food_additives (phan the dong)

235
PH GIATH C PH M HÔÏP CHAÁT HOÃN HÔÏP PHUÏ GIA THAØNH PHAÅM CHEÁ BIEÁN ÑOÙNG GOÙI BAÛO QUAÛN GIA TAÊNG GIAÙ TRÒ DINH DÖÔÕNG vitamin; khoaùng, amino acid… GIAÙ TRÒ CAÛM QUAN chaát thôm, taïo maøu, taïo vò, taïo caáu truùc THÔØI GIAN BAÛO QUAÛN vi sinh, phaûn öùng hoùa hoïc, caáu truùc. NGUYEÂN LIEÄU

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Page 1: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PH GIATH C PH M

HÔÏP CHAÁTHOÃN HÔÏP

PHUÏ GIA

THAØNHPHAÅM

CHEÁ BIEÁN

ÑOÙNG GOÙI

BAÛO QUAÛN

GIA TAÊNG

GIAÙ TRÒ DINH DÖÔÕNG vitamin; khoaùng,

amino acid…

GIAÙ TRÒ CAÛM QUAN chaát thôm, taïo maøu, taïo vò, taïo caáu truùc

THÔØI GIAN BAÛO QUAÛNvi sinh, phaûn öùng hoùa

hoïc, caáu truùc.

NGUYEÂN LIEÄU

Page 2: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

YÊU C U I V I M T S N PH M TH C PH M

S l ngS n có (c v n i ch n và th i gian)Giá c h p lý

D b o qu nD s d ng

PH BI N

TI N D NGTI N D NG

CH T L NGCH T L NGCh t l ng v sinhCh t l ng c m quanCh t l ng dinh d ng

Các ch t ph gia óng góp vào vi c t o ra các s n ph m th c ph m

Page 3: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Hôïp chaátHoãn hôïp

khoâng ñöôïc tieâu duøng nhömoät thöïc phaåm food

khoâng ñöôïc söû duïng nhömoät thaønh phaàn trong coâng

thöïc cheá bieáningredient

coù hoaëc khoâng coù giaù trò dinh döôõng

nutritional

coá yù theâm vaøo trong thöïc phaåm vôùi muïc ñích coâng

ngheäintentional

Trôû thaønh moät hôïp phaàn cuûa thöïc phaåm

componential

FOOD ADDITIVE

PHUÏ GIA

Page 4: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TEC

HN

OLO

GIC

AL

AU

XILA

RY

Hôïp chaátHoãn hôïp

ñeå laïi dö löôïng trong thöïc phaåm residual

khoâng ñöôïc söû duïng nhömoät thaønh phaàn trong coâng

thöïc cheá bieáningredient

coá yù theâm vaøo trong quaùtrình cheá bieán

intentional

dö löôïng khoâng aûnh höôûng ñeán veä sinh an toaøn thöïc

phaåm

non sanitaryrisk

nhaèm ñaùp öùnng nhu caàu coâng ngheä

technological HOÃ TRÔÏCOÂNG NGHEÄ

Page 5: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Lieàu dung naïp haøng ngaøy(Tolerable Daily Intake)

Döïa treân :hieåu bieát veà ñoäc tính.yeâu caàu coâng ngheä

NOÀNG ÑOÄS DUÏNG

PHUÏ GIAvaø DAÃN XUAÁT ÑOÄC

CAÁP TÍNHMAÕN TÍNH :

ung thöthai dò daïngñoät bieán

LUAÄT SÖÛDUÏNG

Caáp tính : - lieàu söû duïng 1 laàn, gaây cheát 50% soá löôïng sinh vaät- lieàu gaây trieäu chöùng trong thôøi gian ngaén

Maõn tính : khaûo saùt cô quan noäi taïng trong thôøi gian daøi (2 hoaëc 3 theá heä. Khaû naêng gaây ung thö, thai dò daïng…

Page 6: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) : l ng m t h p ch t hóa h c có trong th c ph mho c n c u ng c tiêu th hàng ngày trong su t cu c i ng i tiêu dùngmà không gây nên nguy c có h i n s c kh e.

TDI c dùng cho nh ng h p ch t b lây nhi m vào th c ph m(mg/Kg th tr ng/ngày)

ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) : l ng m t h p ch t c bi t có trong th cph m ho c n c u ng c tiêu th hàng ngày trong su t cu c i ng i tiêudùng mà không gây nên nguy c có h i n s c kh e.

ADI c dùng cho nh ng h p ch t c cho vào trong th c ph mnh ch t ph gia, d l ng thu c b o v th c v t, d l ng thu c thú y…

(mg/Kg th tr ng/ngày)

Page 7: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration(FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerancerequirements.

Page 8: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Các nhóm ph gia theo ch c n ngCác ch t t ng c ng giá tr dinh d ng

Các ch t i u ch nh chua (pH)Ch t t o v ng t (sweetener)Các ch t i u v (flavor enhance)Các ch t màu (colour)Các ch t gi màu (colour retention agent)Ch t gi m (humectant)Ch t t ng c ng c u trúc (texturizer)Ch t n nh c u trúc (stabilizer)Các ch t t o gel (gelling agent)Các ch t t o nh (emulsifier)Ch t t o b t (foaming agent)

Các ch t ch ng ôxy hóa (antioxydant)Các ch t b o qu n (preservative)

Các ch t n (bulking agent)Các ch t ch ng k t t (anticaking agent)Các ch t ch ng t o b t (antifoaming agent)

Page 9: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Bù p l i nh ng th t thoát do x lý công ngh , ho c làm cho thành ph ndinh d ng tr nên cân i.

VitaminCh t khoángAmino acidProtein

H P CH T T NG C NG GIÁ TR DINH D NG

Page 10: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Làm thay i ho c ki m soát acid ho c ki m c a s n ph m : acidalkalibasebufferpH adjusting agent

Acetic AcidAdipic AcidAmmonium AcetateAmmonium AdipateAmmonium CarbonateAmmonium CitrateCalcium AcetateCalcium CarbonateCalcium CitratesCalcium GluconateCalcium PolyphosphatesCalcium SulphateCitric Acid

H P CH T I U CH NH pH

Fumaric AcidGlucono Delta-LactoneLactic Acid, (L-, D- and DL-)Sodium AcetateSodium AdipateSodium CarbonateSodium LactateSodium MalateSodium PolyphosphateTetrasodium DiphosphateTricalcium OrthophosphateTrisodium CitrateTrisodium Orthophosphate

Page 11: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T T O V NG TH p ch t không ph i là ng nh ng t o cho s n ph m có v ng t.

ch t t o ng t t ng h p (artificial sweetner )ch t t o ng t dinh d ng (nutritive sweetner )ch t t o ng t (sweetener )

Acesulfame PotassiumAlitameAspartameAspartame-Acesulfame SaltNeotameCyclamic Acid (and Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Salts) Saccharin (and Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Salts)

ThaumatinIsomaltErythritolLactitolMaltitol and Maltitol SyrupMannitolPolyglycitol SyrupSorbitol and Sorbitol SyrupXylitol

Page 12: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CÁC CH T I U V

T ng c ng v và/ho c mùi c a th c ph m (flavour enhancer)

Saccharin (and Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Salts)

Acesulfame PotassiumAspartameNeotameThaumatinCyclamic Acid (and Sodium,

Potassium, Calcium Salts)Ethyl MaltolMaltolXylitolCalcium Glutamate, Di-L-Calcium Guanylate, 5'-Calcium Inosinate, 5'-

Calcium Ribonucleotides, 5'-Dipotassium Guanylate, 5'-Dipotassium Inosinate, 5'-Disodium Guanylate, 5'-Disodium Inosinate, 5'-Disodium Ribonucleotides, 5'-Glutamic Acid, (L(+)-)Guanylic Acid, 5'-Inosinic Acid, 5'-Magnesium Glutamate, Dl-L-Monoammonium Glutamate, L-Monopotassium Glutamate, L-Monosodium Glutamate, L-

Page 13: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T MÀU

T o màu ho c tái t o màu cho th c ph m

Allura Red ACBeet RedBrilliant Black PNBrilliant Blue FCFBrown HTCalcium CarbonateCanthaxanthinCaramel Colour, Class I - PlainCaramel Colour, Class II-caustic

sulphate processCaramel Colour, Class III - Ammonia

ProcessCaramel Colour, Class IV - Ammonia

Sulphite ProcessCarminesCarotenal, Beta-Apo-8'-Carotene (Blakeslea trispora), Beta-Carotene (Synthetic), Beta-Carotenes, Natural Extracts,

(Vegetable)Carotenoic Acid, Methyl or Ethyl

Ester, Beta-Apo-8'-

Chlorophyllin Copper Complex, Sodium and Potassium Salts

ChlorophyllsChlorophylls, Copper ComplexCurcuminErythrosineFast Green FCFGrape Skin ExtractIndigotineIron Oxide, BlackIron Oxide, RedIron Oxide, YellowQuinoline YellowRed 2GRiboflavin 5'-PhosphateRiboflavin 5'-Phosphate, SodiumSunset Yellow FCFZeaxanthin (synthetic)

Page 14: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T GI MÀU

n nh, gi ho c làm t ng c ng màu c a th c ph m.ch t c nh màu (colour fixative) ch t n nh màu (colour stabilizer)

Ascorbic AcidErythorbic AcidFerrous GluconateFerrous LactateInsoluble PolyvinylpyrrolidoneMagnesium CarbonateMagnesium Chloride

Magnesium HydroxidePotassium NitratePotassium NitriteSodium AscorbateSodium NitrateSodium NitriteStannous Chloride

Page 15: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T GI M

Gi th c ph m không b khô khi b o qu n trong môi tr ng có m t ng i th pch t gi m/n c (moisture/water retention agent) ch t làm m (wetting agent)

GlycerolXylitolSorbitol and Sorbitol SyrupPropylene GlycolPolydextroses A and NDicalcium DiphosphateDioctyl Sodium SulfosuccinateDisodium Diphosphate

Disodium OrthophosphateMonopotassium OrthophosphateMonosodium OrthophosphatePotassium PolyphosphateSodium PolyphosphateTetrapotassium DiphosphateTetrasodium DiphosphateTripotassium OrthophosphateTrisodium Orthophosphate

Page 16: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

T o ho c duy trì th ng nh t gi a 2 ho c nhi u pha phân tán trong th c ph m..ch t n nh keo n c (Colloidal Stabilizer )ch t t o c ng (firming agent )ch t n nh b t (foam stabilizer )ch t gi m/n c (moisture/water retention agent )

CH T N NH & T NG C NG C U TRÚC

Salts of Oleic Acid (Ca, K, Na)Salts of Myristic, Palmitic & Stearic

Acids (NH4, Ca, K, Na)Fatty Acid Esters of GlycerolMono- and DiglyceridesPhosphatidic Acid, Ammonium SaltLecithinsPropylene Glycol Esters of Fatty AcidsSucrose Esters of Fatty AcidsAgarCarrageenanPectinsModified StarchPolydextroses A and NDextrins, White and Yellow Roasted

