears that the conceptual clarity and philosophical stand point

of complementarities accelerated the pace of technology adoption and altered

behavior of the farmers.

33

the livelihood outcomes:The Self–Reliant Campaign design to address the issues of chronic

poverty, decent and meaningful enhancement in the income levels

of the participating families and above all significant improvement in

the livelihood of the household, has all the elements that call attention

for external programmatic intervention, investments and enhanced

capacities of the subjected population.

The sustainable livelihoods framework presents the main factors

that affect the sources of people’s livelihoods and also make typical

relationship between them. In number of cases, participatory methods

have been used to identify the factors affecting sustainable rural

livelihoods (Wekwete, 1998). The conceptual livelihood framework

pays attention to measured changes in the different factors, which

contribute to livelihoods especially human, social, financial, physical

and natural capital assets (Pasteur, 2001). The figure depicts the

classic livelihood framework generically used by the development

professionals to describe the livelihood pattern, across spectrum.

Risky, un-irrigated and under invested areas of the region support

large population, contribute to food grain production and a vast

array of livelihood and environmental services. Climatic changes

are compounding challenges to livelihood, increasing distresses

and require managing of vulnerabilities, adaptations, coping and

mitigation. Participatory integrated management of resources within

watersheds consisting of transparency, contributions, equity, farming

systems and all inclusiveness as major driver of the development

process designed to achieve self–reliance typically at household

level. The strategy focuses on enhanced farm productivity,

diversification, and income generation through nonfarm activities

for landless, asset less and micro-enterprising. The improvement in

productivity and diversification aims at enhancing self-sufficiency and


34

generating marketable surplus of small, marginal and subsistence

producers. Improved technologies, credit, insurance, innovative

safety-nets, collective purchase of assured quality inputs, sale

of outputs and value addition have been argued. Increased

investments in rainwater management, diversification of cropping/

farming systems, soil health management, mechanization by custom

hiring, low energy inputs etc. are important to improve productivity

especially for producing marketable surplus by subsistence

An economist of Masses:

Nanaji was an economist of masses in his own right, the

cardinal principle of Complementarities that he advocated was

based on the sound footings of hard economics. He was never

against the scientific advancements achieved by new and

modern science but always gave a caution to choose them

diligently avoiding the extractive, exploitative and reductionist

elements in any such technologies.

producers. Small ruminants, livestock, trees, marketable cash crops,

upgrading skills and crafts are vital for these areas.

The self–reliant campaign strategy was to move away from the crop

or commodity centric approaches to diversified farming systems of

harnessing complementarities, reducing vulnerability and cycling

and recycling of residues. Integrating crop, livestock, horticulture,

agro-forestry, fishery, biomass and income generating activities

was the main focus of the campaign strategy. In addition

to synergies, enhanced employment and income, risks got

spread over seasons and years leading to reduced distress. This

is also necessary due to shrinking per capita availability of natural

resources, capital intensive production and preserving integrity of

the environmental services by recycling of residues.

The livelihood analysis and the survey conducted by DRI

and its associated institutions revealed that over 59% of the

household income contributed by agriculture, followed by 20%

some kind of salaried services, >17% by daily waged labour

and a meager 3% by collection of forest produce. With the

campaign intervention the percentage contribution remain

the same however, increased the total value in real terms and

enhanced the overall income at household level.

35

lesson for future generations:The entire study provides the snapshot of the campaign, its inherent

philosophy and the underlying principles that governs the strategies

and that facilitates the attainment of the supreme goal of inclusive,

non–exploitative, integrated and sustainable development on

regional scale.

The few quick lessons drawn from the closure scrutiny of the

Chitrakut experiment are:

Community participation• is prime mover of such

development paradigm. The inclusiveness, integrated and

holistic approaches, technological innovations and their

adoption are a function of people’ participation.

Interdependent network of the autonomous institutions•

complementing each other yet functioning independently

drives the campaign of this scale. Each individual institution

has its well defined role, expertise, experience, enabling

infrastructure and capable human resources.

Convergence –• as debated by the governments and its

plethora of agencies remain elusive unless a cohesive

binding force based on the principle of Complementarities is

not understood well and operationalised in letter and spirit.

Young and budding talents both from rural and urban •society can contribute to the process, if they are motivated

to “walk the talk” the way the legendry leaders and the

lighthouse like Nanaji illustrated.

Samaj Shilpi Dampati –• unique concept developed and

operationalised by the campaign hold very high promise, as

this address the skewed gender bias, set right the fulcrum

in favor of the women and illustrates an example through

these “role models” that not only the male but their female

counterparts in the families are equal stakeholder and has

greater role to play not only in reproductive but productive

and economically significant activities.

Uneconomical holdings,• wastelands and low production

potential farming system can be converted to economically

viable production units if carefully planned and designed

models are demonstrated as done in 1.5 and 2.5 acre model;


36

Agriculture –• necessarily includes livestock especially bovines,

the past neglect by the formal R & D has shown its ill effects.

Mixed farming as practiced traditionally holds the key.

The cows• provides the necessary inputs for sustainable soil

health management, reduces the soil erosion by maintaining

the soil organic carbon, reduces the emission of green house

gases like methane and carbon dioxide, enhance the sink

function of the soil and addresses the climate change and

global warming through local action. This could be the best

mitigation strategy in future to come.

Rainwater harvesting• holds the promise, it enhance the

cropping intensity, unit productivity of both soil and water,

recuperates the ground water, arrest soil lose and ultimately

maintains the soil health;

Diversification and not the intensification• is the choice of

pathway for the marginalized areas in rainfed semi – arid regions;

The technology adoption• is the function of plain and hard

economics, the farmers decision is based on non–linear

pathway wherein number of antecedents plays the key role.

Technology dissemination• through farmer managed default

extension is faster than the designed externally assisted

classic telling type conventional extension model.

Value addition and market linkages• designed to address

the generation of meaningful off–farm employment;

Farm economy is based on dynamic–organic and living •system functioning the principle of complementarities,

any external intervention disturbing the basic fabric of

complementarities would be counterproductive and

decelerate the process of development;

Ultimately it is the livelihood of the people that matters •the most and not the economic upliftment in isolation.

37

References:

Road to Self Reliance, Feb’ 2011 – Deendayal Research 1.

Institute, publication on Chitrakut Project;

Transforming Lives in the Rural India – Towards Self Reliance – 2.

Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakut, publication;

Report for National Krishi Vigyan Award, 2007 – 08 submitted 3.

by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Majhgawan, Deendayal Research

Institute, Chitrakut;

Interview with Shree Abhay Mahajan on dated 7 May, 2011 by 4.

the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural Management,

National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust,

Ratlam (MP);

Interview with Dr. Ramkrishna Kusmaria, Minister, Farmers 5.

Welfare and Agriculture Development on dated 7 May, 2011 by

the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural Management,

National Livelihood Resources Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust,

Ratlam (MP);

Personal Communication with Dr. Bharat Pathak, DRI, Chitrakut 6.

on dated 10 May, 2011 by the Action Research Study Team,

School of Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources

Institute, Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP);

Technology adoption behavior field level survey in 5 villages 7.

of Satna district and 3 villages of Rewa district conducted

by the Action Research Study Team, School of Rural

Management, National Livelihood Resources Institute,

Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP) during 4 – 10 May, 2011;

Focused Group Discussion and Stakeholders Consultation 8.

conducted by the Action Research Study Team, School of

Rural Management, National Livelihood Resources Institute,

Gramin Vikas Trust, Ratlam (MP) during 4 – 10 May, 2011;

A literature review off the behavioral theories in agribusiness 9.

research domain, by Elizabeth L. Jackson et. al. Journal of

International Farm Management, Vol. 3, No,3, July, 2006.


38

^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku fp=dwV ,oa lac) laLFkkvksa }kjk v{k; ,oa vkRe fuHkZj

df”k ds fodkl ,oa O;kid izpkj ds fy, fodflr ekWMy ij ,d la’ysf”kr v/;;u

01- lans’k & MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k 42

02- ;g izdk’ku D;ksa \ 43&44

03- vkHkkj 45 04- nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku & 46&48 4-1 ,d flagkoyksdu 4-2 dk;Z{ks= dk fooj.k 4-3 ifj;kstuk ds ftys 4-4 ifj;kstuk {ks= dk fooj.k 4-5 O;olkf;d {ks=xr izkFkfedrk 4-5-1 laiwjdrk

05- ;qxn`”Vk ,oa mudk ladYi &

ukukth ,d cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo 48&57 5-1 MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k ls lk{kkRdkj 5-2 Jh vHk; egktu ls lk{kkRdkj

06- ukukth dk izd`fr ls izse 58&65 6-1 rduhdksa dk fooj.k 6-2 vaxhdj.k izfdz;k 6-3 r`Irh lwpdkad 6-4 m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keks esa izlkj 6-5 izlkj ds ek/;e 6-6 fu”d”kZ 07- vkthfodk ifj.kke 66&67 08- Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, lh[k ,oa lans’k 68&69 09- lanHkZ 70

fo”k; lwph

Hkkjrh; d`f”k vkt nksjkgs ij [kM+h gSA if’peh ns’kks dk vuqdj.k dj geus tks uo vkfFkZd ‘kgj dsfUnzr ekMy dk vuqlj.k fd;k gS] vkt mldh dher nsuk iM+ jgh gSA Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr~ ;kstukc) fodkl ds fy, ^^fVªdyMkmu** fla)kr ds vuqlkj tks fodkl dk jkLrk geus pquk] mlus fodkl dks xfr rks iznku dh fdUrq og dqN {ks=ksa rd lhfer jgrs gq, HkkSxksfyd] {ksf=;] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd vlarqyu dks Hkh tUe fn;kA foxr pkj n’kdksa ds jktuSfrd thou esa ,d pqus gq, tuizfrfuf/k gksus ds dkj.k eq>s xkao dh pkSiky ls ysdj yksdlHkk rd tu ppkZ esa Hkkx ysus dk volj feyk gS] ftlls eq>s vusd vuqHko izkIr gq, gSA

iafMr nhun;ky mik/;k; }kjk izfrikfnr ^^,dkRed ekuorkokn** tks fd fodkl ds izfr lksp dk ewy ea= cuk] ftls ckn esa J)s; ukukth us e/;izns’k vkSj lhekorhZ mRrjizns’k ds nwjLFk vapyksa ds fu/kZu leqnk; ds chp viuh yxu vkSj fu”Bk ls thoar :Ik fn;kA

bl dfBu le; esa ‘kklu ds ,d egRoiw.kZ lnL; ds :Ik esa tks] fd d`f”k ds vkfFkZd i{k ds fu.kZ; dk mRrjnkf;Ro j[krk gks] eSa le>rk gwW fd esjk uSfrd mRrjnkf;Ro gksxk fd ,sls xzke fodkl ds tud ftUgksus ekuorkokn dh Hkkoukvksa dks vkRelkr fd;k] izdfr ds ewy :Ik dks v{kq..k j[kus ,oa misf{kr leqnk; dks Lokoyacu ds lkFk orZeku vk/kqfud fodkl ,oa izxfr ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k;k] ,sls deZB egkiq:”k dk Lej.k dj viuh J)katyh O;Dr djrk gwWaa A ;g dk;Z vk/kkjHkwr ewY;ksa ls fcuk le>kSrk fd,] larqyu cukdj ,d iryh jLlh ij pyus ds leku gSA eSa ;g Hkh ekurk gwWa fd] orZeku esa df”k ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds {ks= esa mHkjrs fooknksa dk fujkdj.k Hkh] gekjs fir iq:”k iafMr nhun;ky th o J)s; ukukth }kjk ekxZnf’kZr fl)karksa esa gh fufgr gSA

esjh ;g gkfnZd bPNk gS fd] eaS J`)s; ukukth ds lexz fodkl ds ikB dks fQj ,d ckj nksgjkÅ vkSj nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ,oa fodkl ds ek/;e ls muds }kjk fd, x, dk;ksZ ls izkIr vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.kksa dks js[kkafdr d:WaA

eSa d`rK gksdj bZ’oj dks /kU;okn nsrk gwW fd] mlus eq>s ^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vkSj* izdk’ku dks vkids lEeq[k j[kus

dk lqvolj fn;k vkSj eSa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa laca) laLFkkvksa }kjk v{k; df”k fodkl ,oa LokoyEcu vk/kkfjr d`f”k ds {ks= esa fd, x, dk;ksZ ,oa mlds izpkj&izlkj dh ,d >yd izLrqr dj ldkA

eq>s fo’okl gS fd vkus okys le; esa ;g izdk’ku xzkeh.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ds {ks= esa ubZ :fp tkx`r djsxk vkSj fp=dwV ifj;kstuk dk lQy ekWMy rFkk j.kuhfr izns’k o ns’k ds vU; Hkkxksa esa izk;ksfxd rkSj ij fdz;kfUor djus dks izksRlkfgr djsxkA

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku esa dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkjh;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa] f’kf{kr ;qokvksa] lekt f’kYih nEifRr;ksa ,oa lcls mij gtkjks& gtkj fL=;ks] iq:”kksa ,oa cPpks] tks fd bl ewd vkanksyu ls tqM+s gS] dks muds }kjk izLrqr vuqdj.kh; ekWMy ds ltu ds fy, /kU;okn nsrk gwWA

eSa Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV ds izeq[k ,oa muds ny ds lnL;ksa dks Hkh /kU;okn nsrk gwW ftUgksus bl v/;;u dks iw.kZ dj bl izdk’ku dks rS;kj fd;kA

eSa vk’oLr gwW fd vkus okys le; esa fp=dwV ifj;kstuk dk Hkze.k djus okys os lkjs yksx tks leqnk; tfur xzkeh.k fodkl ds i{k/kj gS] ;gka ds leqnk; ls izFke n`”V;k vuqHko ,oa dqN lh[k vo’; xzg.k djsxsaA

eSa bl volj ij bl fo”k; esa foLr`r vkSj xgu v/;;u ds fy, fo’ks”kKksa dk vkg~oku Hkh d:axk rkfd izkIr fu”d”kksZ ls vc rd vuqRrfjr jgs iz’uksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldsA

esjh ;g Hkh vkadk{kk gS fd] fodkl dh izfdz;k esa layXu jkT; ljdkj ds leLr foHkkx ,oa laLFkku] fp=dwV ekWMy ds varxZr fodflr] vkRefuHkZj leqnk; dh lQyrk ls izsj.kk ysdj vius dk;Zdzeksa ,oa j.kuhfr;ksa esa bldk lekos’k djsa] ftlls dh bu dk;Zdzeksa ij O;; gks jgh jkf’k dks tuksUeq[kh cukdj izns’k esa fodkl dk ekxZ iz’kLr gks ldsaA

MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;kea=h d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx

e-iz- ‘kklu] Hkksiky42 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**

lans’k

;g izdk’ku D;ksa \21 oh lnha esa d`f”k ds Lo:Ik esa gks jgs ifjorZu] ftlls cgqjk”Vªh; dEiuh;ksa dk c<+rk opZLo] tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa Xykscy okfeZax ds [krjs] d`f”k dh c<+rh ykxr] mRiknu ds ewY;ksa esa mrkj&p<+ko] fu/kZu oxZ dh d`f”k ij fuHkZjrk ,oa xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dk d`f”k ds izfr ?kVrk vkd”kZ.k] d`f”k {ks= ds fy, xaHkhj pqukSfr;ka mRiUu dj jgk gSA

d`f”k rduhdks esa o`gn ifjorZu gqvk gS] rduhd fuekZrkvksa vFkkZr~ oSKkfudkas dh /kkj.kk Hkh ifjofrZr gqbZ gS ftlls bu rduhdksa ds vfUre mi;ksxdrkZvks] y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdks] fo’ks”kdj efgyk d`”kdks esa ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

bl le; gekjs le{k tks eq[; eqn~ns gS muesa rduhdksa dh izHkko’khyrk] budk cktkj ls laidZ] Ik;kZoj.k ij izHkko] vkfFkZd egRrk ,oa mi;ksxdrkZ dh ‘kkjhfjd n{krk ds vuq:Ik mi;ksfxrk ds igyw Hkh lfEefyr gSA fodYiksa dh miyC/krk ,oa miyC/k fodYiksa esa lokZf/kd Js”B tks fd ijEijkxr ,oa izkphu fodYiksa dh rqyuk esa mRre gks] egRoiw.kZ ekinaM gS ftuds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu fodYiksa dk ewY;kadu ,oa mudh rqyuk rduhdh vaxhdj.k dh nj ,oa mi;ksxdrkZ ,oa xzg.kdrkZ ds O;ogkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA

lwpuk izks|ksfxdh ds bl ;qx esa ‘kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k] fu/kZu ,oa Js”Bh oxksZ ds chp esa c<+rh gqbZ nwjh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, rduhdks dk izlkj bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd gekjs d`f”k vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl dk ekxZ D;k gksA d`f”k foLrkj gsrq vc rd viuk;h xbZ ijiajkxr lksp ,oa uohu d`”kd izcaf/kr d`f”k iz.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk gsrq ,d uohu ppkZ dh vko’drk gSA miyC/k rF; ijd lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fuf’pr :Ik ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku lksp ,oa mlls mRiUu fo”kerk,sa gekjh orZeku d`f”k fodkl dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk migkl djrh izrhr gksrh gSA

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkku tSls& d`f”k foKku dsUnz] fp=dwV ds fudV e>xoka] ftyk lruk] e/;izns’k] mRrjizns’k ds lhekorhZ fp=dwV ftys ds varxZr xfuou esa fLFkr d`f”k foKku dsUnz] vkjksX;/kke] m|ferk fo|kihB] lqjsUnzikWy xzkeksn; fo|ky;] ijekuUn vkJe i)rh fo|ky;] jkeukFk vkJe ‘kkyk] xkSoa’k fodkl ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz] lalk/ku dsUnz ,oa vU; LFkkuh; laLFkk,a tks fd bl laLFkku ds varxZr vkrh gS] us bl Lokoyach vfHk;ku dks tuojh 2002 esa izkjEHk fd;k Fkk] rc ls vc rd 500 xzkeksa dks bl

vfHk;ku es tksM+k tk pqdk gSA laLFkku ds vusd dk;Zdzeksa esa f’k{kk ,oa LokLF; lq/kkj] xSj d`f”k {ks=ksa ,oa lgk;d L=ksrks ls ifjokj dh vk; esa o`f)] ouksit vk/kkfjr vk; vtZu xfrfof/k;ksa] m|ferk fodkl bR;kfn] LFkkuh; d`f”k esa de ykxr dh i;kZOkj.k vuwdqy rduhdksa tks fd leqnk; tfur lgHkkxhrk }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gS vFkok iwoZ ls miyC/k gS] ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gSA

bu xzkeksa esa tgka Hkh”k.k fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh] cM+h la[;k esa dke dh ryk’k esa yksxksa ds iyk;u tSlh leL;k,sa Fkh] mlds LFkku ij foxr 9 o”kksZ esa bu xzkeokfl;ksa ds thou Lrj esa O;kid lq/kkj gqvk gS ,oa mUgsa _.k xzLrrk ls eqfDr ikdj mUgksus vkRefo’okl ,oa Lokoyacu ds ekxZ dks viuk;k gSA

vkaxrqdks] dk;Zdze izca/kdks ,oa izHkkfor leqnk; us dbZ vukSipkfjd ppkZvksa esa bl rF; dh iqf”V dh gS fd] mudh igys dh vR;Ur nqcZy Nfo vc ,d izxfr ds izfr vk’kkfUor xzkeoklh ds :Ik esa bu xzkeksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA bu ekSf[kd ekU;rkvksa ds lR;kiu ds fy, foLr`r ,oa rF;ijd lk{; ,df=r dj mijksDr n`f”Vdks.k dks izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

ifj.kkeksa dh lR;rk ds ijh{k.k ds fy, e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ Hkksiky us bl laf{kIr fdUrq lkjxfHkZr v/;;u dks izk;ksftr fd;k gS] tks ifjn`’; esa gq, ifjorZu dks gekjs lEeq[k j[k lds vkSj izkIr Rofjr ifj.kkeksa ds leku xfrfof/k;ksa vFkok dk;Zdzeksa dks jkT; esa izkjEHk dj ldsaA

lruk ,oa jhok ftyks ds d`”kd ifjokjksa ds O;ogkj esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk lapkfyr fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls vk;s bl ldkjkRed ifjorZu dks le>dj muds }kjk viuk;h xbZ egRoiw rduhd fof’k”V eqn~nksa dks n’kkZrh gS] tks Hkfo”; dh fopkj eaFku izfdz;k fo’ks”kdj lhekUr {ks=ksa esa lesfdr fodkl vkSj xjhch mUewyu dh fn’kk esa vko’;d gSA

43

gekjk /;ku vkdf”kZr djus okys eq[; fcUnq %

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkku }kjk J`a[kykc) xfrfof/k;ksa ,oa dk;Zdzeksa dh izHkkfodrk tkuus ds fy, foospukA

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku }kjk de ykxr ,oa i;kZoj.k ds vuwdwy rdfudksa ds izpkj&izlkj ,oa vaxhdj.k dh izfdz;k esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa mlls laca/k laLFkku ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkfdar djukA

d`”kd leqnk; esa gqbZ {kerk lao/kZu dks tkuuk] vkadyu] ewY;kdau ,oa mldk js[kkdauA

,d lwpuk iqfLrdk ds ek/;e ls ;qx n`”Vk J`)s; ukukth ns’keq[k ds xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dks tulkekU; ds le{k izLrqr djuk] bl vuqHkwfr ds lkFk dh ubZ ih<h esa fuLokFkZ lsok dk Hkko izTofyr gks ,oa ns’k ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsA

vk’kk gS ;g laf{kIr] f}Hkk”kh; izdk’ku fodkl dk;ZdrkZvksa dks fujUrj xjhch ls yM+us ds fy, LFkk;h lEiw.kZ ,oa le:Ik vL= fl) gksxk ftlls vkRefuHkZj xzke fodkl dk liuk lkdkj gks ldsA

44 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**

vkHkkj;g izdk’ku ^^in fpUgks ls Hkfo”; dh vksj** nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku lewg fp=dwV }kjk v{k; ,oa vkRe fuHkZj d`f”k ds fodkl ,oa O;kid izpkj ds fy, fodflr ekWMy ij ,d la’ysf”kr ,oa ladfyr v/;;u] e/;izns’k] jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ e/;izns’k ‘kklu }kjk izk;ksftr ,d lkjxfHkZr izfrosnu gSA bl v/;;u dks Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke }kjk fd;k x;kA

fiNys dqN n’kdksa ls d`f”k rduhdh izca/ku dk fo”k; jk”Vªh;] izknsf’kd ,oa {ksf=; Lrj ij pfpZr jgk gS] ftlesa rduhdh ds izpkj&izlkj dk dk;Z ‘kS{kf.kd ,oa vuqla/kku laxBu] fo’ofo|ky; ,oa muds ekU;rk izkIr laLFkku] ‘kkldh; foHkkx] d`f”k foLrkj laLFkku] O;kikj ,oa m|ksx] okf.kfT;d laLFkkuks] fuxeksa] foRrh; laLFkkuksa] lkekftd laLFkkuksa] xSj ‘kkldh; laLFkkuksa] lgdkjh ,oa lkeqnkf;d laLFkkuksa }kjk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg {kerkuqlkj fd;k tk jgk gSA

miyC/k rduhdksa dk izca/ku fujarj vkiwfrZ ds vk/kkj ij gks jgk gSA ftlesa vafre miHkksDrk ¼d`”kd½ ds fy, leqfpr rduhd ds p;u dh lqfo/kk dk vHkko gSA

ge MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k] ea=h] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ,oa v/;{k e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ] e/;izns’k ‘kklu Hkksiky ds vkHkkjh gSa ftUgksaus Ldwy vkWQ :jy esustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke dks bl egRoiw.kZ v/;;u ,oa blds izdk’ku dk volj fn;kA vkids lfdz; lg;ksx ls gh LFkk;h fodkl fo”k;d ij ;g v/;;u iw.kZ gks ldkA d`f”k ds v{k; fodkl gsrq vkidh vUrZn`f”V] fuckZ/k lg;ksx ,oa fo”k;oLrq esa fuiq.krk ls gh ;g izdk’ku lEHko gks ldk gSA

laLFkku] MkW- Hkjr ikBd] izeq[k] nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV ,oa Jh vHk; egktu th dk Hkh g~n; ls vkHkkjh gS] ftUgksus J`)s; Lo- ukukth ds laLej.kksa ds lkFk laLFkku dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj Hkkoh ;kstukvksa ij izHkkoh fopkj O;Dr dj ekxZn’kZu ,oa lg;ksx fn;kA

ge bl izdk’ku esa vius vuqHko ,oa ;ksxnku ds fy, f’k{kkfon~ ,oa oSKkfudksa] fo’ks”kdj d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka ds oSKkfud MkW- vkj- ,l- usxh] MkW- ,l- ,l- dkSf’kd ,oa muds dk;Zny ds vU; oSKkfud lnL;ksa dks Hkh /kU;okn nsrs gS ftUgksus Lo- ukukth ds fopkjksa dks yxHkx 500 ls vf/kd xzkeksa esa dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls fdz;kfUor fd;kA

laLFkku bl izdk’ku esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ,oa lgk;rk ds fy, Jh mes’k ‘kekZ] fo’ks”k drZO;LFk vkf/kdkjh] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx] e/;izns’k ‘kklu] dk Hkh g~n; ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gS ftUgksaus bl fo”k; ij ppkZvksa] cSBdks ds vk;kstu esa lgk;rk nsdj izdk’ku dks lQy cuk;kA

v:.k vkj- tks’kh ¼laLFkku izeq[k½;’k dkuwuxks ¼ladk; lnL;½MkW- oj.k flag ¼ladk; lnL;½

Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesaV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku] xzkeh.k fodkl VªLV] jryke

45

LoxhZ; ukukth ds vuqdj.kh; thou us lekt lsok ds dk;Z dks u;k vFkZ iznku fd;k gS rFkk lekt gsrq foKku dh Hkwfedk dks fodflr ,oa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k gSA muds thou ls izsfjr gksdj vusd vuq;k;h tks fd fu%LokFkZ lsok Hkko ls ns’k ds fiNM+s ,oa nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa fu/kZu leqnk;ksa ds mUu;u gsrq m|r gq, gSA muds ;ksxnku ls Loizsfjr LokoyEcu vk/kkfjr d`f”k dh fopkj/kkjk dk izkjEHk gqvkA ;g v/;;u muds egku ;ksxnkuksa dks vkil esa lglEcf/kr dj bu ubZ rdfudksa ds viuk,sa tkus ds izfr leqnk; ds O;ogkj] vaxhd`r dh xbZ nj] bldh izHkko’khyrk] d`f”k dks ,d lqn`< fodYi ds :Ik esa yk[kksa xjhc ifjokjksa dh vkthfodk fodkl ,oa mldh lao/kZu {kerk dk v/;;u gSA

Lokoyacu vfHk;ku dks bl rjg rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk fd ftles xjhch] csjkstxkjh] vf’k{kk] LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk] gfj;kyh ls vkPNkfnr vkoklh; ifjlj] eqdnesckth ,oa fooknks ls ijs vkSj vUrr% le`)h’kkyh ifjokj ds LoIu dks lkdkj fd;k tk ldsaA

mDr m)s’;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k LFkkuh; o {ksf=; izkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj ,oa LFkkuh; leqnk; rFkk nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds Lo;a lsoh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lfEefyr fopkj&foe’kZ ls igpkuh xbZ leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, fd;k x;k ,oa blh ds vuq:Ik dk;Zdze rS;kj fd, x,A

ifj;kstuk {ks=nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk 512 xkaoks esa vius dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd;s x;sA ftuesa ls 244 xkao e/;izns’k ds lruk ,oa jhok ftys esa ,oa 268 xkao lehiorhZ mRrjizns’k ds ftys dh lhek esa vkrs gSA ;g v/;;u] e/;izns’k jkT; d`f”k foi.ku cksMZ] lruk ,oa jhok ftyks ds e/;izns’k ds xzkeksa rd gh lhfer gSA

dk;Z{ks= dk fooj.k %

ifj;kstuk ds ftys %

lruk ,oa jhok ftys cqansy[kaM ds c?ksy[kaM iBkj ds varxZr fLFkr gSA ;g ,d xeZ ,oa ‘kq”d {ks= gS (16 Cd5) ;g d`f”k ikfjfLFkfrdh {ks= cqansy[kaM dh ifjf/k dk e/;izns’k esa vkus okyk {ks= gSA bl mi[kaM esa 5-8 fefy;u gs- {ks= gS tks 26 izfr’kr d`f”k ikfjfLFkrhdh {ks= gS rFkk 1-8 izfr’kr ns’k ds dqy HkkSxksfyd Hkwfe dk Hkkx gSA

lruk ftys dk dqy {ks=Qy 7502 oxZ fd-eh- gS ftldh dqy tula[;k o”kZ 2001 esa 1870104 gS tks fd izns’k dh dqy vkcknh dk 3-1 izfr’kr FkhA ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo 249 Los;j izfr oxZ fd-eh- ,oa izfr n’kd o`f) nj 27-6 izfr’kr gSA ftys dks 8 fodkl[k.Mksa es ftuesa vej ikVu] eSgj] e>xoka] uSxksn] jke uxj] jkeiqj] ck?ksyu] lruk rFkk mpsgjk esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ftys ds dqy {ks= 1784 xkao esa foLr`r gS dqy {ks= dk 50 izfr’kr {ks= d`f”k ;ksX; Hkwfe] 27 izfr’kr Hkwfe ou] 6 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k

nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku& ,d flagkoyksdu

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk lekt lq/kkjd LoxhZ; ukukth ns’keq[k }kjk o”kZ 1968 esa] iafMr nhu n;ky mik/;k; }kjk izfrikfnr ,dkRed ekuorkokn ds ewy o nwjn’khZ fopkj/kkjk ij vk/kkfjr fla)krksa ij fd;k x;kA laLFkku us xzkeh.k leqnk; dh vkthfodk fodkl ds fy, d`f”k lq/kkj ij lokZf/kd cy fn;k gSA

laLFkku }kjk xzkeh.k tuthou ds vusd fo”k;ksa dks vius lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa ,oa fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa tSls d`f”k foKku dsUnzks dk lapkyu] de ykxr dh Ik;kZoj.k vuwdwy rduhdksa dk ijh{k.k] izk;ksfxd fdz;kUo;u] izn’kZu ,oa izpkj&izlkj] xkSoa’k ds laj{k.k ds fy, xkS’kkyk dk lapkyu] O;ofLFkr ,oa oSKkfud ‘kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds }kjk xkS foKku dk fodkl] ty xzg.k {ks= fodkl] ty izca/ku] Hkwfe dk leqfpr mi;ksx] Hkwlaj{k.k] vykHkdkjh tksrksa dks ykHkdkjh cukus ds fy, vusd mik;] cht xzke ,oa cht lewg ds ek/;e ls cht mRiknu o izpkj&izlkj dh Ja`[kyk dk lapkyu vkfn vusd dk;Zdze fdz;kfUor fd, gSA