StarchCyclodextrinModified cellulose

Alginic Acid & Alginate PolyphosphatesCarob Bean GumGellan GumGuar GumGum ArabicKaraya GumKonjac FlourBeeswax, White and YellowGlycerolXylitolMaltitol and Maltitol SyrupMannitolPolyethylene GlycolPropylene GlycolTara GumTragacanth GumXanthan Gum

Page 17: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T N NH NHn nh s ng nh t c a h n h p g m 2 hay nhi u pha không hòa tan vào nhau

nh d u và n c.tác nhân phân tán (dispersing agent)tác nhân t o nh (emulsifier)tác nhân t o d o (plasticizer) tác nhân ho t ng b m t (surface active agent) ch t ho t tính b m t (surfactant) tác nhân gây m (wetting agent)

Salts of Myristic, Palmitic & Stearic Acids (NH4, Ca, K, Na)

Salts of Oleic Acid (Ca, K, Na)Fatty Acid Esters of GlycerolMono- and DiglyceridesPhosphatidic AcidLecithinsSucrose Esters of Fatty AcidsPolyoxyethylene (20) Sorbitan Mono

fatty acid Polyoxyethylene (40) StearateSorbitan Mono fatty acid

Modified starch AgarAlginic Acid & Alginate CarrageenanModified CelluloseMicrocrystalline CellulosePowdered CelluloseCarob Bean GumGuar GumGum ArabicKaraya GumKonjac FlourPectins

Page 18: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T T O B T

T o ho c n nh s ng nh t c a th phân tán pha khí trong pha l ng

T ng t nh các h p ch t n nh nh

Page 19: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T CH NG ÔXY HÓA

Kéo dài th i gian b o qu n b ng cách ng n ng a các ph n ng ôxy hóa ch t béo.ch t ch ng ôxy hóa (antioxidant )ch t h tr ch ng ôxy hóa (antioxidant synergist) ch t liên k t kim lo i (sequestrant)

Ascorbic AcidAscorbyl PalmitateAscorbyl StearateButylated HydroxyanisoleButylated HydroxytolueneCalcium AscorbateCalcium CitratesCalcium Disodium Ethylene

Diamine Tetra AcetateDisodium Ethylene Diamine

Tetra Acetate

Guaiac ResinMixed Tocopherols ConcentrateOrthophosphoric AcidPropyl GallateSodium MetabisulphiteSodium SulphiteSodium ThiosulphateTertiary ButylhydroquinoneTocopherol, Alpha-

Page 20: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH T B O QU N

Kéo dài th i gian b o qu n b ng cách ng n ng a s phát tri n c a vi sinh v t .ch t kháng khu n (antimicrobial preservative) ch t ch ng n m m c (antimycotic agent) ch t n nh vi khu n (bacteriophage control agent )hóa ch t sát khu n (chemosterilant) ch t sát trùng (disinfection agent)

Formic AcidAcetic Acid (Glacial) & Salts Calcium AcetateSodium AcetateSodium DiacetatePropionic Acid & Salts (propionate)Isopropyl CitratesSorbic Acid & Sorbates Benzoic Acid & BenzoatesSulphur Dioxide & SulphitesSodium MetabisulphitePotassium Bisulphite

Sodium NitrateSodium NitritePotassium NitratePotassium NitriteDiphenylPhenylphenol, Ortho-Sodium o-PhenylphenolCalcium Disodium Ethylene

Diamine Tetra AcetateDisodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra

AcetateNisinPimaricin

Page 21: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CÁC CH T N

Các h p ch t ngoài ch t khí và n c t o nên kh i l ng cho th c ph m nh ngkhông góp ph n áng k vào giá tr dinh d ng .

ch t n (bulking agent) ch t làm y (filler)

Acetylated Distarch PhosphateAcid Treated StarchAlkaline Treated StarchBleached StarchEnzyme Treated StarchDistarch PhosphateHydroxypropyl Distarch PhosphateHydroxypropyl StarchMonostarch PhosphateOxidized StarchPhosphated Distarch PhosphateAgarCarrageenanAlginic AcidPropylene Glycol AlginateSodium Alginate

Ethyl CelluloseHydroxypropyl CelluloseHydroxypropyl Methyl CelluloseMethyl CelluloseMethyl Ethyl CelluloseMicrocrystalline CelluloseSodium Carboxymethyl CellulosePowdered CelluloseGuar GumGum ArabicKaraya GumBeeswax, White and YellowCandelilla WaxCarnauba WaxMicrocrystalline Wax

Page 22: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T CH NG K T T

Gi m khuynh h ng k t t , k t dính c a các th h t trong th c ph m .ch ng k t t (anticaking agent )ch ng dính (antistick agent )làm khô ráo (drying agent)b t ch ng dính (dusting powder)

Aluminium SilicateBeeswax, White and YellowBone PhosphateCalcium Aluminium SilicateCalcium CarbonateCandelilla WaxCarnauba WaxDicalcium OrthophosphateIsomaltMannitolMicrocrystalline Cellulose

Mineral Oil (High Viscosity)Mineral Oil (Medium & Low

Viscosity, Class I)Monocalcium OrthophosphatePolyethylene GlycolPowdered CelluloseSalts of Myristic, Palmitic &

Stearic Acids (NH4, Ca, K, Na)Salts of Oleic Acid (Ca, K, Na)ShellacSodium CarbonateTalcTricalcium Orthophosphate

Page 23: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

H P CH T CH NG T O B T

Ng n ng a ho c làm gi m s t o b t

Calcium AlginateMicrocrystalline WaxMono- and DiglyceridesOxystearinPolydimethylsiloxanePolyethylene GlycolPropylene GlycolStearyl CitrateTriethyl Citrate

Page 24: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

International Numbering System for Food Additives (INS). c thi t l pb i y ban Codex Alimentarius cho các ch t ph gia (Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants = CCFAC). H th ng này d a trênh th ng ánh s c a C ng ng Châu Âu.

E numbers : mã s c a các ch t ph gia th ng c th y trên nhãn c acác th c ph m trong C ng ng Châu Âu.

E100 – 199 coloursE200 – 299 preservativesE300 – 399 antioxydants, acidity regulatorsE400 – 499 thickners, stabilizers, emulsifiersE500 – 599 acidity regulators, anticaking agentsE600 – 699 flavour enhancersE900 – 999 miscellaneousE1000 – 1999 additional chemicals

Page 25: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

100–109 yellows110–119 oranges120–129 reds130–139 blues & violets140–149 greens150–159 browns & blacks

100–199Colours

160–199 others

200–299Preservatives

200–209 sorbates210–219 benzoates220–229 sulphites

230–239 phenols & formates (methanoates)

240–259 nitrates260–269 acetates (ethanoates)270–279 lactates

280–289 propionates(propanoates)

290–299 others

Page 26: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

300–305 ascorbates (vitamin C)

306–309 Tocopherol (vitamin E)

310–319 gallates & erythorbates

320–329 lactates330–339 citrates & tartrates340–349 phosphates350–359 malates & adipates

360–369 succinates & fumarates

300–399Antioxidants &

acidity regulators

370–399 others

Page 27: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

400–409 alginates410–419 natural gums420–429 other natural agents

430–439 polyoxyethenecompounds

440–449 natural emulsifiers450–459 phosphates460–469 cellulose compounds

470–489 fatty acids & compounds

400–499Thickeners,stabilisers & emulsifiers

490–499 others

500–509 mineral acids & bases

510–519 chlorides & sulphates

520–529 sulphates & hydroxides

530–549 alkali metal compounds

550–559 silicates

570–579 stearates & gluconates

500–599pH regulators &

anti-caking agents

580–599 others

Page 28: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

620–629 glutamates630–639 inosinates600–699

Flavour enhancers640–649 others

700–799Antibiotics 710–713

900–999Miscellaneous

900–909 waxes910–919 synthetic glazes920–929 improving agents930–949 packaging gases950–969 sweeteners990–999 foaming agents

1100–1599Additionalchemicals

New chemicals that do not fall into standard classification schemes

Page 29: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

VITAMINCH T T NG C NG DINH D NG

T ng giá tr dinh d ngBù p th t thoát do x lý công ngh

N c ép trái cây Rau qu óng h pB t và bánh mìS aMargarineTh c ph m cho tr em

Page 30: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Vitamin S m ph m

B1 B t cacao và các SP t cacaoTh c u ngBánh, k o

B2 Bánh ng t, th c u ngB6 Bánh ng t, các lo i mì, nuiB12 Th c u ngPantothenic acid Bánh ng tFolic acid/Biotin Không thông d ng

C N c trái cây, món tráng mi ng, SP s a, b tA S a b t, ng c c n sáng, th c u ng, bánh ng t,

margarineD S a, s a b tE Nhi u lo i SP (margarine)

Page 31: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

VAI TRÒ KHÁC

Ascorbic acid : t ng c ng d o và dai c a b t nhàoch ng ôxy hóa

Tocopherol : ch ng ôxy hóa

Carotenoid và Riboflavin : t o màu

Niacin : t ng c ng n nh màu cho th t và SP t th t

Page 32: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH N LO I TH C PH M

Có th mang các vitamini t ng tiêu th

Tính n nhTính s n có Không d th a

M B O

T ng thích gi a các thành ph nB o t n hàm l ngKhông nh h ng n c m quan

GI I PHÁP CÔNG NGH

Page 33: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Thiamin 0,64 0,44 – 0,77Riboflavin 0,40 0,27 – 0,48Niacin 5,30 3,50 – 6,40Folic acid 0,07 0,04 – 0,05Pyridoxin 0,44 0,25 – 0,31Vitamin A 950 UI –Pantothenic acid – 1,00 – 1,30S t 2,9 – 3,7 2,90 – 4,30Calcium 200 110 – 140K m 2,2 –Magnesium 44 150 – 190

Tiêu chu n USmg/100g

Tiêu chu n Canadmg/100g 100g

30% nhu c uvitamin B và A

50% nhu c uthiamin,Ca,Fe

< 20% nhu c uMg

Gi i h n t i thi u : m b o nhu c uGi i h n t i a : h n ch nguy c d th a

TIÊU CHU N /V CH T DINH D NG T NG C NG (NG C C N SÁNG)

Page 34: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TÍNH TOÁN L NG B SUNG

A = 1,06 (R – X + S)

A : l ng b sungR : hàm l ng theo tiêu chu nX : hàm l ng trung bình có sãn trong th c ph mS : l ch chu n c a hàm l ng trung bình có s n trong th c ph m

Công th c này không áp d ng cho :- Vitamin A- S t- Calcium

!

Page 35: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH T KHOÁNG

Th c ph mngu n ch t khoáng d i dào

S tCalciumMagnesium

ngK mIodine

b sung

Tính s n có : tr ng thái lý hóa ho c phân t s n cóTính n nh : ôxy hóa, hòa tan và khuy ch tánCông nghGiá cGiá tr sinh h c

!