,oa tyxzg.k] 10 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ds vuqiyC/k rFkk 3 izfr’kr Hkwfe vd`f”k ;ksX; rFkk vuqi;ksxh Hkwfe ds varxZr vkrh gSA ftys dk dqy ldy Qlyh {ks= 4-28 yk[k gs- gS] ftlesa 1-30 yk[k gs- flafpr {ks= gSA ftys dk Qlyh ?kuRo 133-7 izfr’kr gS] ftys dk jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx 51 fdyks izfr gs- gSA ftlesa vukt ,oa frygu dk mRiknu vf/kdrk ls gksrk gSA

ftys dk Qly mRiknu Hkh de gS tks 900 fdyksa izfr gsDVs;j gSA

jhok ftys dk dqy {ks=Qy 6314 oxZ fd-eh- gS ftldh dqy tula[;k o”kZ 2001 esa 1973306 gS tks fd izns’k dh dqy vkcknh dk 3-3 izfr’kr FkhA ftys dk tula[;k ?kuRo 313 izfr oxZ fd-eh- ,oa izfr n’kd o`f) nj 26-9 izfr’kr gSA ftys dks 9 fodkl[k.Mksa es ftuesa xaxkos] guqeuk] tkok] emxat] ukbZx<+] jk;iqj] jhok] fljeksj vkSj R;ksUFkj esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ftys ds dqy {ks= 1638 xkao esa foLr`r gSA dqy {ks= 59 izfr’kr {ks= d`f”k ;ksX; Hkwfe] 14 izfr’kr Hkwfe ou] 1 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ,oa tyxzg.k] 15 izfr’kr Hkwfe d`f”k ds vuqiyC/k rFkk 4 izfr’kr Hkwfe vd`f”k ;ksX; rFkk vuqi;ksxh Hkwfe ds varxZr vkrh gSA ftys dk dqy ldy Qlyh {ks= 5 yk[k gs- gS] ftlesa 0-87 yk[k gs- flafpr {ks= gSA ftys dk Qlyh ?kuRo 134-8 izfr’kr gS] ftys dk jklk;fud moZjdksa dk mi;ksx 39 fdyks izfr gsDVs;j gSA ftlesa vukt ,oa frygu dk mRiknu vf/kdrk ls gksrk gSA

ftys dk Qly mRiknu Hkh de gS tks 968 fdyks gsDVs;j gSA

ifj;kstuk {ks= dk fooj.k %lruk ,oa jhok ftyks esa p;fur 244 xkaoks dh dqy tula[;k 90513 gS] ftlesa yxHkx 15000 ifjokj fuokl djrs gSA 15-5 izfr’kr ifjokj vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa 26-5 izfr’kr ifjokj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa 34-6 izfr’kr ifjokj vU; fiNM+k oxZ rFkk 23-4 izfr’kr ifjokj lkekU; ifjokjksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSA

d`f”k thfodksiktZu dk eq[; /ka/kk gS ftlesa i’kqikyu dk Hkh lekos’k gSA 68-8 izfr’kr ifjokj Hkwfe /kkjd gSA tcfd 31-2 izfr’kr ifjokj Hkwfeghu gSA 94 izfr’kr Hkw Lokeh ifjokj y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa ds varxZr gSA dsoy 2-7 izfr’kr ifjokjks ds gh edku iDds gS ‘ks”k ;k rks dPps feV~Vh ds edku gS vFkok vLFkk;h >ksifM+;k gSA

pkoy] Tokj] cktjk] vjgj] lks;kchu] o”kkZ _rq esa mxkbZ tkus okyh eq[; QLkys gS tcfd puk] tkS] nkysa] vylh] ljlks] fry ,oa ekSleh lfCt;kW ‘khr _rq dh eq[; Qlys gSA

dk;Z {ks= ds ladqyksa esa pkoy dk vkSlr mRiknu 13-32 fDo- izfr gs- gS tks jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 26 izfr’kr vf/kd gS] vkSj jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 52 izfr’kr de gSA jk”Vª dk vkSlr mRiknu 20 fDo- izfr gs- gSA Tokj dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 27 izfr’kr vkSj jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 6 izfr’kr de gSA xsagw dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 15 izfr’kr ,oa jk”Vª ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 88 izfr’kr de gSA

ladqy {ks= esa lks;kchu dk vkSlr mRiknu jkT; ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 20 izfr’kr vkSj ns’k ds vkSlr mRiknu ls 14 izfr’kr de gSA

ljlksa] elwj] puk] vjgj] vylh dk mRiknu Hkh izns’k ,oa ns’k ds vkSlr mRiknu ls de gSA

ladqy xzke esa flafpr {ks= dh deh gS] flapkbZ lalk/kuksa dk nksgu ifj;kstuk ds vkjEHk gksus rd ugh gks ldk Fkk ;|fi mldh O;kid laHkkouk gSA

ladqy esa xkSoa’k fd la[;k 16500 gS] HkSalks dh la[;k 7200] cdfj;kas dh la[;k 13000 gSA ysfdu budh vkSlr mRikndrk leku {ks=ksa ds jkT; vFkok ns’k ds vkSlr ls de gSA dqN ifjokjksa ds ikl d`f”k ;a= gSA dqN ifjokjks ds ikl ns’kh gy ds vykok dqN egRoiw.kZ vk/kqfud d`f”k ;a= gSA fiNys ,d n’kd ls Mhty iEi flapkbZ dk ,d eq[; lk/ku gSA ‘kkldh; vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj 1900 ls vf/kd ifjokjksa dh igpku xjhch js[kk ls uhps ds ifjokjks esa dh x;h gSA tcfd okLrfodrk esa ;g la[;k cgqr vf/kd gks ldrh gSA 2000 ls vf/kd xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dh igpku csjkstxkj ;qokvksa ds :Ik esa dh xbZ gS ;|fi vkaf’kd jkstxkj] U;wu jkstxkj ,oa vkfFkZd :Ik ls mi;qDr jkstxkj dks leqfpr :Ik ls ifjHkkf”kr u dj ikus ds dkj.k folaxfr;ka ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

47

O;olkf;d {ks=xr izkFkfedrk tSlk fd iwoZ esa mYysf[kr gS] LokyEcu vfHk;ku] ,dkRed ekuorkokn ds n’kZu dks laiwjdrk dh vo/kkj.kk ds foLr`r iVy ij cgqvk;keh mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lekos’kh fodkl dk ekMy tks lexzrk] v{k; fodkl] leqnk; lapkfyr izfdz;k ds }kjk dkykrhr fu/kZurk csjkstxkjh] LokLF;] LoPNrk] i;kZoj.k] f’k{kk ,oa U;k;ky;hu fooknksa ls ijs izR;sd ifjokj ds Lrj ij ,d vkn’kZ vkfFkZd lEiUurk iznku djus tSls nwjn’khZ vk;keksa dks la;ksftr djrk gSA

laiwjdrklaiwjdrk ijLij fofue; ds varZlac/kksa ij vk/kkfjr izfdz;k gSA blds varxZr nks ;k vf/kd i{k ijLij fuHkZj gksdj ,d nwljs dks laefUor :Ik ls ykHkkfUor djrs gSA

LokoyEcu vfHk;ku laiwjdrk ds fla)kr ij vk/kkfjr n’kZu dks fofHkUu dkjdksa] {ks=xr izfdz;kvksa] lalk/kuksa ,oa mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu ds lkFk la;ksftr djrk gSA

;g v/;;u laiwjdrk ds fla)kr dks d`f”k rduhdh ds ,oa gLrkarj.k ,oa vaxhdj.k izfdz;k rd flfer dj fu”d”kZ izkIr djus dk iz;kl gSA

;qxn`”Vk ,oa mudk ladYi& ukukth ,d cgqvk;keh

O;fDrRoLo- ukukth us i- nhun;ky mik/;k; ds lPps vuqxkeh ds :Ik esa muds fla)kUrks ,oa vkn’kksZ dks ,d lkekU; tu ds thou esa mldh vko’drkvksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, vuqlj.k djus dk iz;kl djrs gq, vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA

ftl egrh mn~ns’; dh izkfIr dh ladYiuk esa nhun;ky fo’ofo|ky; fp=dwV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA tks dkykUrj esa 16 ijLij fuHkZj fdUrq Lo’kklh laLFkkvksa ds :Ik esa fodflr gqbZA ;g ukukth ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk ifjpk;d gSA

d`f”k foKku dsUnz] e>xoka ftyk lruk ,oa xfuoku ftyk fp=dwV] mRrjizns’k] d`f”k rduhdh izca/ku] O;ogkfjd vuqla/kku] mi;qDr ekWMy ds fodkl gsrq] iz{ks= vuqla/kku] ml {ks= ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd d`f”k ikfjfLFkrhfd ds vuq:Ik gks] ,sls dk;Zdze lapkfyr dj jgk gSA orZeku esa d`f”k foKku dsUnz] lgHkkxh vuqla/kku dk thoUr dsUnz gS] tks izk;ksfxd rkSj ij ,sls fodYiksa dh [kkst es yxk gS] ftuls xzke Lrj dh vkSlr mRikndrk ,oa jkT; rFkk jk”Vªh; Lrj dh vkSlr mRikndrk ds c<+rs varj dks de fd;k tk ldsA

bu laLFkkuksa esa dk;Zjr oSKkfudx.k vk/kqfud d`f”k foKku esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egku ;qx n`”Vkvksa }kjk izfrikfnr lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ds izfr lefiZr Hkh gSA

vkjksX; /kke ,d loZ lqfo/kk;qDr vk/kqfud dsUnz gS tks xzkeoklh leqnk;ksa ds LokLF; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA ;g dsUnz ckg~; jksfx;ksa gsrq tkap lqfo/kk] vLirky ,oa ifjpkfjdk lqfo/kk] izlo lqfo/kk] cky jksx fpfdRlk] ‘kY; fdz;k ,oa uotkr f’k’kq bdkbZ bR;kfn laiw.kZ lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk vk;qosZn ,oa izkdfrd fpfdRlk i)fr ds vk/kkj ij viuh lsok,a iznku djrk gSA

fp=dwV jl ‘kkyk vk;qZosfnd tM+h cqVh dks vkjksX; /kke ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS rFkk bldh vuqla/kku ‘kk[kk ifjlj ds fudVorhZ {ks=ksa esa vkS”k/kh; ikS/kks dh igpku ,oa mRiknu dj ubZ nokvksa ds mRiknu ds dk;Z esa layXu gSA

cM+h la[;k esa vkoklh; ,oa xSj vkoklh; fo|ky; leqnk; dks mPp xq.koRrk dh Hkkjrh; laLdfr ,oa ewY; vk/kkfjr f’k{kk iznku dj jgs gSA ftudh dh lkekU;r% vU; fo|ky;ksa ,oa f’k{kk dsUnzksa esa tkus vutkus esa mis{kk dh tkrh jgh gSA

xksoa’k fodkl ,oa vuqla/kku dsUnz fo’ks”kdj xk;ks ds fy, rduhdh lgk;rk ,oa ijEijkxr Kku dks fodflr djus ds fy, ‘kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku ds dk;ksZ esa yxk gqvk gSA

xzkeksn; n’kZu ikdZ] lektf’kYih nEifRr;ksa ds fy, lalk/ku dsUnz] ‘kS{kf.kd lalk/ku dsUnz] laxzkgy; ,oa vU; tu lqfo/kk,a] Lora= vfLrRo j[krs gq, Hkh ,d nwljs dks ijLij lg;ksx djrs gq, lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ij dk;Zjr~ gSA


lqlaxfBr laLFkkxr~ <kapk ftlesa izR;sd laLFkk vius mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq Lora= :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gq, Hkh ijLij lg;ksx iznku dj ewy mn~ns’; dh izkfIr ds lg;ksxh gSA ;g ifjn`’; bu laLFkkvksa ds fuekZrk ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dks ifjyf{kr djrk gSA

laLFkku ds fe’ku ,oa dk;Zdzeksa ds lQyrkiwoZd lapkyu dks HkyhHkkafr tkuus ds fy, v/;;u ny us Lokyacu vfHk;ku ls laca) dk;ZdrkZvksa fo’ks”kdj iw.kZdkfyd vf/kdkjh;ksa ds lkFk jkT; ds d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=h tks fd d`f”k foKku ds fo’ks”kK Hkh gS] ls thoUr lk{kkRdkj dj v/;;u ds mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq fo”kn foospuk djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k gSA

bl izdk’ku esa izLrqr lk{kkRdkjksa dks muds ewy Lo:Ik es izdkf’kr fd;k x;k gS rkfd lk{kkRdkj nkrkvksa dh ewy Hkkoukvksa ,oa ekSfyd fopkjksa ls ikBdks dks voxr djk;k tk ldsA

lk{kkRdkj dh fo”k;oLrq] v/;;u ds mn~ns’;ksa dks /;ku es j[krs gq, d`f”k rduhdksa ,oa fodflr gksrs ekWMy rFkk d`”kd leqnk;ksa }kjk muds vaxhdj.k] O;ogkj ,oa vU; {ks=ksa esa mudh mik;ksfxrk rd lhfer j[kh xbZ gSA