Page 36: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TIÊU HÓA

D dày : pH th p làm thay i tính n nh c a ch t khoáng - Có th thay i hóa tr

- c phóng thích và tái t o ph c h p v i các h p ch t khác

Ru t non : pH t ng lên - Làm xáo tr n các ph c h p ch t khoáng, thay i tính hòa tan và kh i

l ng phân t- nh h ng n s h p th ch t khoáng

Ex: Kh n ng h p th c a Calcium trong m t s rau, u ph thu c vào l ng oxalate và phytate

Khái ni m Bioavailability

Page 37: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Bioavailability : t l gi a hàm l ng m t ch t dinh d ng c n vào và l ng ch t dinh d ng ó c c th s d ng trong quá trình chuy n hóa.

Trong tr ng h p ch t khoáng ó là l ng c h p th qua ru t non vào máu.

Tuy nhiên trong m t vài tr ng h p d ng h p ch t c h p th khôngs d ng c cho quá trình chuy n hóa. Ex. S t c h p th d id ng liên k t

t l này thay i t kho ng 1% i v i m t vài d ng h p ch t s t và lên n trên 90% i v i sodium và potassium

Page 38: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Categ ory Age Ca(mg)

P(mg)

Mg(mg)

Fe(mg)

Zn(mg)

I( g)

Se(mg)

Tr s sinh 0,0-0,50,5-1

400600

300500

4060

610

55

4050

1015

Tr em1-34-67-10

800800800

800800800

80120170

101010

101010

7090

120

202030

Nam

11-1415-1819-2425-5051+

120012001200

800800

120012001200

800800

270400400350350

1212101010

1515151515

150150150150150

4050707070

N

11-1415-1819-2425-5051+

120012001200

800800

120012001200

800800

280300280280280

1515151510

1212121212

150150150150150

4550555555

Mang thai 1200 1200 320 30 15 175 65

Cho con bú 6 tháng u6 htáng sau

12001200

12001200

355340

1515

1916

200200

7575

RDA (recommanded dietary allowances of mineral nutrients

Page 39: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Category Age(years) Cu (mg) Mn

(mg)F

(mg)Cr

(mg)Mo(mg)

Infants 0.–0.50.5–1

0.4–0.60.6–0.7

0.3–0.60.6–1.0

0.1–0.50.2–1.0

10–4020–60

15–3020–40

Childrenandadolescents

1–34–67–1011+

0.7–1.01.0–1.51.0–2.01.5–2.5

1.0–1.51.5–2.02.0–3.02.0–5.0

0.5–1.51.0–2.51.5–2.51.5–2.5

20–8030–12050–20050–200

25–5030–7550–1505–250

Adults 1.5–3.0 2.0–5.0 1.5–4.0 50–200 75–250

Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes of Selected Minerals

Page 40: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

NaKFCl

I

PMgAsMo

CuMnSn

SiNi

Các ch t có giá tr sinhh c th p

Các ch t có trong th cph m d i d ng liên k t

I

SeCo*

CaFeCrZn

Các ch t c ánh giá bthi u trong th c ph m

Essential minerals grouped by chemical form (free ions in solution or bound to food ligands), bioavailability, and occurrance of nutritional deficiency.*As vitamin B12.

Page 41: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

S t (Fe)

C th con ng i : 4 – 5g FeHemoglobin

Myoglobin

EnzymeNhu c u : 1 – 2,8mg/ngày

Th c n hàng ngày ph i cung c p: 5 – 28 mg/ngày

FeSO4 (ch t kh )

Ngu n Fe d h p th nh tRBV = 100

Ferrous gluconate và ferrous glycerol phosphate c ng là các ngu n s t c h p th t t

Page 42: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

relative biological value

RBV

FeTH C PH M

t ng thích

n nh

t ng tác

Cácthànhph n

c m quan

b o qu n

Hi u ng không mong mu n

Giá tr sinh h c

-T ng quá trình ôxy hóa-Làm gi m ch t l ng bánh

• xúc tác ph n ng ôxy hóa lipid• làm t ng c c a r u

Page 43: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Các y u tnh h ngn vi c s

d ng Fe làm ch t ph gia dinh d ng

Y u t thu n l i

s t d ng kh Fe(II)s t liên k t y u : d hòa tan và d h p thth c ph m ch a các h p ch t có tác d ng c ng h ng : fructose, ascorbic acid, Cu, vit. B12, folate

Y u t không thu n l i

bi n i hóa tr , ôxy hóa thành Fe(III)t o ph c h p không hòa tan, không h p th : v i phytate, oxalate, phosphate

Page 44: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Ferrous sulfate FeSO4, 7H2O 200 100Ferrous lactate Fe(C3H5O3)2, 3H2O 190 106Ferric phosphate FePO4, xH2O 280 31Ferric pyrophosphate Fe4(P2O7)3, 9H2O 250 –Ferric sodium pyrophosphate FeNaP2O3, 2H2O 150 15Ferric ammonium citrate FexNH4(C6H8O7)x 165-185 –Elemental Fe Fe 960-980 13-90

Công th c Hàm l ngFe (g/kg)Tên h p ch t RBV

RBV : relative biological value (the bioavailability relative to ferrous sulfate wich is set at 100)

Iron sources used in food fortification and their bioavailability

Page 45: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Hôïp chaát saét III Tính höõu duïng Öùng duïng

OrthophosphateFePO4

yeáu, RBV<50 Nguõ coácThöùc uoáng coù cacaoMuoái

Pyrophosphate/citrateFe(P2O7)3

Khoâng ñaùng keåRBV<50

Thöùc uoáng coù söõa

Sodium pyrophosphateFeNaP2O5

Raát keùmRBV = 14

Nguõ coác

SulfateFe2(SO4)3

KeùmRBV = 30

Nguõ coácBaùnh mì

ChlorurFeCl3

Raát toát Söõa taùch kemBoät mì

Glycerophosphate Toát Söõa

Ammonium citrateFe(NH3(C6H8O7)x

Trung bình Nguõ coácSaûn phaåm söõa

Phöùc cholin/citrateFe(C5H14NO)x(C6H8O7)x

ToátRBV = 100

Söõa

Phöùc saét fructoseFeNa(C6H10O6)2

ToátRBV = 80

Phöùc saét – EDTAFeNaC16H14O6N2

Yeáu Boät mì, ñöôøngphöùc hôïp vitamin

Page 46: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Hôïp chaát saét II Tính höõu duïng Öùng duïng

SulfateFeSO4

Raát toátRBV = 100

Boät nguõ coácThöïc phaåm cho treû cai söõa

CarbonateFeCO3

Yeáu

FumarateFe(C4H2O4)

ToátRBV = 95

Söõa, boät cacao, caø pheâ, nguõ coác

GluconateFe(C6H12O7)

ToátRBV = 97

Söõa, boät, Thöïc phaåm cho treû cai söõa

LactateFe(C3H5O3)2

Toát Protein ñaäu naønh

Phöùc Fe(II)-EDTA Toát Thöïc phaåm treû emPhöùc Fe-saccharate Toát söõa

Saét nguyeân toá Tính höõu duïng Öùng duïng

Fe bò khöû bôûi H2 / CO Thay ñoåi Boät mìFe ñieän ly Tinh goätFe carbonyl Baùnh mì

Page 47: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Zn

CarbonateChlorureOxydeSulfateAcetateStearateNguyeân toá

Fe voâ cô dö thöøa

öùc cheá haáp thuïZn

C th con ng i ch a : 2 – 4 gNhu c u : 6 – 22mgTh c n th ng cung c p y

Enzyme

CuC th con ng i ch a : 100 – 150 mgNhu c u : 1 – 2mgTh c n th ng cung c p y

Enzyme

Trong th c ph m Cu xúc tác nhi u ph n ng không mong mu n Ex. Ôxy hóa ascorbic acid

Page 48: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

IIodine

C th con ng i ch a : 10mgNhu c u : 100 – 200 g

Tuy n giáp

Vùng xu t hi n b u c : 0,1 – 2 /L n c. (thông th ng : 2 – 15 g/L)KI c b sung vào mu i n : 100 g I/1 – 10g mu iN ng cao h n s gây ng c.

Page 49: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Bi N I PROTEIN

X LÝCÔNG NGH

Bi ND

I GIÁ TR DINH NG C A PROTEIN

Protein bi n tính : vô ho t hóa các c td tiêuvô ho t hóa các ch t kháng dinh d ng

Page 50: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

• Ôxy hóa nhi t cao : - các amino acid ch a S methionin methionin-sulfonetryptophan ch t c

• Chi u x (tia gamma) :- kh amin, kh carboxyl

• Nhi t cao + acid ho c ki m:- ng phân hóa L D

• Nhi t cao + ki m :isoleucine alloisoleucinearginine ornithine

• Ph n ng NEB (Maillard) :- m t lysine

• Liên k t c ng hóa tr :- t o thành các h p ch t

không tiêu hóa t lysine,cysteine : lysinoalanine, lanthionine, ornithinoalanine

• Ph n ng NEB (Maillard) :- m t lysine

• Liên k t c ng hóa tr :- t o thành các h p ch t

không tiêu hóa t lysine,cysteine : lysinoalanine,lanthionine, ornithinoalanine

Page 51: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

caùc amino acid thieát yeáu

AMINO ACID

CHAÁT TAÊNG CÖÔØNG DINH DÖÔÕNG

100a

r

NNBV

Giá tr sinh h c (Biological Value) BV

Nr : l ng m t protein c chuy n hóa trong c thNa : l ng m c h p th t protein

Nr = Ni – Ne(f) – Ne(u) – NbNa = Ni – Ne(f)

Ni : l ng m thu n p t proteinNe(f) : l ng m lo i th i qua phânNe(u) : l ng m lo i th i qua n c ti uNb : l ng m lo i th i khi trong th c n không có protein

Page 52: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PER : protein efficiency ratio

naïp(g) thu protein(g) troïngtaêngPER

Giaù trò sinh hoïcNguoàn protein

BV PER

Amino acidbò haïn cheá

Tröùng 94 3.9

Söõa 84 3.1 Met

Caù 76 3.5 Thr

Thòt boø 74 2.3 Met

Khoai taây 73 2.6 Met

Ñaäu naønh 73 2.3 Met

Gaïo 64 2.2 Lys, Tyr

Caùc loaïi ñaäu 58 1.5 Met

Boät mì 52 0.6 Thr

Giaù trò sinh hoïc cuûa protein bò haïn cheá :

thieáu lysine trong nguõ coác

thieáu methionine trong söõa, thòt

thieáu threonine trong luùa mì

thieáu Try. trong söõa, ngoâ, gaïo

Page 53: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Amino acid (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Isoleucine 10-11 3.5 4.0 4.6 3.9 3.6 3.4 5.0

Leucine 11-14 4.2 5.3 7.1 4.3 5.1 6.5 8.2

Lysine 9-12 3.5 3.7 4.9 3.6 4.4 2.0 3.6

Methionine + Cystine 11-14 4.2 3.2 2.6 1.9 2.1 3.8 3.4

Methionine 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.4 2.2

Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 13-14 4.5 6.1 7.2 5.8 5.5 6.7 8.9

Phenylalanine 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 4.6 4.7

Threonine 6-7 2.2 2.9 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 3.7

Tryptophane 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Valine 11-14 4.2 4.3 5.6 3.6 3.3 3.8 6.4

Tryptophane* 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.0

(1) : nhu caàu haøng ngaøy (mg/Kg theåtroïng)

(2) – (8) : trò soá so saùnh vôùi tryptophane = 1

(2) : nhu caàu haøng ngaøy(3) : tröùng; (4) : söõa boø(5) : khoai taây(6) : ñaäu naønh(7) : boät mì(8) : gaïo

* : % tryptophane trong protein

Page 54: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

giaù trò sinh hoïc cao nhaát :

hoãn hôïp 35% protein tröùng + 65% protein khoai taây

Choïn daïng ñoàng phaân LNguy cô bieán ñoåi caûm quan : vò ñaéngHoaït tính vaø tính nhaäy caûm cuûa aa.Khaû naêng tieâu thuï

CAÙC NGUOÀN BOÅ SUNG

Dung dòch protein coâ ñaëc töøsöõa, lactoserumcaùñaäu naønhñaäu phoïng

CAÂN ÑOÁI AMINO ACID

BOÅ SUNG AMINO ACID

Page 55: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Nguoàn protein cung caáp töøthöïc phaåm coøn thieáu veà chaát

löôïng vaø soá löôïng

caùc amino acid thieát yeáu

Thöïc phaåm caân ñoái hôn veà chaát ñaïm

Gaïo boå sung L-lysine, L-threonineBaùnh mì boå sung L-lysineSaûn phaåm ñaäu naønh, ñaäu phoïng boå sung methionine

Page 56: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Boå sung (%)

Protein Khoâng boåsung 0.2 Lys 0.4 Lys 0.4 Lys

0.2 Thr0.4 Lys0.07 Thr

0.4 Lys0.07 Thr0.2 Try

Casein 2.5

Boät mì 0.65 1.56 1.63 2.67

Ngoâ 0.85 1.08 2.50 2.59

Giaù trò sinh hoïc cuûa protein taêng leân sau khi ñöôïc boå sung amino acid thieát yeáu

Page 57: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Tên thông d ng Tên khoa h c Vi t t t

H omega 6Linoleic acid (LA)Gammalinolenic acid (GLA)Arachidonic acidOsbond acid

Octadecadienoic acidOctadecatrienoic acidEicosatetraenoic acidDocosapentaenoic acid

C18:2 ( 9,12)C18:3 ( 6,9,12)C20: 4 ( 5,8,11,14)C22:5 ( 4,7,10,13,16)

H omega 3Linolenic acidSteriodonic acidTimnodonic acidCervonic acid

Octadecatrienoic acidOctadecatetraenoic acidEicosapentaenoic acidDocosahexaenoic acid

C18:3 ( 9,12,15)C18:4 ( 6,9,12,15)C20:5 ( 5,8,11,14,17)C22:6 ( 4,7,10,13,16,19)

Page 58: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

BNP ISSFAL FAO/WHO

ARA (% of formula fat) 0,30% 1,0 – 1,5 % 1,0 %DHA (% of formula fat) 0,30% 0,5 – 1,1 % 0,8 %EPA/DHA ratio >5:1 10:1

Recommendations by Expert Panels for Supplementation of Infant Formula with DHA and ARA

Page 59: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Measurement Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study4a Study 5

Sample size 55 24 27 32 6Dose (g DHA/day) 1,6 1,8 1,2 3,0 6,0Duration (day) 98 42 42 14 90Blood DHA +90% +250% +170% +180% +344%Triglyceride -18% -17% -21% -44% -17%HDL +10% +17% +6% +17% +9%LDL ns ns ns ns ns

a: this supplementation included 3,4g ARA/day in addition to the DHA

Effects of DHA supplementation in the absance of any other supplemental omega-3 fatty acids

Page 60: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Fatty acid Commercialsources

Omega 6LA Vegetable oils Corn, soy, canola

GLA Speciality plant oilsSingle cell oils

Primrose, borage, black current seedMucor, mortierella,

ARA Single cell oilsAnimal

MortierellaEgg yolka

Omega 3LNA Vegetable oils Soy, canola, linseedEPA Animal (fish) Menhaden, salmon, tunaDHA Animal (fish)

AnimalSingle cell oils

Menhaden, salmon, tunaEgg yolka

CrypthecodiniumSchizochytriumb

a: Primarily in the form of phosphatidylcholine.b: Also contains 13–15% omega-6 DPA.

Page 61: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

‘‘Flavor is the sum of those characteristics of any material taken in the mouth, perceived principally by the senses of taste and smell, and also the general pain and tactile receptors in the mouth, as received and interpreted by the brain.’’

FLAVOR ?

Ng i tiêu dùng : Th giácXúc giácThính giác

C M NH N MÙI & VV giác và kh u giác

Page 62: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

The Society of Flavor Chemists (1969) :‘‘A flavor is a substance which may be a single chemical entity, or a blend of chemicals of natural or synthetic origin, whose primary purpose is to provide all or part of the particular effect to any food or other product taken in the mouth.’’

The International Organization of the Flavor Industry (IOFI) : ‘‘Concentrated preparation, with or without solvents or carriers, used to impart flavor, with the exception of only salty, sweet, or acid tastes. It is not intended to be consumed as such.’’

Council of Europe: ‘‘Flavoring is a substance which has predominantly odor-producing properties and which possibly affects the taste.’’

Page 63: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HÖÔNG LIEÄUCHAÁT THÔM

CHAÁT TAÊNG CÖÔØNG CAÛM QUAN

MUØI

CAÁUTRUÙC

FLAVORBAY ÑEÁN

MUÕI

CÔ QUAN CAÛM NHAÄN

ÑEÁN HOÏNG (QUAÙ TRÌNH

NHAI)

BAY ÑEÁNMUÕI

ÑEÁN HOÏNG (QUAÙ TRÌNH

NHAI)

Page 64: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Haøm löôïng cöïc thaáp

Chuûng loaïi raát ña daïng

CHAÁT THÔM THÖÏC PHAÅM

cheá bieán leân men rau quaû500 hôïp chaát bay

hôi

Page 65: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

chæ moät soá löôïng giôùi haïn coù vai troø quan troïng

Maarse, H.; Visscher, C.A. trong 300 loaïi thöïc phaåm

6200 chaát thôm (1990)

Chæ ñöôïc xem laø chaát thôm khi :haøm löôïng > ngöôõng gaây muøi

haøm löôïng < ngöôõng nhöng hoãn hôïp cuûa chuùng > ngöôõng

Page 66: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

cx : haøm löôïng hôïp chaát x trong thöïc phaåmax : ngöôõng gaây muøi cuõa hôïp chaát x

NGÖÔÕNG GAÂY MUØI(odor threshold)

nhieät ñoä

moâi tröôøng Chaát thôm

aùùp suaát hôi(vapor pressure)

thao taùc

ñoä nhaäy caûm(thieát bò, ngöôøi)

TRÒ SOÁ MUØI THÔM(AROMA VALUE)

acA

X

XX

Page 67: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Ngöôõng gaây muøi (mg/kg)Hôïp chaát

Trong nöôùc Trong bia

n-Butanol 0.5 200

3-Methylbutanol 0.25 70

Dimethylsulfide 0.00033 0.05

2-trans-Nonenal 0.00008 0.00011

H p ch t Ng ng (mg/L)

EthanolMaltolHexanolFurfuralVanilinRaspberry ketoneLimoneneLinaloolHexanal

10035

2.53.00.020.010.010.0060.0045

H p ch t Ng ng (mg/L)

2-PhenylethanalMethylpropanalEthylbutyrate(+)-Nootkatone(-)-NootkatoneFilbertonMethylthiol2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine1-p-Menthen-8-thiol

0.0040.0010.0010.0011.00.000050.000020.0000020.00000002

20oC trong n c

Page 68: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Hôïp chaát Muøi Nguoàn goác

2-trans,4-cis-Decadienoic acid ethyl ester quaû leâ quaû leâ

Benzaldehyde haïnh nhaân haïnh nhaân, anh ñaøo, maän

Neral/geranial chanh Chanh

1-(Hydroxyphenyl)-3-butanon daâu röøng daâu röøng

(R)-(-)-1-Octen-3-ol naám Naám,camembert

2-trans,6-cis-Nonadienal döa chuoät döa chuoät

Geosmin ñaát cuû caûi ñöôøng

trans-5-Methyl-2-hepten-4-one (filberton) hoà ñaøo hoà ñaøo

4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone caramel baùnh qui, bia, caø-pheâ

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline thöùc aên nöôùng voû baùnh

Page 69: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

THÖÏCPHAÅM Hoãn hôïp

chaát thôm

Tyû leä A

Tyû leä B

Muøi thôm I

Muøi thôm II

Coâng thöùc (recipe)

Qui trình (process)

Page 70: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Chaát thôm

CAÙC PHAÛN ÖÙNG HOÙA HOÏC

PHAÛN ÖÙNG ENZYME

PHAÛN ÖÙNG KHOÂNG ENZYME

RAUQUAÛTHÒT CAÙ,

SÖÕA,NGUÕ COÁC

BIEÁN DÖÔÕNG

SAÛN PHAÅM THÖÙ CAÁP

CHEÁ BIEÁN

METABOLISMSECONDARY PRODUCTS

PROCESSING

Page 71: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HÖÔNG LIEÄU TÖÏ NHIEÂN & TOÅNG HÔÏP

AROMA CONCENTRATE

ESSENCE

EXTRACT

INDIVIDUAL COMPOUND

HOÃN HÔÏP

AROMA FORMULATION

TYÛ LEÄ

KINHNGHIEÄM

ÑAÙNH GIAÙ CAÛM QUAN

PHAÂN TÍCH LYÙ-HOÙA

Page 72: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

T O H NG

Nguyên li u

H p ch t h u cTinh d uTh ly tríchD ch épGia vH tRau th mD ch cô c t ng v t

Mùi c tr ng c a rh c ph m

B ng mô t các mùi (flavor profile)

CH T O MÙI

D a trên b ng mô t , t ng h p mùi tnh ng nguyên li u

1 Ph ng pháp c i n

Page 73: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Flavor chemist’s perception of butter

Associated components as building blocks

Typical buttery Diacetyl, starter distillate, acetoin, acetyl propionyl

Lactone, cooked -Decalactone, -dodecalactone, -decalactone

Cheesy Butyric acid, caprioc acid, caprylic acid, capric acid

Waxy Myristic acid, palmitic acid, dodecanal

Creamy cis-4-Heptenal, methyl amyl ketone

Nutty 2-Hexenal, pyrazines

Flavor Profile of Butter and Its Associated Building Blocks asPerceived by Flavor Chemist

Page 74: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Flavor chemist’s perception of mango