49

iz- vki lnSo LFkk;h fodkl ds leFkZd jgs gS] fo’ks”kdj tSfod [ksrh ds ifjizs{; esaA bl lanHkZ esa vki fp=dwV esa fodflr ekWMy dks fdl rjg ns[krs gSa\

m- tcls eSaus lfdz; jktuhfrd thou izkjEHk fd;k gS rc ls J)s; ukukth gekjs izsj.kkL=ksr jgs gSaA eSa dbZ voljksa ij muds lkFk O;fDrxr :i ls ppkZ djrk jgk gwWA ,d d`”kd ifjokj dk csVk gksus ds dkj.k ,oa esjh d`f”k foKku vk/kkfjr ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds dkj.k eSa lnSo vk/kqfud d`f”k ds vPNs ,oa cqjs i{k dks ns[krk jgk gwWA ;g lR; gS fd eSa fiNys nks n’kdksa ls tSfod d`f”k ij tksj nsrk jgk gwW] ij tSfod d`f”k ls esjk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd tSfod d`f”k ges’kk if’pe ns’kks fd Hkkafr izekf.kr tSfod d`f”k gh gksA eSa bls lnSo Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es lexz] laiw.kZ ,oa ijLij fuHkZjrk ds fla)kr ij vk/kkfjr d`f”k mRiknu iz.kkyh ftlesa fd i’kq/ku] Qy] lfCt;ksa] Qwyksa] elkyksa ,oa lqxaf/kr elkys] Qkbcj ,oa vU; Qlys] U;k; laxr] ‘kks”k.k jfgr ,oa v{k; mi;ksx ds fla)krks ij voyfEcr gksA

eSa fp=dwV ekWMy ds izkjfEHkd voLFkk ls blds iw.kZ fodflr gksus rd bldh izfdz;kvksa dk lk{kh jgk gwW vkSj eSa le>rk gwW fd ;g ekWMy vc ifjiDork dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdk gS ftls vc eq[; /kkjk esa ykus dh vko’;drk gSA

iz- D;k vki lksprs gSa fd ‘kklu dh mPp izks|ksfxdh dsfUnzr vkiwfrZ iz/kku iz.kkyh esa bl ekWMy dks eq[; /kkjk esa yk;k tk ldrk gS\

m- tc ls eSaus d`f”k ea=ky; dk izHkkj fy;k gS vkSj ea+=ky; dks eSaus d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=ky; dk uke fn;k gS] rc ls eSa fujUrj] iwoZ ls pyh vk jgh ck/kkvksa dks [kRe dj uhfrxr ifjorZu tks d`f”k oSKkfudksa] d`f”k foLrkj dk;ZdrkZvksa] d`f”k f’k{kkfonkas] rduhdh Kkrkvksa ,oa ml izR;sd O;fDr dks tks fd d`f”k {ks= dh ihM+k dks le>rk gS] rRlacaf/kr j.kuhfr;ksa ds iquZfu/kkZj.k tks fd lekos’kh] laxfBr ,oa i;kZoj.k ds izfr laosnu’khy rFkk v{k; d`f”k fodkl dks lqn`<+ djrh gks] ds fy, iz;kljr~ gwWA

eSaus fo’ofo|ky;ksa ls vuqjks/k fd;k gS fd os bl rjg dk vuqla/kku djs tks fd y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djs ,oa ftls os Lohdkj dj iz;ksx esa yk;sA ge vkiwfrZ vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij ekax vk/kkfjr iz.kkyh ds fodkl esa fujUrj yxs gq, gS] ftlls yk[kks] djksM+ks y?kq& lhekUr d`”kdkas] efgyk d`”kdksa ,oa d`f”k Jfedksa dks viuh leL;kvksa dk leqfpr gy fey ldsA

MkW- jked`”.k dqlefj;k] ea=h] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl foHkkx] e/;izns’k ‘kklu ls lk{kkRdkj


iz- D;k v{k; d`f”k fodkl ds ckjs esa ckr djus dk ;g mi;qDr le; gS tcfd ‘kklu d`f”k dks ,d ykHknk;h m|e cukus ds fy, izfrc) gS\

m- th gkW] LFkk;h d`f”k fodkl gh dsoy ykHknk;h d`f”k m|e gSA dkj[kkuksa esa fufeZr d`f”k vknku] tSls ckgjh lalk/kuks ij d`f”k mRikn dh fuHkZjrk dh orZeku izfdz;k izkFkfed d`f”k mRiknd dks vknku O;kikfj;ksa ds pqxay esa Qlk nsrh gSA tks fd mRiknu ds ewY; dks Hkh vijks{k :Ik ls izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSA tc geus [kjhns tkus okys bu ckgjh vknkuksa dh dher dks fu;fU=r fd;k rc ls mRiknu ykxr esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSA ;g ,d lh/kk vFkZ’kkL= gS ftls gj fdlku le>us yxk gSA gkykafd cktkj dh c<+rh gqbZ ?kqlisSB] izkd`frd lalk/kuska dk oLrqdj.k] ‘kkldh; lgk;rk ,oa vuqnkuksa ds c<+rs gq, izpyu ls d`”kdksa ds e/; ckgjh dkjdks ij fuHkZjrk tks fd d`f”k vknkuksa ds ewY; ,oa mRiknks dh dher dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gks] d`”kdksa ds bl lh/ks vFkZ’kkL= dks izHkkfor djrs gSA gekjk iz;kl d`”kdks dks bu ‘kks”k.kdkjh rRoksa ls eqDr dj ,sls lHkh xBtksM+ks dks rksM+us dk gSA fp=dwV iz;ksx vius vki esa uohu iz;ksx gS ftlesa ijLij fuHkZjrk ,oa ijLij ykHkdkjh izfdz;kvksa] dk;Zdzeksa] dkjdks ,oa {ks=ksa dk vR;Ur euksgkjh lekos’k ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

iz- bl ekWMy ds izfr vkidk D;k n`f”Vdks.k gS\

m- ;fn eSa bZekunkjh ls dgwW rks eq>s ,dhdj.k ds izfr tks n`f”Vdks.k bl iz;ksx esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gS ftldk fu/kkZj.k] rduhdh ,oa O;olkf;d fo’ks”kKksa dh vis{kk fdlkuksa ,oa mRikndksa }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS] vR;Ur vuqdwy izrhr gksrk gSA ukukth ds vkOg~ku ij vusd ;qok f’kf{kr nEifRr;ksa us bl vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls lexz d`f”k ds ekWMy dks iquZLFkkfir djus dk chM+k mBk;k gS] tks fd NksVs mRikndksa ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa ds fy, loZFkk mi;qDr gSA ^^,dkRed ekuorkokn** ds lkoZHkkSfed n’kZu ds vuq:Ik vkt Lokoyacu vkReksRlxZ dk lk/ku cu x;k gS rFkk loZgkjk oxZ tks fd vusd :Ik ls ihfM+r gS] viuk lj xoZ ls mWpk djus ds ;ksX; cu lds gSA fp=dwV iz;ksx esa ijLij ykHk dk fla)kr vR;Ur mRlkgo/kZd gSA blds ckjs esa foLr`r foospuk dh tk ldrh gSA

iz- vafre iz’u gS fd fp=dwV iz;ksx ls vkxs D;k laHkkouk,sa gS\

m- iwjs e/;izns’k] iwjs jk”Vª] izR;sd d`”kd ifjokj lnL; rd tk;sxsa D;kasfd gesa vius ewy vk/kkj ij okil tkuk gksxkA bles vk/kqfud :Ik nsdj fl) rF; ,oa lfp= ifj.kkeksa dk lekos’k fd;k tk ldrk gS blesa dksbZ nwljk er ugh gSA bls gesa iwjh ln~Hkkouk ,oa yxu ls fujUrj tkjh j[kuk gksxkA

51

Jh vHk; egktu ls lk{kkRdkj

iz- ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vki LoxhZ; ukukth ds lcls fudVre jgs gaS] vkius muds lkfu/; esa fdruk le; O;rhr fd;k ,oa vki muds laidZ esa dSls vk;s \

m- lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky ,oa lu~ 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj ds nkSjku J)s; ukukth ds ckjs esa cgqr lquk Fkk] fudV ls ns[kus dk volj 90 ds n’kd esa Hkqous’oj esa fo|kFkhZ ifj”kn ds jk”Vªh; vf/kos’ku esa feykA 1989&90 esa fo|kFkhZ ifj”kn ds {ks=h; iw.kZ dkfyd oxZ ds nkSjku fp=dwV esa ,d fo’ofo|ky; LFkkfir gksus tk jgk gS] ,slh tkudkjh dk;ZdrkZvksa dks gqbZ FkhA ;ksxk;ksx ,slk cuk fd 90 ds ckn 10 o”kksZ rd fp=dwV ls fuea=.k Hkh dbZ ckj feykA vkus dh ;kstuk Hkh cuh ijUrq fdUgh dkj.kksa ls vkuk ugha gks ik;kA tqykbZ&vxLr 2001 esa ofj”B dk;ZdrkZvksa us nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ls tqM+dj dke djuk gS] ,slh ;kstuk cukbZ blh nkSjku flrEcj esa fnYyh tkuk gqvk fnYyh esa J)s; ukukth ls HksaV gqbZA

;kstuk vuqlkj 16 flrEcj 2001 dks lkeku lfgr fp=dwV igqWapk rc ls J)s; ukukth ds lkfu/; esa nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds dk;ksZ ls tqM+k gwWaA yxHkx 9 o”kZ J)s; ukukth ds lkFk esa dk;Z djus dk ekSdk feyk vusd ekSdksa ij fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa esa muds fopkj lqus lkFk gh dbZ ckj fofHkUu fo”k;ksa ij ppkZ djus dk Hkh volj feykA

iz- ukukth ds cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo ds vusd igyw Fks] ,d yksd uk;d] ,d nk’kZfud] ,d ;qxn`”Vk ftUgkasus laLFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ,d f’k{kkfon vkSj lcls gVdj ,d iq.; vkRekA vkids fopkj esa bu vk;keksa esa dkSu lk vk;ke ;qok ,oa Hkkoh ih<+h dks ifjfpr djokus ds fy, loZJs”B gksxk \

m- ekuoh; laosnukvksa ls ljkcksj ukukth ds thou dk izR;sd {k.k ^^eSa vius fy;s ugha viuksa ds fy, gwWa] vius os gSa tks ihfM+r vkSj misf{kr gSa** bl fpUru dks izR;{k d`fr esa ifjofrZr djus esa mudk lEiw.kZ thou chrkA lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky dh Nk;k ls Hkkjrh; yksdra= iwjk vkPNkfnr gks x;k Fkk] vf/kuk;d okn ds fo:) vkokt mBkus okys lHkh tu&usrkvksa dks tsyksa esa can dj fn;k FkkA muesa ls ,d ukukth ns’keq[k Fks ftUgksaus 25 o”kksZ rd jktuhfr esa lfdz; gh ugha] vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys ukukth dks tsy esa fpUru ds lkFk gh vkReyksdu dk Hkh volj feykA rFkk ,sls vusd iz’uksa dk mRrj [kkstusa esa ukukth us tsy&thou dks lkFkZd cuk fn;kA tsy ls fudyus ds ckn ukukth us iwjh rkdr ds lkFk vius thou dks jk”Vª uo&fuekZ.k ds iz;ksx esa lefiZr dj fn;kA

Lo- ukukth ,d vPNs nk’kZfud Hkh FksA mudks dkQh igys vkHkkl gks x;k Fkk fd ns’k dks fodkl ds xUrO; rd ys tkus dk lcls l’kDr ek/;e jktuhfr ls ;g y{; gkfly gksus okyk ugha gSA rHkh mUgksaus jktuhfr ds lcls lqugjs 52 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**

volj dks Bqdjkdj lekt ds fy;s ,slk jkLrk pquk ftl ij pyuk lcds cl dh ckr ugha FkhA mUgksaus lkfcr dj fn;k fd lerk vkSj Lokoyacu ds ewyra= esa og rkdr gS tks Hkkjr dks fo’o iVy ij l’kDr jk”Vª ds :i esa LFkkfir djk ldrk gSA dfBukb;ksa Hkjk yEck jkLrk r; djrs gq;s nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku vkt ml eqdke ij igqap x;k gS tgkWa ls og ns’k ,oa nqfu;k ds fy;s ekxZn’kZu dh Hkwfedk esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA ukukth us ,sls dbZ i= ;qokvksa ds uke fy[ks gS] ftlesa mUgksus ;qokvksa ls vihy dh gS] fd lk/kkj.k ls ysfdu f’kf{kr ;qok nEifr;ksa us LFkkuh; xkzeokfl;ks ls Lokoyacu ds vk/kkj ij lkewfgd iz;klksa }kjk xzkeksa ds prqfnZd fodkl dk dk;Z dj fn[kk;k gSA fp=dwV {ks= ds vfr fiNMs+ vkSj misf{kr xkWoksa ds fuoklh [kq’kgkyh ds fnu ns[kus yxs gaSA bl vuqHko ls Li”V gS fd vxj Lora=rk ikrs gh ;qokvksa dks N% yk[k xkWoksa ds fodkl ds fy, iszfjr fd;k tkrk rks vkt gekjs nqnZ’kkxzLr xkWo ns’k ds Hkfo”; fuekZ.k eSa vk/kkj&LrEHk ds :Ik esa dke vkrs] bl ewyHkwr dk;Z dh loZFkk mis{kk dh xbZ gSA

viuk ns’k vkSj lekt cgqr iqjkuk gSA vusd ckj v/kksxfr dk f’kdkj cuk A ,slh voLFkk esa ubZ ih<+h us gh mls mUufr dh jkg ij [kM+k fd;k gSA vkt fQj ls ubZ &ih<+h dks gh og nkf;Ro fuHkkuk gksxkA