Associated components as building blocks

Fresh Acetaldehyde, hexyl butanoate cis-3 hexenol

Sweet Nerol, -octalactone, -decalactone,-ionone

Cooked/juicy 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone

Tropical/sulfury Dimethyl sulfide

Citrus Linalool, nerol, citronellol, geraniol

Floral Linalool, nerol, linalyl acetate

Flavor Profile of Mango and Its Associated BuildingBlocks as Perceived by Flavor Chemist

Page 75: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Flavor chemist’s perception of chicken

Associated components as building blocks

Meaty 4-Methyl-5-thiazole ethanol acetate Cooked 2,3-Butane dithiol, dimethyl disulfideSulfury Hydrogen sulfide

Fatty/oily 2,4-Decadienal, linolenic acid, oleic acid

Skin 2,4-Heptadienal

Flavor Profile of Chicken (Boiled Type) and its Associated Building Blocks as Perceived by Flavor Chemist

Page 76: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Flavor chemist’s perception of butter

Associated components as building blocks

Roasted Trimethyl pyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, dimethyl sulfide

Meaty Dimethyl sulfide, 3,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-trithiolane

Fatty Oleic acid, hexanoic acid

Cooked Methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, dimethylsulfide

Flavor Profile of Roast Beef and Its AssociatedBuilding Blocks as Perceived by Flavor Chemist

Page 77: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Whisky flavour wheel

Page 78: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Coffee flavor wheel

Page 79: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Italian cheese flavor wheel

Page 80: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)
Page 81: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Ch t th m

‘‘characterizing keys’’Nòng c t c a mùi

without ‘‘characterizing keys’’Không ph i là nòng c t

Flavor Characterizing key chemicalAnise, fennel AnetholeBitter almond BenzaldehydeDill D-CarvoneSpearmint L-CarvoneCassia, Cinnamon CinnamaldehydeLemon peel, lemongrass CitralCumin CuminaldehydeTarragon (estragon) EstragoleClove, allspice, bay leaf EugenolEucalyptus EucalyptolPeppermint L-Menthol

Oil wintergreen, sweet birch , teaberry Methyl salicylate

Page 82: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

2 Ph ng pháp hóa h c

Thành ph n ch t th mMÙI TH C PH M Phân tích(s c ký)

Chu n b m uPhân l p các h p ch t bay h iPhân tích thành ph n các ch t bay h iXác nh các ch t th m

1900 : d i 100 ch t th m c bi t1963 : d i 500 ch t th m có s n t ng h p mùi th m1983 : trên 4000 ch t th m c dùng t ng h p mùi th m

T NG H P MÙI TH C PH M

Page 83: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

3 Ph ng pháp sinh h c

Khai thác các quá trình sinh h c t nhiên (công ngh sinh h c)

S n xu t m t ph n hay toàn b mùi th mS d ng enzyme t ng n ng su t c a tinh d u, oleoresin Gây t bi n gen t ng quá trình t ng h p các h p ch t th c pBi n i quá trình lên men t o mùiNuôi c y mô t o quá trình t ng h p các h p ch t th c p

Page 84: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Major product(s)produced in nature

Examples ofoccurrence

Microorganism appliedaMajor portion of

substrate

Methyl ketones Cheese Penicillium Roqueforti Fatty acids

Lactones Peaches, coconut Pityrosporum species Lipids

Butyric acid Butter Clostridium Butyricum Dextrose

Carveol, carvone, dihydrocarvone,perillyl alcohol

Spearmint and other essential oils Pseudomonas species Limonene

d-Verbenone,d-cis-Verbenol

Aspergillus Niger -Pinene

Cheeselike flavor Cheese Streptococcus species Lactobacillus species

Reconstitutedmilk

Breadlike flavor Bread Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Sugar and milk

Examples of Biosynthetic Production of Chemicals

Page 85: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

4 Ph ng pháp nhi t

Nguyên li u :Ngu n N t protein : th t, s a, th y s n, các d ch th y phânNgu n carbohydrate : rau, qu , ng, d ch th y phânNgu n ch t béoRau th m, gia v

Nhi t x lý <180oC

Secondary originsource Primary origin

Biological Thermal

Botanical Fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers, nuts Wine, beer, bread Coffee, cocoa,

caramel

Animal Fish, beef, chicken, milk Fermentedsausage, cheese

Roast beef, boiled chicken, grilled cheese

Classification of Nature’s Flavors

Page 86: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Các h p ch t t ng h pCác h p ch t t nhiên

Các ngu n ch t th m dùng t ng h p mùi th c ph m

Aromatic Aliphatic

Benzenoid Heterocyclic ring Cyclic Acyclic

Phenois Thiazoles Lactones Hydrocarbons

Ethers Furans Alcohols

Acetals Pyrans Carbonyls

Carbonyls Thiophenes Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids Pyrazines Esters

Esters Imidazoles Isoprenoids

Lactones Pyridines Sulfur compounds

Sulfur compounds Pyrroles Nitrogen compounds

Oxazoles

Thiazoles

Page 87: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Hôïp chaát terpene Muøi

MyrceneLinaloolCis-furanlinalool oxideGeraniolGeranialCitronellolLimonene-phellandrene-terpineol

1,8-cineol-sinensal-cariophyllene

Coû, kim loaïiHoaGoã, ngoïtHoa hoàngChanhHoa hoàngChanhThuoácÑinh höông, ñaøoGia vò, long naõoGia vò

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COÂNG THÖÙC PHA CHEÁ TINH DAÀU QUAÛ THÔM

Töø nguyeân lieäu töï nhieân650g nöôùc eùp quaû thôm coâ ñaëc300g daàu chöng caát töø voû quaû thôm

10g daàu cam (orange oil)2g daàu men röôïu (oil of wine yeast)2g daàu camomile (Matricalia chamomilla)

376g Ethyl acetate 8.0g Butyric acid112g Amyl butyrate 5.6g Vanillin105g Butyl acetate 4.0g Citronellyl butyrate45g Ethyl butyrate 2.5g Methyl allyl caproate

36g Ethyl isovaleric 2.0g Methyl- -methylthioproprionate

28.6g Amyl acetate 2.0g Allyl phenoxyacetate22.5g Orange oil 1.0g Methyl caprylate21.4g Allyl caproate 0.6g Citral20.0g Diethyl sebacate 0.3g Cinnamyl acetate16.4g Allyl cyclohexyl proprionate 0.1g Bornyl acetate16.0g Ethyl proprionate 162g Dung moâi 13;0g Ethyl heptanoate

Töø hôïp chaát toång hôïp

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SÖÛ DUÏNG CHAÁT THÔM TRONG THÖÏC PHAÅM

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CHAÁT ÑIEÀU VÒ

CHAÁT TAÊNG CÖÔØNG CAÛM QUAN

FLAVOR ENHANCE

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG)

5'-NUCLEOTIDE

MALTOL

CAÙC HÔÏP CHAÁT KHAÙC

Page 103: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG)

Rong bieån (Laminaria japonica)

IKEDA (1908)

Söû duïng :pH : 5-80.2-0.5%

Caùc saûn phaåm cheá bieán töø thòt, caù : ñoâng laïnh, say khoâ, ñoùng hoäp

Ñoái vôùi ngöôi maãn caûm "Chinese restaurant syndrome" Roái loaïn taïm thôøi : ueå oaûi; nhöùc ñaàu; ñau buïng; cöùng khôùpCaùc trieäu chöøng seõ maát ñi sau moät thôùi gian ngaén.

“umami” taste

MSG Sucrose Sodiumchloride Tartaric acid Quinine

sulfate0,012 0,086 0,0037 0,00094 0,000049

Detection thresholds for five taste substances (in g/dL)

Page 104: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

5'-NUCLEOTIDE

5'-inosine monophosphate(IMP, sodium salt)

5'-guanosine monophosphate(GMP, disodium salt)

Vò töông töï nhö MSG nhöng 10 – 20 laàn maïnh hônKhaû naêng taïo vò : 75 – 500 ppm trong thöïc phaåm (xuùp, nöôùc xoát, thòt ñoùng hoäp…)Taùc duïng coäng höôûng giöõa MSG vaø 5'-nucleotide

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 12% IMP 4% IMP 2% IMP 1% IMP

0.1% IMP

MSG+IMP (g/dl)

Taùc duïng coäng höôûng cuûa Na-glutamate (MSG) vaø disodium-inosine-monophosphate(IMP). Ñöôøng cong bieåu dieãn noáng ñoäMSG hoaëc noàng ñoäMSG+IMP coù vò ngoït töông ñöông.

Page 105: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

MALTOL

3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyronenoùng chaûy ôû 162 – 164oCcoù muøi carameltaêng vò ngoït cuûa caùc thöïc phaåm chöùa nhieàu glucidvôùi 5-7ppm cho pheùp giaûm 15% haøm löôïng ñöôøng

CAÙC HÔÏP CHAÁT KHAÙC

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate O

O

SO3Na

O

Otaïo vò töôi (freshness) cho söõa tieät truøng

N,N'-di-o-tolylethylenediamine

NHNH

noàng ñoä 5x10-7ppb ñeán 10ppbtaïo höông vò cuûa bô cho margarine

Nhieàu hôïp chaát ñöôïc xem laø chaát ñieàu vò nhöng vieäc phaân tích vaø xaùc ñònh chöa ñöôïc roõ raøng

Page 106: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CHAÁT TAÏO VÒ NGOÏT

CHAÁT THAY THEÁ ÑÖÔØNG

SUGAR SUBSTITUES

Taêng vò ngoït nhöng khoâng coù (hoaëc coù ít) giaù trò dinh döôõngQuaù trình bieán döôõng khoâng aûnh höôûng ñeán insulin

Ñoä ngoït töông ñoái cuûa moät hôïp chaát X so vôùi moät chaát chuaån S(2.5% hoaëc 10% saccharose)

Ex: moät chaát coù : fsac,g(10) = 100chaát naøy ngoït hôn 100 laàn dung dòch 10% saccharose hoaëcdung dòch 0.1% chaát naøy coù vò ngoït töông ñöông vôùi dung

dòch 10% saccharose

cccc

xsx

ss isosweet for )f(c

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100

300

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

noàng ñoä saccharose (%)

ñoä ngoït töông ñoái cuûa moät vaøi hôïp chaát theo noàng ñoä saccharose :

neohespiridine dihydrochalcone

saccharine

aspartame

acesulfame

Page 109: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SACCHARINE

chaát taïo vò ngoït quan troïngfsac,g(4) = 320

thöôøng ñöôïc söû duïng döôùi daïng muoái Na hoaëc Caôû noàng ñoä cao coù haäu vò ñaéng(Acceptable Daily Intake) ADI = 0-2.5mg/kg theå troïngñöôïc toång hôïp töø toluene hoaëc töø anthranilic acid

VAÁN ÑEÀBEÙO PHÌ

SUGAR SUBSTITUES

Ñaûm baûo an toaønCoù vò ngoït töông töï saccharose. Khoâng coù haäu vòOÀn ñònh ôû nhöõng ñieàu kieän nhieät ñoä vaøpH khaùc nhauGIAÛM CALORIE

TRONG THÖÏC PHAÅM

NHS

O

O O

Page 110: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CYCLAMATE"ñöôøng hoùa hoïc" phoå bieán

Daïng muoái Na hoaëc Ca cuûa cyclohexane sulfamic acidÑoä ngoït keùm hôn saccharine fsac.g(10) = 35Khoâng coù haäu vò ñaéngVò ngoït keùm ñöôïc öa chuoäng so vôùi saccharineADI = 0 – 11mg/kg theå troïngÑöôïc toång hôïp töø cyclohexylamine

NH

SO3H

Ñoä ngoït phuï thuoäc vaøo ñoä lôùn cuûa voøng Cycloalkyl.Voøng caøng lôùn, ñoä ngoït caøng cao.

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MONELLIN

Quaû Dioscoreophyllum cumminsiiLaø moät protein goàm 2 chuoãi A vaø Bfsac.g = 3000tính oån ñònh thaáp : - gaây vò chaäm

- vò bò nhaït daànkhoâng ñöôïc öa chuoäng treân thò tröôøng

A – B

A

Bphaân ly

khoâng vò ngoït

A – B

- ñoä ngoït phuïc hoài chaäm - ñoä ngoït keùm

taùi hôïp

A

B

synthesized

synthesized

A – B ñoä ngoït = Monellin töï nhieân keát hôïp

Quaù trình phaân ly bieán tính chuoãi protein

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THAUMATIN

Quaû Thaumatococcus danielliibaûn chaát laø protein : thaumatin I vaø thaumatin IIfsac.g 2000an toaøn (toxicologically safe) söû duïng trong keïo chewing gum

vaø caùc saûn phaåm töø söõataùc duïng coäng höôûng vôùi saccharin, acesulfame, stevioside

Page 113: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CURCULIN & MIRACULIN

Quaû Curculigo latifoliabaûn chaát laø protein fsac.g (6.8) = 550

vò ngoït bieán maát sau vaøi phuùt xuaát hieän trôû laïi khi suùc mieäng baèng nöôùcion Ca2+ vaø Mg2+ trong nöôùc boït laøm maát vò ngoït

suùc mieäng vôùi dd citric acid 0.02mol/l taêng vò ngoïtfsac.g (12) = 970 a taste modifier

CURCULIN

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MIRACULIN

Quaû Synsepalum dulcificumBaûn chaát laø protein

Khoâng vò ngoït nhöng laøm taêng vò ngoït cuûa caùc dung dòch khaùc

GYMNEMA SILVESTRE EXTRACT

Loaïi tröø khaû naêng tieáp nhaän vò ngoït trong vaøi giôøHoaït chaát chöa ñöôïc xaùc ñònh

Page 115: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

STEVIOSIDE

Laù Stevia rebaudiana (6%)fsac.g (4) = 300

O

O

O

CH2OH

HOH2C

HOH2C O

C OCH3

H2C

H2C

OSLADIN

Reã Polypodium vulgareraát ngoït fsac.g = 3000coù ñoäc tính khoâng ñöôïc pheùp söû duïng

O

O

O

CH2OH

CH3

O

O

OCH3

OH3C

CH3

H3C

H3C

O

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PHYLLODULCIN

Laù Hydrangea macrophyllaVò ngoït töông töï cam thaûo (licorice)Vò ngoït ñeán chaäm vaø nhaït daànfsac.g (5) = 250Söû duïng trong caùc loaïi keïo vaø chewing gum

Isocumarin dervatives

O

OZ

X

Y

Z = OH; X = OMe; Y = OH

3,4-dihydroisocoumarin

CompoundX Y Z

Taste

OMe OH OH Very sweetOMe OMe OH BitterOMe OMe OMe No tasteOH OH OH No tasteOH H OH No tasteOH OH H No tatste

OMe OH H Very sweetOH OMe H No taste

Page 117: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

GLYCYRRHIZIN

Reã caây cam thaûo (licorice) Glycyrrihiza glabrafsac.g (4) = 50

Do coù taùc duïng töông töï cortisone neân vieäc aùp duïng bò haïn cheá

, '-glucuronido – glucuronide cuûa glycyrretic acid

HO

COOH

H

OH

Page 118: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

NITROANILINE

Ñoä ngoït thay ñoåi theo goác R fsac.g = 4100

Ñöôïc söû duïng döôùi teân th ng maïi laø "Ultrasweet P-4000".Coù taùc duïng phuï gaây ñoäc khoâng ñöôïc söû duïng

OR

NO2

NH2R fsac.

HCH3C2H5C3H7C4H9(CH3)2CHCH3CH=CH

120220950

41001000600

2000

Page 119: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

DIHYDROCHALCONE

Caùc daãn xuaát cuûa Flavanone

Vò ngoït ñeán chaäm nhöng löu laïi laâu -neohesperidin dihydrochalcone : fsac.g = 1100 hoaëc fsac.g (10) = 667

Vò ngoït vaø ñoä ngoït thay ñoåi theo söï htay theá treân voøng B (coù ít nhaát 1 nhoùm OH)Söû duïng : chewing gum; nöôùc suùc mieäng, nöôùc giaûi khaùt vaø caùc loaïi keïo

RO

HO O

OHOH

OCH3

A

B

Page 120: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

UREA & GUANIDINE

DULCIN4-ethoxyphenylurea

Coù vò gaàn vôùi sucrose hôn saccharinfsac.g (5) = 109Ñöôïc söû duïng chung vôùi saccharin nhöng hieän nay khoâng söû duïng do taùc duïng phuï

gaây ñoäc

C2H3O NH CO NH2

SUOSANN-[(p-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]- -alanine

Coù vò gaàn vôùi sucrose hôn dulcin vaø saccharinfsac.g (2) = 700caùc hôïp chaát khaùc: p-cyanophenyl (fsac.g (2) = 450), N-glycine vaø thiocarbamoyl

O2N — — NH — CO — NH — CH2 — CH2 — COOH

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GUANIDINE

Daãn xuaát cuûa guanidinoacetic acidMoät trong nhöõng hôïp chaát coù vò ngoït

cao nhaátÑöôïc toång hôïp töø isothiocyanate

NHR1

NHR2RNC

R R1 R2 fsac.g(2)

p-cyanophenyl

3,5-dichlorophenyl

p-cyanophenyl

HBenzylPhenylsulfonyl1-NaphthylCyclohexylCyclooctylCyclononylBenzylCyclooctylCyclohexylCyclooctyl

Carboxymethyl

Tetrazolylmethyl

270030000450006000012000

170000200000

8000060000

4005000

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OXIME

fsac.g 2000Raát keùm hoøa tan trong nöôùc khoù söû duïng

OH

N

(I)

OH

N

CH2OCH3

(II)

deã hoøa tan hôn nhöng ñoä ngoït giaûm fsac.g = 450

OXATHIAZINONE DIOXIDE

Ñoä ngoït phuï thuoäc vaøo caùc goác R1 vaø R2

Acesulfame K : fsac.g (4) = 130ADI = 0 – 9 mg/kg theå troïngToång hôïp töø fluorosulfonyl isocyanate vaø alkyle hoaëc töø caùc

hôïp chaát coù nhoùm methylene hoaït tíng

NH

SO2

O

O

R2

R1

Page 123: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

DIPEPTIDE ESTER & AMIDE

ASPARTAMEL-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (L-Asp-L-Phe-OMe)

"Nutrasweet"

Ñöôïc söû duïng phoå bieán Khoâng beàn ôû nhieät ñoä caoQuaù trình thoaùi hoùa thuûy phaân vaø taïo thaønh 2,5-dioxopiperazineAspartame ADI = 0 – 40mg/kg theå troïng

Diketopiperazine ADI = 0 – 7,5mg/kg theå troïng

L-Asp-L-Phe-OMe

L-Asp + L-Phe + MeOH

+ MeOH NH

CH2C6H5

O

HOOC—H2C

HN

O

Saccharose Aspartame Fsac.g

0.34 a

4.310.015.0

0.001a

0.020.0750.15

340215133100

Concentration of iso sweet aqueous solution (%)a : ngöôõng gaây ngoït

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SUPERASPARTAME

Thay theá goác NH2 töï do cuûa Aspartame baèng goác (p-cyanophenyl) carbamoylNgoït hôn Aspartame fsac.g (2) = 14000

NC —

COOCH3

—NH – CO – NH – CH

CO – NH – CH

HOOC – CH2

CH2

C6H5

ALITAMEAmide cuûa dipeptide L-Asp-D-Alafsac.g (10) = 2000Tính oån ñònh cao hôn aspartame

NH2 – CH

CO – NH – CH

CO – NH –

HOOC – CH2

CH3

S

Page 125: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

R fsac.g (10)

Cyclopentyl

Cyclohexyl

(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl)-cyclopentyl

(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl)-cyclohexyl

(Diethyl)-methyl

(Diisopropyl)-methyl

(Di-tetr-butyl)-methyl

(Di-cyclopropyl)-methyl

(Cyclopropyl)-(tetr-butyl)-methyl

(Cyclopropyl)-(methyl)-methyl

(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-cyclobutyl

(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-cyclobutan-3-only

(3-hydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-cyclobutyl

3-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-thietanyl

3-(1-cis-oxo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-thietanyl

3-(1-trans-oxo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-thietanyl

3-(1,1-Dioxo-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl)-thietanyl

50

90

800

300

100

250

450

1200

1200

100

300

240

125

2000

300

350

805

Ñoä ngot cuûa caùc amide töø L-Asp-D-Ala-NHR

Page 126: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HERNANDULCIN

sisquiterpen töø Lippia dulcis

6-(1,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxy-hex-2-enonefsac.g (0.25) = 1250Vò ngoït ñaéng

OH OH

(I) vò ngoït

OH

OH

(II) khoâng vò ngoït

Page 127: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HALODEOXY SUGARS

Ñoä ngoït phuï thuoäc vaøo soá löôïng vaø vò trí caùc nhoùm thay theá4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose : fsac.g (10) = 650Tính oån ñònh cao

O

OH

OH

OH

Cl O

HO

OH

Cl

ClO2

3

4

61'

3'4'

6'

Deoxysucrose derivative fsac.g (10)

4-chlorogalacto-1'-chloro6'-chloro4,1'-dichlorogalacto-1',6'-dichloro4,1',6'-trifluorogalacto-4,1',6'-trichlororogalacto-4,1',6'-tribromogalacto-4,1',6'-triiodogalacto-6,1',6'-trichloro4,1',6',6'-tetrachlorogalacto-4,1',4',6'-tetrabromogalacto-4-fluoro-1',4',6'-trichlorogalacto-4'-iodo-4-1',6'-trichlorogalacto-4,6,1',6'-tetrachlorogalacto-6-deoxy-4,1',6'-trichlorogalacto-6-O-methyl-4,1',6'-trichlorogalacto-6-O-isopropyl-4,1',6'-trichlorogalacto-2,6,1',6'-tetrachloromanno-

52020

1208040

65080012025

2200750010003500200400500

not sweetbitter

Page 128: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HOÙA HOÏC :• SACCHARINE• CYCLAMATETHÖÏC VAÄT :• PROTEIN :