Lora= Hkkjr esa viukbZ xbZ f’k{kk i)fr] ubZ&ih<+h dks ns’k HkfDr vkSj lekt&fu”Bk ls iw.kZr% oafpr dj jgh gSA lqf’kf{kr dgykus okys ifjokjksa esa Hkh tUe ikus okyh larku lkekftd nkf;Ro dh iszj.kk ugha ikrkA lHkh izdkj ds mPPkLrjh; yksxks dh thou ‘kSyh ls LokFkZflf) ds gh ikB i<+us dks fey jgs gSA vr% uof’kf{kr oxZ ns’k vkSj lekt dh mUufr dk fopkj rd ugha djrkA orZeku usr`Ro ugha] c<+ jgh nqnZ’kk gh ubZ ih<+h dks viuk nkf;Ro le>kus

dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA uo;qod &;qofr;ksa dks nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds dk;Z dh fn’kk ilan vk jgh gSA og ;g le>us yxs gSa fd xzkeh.k fodkl ds fcuk vke yksxks adk thou lq/kj ugh ldrk A Qy Lo:i] uo&fookfgr gksdj Hkh ifr&iRuh ds mPp f’k{kk izkIr tksM+s xzkeh.k vapy esa dke djus ds fy;s jkth gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr dh fpjathoh ,oa xfr’khy lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr xzkeh.k vapy esa gh fodflr gqbZ gSA ^^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~** dh vo/kkj.kk ogha izLQqfVr gqbZ FkhA ukukth dk ;g fo’okl n`<+ gks pyk Fkk fd jktuhfr ds Hkjksls ns’k dk fo’ks”kdj xkWoksa dk fodkl ugha gks ldrkA blds fy;s lekt dks gh vkxs vkuk gksxk vkSj lekt dks mtkZ nsus dk dke flQZ ;qok&oxZ gh dj ldrk gSA ukukth us ns’k dh r:.kkbZ dk iqu% vkg~oku djrs gq;s dgk gS fd og viuk mRrjnkf;Ro le>s vkSj xkaMho mBk,A

iz- ukukth ds izeq[k dk;Zdze ftlesa vHkkoxzLr yksxksa ds lkFk dke djuk] nwjLFk xzkeh.k fu/kZu leqnk; ds lkFk jguk] bl egku ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa vki D;k lksprs gSa \

m- O;fDrxr ;k dkj[kkuksa dh le`f) lkekU;tuksa rFkk izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk Hkh”k.k ‘kks”k.k djrh vk jgh gSA fo’o ds lHkh ns’kksa esa ;gh izFkk izpfyr gSA ;g izFkk lkekU; tuksa dh mUufr esa cgqr cM+k jksM+k cuh gqbZ gSA vf/kdka’k turk xjhch dh ;kruk,¡ lfn;ksa ls Hkksx jgh gSA

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us fp=dwV {ks= ds xkaoksa esa ^lkewfgd Lokoyacu** vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls mi;qZDr vekuoh; izFkk dks cnyk gSA xkao ds lHkh xzkeoklh ¼efgyk&iq:”k½ feydj] O;fDrxr mUufr ds fy, ugha] vfirq iwjs xkao dh [kq’kgkyh ds fy, dke dj jgs gSaA fodkl dk ykHk lHkh

dks fey jgk gSA lHkh ds thou esa [kq’kgkyh laHko gksus yxh gSA bu xkaoksa esa vc /kuoku O;fDr fdlh dk ‘kks”k.k ugha dj ikrkA vkcknh esa tks fo”kerk pyh vk jgh Fkh] mls ln~Hkkouk vkSj ijLij lg;ksx esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k gSA QyLo:i] fp=dwV {ks= ds 500 xkaoksa ds tuthou esa dsoy ,dkReekuo n`f”V gh ugha vfirq xka/khokn] lektokn vkSj loksZn;okn Hkh izfrfcafcr gks jgk gSA lcdh [kq’kgkyh esa c<+ksrjh gksus ds dkj.k xkao dk gj O;fDr larq”V gSA

iz- ukukth ,d yksd vFkZ’kkL=h Hkh Fks ftUgksus izd`fr dh lhek esa jgus ds fla)kr dks izfrikfnr fd;kA eSa le>rk gwW fd os izd`fr ds ewy Lo:Ik ds vR;f/kd nksgu ds fo:) FksA os bl egku fopkj/kkjk ds i{k/kj Fks ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd izd`fr ds ikl lHkh ds fy, Ik;kZIr lalk/ku gS ij izR;sd ds vflehr ykyp ds fy, dqN ugha gSA vki bl ij D;k izfrfdz;k nsxsa \

m- J`)s; ukukth us dgk gS fd ekuo ds vfLrRo dk vk/kkj d`f”k ,oa m|ksx gSA d`f”k }kjk mldk mnj&Hkj.k gksrk gS rFkk m|ksx mldh ‘ks”k vko’;drk;sa iw.kZ djrs gSa] bu nksuks lk/kuksa dh izfdz;k;sa izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh vkiwfrZ ij fuHkZj djrh gS vr% izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh vkiwfrZ lnSo cuk;s j[kuk ekuo thou dh furkUr vko’;drk gSA dPpk eky m|ksxksa dh vfuok;Zrk gSA dPps eky ds fuEu izkd`frd lzksr gSa d`f”k tU;] outU;] HkwxHkZtU;] Ik’kq tU; inkFkZ ;s vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa dPps eky ds :i esa dke vkrs gaSA tgkW dPps eky dks ekuoksi;ksxh oLrqvksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS] mls m|ksx rFkk ftl izfdz;k ds ek/;e ls dPps eky dks rS;kj eky esa :IkkUrfjr fd;k tkrk gS mls

53

rduhdh dgk tkrk gSA blh dks vk/kkj ekudj oSf’od vkS|ksfxd [kkst ds fy, nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us fp=dwV dks dsUnz cukdj pkjksa vksj dh 50 fd0eh0 dh ifjf/k esa vkus okys {ks= esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh uwru iz;ksx’kkyk ds :Ik esa viuk;k gS xzke ds uo;qod&;qofr;ksa dks ftudh vk;q iSarkfyl o”kZ ;k blls de gS rFkk ftudh vk; dk lzksr ux.; gS] vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k ds ek/;e ls Lojkstxkj }kjk mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cukus dk vfHk;ku izkjEHk fd;k x;k gSA blfy, ukukth us m|ferk fo|kihB dh LFkkiuk fp=dwV esa dh gSA mUgksus izf’k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ‘kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk dh bdkbZ vfuok;Zrk ugha dh gSA ‘krZ dsoy ;g j[kh gS fd izf’k{k.k izkIr djus ds ckn izf’kf{kr ;qod ;k ;qorh dks vius {ks= esa viuk m|ksx izkjEHk djuk gksxkA

iz- vki Lo;a d`f”k foKku ds Nk= jgs gaSA mudks ns’k dh d`f”k f’k{kk ds izfr nwjn’khZ lksp ij vkids D;k fopkj gSa \

m- eSaus 1986 esa M.Sc.Ag(Agronomy) dh i<+kbZ iwjh dhA blds ckn lkekftd dk;Z esa yxkA dqN le; Lo;a ds [kpZ ds yk;d ukSdjh Hkh dhA ckn esa ofj”B dk;ZdrkZvksa ds vuqjks/k ds ckn mlls Hkh lsok fuo`fRr ys yhA

J)s; ukukth ds ikl esa dksbZ Official degree ugha Fkh ysfdu muds —f”k laca/kh ewyHkwr fparu dks lqudj o ns[kdj Hkkjrh; d`f”k vuqla/kku ifj”kn ds egkfuns’kd ,oa vU; vf/kdkjhx.k rFkk dsUnz ,oa jkT; ljdkj ds uhfr fu/kkZjd rFkk iz’kklfud vf/kdkjh Lo;a ukukth ds ekxZn’kZu esa —f”k ds lQy iz;ksxksa dks ns[kdj mudh

iz’kalk dj pqds gSaA rFkk mUgksaus dgk gS fd bl izdkj ds jpukRed dk;Z gh vius ns’k ds fodkl esa vuqdj.kh; ,oa lgk;d cu ldrs gaSA

iz- ukukth & nhu n;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] egkRekxka/kh xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky; vkfn vusd laLFkkvksa ds laLFkkid Fks] bu laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj fodkl ds izfr mudh nwjn’khZ lksp ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls izdk’k Mkysxsa \

m- LojkT; ikdj v/kZ ‘krkCnh ls Hkh vf/kd dky chr x;k gS fdUrq u ns’k Lokoyach cuk gS] u ns’k ds ukxfjdA ifj.kke Lo:Ik ge vusd izdkj ds vuq;kb;ksa ds f’kdkj cu jgs gSA ns’k ds lHkh ukxfjd Lokoyacu ,oa LokfHkeku iw.kZ thou ;kiu dj lds] blh ,d mnkRr y{; dh izkfIr ds fy;s Lora=rk laxzke esa vla[; yksxks us dYiukrhr ;kruk,W lgh Fkh vHkwriwoZ R;kx fd;k Fkk ,oa vusdksa us galrs&galrs vius izk.k rd U;kSNkoj fd;s FksA

Lokoyacu ds vk/kkj ij fodkl dk vuqdj.kh; uewuk izLrqr djus dk nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us ladYi fy;k gSA gekjs ikl iwWth gS & jktusrkvksa ds dksjs vk’okluksa ls fujk’k gq;s xkze okfl;ksa esa mRiUu gqbZ LoijkØe dh Hkkouk rFkk miyC/k izkd`frd laLkk/ku lu~ 1991 esa ukukth us fp=dwV esa ns’k ds igys xzkeh.k fo’ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj uke j[kk fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky;A lu~ 1991 ls 1994 rd ukukth xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky; ds laLFkkid dqykf/kifr jgsA ysfdu ljdkj dh uhfr ls mcdj 1995 esa dqykf/kifr in ls R;kx i= fn;k vkSj fo’ofo|ky; dk dke ljdkj ds ftEes NksM+ fn;kA vkSj ukukth us nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ds uke ls vyx dk;Z ‘kq: fd;kA

LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds fy, fp=dwV ds pkjks vksj ds ikWp lkS xzkeksa dk p;u fd;k gSA ikWp&ikWp xzkeksa dk ,d xzke lewg cuk;k x;k gSA gj xzke lewg ds fy, ,d&,d lektf’kYih LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds la;kstd ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku rFkk xzkeoklh ijLij iwjdrk ds vk/kkj ij vius xzke dks LokoyEch cuk;asxs Lora=rk fnol rd ge vius xzke ls csdkjh] xjhch] fcekjh ,oa vf’k{kk dk fuewZyu djsaxsA gekjs xzke dk izR;sd ifjokj [kq’kgkyh dk thou vftZr djsxk gekjs xzke dk dksbZ eqdnek dpgjh ugha tk;sxkA iwjkus eqdnesa vkilh le>ksrks ls ge gy dj ysaxsA gekjk xk¡o lkQ lqFkjk ,oa isM+ ikS/kksa ls lq’kksfHkr gksxkA ge lc feydj vius xk¡o dks lkewfgd iz;Ru ls Lokoyacu vkSj [kq’kgkyh ds vuqdj.kh; uewus ds #i esa izLrqr djsaxsA bl lkewfgd ladYi ds vk/kkj ij gh nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

iz- ukukth LFkk;h fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk dks izfrikfnr djus okys egkiq:”k Fks tks lexz ,oa LFkk;h d`f”k fodkl ds fl)kar ds tud ds :Ik esa tkus tkrs FksA muds dq’ky usr`Ro esa laLFkku ds vusd lQy ekWMy dk izpkj&izlkj gqvk gS muesa ls fdlh ,d ekWMy ij izdk’k Mkysxsa \

m- ;|fi [kk| lqj{kk ds ekeys esa gekjk ns’k vkRe fuHkZj gS ysfdu ekuo ds lEiw.kZ ‘kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, [kk| lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk iks”k.k ,oa vkfFkZd lqj{kk vfuok;Z gSA fdlh Hkh jk”Vª ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa ekuo lalk/ku dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA gekjh vFkZ O;oLFkk d`f”k vk/kkfjr gS vkSj d`f”k xzkeokfl;ksa dk eq[; /ka/kk gSA blfy, 54 ^^infpUgksa ls Hkfo”; dh vksj**

xkao dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd mUufr ds fy, d`f”k ,oa i’kq/ku dks mUur cukus gsrq QlyksRiknu rduhd tSls vf/kd mRiknu nsus okyh fdLeksa] [kjirokj] jksx ,oa dhV izca/ku ds lkFk&lkFk i’kq/ku mRiknu rduhfd;ksa dks fodflr ,oa fdz;kfUor fd;k x;k gS ftlls d`f”k ,oa d`f”k ls tqM+s vk;keksa ds mRiknu esa vk’kkrhr o`f) gqbZ gSA ijUrq c<+rh vkcknh ds dkj.k tksr Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk tk jgk gSA blfy;s c<+rh vkcknh dh [kk| lqj{kk dh iwfrZ gsrq vfrfjDr tehu dks d`f”k ds vUrxZr ykus dh vfuok;Zrk eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ijUrq tehu rks lhfer gS d`f”k {ks= dks c<+k;k ugh tk ldrk ysfdu gekjs ns’k esa mRiknu c<+kus dh lEHkkouk gSA D;ksafd ‘kks/k laLFkkuksa }kjk lq>k;h xbZ okLrfod mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa dkQh vUrj gSA vktknh ds ckn rFkk gfjr dzkafr ykus ds ckn ls gh gekjh d`f”k cM+s d`”kdksa dh vko’;drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj cukbZ tkrh gSA blfy, fd ;g vUrj de gks lds blds fy;s iz;kl djus dh vko’;drk gSA gkykafd uhfr fu/kkZjdks }kjk lq>kbZ xbZ ,oa NksVs d`”kdksa }kjk viukbZ tk jgh ,dy Qly i|fr ls bu fdlkuksa ds ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks”k.k dj ikuk Hkh eqf’dy gks jgk gSA tehu ls izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy ij mi;qDr ek=k esa vknku Mkyus ds ckctwn Hkh i;kZIr mRiknu izkIr ugha gks jgk gSA ftldh otg ls budk [ksrh ds izfr yxko ,oa mRlkg [kRe gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g ckr d`f”k uhfr fu/kkZjdksa ds fnekx esa dwV&dwV dj Hkjh gS fd 2-5 ,dM+ ;k blls NksVh tksr vykHkdj gSA blfy, de tksr okys d`”kd jk”Vªh; vk; esa dqN Hkh ;ksxnku ugha dj ldrs gSaA ijUrq uhfr cukus okyksa dks ;g ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, dh gekjs ns’k esa izfr ifjokj tehu dh miyC/krk 1-6 ,dM+ gh gSA blfy, d`f”k uhfr cukrs le; budks utj vankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] d`f”k foKku dsUnz ds oSKkfudksa us tc lruk ftys ds dqN ,sls ifjokjksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k ftuds ikl 2-5 ,dM+ ;k blls Hkh de tehu miyC/k gSA ftl ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 6 gSA ,sls ifjokj dh okf”kZd vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s yxHkx 33000 :- dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ysfdu ijaijkxr fof/k ls [ksrh djus ij mls dsoy yxHkx 19000 : dh vk; izkIr gksrh gSA rkRi;Z :- 14000 dh deh iM+ tkrh gS ftldh HkjikbZ ds fy;s ;k rks fdlku dtZ ysrk gS ;k etnwjh djrk gSA ftlls mldk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj c<+us ds ctk; ?kVus yxrk gSA lkFk gh vusd izdkj dh leL;k,a tSls dqiks”k.k ,oa vYiiks”k.k dh leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa ls fuiVusa ,oa izfr bdkbZ {ks=Qy mRikndrk c<+kus dh n`f”V ls dsUnz }kjk bu fdlkuksa dh Qly i)fr dk fofo/khdj.k dj Qly izca/ku ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZ gS ftlls fdlkuksa dks u dsoy [kk| ,oa iks”k.k lqj{kk iznku gqbZ gS cfYd vf/kd vk; Hkh izkIr gks jgh gSA