MONELLINTHAUMATINCURCULIN & MIRACULIN

• GLYCOSIDEPHYLLODULCINGLYCYRRHIZINDIHYDROCHALCONE

TOÅNG HÔÏP :• UREA & GUANIDINE

DULCINSUOSANGUANIDINE

• OXIME• OXATHIAZINONE DIOXIDE• PEPTIDE ESTER & AMIDE

ASPAERTAMESUPERASPARTAMEALITAME

• HERNANDULCIN• HALODEOXY SUGARS (SUCRALOSE)

Page 129: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CHAÁT MAØUCHAÁT TAÊNG CÖÔØNG CAÛM QUAN

FOOD COLORS

THÖÏCPHAÅM

ÑOÅI MAØU /PHAI MAØU

CHEÁ BIEÁN /BAÛO QUAÛN

TAÏO MAØU

CHEÁ BIEÁN /BAÛO QUAÛN

CHAÁT MAØU

Baùnh keïoNöôùc giaûi khaùtKem (ice cream)Traùng mieängSaûn phaåm söõaSaûn phaåm nguõ coác

CHAÁT MAØU Töï nhieân (natural colors)

Toång hôïp (synthetic dyes)

soá löôïng thích hôïp cho thöïc phaåm raát ít

Vaøng cam cuûa CarotenoidsÑoû cuûa Cuû DeànNaâu cuûa Caramel

Page 130: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CURCUMINTrích töø cuû ngheäBoät maøu vaøngKhoâng hoøa tan trong nöôùc vaø etherDung moâi: methanol, hexane, acatone

HO —

HO —

— CH CH – CO

CH2

— CH CH – C

O

H3CO

H3CO

(1,7-di-(4)-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-heptadiene-1,6-dione)

Diferuloylmethane

CHAÁT MAØU TÖÏ NHIEÂN

Page 131: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

RIBOFLAVIN Vit. B2Tinh theå hình kim maøu vaøngHoøa tan trong nöôùcKhoâng hoøa tan trong daàu, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzen

N

N N O

O

H3C

H3C

CH2 – CHOH – CHOH – CHOH –CH2OH

NH

CAROTENOID

Maøu vaøng, cam, ñoûRau quaû, naám, hoa, ñoäng vaät (tröùng, caù) Töø caùc ñôn vò isopren, ñaàu chuoãi caáu truùc

maïch voøng mang caùc nhoùm chöùc-caroten, -caroten, bixine, norbixine,

capsanthin, lycopen…Trong coâng nghieäp : boät hoøa trong nöôùc

huyeàn phuø, nhuõ töông

Page 132: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

-CAROTENE

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

H3C

H3C CH3

H3C

Daïng boät tinh theå ñoû saämKhoâng hoøa tan trong nöôùc hoaëc ethanol Hoøa tan trong chloroformeNhaäy caûm vôùi khoâng khí, aùnh saùng, aåm

-APO-8’-CAROTENAL(trans)

Laø moät carotenoid toång hôïp. Cuõng coù theå tìm thaáy trong cam quyùt, rau…

Tinh theå boät mònTan trong : chloroformeKhoâng tan trong nöôùc Daïng ester ethyl (-COOC2H5) : maøu ñoû cam

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

CHOH3C

Page 133: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

LYCOPENE

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3H3CH3C

H3CCH3

Saéc toá maøu ñoû trong quaû chín caø chua)

Daïng tinh theå hình kim

Tan trong : chloroforme, benzen

Khoâng tan trong methanol, ethanol

Page 134: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

XANTHOPHYLLCaùc hôïp chaát coù caáu truùc raát gaàn vôùi caùc carotenoid

vôùi caùc goác hydroxyl vaø ceton

Hoøa tan trong ethanol deã hôn carotenoid

Coù trong laù vaø caùnh hoa

Mang goác OH Hydroxy compound

HO

OH

ZEAXANTHIN (ngoâ)

HO LUTEIN (laù caây, troøng ñoû tröùng)

OH

Page 135: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Mang goác CO Keto compound

CAPSANTHINLy trích töø ôùt : paprika Capsicum annuum

Dung moâi : acetone, dichloromethane, ethanol

Tan trong : acetone, chloroforme, methanol

OH

OH

O

Page 136: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HO

ASTAXANTHIN (toâm, cua) (t o Haematococcus pluvialis)

Lieân keát vôùi protein carotenoid-protein complex cho

3 maøu xanh ( , , vaø -crustacyanin) vaø maøu vaøng.

Xöû lyù nhieät : carotenoid-protein astaxanthin maøu ñoû

O

O

O

CANTAXANTHIN

O

Page 137: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Mang goác EPOXY Epoxy compound

O

O

VIOLAXANTHIN (laù caây vaø nöôùc cam) (orange juice)

HO

OH

OMUTATOXANTHIN (cam)

O

OH

LUTEOXANTHIN(cam)

HO

OH

HO

O

Page 138: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

O

O

AUROXANTHIN(cam)

HO

OH

OH

O

NEOXANTHIN

HO

DICARBOXYLIC ACID & ESTER

CROCETINSaéc toá cuûa cuû ngheä, hieän dieän döôùi daïng diester,

glycoside vôùi gentiobiose.Diester : crocin tan trong nöôùc

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

COOH

HOOC

Page 139: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

BIXINHaït cuûa Bixa orellanaHoøa tan trong daàu, ñoä hoøa tan taêng theo möùc ñoä khoâng baûo hoøa cuûa daàu

(max : 0,1%) Hoøa tan trong chloroforme, pyridineOÅn ñònh ôû 100oC

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

COOCH3

HOOC

Page 140: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

MÀU

T côn trùng Dactylopius Coccus (10.000 con 100g)

Màu t iHòa tan trong n c, ethanolKhông hòa tan trong dung môi h u cCH3

O

COOH

HO

OH O

OH

OH

O

OH

OHOH

CH2OH

H

H

H

O

H

Carminic acid

CARMINE

Page 141: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

ANTHOCYANIN

Saéc toá hoaø tan trong nöôùc coù maøu ñoû, xanh lô hoaëc tím ôû caùc loaïi hoa, rau quaû

Trong töï nhieân laø caùc glycoside cuûa muoái phenyl-1-2-benzopyrylium. Thaønh phaàn phi glucid thöôøng laø : pelargonidin, cyanydin, peonidin, delphinidin. Thaønh phaàn glucid laø caùc loaïi ñöôøng khaùc nhau.

Maøu saéc thay ñoåi theo pH, ñoû trong moâi tröôøng acid, xanh hoaëc tím trong moâi tröôøng kieàm

Söï hieän dieän cuûa O2 hoaëc ôû nhieät ñoä cao naâu hoùa

OHO

OH

OH

OH

OH

R

R’

Page 142: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Fruit Anthocyanin

Apple Cy-3-gal, Cy-3-ara, Cy-7-ara

Pears Cy-3-gal

Plums/prunes Cy-3-glc, Cy-3-rut, Peo-3-glc, Peo-3-rut

Sour cherry Cy-3-sop, Cy-3-rut, Cy-3-gluc, Cy-3-glc-rut

Sweet cherry Cy-3-glc, Cy-3-rut

Blackberry Cy-3-glc, Cy-3-rut

Strawberry Pg-3-glc, Pg-3-gal, Cy-3-glc

Raspberry Cy-3-glc, Cy-3-glc-rut, Cy-3-rut, Cy-3-sop, Cy-3-glc-sop

Currant, red Del-3-glc, Cy-3-rut, Cy-3-xyl-rut, Cy-3-glc-rut, Cy-3-sop, Cy-3-sam

Currant, black Cy-3-glc, Cy-3-rut, Del-3-glc

Grapes Cy-, Del-, Peo-, Pet-, Mv-3-glc, Mv-3-5-diglc, Mv-3-p-cumaroylglc-5-glc, Mv-3-p-caffeoylglc-5-glc,

Orange Cy-3-glc, Del-3-glc

Banana Pet-3-gly

Cy: Cyanidin, Del: delphinidin, Mv: malvidin, Peo: peonidin, Pet: petunidin,ara: arabinoside, gal: galactoside, glc: glucoside, gly: glycoside, rut: rutinoside, sam: sambunoside

Page 143: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Sour cherry Sweet cherry Blackberry Strawberry

RaspberryRed currantBlack currant

Plum

Grapes

Page 144: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

BETALAIN

Trong cuû deàn Beta vulgaris khoaûng 50 betalainGoàm betacyanin maøu ñoû & betaxanthin maøu

vaøngCaùc betacyanin laø caùc daãn xuaát cuûa :

betanidin, isobetanidinOån ñònh trong ñieàu kieän pH : 3.5 – 7

N COOHHOOC

NR R’

N COOHHOOC

N

HO H

HO COOH

HOOCH

HN COOHHOOC

NH

R

COO–

H

O

betacyanin betanidin betaxanthin

Page 145: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH=CH2

H3C

CH2

H2C=CH

H3C

CH3

Mg

NN

N

CH2

COOC20H39

COOCH3

O

X

1

2 3

4

7

8

910

5

6

N

X = CH3 : chlorophylle a

X = CHO: chlorophylle b

CHLOROPHYLL

Maøu xanh luïcLy trích baèng dung moâi : acetone,

ethanol…Xaø phoøng hoùa dòch ly tríchChlorophyll thöông maïi : hoøa tan

trong nöôùc, ethanol, daàu

Page 146: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CARAMEL

Màu caramel c chia làm 4 lo i :Lo i I: caustic caramel; INS No. 150a Lo i II: Caustic sulfite caramel; INS No. 150b Lo i III: Ammonia caramel; INS No. 150c Lo i IV: Sulfite ammonia caramel , INS No. 150d

DESCRIPTION Dark brown to black liquids or solids having an odour of burnt sugar

FUNCTIONAL USES Colour

Page 147: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CHAÁT MAØU TOÅNG HÔÏP

D a trên c u trúc hóa h c chia làm 5 nhóm

1 Monoazo

R2 N=N

R5

R4

R3

R1

FD&C Yellow No. 6 R1=H; R2=SO3Na; R3=H; R4=OH; R5=SO3Na

FD&C Red No. 40 R1=OCH3; R2=SO+Na; R3=CH3; R4=OH; R5=SO3Na

Citrus Red No. 2 R1=OCH3; R2=H; R3=OCH3; R4=OH; R5=H

Page 148: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

2 Pyrazolone

N

N

SO3Na

COOR2

R1 – N=N

HO

FD&C Yellow No.5 R1 = R2 = Na

Orange B R1 = R2 = C2H5

SO3Na

SO3Na

Page 149: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

3 Triphenylmethane

R2 C

R4

R3

R1N(C2H5)CH2

N(C2H5)CH2

SO3Na

FD&C Blue No. 1 R1= H; R2 = H; R3 = SO3– ; R4 = SO3–

FD&C green No. 3 R1 = SO3Na; R2 = OH; R3 = H; R4 = SO3–

Page 150: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

O

HN

SO3Na

ONaO3S

NH

4 Indigoid

FD&C Blue No. 2

O

COONa

ONaOI I

II

5 Xanthene

FD&C Red No. 3

Page 151: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CHAÁT MAØU TOÅNG HÔÏP