iz- d`”kdksa dh vkRegR;k tSls laosnu’khy eqn~ns ij mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh Fkh fo’ks”kdj bl fo”ke nkSj esaA muds fudVre lg;ksxh gksus ds dkj.k ,sls le; esa mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh \

m- foxr o”kksZ esa chM+ ¼egkjk”Vª½ esa fdlkuksa dh vkRe gR;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, og cgqr fpafrr Fks bl dkj.k mUgksaus fo’ks”k :i ls eq>s Hkh Hkstk vkSj dgk fd vki ogkW ij tkdj oLrq fLFkfr dk irk djsa vkSj izR;sd ifjokj ds lkFk cSBdj mu dkj.kksa dk irk yxk;sa ftuds dkj.k fdlkuksa us vkRe gR;k;sa dhA geus ,d lIrkg chM+ esa :ddj irk

fd;k fd rhu o”kZ esa 33 fdlku us vkRegR;k;sa dhA chM+ ds dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk tkdj izR;sd fdlku ds ?kj esa ppkZ dh FkhA buesa ls dtZ ,oa [ksrh dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj vkRegR;k djus okys yxHkx 50 izfr’kr ifjokj Fks rFkk 6 ifjokj ,sls Fks ftlus muds fy;s LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ls feydj enn Hkh djokbZ Fkh rFkk vHkh Hkh og ifjokj [kq’kgky thou O;rhr dj jgs gSaA ehfM;k esa nq”izpkj dh otg ls ;g ckr T;knk lkeus vk;hA

iz- fdlkuksa }kjk Qly dVus ds ckn [ksrksa esa gh Qly vo’ks”kksa dks tykus ij mudh D;k izfrfdz;k gksrh\

m- czg~ek.M esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks larqfyr j[kus ds fy, lHkh tho&tUrqvksa dh viuh&viuh Hkwfedk gS] pkgs os lw{etho gksa ;k cM+s tUrq A Hkkjr o”kZ esa xsgWw dks yxHkx 42 fefy;u gsDVs0 {ks=Qy esa mxk;k tkrk gS A ;fn brus cMs+ {ks=Qy essa xsgWw ds vo’ks”kksa dks tyk;k tk;sxk rks ,d rjQ lw{e tho tks fd e`nk esa vi?kVu dh fØ;k dj e`nk rkiØe cuk;s j[kdj ck;ksQkfeZax dks izksRlkgu nsrs gSa] lkFk gh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds en~ns Hkwfe thoka’k inkFkZ ,oa ty /kkj.k {kerk dks c<+kus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;fn ge xsgWw ds vo’k”kksa dks tykrs jgs rks fo’oLrjh; **Xykscy okfeZax** dh leL;k dks c<+kus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSa A ukukth dh tks lksp Fkh oks ^^olq/kSo dqVqEcde~** okyh Fkh A vFkkZr fdlh Hkh tho&tUrq pkgs oks NksVk gks ;k cM+k] fcuk uqdlku igWqpk;s vius mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk gS A bl izdkj ge

55

xsgWw ds vo’ks”kksa dks u tykdj dsoy viuh /kjrh ekW dh j{kk dj ldrs gSa cfYd fo’o Lrjh; leL;kvksa tSls & Xykscy okfeZax vkfn ds lek/kku esa Hkh viuk ;ksxnku nsdj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dk lkeatL; fcBkdj fVdkÅ fodkl dh ifjdYiuk dks lkdkj dj ldrs gSa A

nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku us bl fn’kk esa igy dh gS rFkk xehZ ds ekSle esa eksYM cksMZ gy ls rhu o”kZ esa ,d ckj xgjh tqrkbZ dj nsuh pkfg, A lkFk gh Qly vo’ks”kksa dk tSfod [kkn] xkscj dh [kkn] ukMsi dEiksLV] dsapqvk [kkn vkfn cukdj okrkoj.k dks LoPN j[kus ds lkFk & lkFk Hkwfe dh ty/kkj.k {kerk ,oa moZjk’kfDr dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gS A

iz- xk;ksa ls mUgs lPpk izse Fkk ,oa xk; dh df”k esa Hkwfedk ds os i{k/kj FksA vkt dh ifjfLFkrh esa xkSoa’k dh ihM+k ds izfr mudk nf”Vdks.k D;k gksrk \

m- Hkkjrh; d`f”k vkSj xks&ikyu dk ijLij ?kfu”V laca/k gS] ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA ,d ds }kjk nwljs dk iks”k.k gksrk gSA d`”kd tks [ksrh djrk gS rFkk xks ikyu Hkh djrk gS mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr etcwr gksxh vkSj og vius ifjokj dk iks”k.k cM+h lqxerk ls dj ysxkA d`f”k vkSj xksoa’k ,d nwljs ds ikjLifjd iwjd gSA d`f”k dk osLV xksoa’k dk Hkkstu gS rFkk xksoa’k dk vof’k”V vFkkZr~ xkscj&xksew= d`f”k dh [kkn o Hkkstu gSA ,d dk vPNk iks”k.k] vPNk LokLF; nwljs ds vPNs mRiknu dk dkj.k gSA xk; ls izkIr xkscj dh [kkn mPp dksfV xq.koRrk okyh loksZRre [kkn gS rFkk xksew= ykHknk;h fe= dhVuk’kd gSA

oSfnddky ls gh xk; Hkkjrh; /keZ] laLd`fr] lH;rk ,oa vFkZ dk izrhd jgh gSA Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk d`f”k iz/kku gSA Hkkjr esa lnSo ls gh xks/ku dks gh /ku ekuk tkrk jgk gSA ve`rrqY; xks nqX/k] ngh ,oa ?k`r ds vfrfjDr [ksr tksrus ,oa Hkkj <ksus ds fy, cSy rFkk Hkwfe dh moZjrk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mRre [kkn tks gekjh jk”Vªh; d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk dk izeq[k vk/kkj gS] xk; ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA xk; Hkkjr dh ,drk dk fpjdky ls izrhd jgh gSA xk; ,oa xksoa’k ds xkscj&xksew= ls cuus okyh [kkn ds iz;ksx ls /kjrh vUu vkSj /ku&/kkU; ls Hkj nsrh gSA ;g ns’k dk nqHkkZX; gh dgk tk;sxk fd Lo.kZ dh [kku xk; vkSj xksoa’k dh [kkn dks NksM+dj jklk;fud [kknksa ,oa dhVuk’kdksa ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k x;k ftlds nq”ifj.kke gekjs lkeus gSA

Hkkjr VªSDVj] moZZZjd] dhVuk’kd vkSj ;U=hd`r [ksrh dh i)fr u viuk;s D;ksafd buls pkj lkS o”kZ dh [ksrh esa gh vesfjdk dh tehu dh moZjk ‘kfDr dkQh gn rd lekIr gks pyh gS] tcfd Hkkjr dk mitkÅiu dk;e gS] tgk¡ fd nl gtkj lky ls [ksrh gks jgh gSA Hkkjro”kZ esa gfjr Økafr ds ckn d`f”k ds {ks= esa mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa ldkjkRed o`f) gqbZ A ysfdu bl o`f) ds lkFk gh geus d`f”k txr esa dbZ lkjh leL;k,W tSls %& d`f”k esa d`f”k ;kaf=dhdj.k tSlh leL;k iSnk dh A ukukth ges’kk d`f”k esa cSyksa ds mi;ksx ij tksj nsrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ,slk djus ls y?kq ,oa lhekUr d`”kdksa dh vkthfodk lqpk# :i ls py ldrh gS A xkWo esa c<+bZ] yqgkj] ,oa vU; d`f”k ls tqMs f’kYidkjksa ds fy, xzke Lrj ij jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr gksaxsa A

iz- ukukth dk fdlkuksa ds fy, D;k lans’k Fkk \

m- ekuo lekt dk vfLrRo fpjaru gSA d`f”k mit mlds thou dk vk/kkj gSA d`f”k Hkwfe dh moZjk ‘kfDr lnSo cuk;s j[kuk mldk mik; gS Qly mRiknu dh izfØ;k esa Hkwfe dh moZjk ‘kfDr dke vkrh gSA QyLo#i gj Qly ds ckn [kkn }kjk mldh {kfriwfrZ djuk fdlkuksa dh vfuok;Zrk gSA d`f”k dh mRiknu izfØ;k tSfod gSA vr% tSfod [kkn ls gh moZjk ‘kfDr dh {kfriwfrZ djuk gj n`f”V ls ykHkizn gSA d`f”k dk;Z esa vkRefuHkZjrk iw.kZ ijaijkxr xks/ku ds LFkk;h lk/ku dh mis{kk dh tk jgh gSA xks/ku }kjk izkIr cSy [ksrksa dks tksrus rFkk eky <ksus ds lkFk gh tSfod [kkn ds ?kjsyq dkj[kkus ds #i esa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A iapxO; ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k vapy esa QSyk dqiks”k.k Hkh nwj gks ldrk gSA gj ,d fdlku dks xks ikyu Hkh djuk pkfg,A


[ksrh ls [kq’kgkyh ds fy, ukukth dk fdlkuksa ds fy, lans’ktSfod [ksrh i)fr ds i{k/kj A

e`nk ,oa ty laj{k.k % [ksr dk ikuh [ksr esa ] xkWo dk ikuh xkWo esa A

viuk cht] viuh [kkn]

viuh [ksrh] viuk [kknA

[ksrh esa ladj chtksa ds mi;ksx ds izfr mnklhu A

iM+r Hkwfe ij cgqmn~ns’kh; Qy o`{kksa dk jksi.k A

,dhd`r [ksrh i)fr A

Qly fofo/khdj.k A

[ksrh esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkj ij tksj A

xkS vk/kkfjr d`f”k ds lkFk [ksrksa esa cSyksa ds iz;ksx ij tksj A

oSfnd ,oa vk/kqfud d`f”k rduhdksa dk lekos’k A

izkd`frd ,oa miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx A

57

integrated and holistic approach for Comprehensive development

ukukth dk izd`fr ls izse

LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr pyk;s x;s d`f”k lq/kkj dk;Zdze] de ykxr] i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy] U;wure ckgjh rduhdh vknku] LFkkuh; d`f”k ,oa ekSle ds vuqdwy] ,dhd`r ,oa O;ofLFkr] mi;ksx djus esa ljy lqyHk bR;kfn

rduhdksa ds vk/kkj ij gh rS;kj fd, x,A

dk;Zdzeksa dh ;kstuk cukrs le; y{khr leqnk; dh vko’;drkvksa ,oa fodkl ds izfr mudh vkdka{kkvksa ds tkuus ds fy, xzkeh.k lgHkkxh ewY;kadu ¼ih-vkj-,-½ tSls

lgHkkxh ek/;eksa dks mi;ksx fd;k x;kA

leqnk; ds lkFk gqbZ J`a[kykc) ppkZvksa ,oa cSBdksa esa de mRikndrk] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko] mPp xq.koRrk ,oa

vPNh fdLeksa ds chtks dk vHkko] vdq’ky e`nk LokLF;

izca/ku] dhV izca/ku] LFkkuh; i’kqikyu ds fodkl esa :fp dk vHkko] i’kq vkgkj izca/ku] uLy izca/ku ,oa LoPN i’kq vkokl ds izfr mnklhurk] LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa ds lexz mi;ksx ds izfr tkx:drk dk vHkko] NksVh ,oaa fc[kjh gqbZ vykHkdkjh d`f”k tksrsa bR;kfn leL;kvksa ds ladsr feys] ftlls ;g Li”V gqvk dh orZeku d`f”k mRiknu iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dh O;kid laHkkouk,sa gSA

Lokoyacu vfHk;ku }kjk igpkuh xbZ bu leL;kvksa dk dkj.k ,oa izHkko Kkr dj rduhdkas dks izLrqr fd;k x;k] ftldk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gS %

1- Hkwfe ,oa ty laj{k.k rduhdh % bu rduhdksa ds varxZr Hkwfe ,oa ty lja{k.k dk dk;Z] tyxzg.k dk;Zdze ds varxZr de ykxr rduhdkas dk mi;ksx] LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx] o”kkZ dh de miyC/krk okys le; esa o”kkZ ty dks lajf{kr djuk rkfd bl lajf{kr ty ls izkIr ueh dk mi;ksx vkxkeh ‘khr _rq ds Qly mRiknu esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA

2- QLky mRiknu rduhdh % bu rduhdksa ds varxZr tSfod d`f”k] tSfod [kkn dk mi;ksx tSls & dspqvk

[kkn dk mi;ksx] ukMsi }kjk izkd`frd [kkn dks izksRlkgu]

,dhd`r dhV izca/ku] ftlesa dh de ykxr ,oa jklk;uhd rRoksa dk iz;ksx u gks] chekjh ,oa [kjirokj fu;a=.k] d``f”k ds 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy ds vuqlkj Qlyksa dk fofof/kdj.k] Qly vo’ks”kksa ls Ik’kqikyu izca/ku] uxn Qlyksa] tSls vnjd] gYnh ,oa ekSleh lfCt;ksa dh [ksrh tSls dk;Zdze izkjaHk fd, x,A

3- cht mRiknu rduhd % leL;kvksa dh igpku fd, tkus dh izfdz;k esa tks de mRikndrk dk fcUnq lkeus vk;k Fkk] mlds xgjkbZ esa ;g ckr lkeus vk;h dh Qly dh fdLe rFkk mUur chtksa dh miyC/krk dh fLFkfr esa dkQh lq/kkj dh vko’;drk gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k okafNr fdLeksa ,oa ‘kq) vuqokafa’kdh okys chtksa dh vuqiyC/krk] U;wu cht LFkkiu nj ,oa fdLe LFkkiu nj izeq[k FksA ftldk fuokj.k vfHk;ku ny us u;s chtks dk lgHkkxh ijh{k.k] ubZ ,oa vuqdwy fdLeksa ,oa ‘kq) chtksa dk mRiknu] cht mRiknu esa fofo/krk ds lkFk xzke esa gh cht mRiknu] cht Lokoyacu]

xzke ,oa cht mRiknu lewg dks izksRlkfgr djrs gq, fd;kA 4- Qy mRiknu rduhd % mRiknu dh fofo/krk] j.kuhfr ds varxZr vfHk;ku }kjk iajijkxr :Ik ls Qyksa ds mRiknu dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] u;s Qyks|ku tSls & vke] iihrk] djksank ds Qyksa dh [ksrh dks c<+k;k x;k] ftlds varxZr ifjokjksa dks bu Qyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, ?kj ij gh ckxokuh djus vFkok csdkj iM+h Hkwfe ij Qy ckx yxkus gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;kA

5- lCth mRiknu rduhd % LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds fdz;kUo;u ls iwoZ leL;kvksa dks xgjkbZ ls tkuus] vk/kkjHkwr tkudkjh ,df=r djus ds fy, tks v/;;u fd;k x;k Fkk]


mlesa dkj.k vkSj izHkko ds fo’ys”k.k ls ;g Li”V gqvk Fkk fd fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh xjhch dk dkj.k] ifjokjksa dk detksj LokLF; ,oa dqiks”k.k Fkk] D;ksafd uxn vkenuh dh deh ds dkj.k ;g ifjokj lfCt;ksa dh [kjhnh ugha dj ldrs Fks vkSj muds Hkkstu esa iks”kdrk dh deh gksus ds dkj.k LokLF; ij Hkh foifjr izHkko iM+rk FkkA tgka lCth mRiknu rduhd ds izpkj&izlkj us ifjokj ds iks”kd rRoksa dh iwfrZ esa lgk;rk dh] ogh nwljh vkSj lCth mRiknu ‘kh?kz uxn jkf’k fnykus okyh xfrfof/k fl) gqbZ] ftls d`f”k m|ferk ls Hkh tksM+k x;kA cM+h la[;k esa] LFkkuh; ekSle ,oa {ks= ds vuqdwy iajijkxr :Ik ls mxkbZ tkus okys lfCt;ksa dks iquZLFkkfir fd;k x;k] buds fy, i`Fkd ls QLky ;kstuk,a cukbZ xbZ vkSj budk lekos’k 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy esa fd;k x;kA ?kjksa esa miyC/k tehu ij bl rjg dh lfCt;ksa dks mxkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k] ftlds vusd mnkgj.k lkeus vk;s gaSA

6- nqX/k mRiknu rduhd % ifj;kstuk {ks= esa i’kqikyu ges’kk ls gh oSdfYid vk; dk ,d iajijkxr L=ksr jgk gSA vf/kdrj ifjokj lhfer la[;k esa i’kqvksa tSls & xk;] cSy] cdfj;ksa ,oa vU; i’kqvksa dks ikyrs jgs

gSaA gkykfd i’kqvksa dh miyC/krk] uLy dh n`f”V ls bruh vPNh ugha Fkh fQj Hkh ;s ifjokj xkscj ls ?kjsyw baZ/ku izkfIr dh n`f”V ls] budks iky jgs gSA cgqr de ek=k esa xkscj dk mi;ksx [kkn ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA cSyksa dk

mi;ksx d`f”k esa gy }kjk tqrkbZ ds fy, gksrk FkkA nqX/k mRiknu dh ek=k Hkh cgqr de FkhA LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr uLy lq/kkj dk;Zdze izkjEHk fd;k x;k] ftlesa mPp vuqokaf’kdh okyh LFkkuh; ,oa Hkkjrh; uLyksa dks izkd`frd ,oa d`f=e xHkkZ/kku dk;Zdze ds lkFk tksM+dj c<+k;k x;kA i’kq LokLF; lsok,a] i’kqvksa dk O;ofLFkr j[kj[kko ,oa xkscj ds bZa/ku esa iz;ksx dks grksRlkfgr djus ij cy fn;k x;kA

7- pkjk mRiknu rduhd % ifjokj ds }kjk ikyh tkus okyh i’kqvksa dh la[;k] izdkj vFkkZr~ xkSoa’k] HkSal ,oa cdfj;kaW vkfn ds lkFk gh mudh xq.koRrk] i’kq [kk| ds fy, mPp xq.koRrk ds pkjs dh miyC/krk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mPp xq.koRrk ds pkjs dh miyC/krk ,oa i’kq

pkjk izca/ku] bl rduhd ds varxZr izkjEHk fd, x,A bu j.kuhfr;ksa dks LokoyEcu vfHk;ku esa 1-5 ,oa 2-5 ,dM+ ekWMy esa lfEefyr dj d`”kdksa dh csdkj iM+h Hkwfe ij pkjk mRiknu] Qly vo’ks”kksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx] i’kqvksa ds fy, iks”kd vkgkj] tSls dk;Zdzeksa ds lkFk feujy Cykd] ;wfj;k fVªVesaV ,oa pkjk laj{k.k rduhdksa

dks oSKkfud vk/kkj ij lfEefyr fd;k x;kA lkFk gh gjk pkjk mRiknu ftlesa nyguh QLkyksa dk lekos’k dj fudVLFk pkjkxkg {ks=ksa ds oSKkfud izca/ku] [kqyh pjkbZ gsrq ,d fuf’pr j.kuhfr vkfn] tSlh egRoiw.kZ izfdz;kvksa ,oa dk;Zdzeksa dks eq[; :Ik ls lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

8- LokLF;] f’k{kk] izf’k{k.k ,oa dkS’ky fodkl rduhd % bu {ks=ksa esa Hkh LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds varxZr Ik;kZIr cy fn;k x;k A f’k{kk ,oa LokLF; ds {ks= esa cM+s iSekus ij vusd dk;Zdze izkjEHk fd;s x;sA blds vfrfjDr d`”kdksa ds fy, cM+s Lrj ij izf’k{k.k ds dk;Zdze Hkh pyk;s x;sA

59

Technology Adoption behavior of the Farmers of Satna and Rewa districts, Table No -1


Technologies% Adoption

Years of

introduction

No. of Years


97.60% 2006 5

Crop production technology 100.00%

1995

2006

16

5

Seed production technology 76.70% 2008 3

Fruit production technology 43.02% 2006-07 4-5


21.51% 2003-06 5-8

Dairy technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6

Fodder production technology 25.00% 2005-06 5-6

Education 97.09% 2004-05 6-7

Health and social development 100.00% 2000-05 6-11

vaxhdj.k izfdz;k

bl v/;;u dks lruk ,oa jhok ftys ds 8 xkaoks esa fd;k x;k] tgka ij nhun;ky ‘kks/k

laLFkku ,oa mlds lac) laLFkkuksa tSls d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka ,oa jhok lfdz; :Ik ls

xfrfof/k;ksa dk LFkkuh; leqnk; ds lkFk feydj lapkyu dj jgs gSaA vaxhdj.k dh bl

izfdz;k dks rkfydk dza- 1 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlds vuqlkj 100 izfr’kr izfrHkkxh;ksa us

Qly mRiknu dh rduhd dks viuk;k] 97 izfr’kr xzkeokfl;ksa us Hkwfe ,oa ty laj{k.k

rduhdksa fo’ks”kdj o”kkZ ty laj{k.k ,oa de ykxr ds vuqdwy mik;ksa }kjk e`nk laj{k.k

tSls dk;Zdzeksa dks vaxhd`r fd;kA blh rjg 97 izfr’kr ,oa 100 izfr’kr d`”kdksa us LokLF;

,oa f’k{kk ds rduhdh izca/ku dks izHkko’kkyh crk;kA lCth mRiknu] pkjk mRiknu ,oa

nqX/k mRiknu rduhd vHkh Hkh 20 ls 50 izfr’kr ds vaxhdj.k dh lhek esa gS] ftls c<+k;k

tkuk gSA tSlk fd iwoZ esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] flapkbZ ds fy, ty dh vuqiyC/krk ,oa

vfrfjDr Hkwfe dh miyC/krk ls bu dk;Zdzeks ds vaxhdj.k dks lhfer djrs gS] vr% bu

dkjdks ij /;ku fn;k tkuk vko’;d gksxkA


A non-linear approach to the adoption of agricultural innovations

Social structure:

Age •

Education•

Size of farm Income •

Tenure status•

Social participation:

Membership in farmers organizations;•

Participation in community organizations•

Outcome

Communication:

Extension contact•

Print media contact•

Radio contact•

Antecedents

Adoption decision by farmers

r`Irh lwpdkadfQtsy ¼1993½] QsMj ,oa mekyh ¼1993½ }kjk la;qDr :Ik ls fd, x, v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ,oa muds erkuqlkj d`f”k uokpkjks dk vaxhdj.k ,d vljy js[kh; i)fr ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA muds vuqlkj ljy js[kh; i)fr uokpkjksa ds foLrkjksa dks rkfdZd ,oa ;kstukc) izfdz;k tks fd ‘kkldh; laLFkkvksa ij fuHkZj djrh

gS] ds v/khu gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ d`”kdksa dh Hkwfedk fujis{k :Ik esa lkekftd Lrj ij lgHkkxhrk ,oa laokn ds

lk/kuksa dh ‘kfDr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

61

Farmers Satisfaction about the TechnologyTable No -2


Name of technology % highly satisfied

% satisfied

% No difference


39.5 8.7 2.3


44.1 55.8 0

Seed technology 33.1 63.3 3.4


37.7 51.1 11.0


23.2 59.3 11.6

Dairy technology 36.0 61.0 2.9


34.8 62.2 2.9

Education 88.9 11.2 0


34.8 59.8 5.2

tgka rd d`”kdksa dh dk;Zdzeksa ls larqf”V dk iz’u gS

mlesa yxHkx lHkh izdj.kksa esa muds }kjk vfr larq”V]

larq”V ,oa ;Fkkor~ ds :Ik esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

cgqr lhfer ek=k esa d`”kdksa us dksbZ ifjorZu ugha

vFkok iwoZ Lrj ij mRikndrk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

rkfydk dza-2 ij d`”kdksa }kjk larqf”V ds ckjs esa nh

xbZ izfrfdz;k dks O;Dr fd;k gSA


Dissemination of Technologies, Table -3 No. of village 8

Technology Dissemination out of village


168 1008


172 860

Seed production technology 123 738

Fruit production technology 74 222


37 258

Dairy technology 43 219

Fodder production technology 43 219

Education 167 834

Health and social development 172 1656

No of farmers

m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keks esa izlkj

Lokoyacu vfHk;ku laiwjdrk ds fla)kr ls vksrizksr

gksdj m)Z ,oa f{kfrt vk;keksa esa rduhdksa ds izlkj ,oa

ifj.kke Lo:Ik d`”kdksa }kjk vaxhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA

izlkj j.kuhfr ds varxZr vfHk;ku xzkeksa ds lkFk&lkFk xSj

vfHk;ku xzkeks rd rduhdh izlkj gsrq iz;kl ifjyf{kr

gksrs gSaA d`”kd izcaf/kr d`f”k foLrkj ls ;g laHko gqvk izrhr

gksrk gSA rkfydk dza- 3 esa d`”kdksa }kjk nwljs xkaoks esa

rduhdska ds izpkj&izlkj dh fLFkfr dks n’kkZ;k x;k gS]

tks fd izfrHkkxh;ksa }kjk viuh Lej.k ‘kfDr ds vk/kkj ij

fn;s x;s mRrjksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftldk ijh{k.k Hkfo”;

esa vf/kd foLrkj ds lkFk fd;k tkuk vko’;d izrhr

gksrk gSA xSj ifj;kstuk xzkeksa esa izpkj izlkj ds n’kkZ;s

x;s vkadM+s ykHkkfUor d``”kd ifjokjksa dh la[;k dks n’kkZrs

gaSA bu ifjokjksa us rduhdksa dks laiw.kZ ;k vkf’kad :Ik ls

vaxhd`r fd;k gSA

63

Means of Technologies DisseminationTable -4 No. of study village 8

Technology No. of farmers

Dissemination out of village

Means of Dissemination





Seed production technology






Dairy technology 43 1344 Trainings, exposures and demonstrations, Field days



Education 167 3340 Training campaign



izlkj ds ek/;ebl v/;;u esa rduhdh ds izpkj&izlkj esa gq, ek/;eksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k

gSA izfrHkkxh;ksa }kjk crk;k x;k fd izpkj&izlkj ds varxZr rduhdh dh tkudkjh mUgsa

izf’k{k.k dk;Zdzeksa] iz{ks= fnolksa ,oa d`”kdksa ds lkFk gqbZ ijLij ppkZ ds ek/;e ls izkIr

gqbZ gSA izpkj&izlkj ds ek/;e dk fooj.k rkfydk dza- 4 esa n’kkZ;k x;k gSA


fu”d”kZ

laLFkku ds fofHkUu dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls iznku dh tkus okyh fofHkUu rduhdksa ,oa vfUre mi;ksxdrkZ

d`”kdksa }kjk mudk vaxhdj.k] izHkko’khy ykxr] rduhdksa ds mi;ksx esa vuqdwyrk ,oa mRiknu esa o`f)

ds vk/kkj ij gh jgh gSA nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku ,oa blds lg;ksxh laLFkkuksa }kjk fodflr] ijhf{kr

,oa iznf’kZr fofHkUu rduhdksa] yxHkx lHkh d`”kdksa }kjk iw.kZ ;k vkaf’kd :Ik ls viuk;k x;h gSA

bldk dkj.k dsoy izHkko’kkyh rduhdksa dk fodkl gh ugha gS] vfirq [ksrksa ij muds ijh{k.k izn’kZu ,oa

izlkfjr djus dh leqfpr izfdz;k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fu”d”kZ :Ik esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo”k;oLrq

dh Li”Vrk ,oa fo”k; n’kZu esa lEiwjdrk us rduhdksa ds fodkl ,oa vaxhdj.k dh xfr dks c<+kus esa

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA

65

vkthfodk ifj.kkeLokoyacu vfHk;ku us fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh fu/kZurk] ifj;kstuk {ks= ds ifjokj dh vk; esa lkFkZd o`f) ,oa vUrr% mudh vkthfodk esa lq/kkj tSls fo”k;ksa ij vius dk;Zdze dsfUnzr fd, gSA vfHk;ku dh ;g fo’ks”krk jgh gS fd blesa ckg~; fu:fir dk;Zdzeksa dks bl izdkj ls lek;ksftr fd;k gS] tks uohu fuos’k ,oa ifj;kstuk ls izHkkfor gksus okyh tu leqnk; ds {kerko/kZu ds fy, vuqdwy gSA

v{k; vkthfodk dh lajpuk O;fDr dh vkthfodk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa ds lkFk&lkFk buds e/; vkilh fof’k”V laca/k dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrh gSA ,sls dbZ izdj.kksa esa lgHkkxh i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftuds }kjk ,sls ?kVdksa dh igpku dh xbZ gS (Wekwete, 1998). vkthfodk lajpuk dh Hkkouk mDr ?kVdksa esa ifjorZu ds dkj.kks dh vksj Hkh bafxr djrh gS] ftlls dh vkthfodk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fo’ks”kdj ekuoh;] lkekftd] foRrh;] HkkSfrd ,oa izkd`frd iwath;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS (Pasteur, 2001). izLrqr fp= esa fodkl v|rkvksa }kjk vkthfodk lajpuk esa gks jgs ifjorZu dh

lajpukvksa dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA

vflafpr ,oa ckjkuh tksf[ke Hkjs ‘kq”d {ks= tgka ,d vksj [kk|kUu mRiknu ij fuHkZj turk dk mnj iks”k.k djrs gS ogh vusd izdkj dh vkthfodk ,oa i;kZoj.k lsokvksa dks Hkh iznku djrs gSA orZeku tyok;q esa ifjorZu ls mRiUu ifjfLFkfr;ka xzkeh.k vkthfodk ij vius nq”izHkko Mky jgh gSA vr% tyok;q ifjorZu dks de djus okyh j.kuhfr;ksa ,oa muls mRiUu ifjfLFkr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds dk;Zdzeksa gsrq LokoyEcu tSls vfHk;ku

vR;ko’;d gSA lgHkkxh ,oa lesfdr lalk/ku izca/ku fo’ks”kdj tyxzg.k {ks= dh ifjf/k esa ftuesa mi;qDr ikjnf’kZrk] le:irk ,oa d`f”k i)fr ds vk/kkj ij lekos’kh fodkl fd;k tk lds] dh vusd laHkkouk,a gSA Lokoyacu vfHk;ku bl lanHkZ esa xzkeh.k ifjokj ij ,slh ;kstukvksa dks


ukukth ,d tu vFkZ’kkL=h ukukth Loizsfjr :Ik ls lPps tu vFkZ’kkL=h Fks] os lEiwjdrk ds fla)kr ds iz.ksrk FksA lEiwjdrk dh mudh vo/kkj.kk vFkZ’kkL= ds dBksj fla)krks ij vk/kkfjr FkhA os foKku }kjk iznRr izxfr ds i{k/kj Fks rFkk uohu rFkk vk/kqfud foKku ds la;kstu dks mfpr ekurs Fks fdUrq ‘kks”k.kdkjh rduhdksa ,oa ladqfpr oSKkfud nk;jksa ds izfr lpsr jgus ds fy, rRij jguk vko’;d ekurs FksA

lQy cukus esa l{ke gqvk gSA vfHk;ku }kjk viuk;h x;h j.kuhfr dk Qksdl] mRikndrk o`f)] fofof/kdj.k] xSj d`f”k ek/;eksa ls vk; lao/kZu] fo’ks”kdj Hkwfeghu] lalk/kughu ,oa NksVs&NksVs v/;kolk;ksa esa layXu ifjokjksa esa lanHkZ egRoiw.kZ gSA mRikndrk esa lq/kkj ,oa fofof/kdj.k ds }kjk vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] ogh y?kq ,oa lhekUr mRikndks }kjk foi.ku ;ksX; vfrfjDr mRiknu dh laHkkouk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mUur rduhdksa] lk[k] chek ,oa uokpkjh lqj{kk ek/;eksa] lkewfgd vknku dz; ,oa mRiknu foi.ku rFkk ewY; lao/kZu vkfn vusd xfrfof/k;kW bl fn’kk esa mi;qDr izrhr gksrh gSA o”kkZ ty ds lap; ,oa izca/ku gsrq vf/kd iwath fuos’k] d`f”k i)fr ,oa Qlyks dk fofof/kdj.k] e`nk LokLF; izca/ku] lkewfgd d`f”k ;kaf=dhdj.k ,oa de mtkZ [kir okys vknkuksa dk mi;ksx] mRikndrk o`f) fo’ks”kdj NksVs mRikndksa dsssss lanHkZ foi.ku ;ksX; mRiknu djus esa l{ke gksrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA NksVs nq/kk: i’kq vFkok cdjh oa’k] vU; i’kq/ku] okfudh] cktkj lefFkZr uxn Qlys ,oa {kerk o/kZu dqN egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;kWa] LokoyEcu vfHk;ku ds egRoiw.kZ vo;o gSA vfHk;ku dh j.kuhfr ,dy Qly vFkok oLrq dsfUnzr u gksdj foLr`r ,oa fofo/k d`f”k i)fr dks laiqjdrk ds fla)kr ij lapkfyr djuk gSA bl izdkj tgka ,d vkSj O;kIr

nqcZyrkvksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS ogh mRiknu izfdz;k esa mRiUu gksus okys vof’k”Bksa dk iquZpdzhdj.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ lesfdr :Ik ls vusd izdkj dh Qlys] i’kq/ku] m|kfudh] d`f”k] okfudh] eRL; ikyu] vk; lao/kZu xfrfof/k;kW bR;kfn lHkh vfHk;ku dh ifjf/k esa lekfgr gSA bl izdkj ls ijLijrk }kjk vfrfjDr jkstxkj dk fuekZ.k] vk; esa o`f) ,oa ekSle ds ifjorZu ls mRiUu foifjr ifjfLFkfr;ks esa ifjokj ij iM+us okys vkfFkZd ncko dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g blds fy, Hkh vko’;d gS fd orZeku esa izfr O;fDr uSlfxZd lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ?kV jgh gS ogh nwljh mRikndrk o`f) gsrq vf/kd iwath fuos’k vko’;d gksrk tk jgk gS vr% i;kZoj.k lsokvksa dks lesfdr :Ik ls lajf{kr djus gsrq vif’k”Vksa dk iquZpdzhdj.k vR;Ur vko’;d gSA

laLFkku ,oa mlls lac) laLFkkvksa }kjk izkjfEHkd rkSj ij fd, x, losZ{k.kksa ls vkthfodk fo’ys”k.k ls izkIr vkdM+s o dqN izkjafHkd vkadyu ;g bafxr djrs gSa fd 59 izfr’kr ls vf/kd ikfjokfjd vk;] 20 izfr’kr oSrfud lsokvksa ls] 17 izfr’kr nSfud Je ls ,oa ek= 3 izfr’kr ouksit ds ladyu ls izkIr gksrh gSA v/;;u ds vuqlkj LokyEcu vfHk;ku ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ifjokj Lrj ij vk; esa of) vo’; gqbZ gS vfirq vk; ds fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk izfr’kr vHkh Hkh iwoZor~ gSA

67

Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, lh[k ,oa lans’kizLrqr v/;;u vfHk;ku dk ,d Rofjr voyksdu ek= gS] bl izdk’ku ds ek/;e ls vfHk;ku ds varZfufgr n’kZu ekxZn’khZ flankrksa ,oa j.kuhfrd lksp dks izfrfcafcr fd;k x;k gSA vfHk;ku dh j.kuhfr;kW lexz :i esa ml egku m)s’; ftlds :Ik esa lekos’kh] ‘kks”k.k jfgr] lesfdr ,oa v{k; fodkl dks ,d foLr`r HkkSxksfyd {ks= esa izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA v/;;u ds ek/;e ls fuEukfdar Rofjr fu”d”kZ izLrqr gS] tks Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, ekxZn’khZ gksxsa%&

fodkl ds bl ekWMy esa leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh loksZifj gSA lekosf’krk] lesfdrrk] •rduhdh uokpkj ,oa mudk vaxhdj.k cxSj lkeqnkf;d lgHkkxhrk ds laHko ugha gSA

Lo’kklh laLFkkvksa dk ijLij fuHkZj laLFkkxr ra= vR;Ur vko’;d gSA vFkkZr~ •ijLij lg;ksx djrs gq, Hkh Lora= :Ik ls lapkfyr laLFkkvska dk ra= gh bl vkdkj ds vfHk;ku dks lQy cuk ldrk gSA ra= esa lekosf’kr izR;sd laLFkk dk viuk ,d fuf’pr mn~ns’; vuqHko ,oa vko’;d v/kkslajpuk rFkk ;ksX; ekuo lalk/ku] bl gsrq vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA

vfHklj.k vkt ns’k dh ljdkjks ds chp ,d cM+h ppkZ dk fo”k; gSA ljdkjksa •ds Lrj ij vusd foHkkx ,oa laLFkk,a miyC/k gS fdUrq laiwjdrk dh Hkkouk ds vHkko esa vfHklj.k tSlh egrh vko’;drk izkIr djus es a;g lHkh ,stsUlh;kW vius vki dks vleFkZ ikrh gSA

xzkeh.k ,oa ‘kgjh lekt {ks=ksa esa miyC/k ;qok izfrHkk dk ;ksxnku bl izfdz;k •esa vR;ko’;d gSA ;fn os ;qqxn`”Vk ukukth tSls O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ fu”Bk ,oa mRlkg ls vuqlj.k djs tSlk fd bl vfHk;ku esa ns[kk x;k gS] rks ;g vU;= Hkh mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA

lektf’kYih nEiRrh ,d vf)rh; vo/kkj.kk izrhr gksrh gS ,oa vU;= Hkh •laHkkoukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS ,oa vU; {ks=ks esa blds nksgjko dh O;kid laHkkouk,as gSA fodkl dk;ksZ esa ySafxx Hksn fo’ks”kdj iq:”k iz/kku esa ges’kk lekos’kh fodkl ,d vojks/k gSA bl iz;ksx esa iyM+k fL=;ksa ds i{k esa curk fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ,oa ;s nEiRrh ,d jksy ekWMy ds :i esa izfrfcafcr gSA ftl izdkj ls Hkkjrh; ifjos’k esa L=h ,oa iq:”k dh Hkwfedk ifjiwjd gS vFkkZr~ fL=;kW dsoy f}rh; ntsZ ds dk;kZs rd u lhfer gksdj izkFkfed o vkfFkZd :Ik ls egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;kas esa Hkh cjkcj dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj ldrh gSA

vkfFkZd :Ik ls vuqRiknd] tksrs] iM+r Hkwfe] de mRikndrk okys d`f”k ra= •vkfn dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls l{ke mRiknu bdkb;ksa esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lko/kkuh iwoZd fu;kstu] :ikadu ,oa izn’kZuksa tSlk fd 1-5 o 2-5 ,dM+ ds ekMYl }kjk ;g izekf.kr gksrk gSA

d`f”k vfuok;Zr% i’kqikyu fo’ks”kdj xkSoa’k dks lekfgr djrh gSA iwoZ esa •vkSipkfjd vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laLFkkvksa dh Hkwy ds dkj.k bUgs misf{kr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA vuUr dky ls ikjEifjd d`f”k dk ekWMy gh orZeku leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh dqath gSA


xkSoa’k fuf’pr gh v{k; e`nk LokLF; izca/ku gsrq vko’;d tSfod moZjd iznku •djrs gS] bl izdkj ;s Hkw&{kj.k dks de djrs gq, e`nk dkcZfud inkFkksZ dks mfpr Lrj ij cuk;s j[krs gSA lkFk gh i’kq/ku ls fudyus okys mRltZu esa ^^xzhu gkml xSlsl** tSls fd feFksu o dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM dks Hkwfe esa ‘kksf”kr dj lafpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ls ^^tyok;q ifjorZu** o ^^Xykscy okfeZax** tSls lkoZHkkSfed fofHkf”kdkvksa ds fo:) ;s LFkkuh; mipkj izHkko’kkyh gks ldrs gSA

o”kkZ ty lap; dh vlhe lEHkkoukvksa dks O;ogkfjd Lrj ij izkIr fd;k tk •ldrk gS bl rjg flapkbZ {ks= esa foLrkj] Qly lajpuk] e`nk ,oa ty dh bdkbZ mRikndrk] Hkwty Lrj esa o`f)] e`nk {kj.k ij jksd ,oa e`nk LokLF; izca/ku leqfpr :Ik ls laHko gSA

v/kZ ‘kq”d] ckjkuh ,oa lhekUr {ks=ks esa l?kuh dj.k dh vis{kk fofof/kdj.k ,d •mi;qDr j.kuhfr izrhr gksrh gSA

rduhdh vaxhdj.k fdlkuksa dk ,d dBksj vkfFkZd fu.kZ; gS ,oa ,d vjs[kh; •ekxZ ij vusd vgZrkvksa tSls fd vk;q] f’k{kk] tksr] vk; ,oa HkwLokfeRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

rduhdksa dk foLrkj fdlku izcaf/kr i)fr esa rsth ls laHko gSA ikjEifjd d`f”k •foLrkj dh vis{kk fdlku izcaf/kr Loizsfjr foLrkj] rhoz ,oa LFkk;h gksrk gSA

ewY; lao/kZu ,oa cktkj ds lkFk ijLijrk vd`f”k {ks=ks esa uohu jkstxkj ds •voljksa dks mRiUu djus esa l{ke gSA

d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk ,d Lo LQwrZ] ltho ,oa tSfod izfdz;k gSA laiwjdrk bldk •vk/kkj LraHk gSA vuko’;d ckgjh dk;Zdze laiwjdrk ds rkus&ckus dks fopfyr djrs gS ,oa fodkl dh izfdz;k dh xfr dks ean djrs gS vFkkZr~ d`f”k vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl laEiwjdrk ds fla)kr esa fufgr gSA vUrr% xzketu dh lexz vkthfodk ladqfpr] vkfFkZd mUu;u dh vis{kk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] vFkkZr~ fodkl dk vk/kkj dsoy vkfFkZd u gksrs gq, vkthfodk ds leLr igyqvksa ij voyfEcr gksuk pkfg,A

69

lanHkZLokoyEcu dk ekxZ Qjojh 2011& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV izdk’kuA1- LokoyEcu dh vkSj xzkeh.k thou dk cnyko& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV izdk’kuA2- jk”Vªh; d`f”k foKku iqjLdkj 2007&2008 ds fy, d`f”k foKku dsUnz e>xoka& nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV }kjk rS;kj 3- izfrosnu Afnukad 7 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;uny] Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk Jh vHk; egktu 4- ls fy;k x;k lk{kkRdkjAfnukad 7 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk MkW- jked`”.k 5- dqlefj;k] d`”kd dY;k.k ,oa d`f”k fodkl ea=h] e/;izns’k ‘kklu ls fy;k x;k lk{kkRdkjAMkWaa- Hkjr ikBd] izeq[k nhun;ky ‘kks/k laLFkku] fp=dwV ls fnukad 10 ebZ 2011 dks v/;;u ny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy 6- eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku dh gqbZ O;fDrxr ppkZA fnukad 4 ls 10 ebZ 2011 ds e/; rduhdh ds vaxhdj.k ij lruk ftys ds 5 xkao ,oa jhok ftys ds 3 xkaoks esa 7- v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk fd;k losZ{k.k dk;ZAfnukad 4 ls 10 ebZ 2011 v/;;uny& Ldwy vkWQ :jy eSustesUV] jk”Vªh; vkthfodk lalk/ku laLFkku }kjk lewg dsfUnzr 8- ppkZ ,oa vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd ppkZ,aAvarjk”Vªh; iz{ks= izca/ku tjuy d`f”k O;olk; fo”k; ij O;ogkfjd v/;;u ds fy, fyVjspj fjO;w& ,fytkcsFk ,y- tsD’ku 9- bVh- ,y- varjk”Vªh; d`f”k izca/ku okY;we 3] ua- 3] tqykbZ 2006


ACTION RESEARCH STUDYCONDUCTED BY NATIONAL LIVELIHOOD RESOURCES INSTITUTEGRAMIN VIKAS TRUST, RATLAM (MP)

DeenDAyAl reseArch InstItute, chItrAKut DIstrIct – sAtnA, MADhyA PrADesh

foot prints to future

Documents

new age agriculture

gvt ratlam

chhaap digital print

project area profile

project districts

large area

school of rural management

associated institutions