TARTRAZINEE102

Maøu vaøng, döôùi daïng boät vaøng cam, hoøa tan trong nöôùc,ít hoøa tan trong ethanolBieán thaønh maøu ñoõ trong moâi tröôøng kieàmCoù theå gaây dò öùng

NaO3S N=N

NNHO

COONa

SO3Na

Page 152: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SUNSET YELLOW FCF

E110

NaO3S N=N

SO3Na

HO

CARMOISINE(AZORUBINE)

E122

Chaát maøu (ñoû) thöïc phaåm nhöng cuõng ñöôïc söûduïng nhö moät phaåm maøu coâng nghieäp vaø trong ngaønh in

NaO3S N=N

SO3Na

HO

Page 153: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

AMARANTHE123

Chaát maøu (ñoû) thöïc phaåm khaù phoå bieánDöôùi daïng boät maøu ñoû saãm, tan trong nöôùcCoù maøu thaãm hôn trong moâi tröôøng kieàm

NaO3S N=N

HO SO3Na

SO3Na

ERYTHROSINEE127

Boät maøu naâu, hoøa tan trong nöôùc vaø coàn cho maøu ñoû

Bieán thaønh maøu vaøng trong moâi tröôøng acid

NaO

COONa

I

O O

I

I

Page 154: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

GREEN SBrillant green BS

Maøu xanh duy nhaát ñöôïc pheùp söû duïng Hoøa tan trong nöôùc

SO3NaHO

SO3

(C2H5)2N

(C2H5)2N

BLACK NB

NaO3S N=N

HO

SO3Na

N=N

SO3Na

NHCOCH3

Na O3S

Page 155: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

E102 (Tartrazin)E104 (Quinolingult)E110 (Sunset Yellow)E122 (Azorubin)E124 (Ponceau 4R)E129 (Allura red

Sunset yellow Ponceau 4R Amaranth Carmoisine

Tartrazin Brillant blue Chocolate brown Erythrosine

Indigo carmine Quinoline yellow Red 2G Allura red AC

Page 156: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Product/Colour Shade C.I.No. F.D. & C.No E.No.

QUINOLINE YELLOW47005 - E 104

TARTRAZINE 19140 Yellow 5 E 102

SUNSET YELLOW FCF15985 Yellow 6 E 110

ERYTHROSINE45430 Red 3 E 127

PONCEAU 4R16255 - E 124

ALLURA RED 16035 Red 40 E 129

CARMOISINE14720 - E 122

AMARANTH 16185 Red 2 E 123

Page 157: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CHOCOLATE BROWN HT 20285 - E 155

BRILLIANT BLUE FCF42090 Blue 1 E 133

PATENT BLUE V 42015 - E 131

INDIGO CARMINE73015 Blue 2 E 132

BLACK PN28440 - E 151

FAST RED E 16045 - -

GREEN S 44090 - E 142

RED 2G18050 - E 128

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Page 163: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC ACIDCHAÁT TAÊNG CÖÔØNG CAÛM QUAN VAØ BAÛO QUAÛN

FLAVOR & ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

Page 164: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)
Page 165: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

ACETIC ACID & FATTY ACIDS

acetic, proprionic & sorbic acid : taùc nhaân khaùng khuaån

acid beùo chuoãi ngaén : butyric acid : taïo höông (aroma formulation)

Page 166: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SUCCINIC ACID pK1 : 4.19, pK2 : 5.63chaát taïo deõo (plasticizer)trong boät

nhaøo (dough making)succinic + glycerol monoester :

chaát taïo nhuõ (emulsifier) trong cheábieán baùnh ngoït (baking inductry)

COOH

COOH

CH2

CH2

SUCCINIC ACID ANHYDRIDE

laø moät anhydride duy nhaát ñöôïc söû duïng trong thöïc phaåm

chaát lieân keát trong boät baùnh (baking powders)chaát giöõ aåm trong moät soá saûn phaåm saáy khoâ

Page 167: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

ADIPIC ACID pK1 : 4.43, pK2 : 5.62nöôùc traùi caây daïng boät (powered fruit

juice)taêng cöôøng tính taïo gel cuûa möùt

(marmalades and fruit jellies)taêng cöôøng caáu truùc cuûa phoâ-maùt

(cheese texture)

COOH

COOH

(CH2)4

FUMARIC ACID pK1 : 3.00, pK2 : 4.52taêng thôøi gian baûo quaûn (self life)cuûa

moät soá saûn phaåm saáy khoâlaøm giaûm pH (thöôøng keát hôïp vôùi caùc

chaát baûo quaûn khaùc nhö benzoic acid) taêng cöôøng tính taïo gel

COOH

HOOC

Page 168: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

LACTIC ACID pK : 3.86noàng ñoä>18% oligomer lactidetaêng höông vò cuûa thöùc uoáng vaø giaámngaên ngöøa söï maát maøu cuûa rau quaû

COOHHO

O

O

O

O

OO

O

O

MALIC ACID

COOH

CH2

CHOH

COOH

pK1 : 3.40, pK2 : 5.05 söû duïng trong thöùc uoáng, möùt quaû vaø

rau quaû ñoùng hoäpchoáng hieän töôïng baén tung cuûa daàu

trong quaù trình chieân (raùn)

Page 169: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TARTARICACID

pK1 : 2.98, pK2 : 4.34 vò chua "maïnh", ñöôïc duøng ñeå taêng vò

chua cuûa röôïu vang, nöôùc eùp traùi caây, keïo, kem…

coù khaû naêng taïo phöùc hôïp vôùi kim loaïi chaát choáng oxyd hoùa lipid

CITRIC ACID

COOH

CHOH

CHOH

COOH

COOH

CH2

COH

COOH

CH2HOOC

pK1 : 3.09, pK2 : 4.74, pK3 : 5.41 söû duïng trong cheá bieán nöôùc eùp

traùi caây, kem, möùt quaû, rau ñoùng hoäp

ngaên ngöøa hieän töôïng naâu hoùa ôûrau quaû

ngaên ngöøa oxyd hoùa lipid

Page 170: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PHOSPHORIC ACID

pK1 : 2.15, pK2 : 7.1, pK3 : 12.4 söû duïng trong cheá bieán nöôùc giaûi khaùt (soft drink)

(ex: coca cola)chaát ñeäm ñieàu chænh pH trong caùc quaù trình leân menCa(H2PO4)2, NaH14Al3(PO4)8, Na2H2P2O7 söû duïng

trong baùnh ngoït phaûn öùng vôùi NaHCO3 ñeå sinh ra CO2

GLUCONIC ACIDGLUCON- -LACTONE

glucose gluconic acidsöû duïng trong cheá bieán nöôùc giaûi khaùt, keïo, ñöôøng

nghòch ñaûothuûy phaân GDL proton, duøng ñeå acid hoùa chaäm

moâi tröôøng ex: xuùc-xích, söõa chua…COOH

CH2OH

H C OH

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

O

O

CH2OH

OH

OHHO

oxyd hoùa

Page 171: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC CHAÁT KIEÀM

HOÃ TRÔÏ CAÛI THIEÄN CAÛM QUAN

NaOH

0.25-2% khöû vò ñaéng vaø taïo maøu xaäm cho quaû olive

1.25% ôû 85-88oC taïo maøu xaäm cho beàmaët baùng ngoït

NaHCO3gia taêng phaûn öùng Maillard maøu xaäm

cho chocolate

gia taêng pH caàn thieát ñeå laøm tan chaûy pho-maùtMUOÁI KIEÀM

Page 172: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC CHAÁT KHAÙNG KHUAÅN

CH T BAÛO QUAÛN

Antimocrobial agents

BAÛOQUAÛN

BIEÄN PHAÙP VAÄT LYÙ

BIEÄNPHAÙP HOÙA

HOÏC

tieät truøng

oån ñònh

khoâng theå aùp duïng cho moïi tröôøng hôïp

khoù tìm ñöôïc hôïp chaát coù hoaït tính roäng, ít ñoäc vaø reõ

Page 173: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

BENZOIC ACIDINS 210

E210

O OH

Tên hóa h c : Benzoic acid, benzenecarboxylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid

Mô t : Tinh th tr ng, r n, th ng có d ng v y ho c kim, có mùi hôi nh

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n khang khu n

Tính hòa tan : khó tan trong n c, tan trong ethanol

i m nóng ch y : 121 - 123º

pH : 4.0

MAX LEVEL : 1.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0-5 mg/kg

Page 174: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SODIUM BENZOATENIS 211

E211

POTASSIUM BENZOATENIS 212

E212

CALCIUM BENZOATENIS 213

E213

Tên hóa h c : Sodium benzoate, sodium salt of benzenecarboxylic acid, sodium salt of phenylcarboxylic acid

Mô t : màu tr ng, h u nh không mùi, tinh th d ng b t, d ng v y ho c d ng h t

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n kháng khu n

Hòa tan : tan trong n c, ít tan trong ethanol

MAX LEVEL : 1.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0-5 mg/kg

Page 175: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

• Benzoic acid tác ng tr c ti p lên vách t bào và các enzyme trong quá trình bi nd ng

• Benzoic acid khó hòa tan trong n c, do ó s d ng mu i benzoate

• Benzoic acid khi không phân ly (pK = 4.19) có ho t tính cao h n

• Benzoic hi n di n trong thiên nhiên d i d ng glycoside (qu , inh h ng…)

•Li u gây ch t (lethal dose) LD50 (rats, orally) : 1.7 – 3.7 g/kg th tr ng

•Li u TDI (tolerable daily intake) i v i ng i : <0.5g/kg

•Không có s tích l y gây nguy h i, ngay c khi lên n 4g/ngày. Lo i th i qua n c ti u

•N ng : 0.05 – 0.1% c s d ng k t h p v i các ch t b o qu n khác

•Ho t tính cao khi d ng không phân ly nên c áp d ng cho các s n ph m có v chua,n c u ng có gas, margarine, m t, pa-tê, rau ngâm gi m, b o qu n cá

•Benzoic acid b ester hóa gây nên s tr mùi trái cây s y khô

Page 176: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PHB-Ester

• Alkyl-ester c a p-hydroxybenzoic acid (paraben) : n nh

• Kh n ng hòa tan trong n c gi m theo chi u dài chu i alkyl (methyl – butyl). Hòa tan t ttrong dd NaOH 5%

• Ch ng n m men, n m m c và vi khu n ( c bi t là vi khu n gam âm)

• Ho t tính t ng theo chi u dài chu i alkyl

• Ho t tính không ph thu c vào pH, c ng d ng i u ki n pH r ng

• LD50 (mice, orally) >8g/kg th tr ng

• ng i PHB-Ester c lo i th i qua n c ti u

• N ng 0.06 – 0.3% c dùng cho: bánh ng t, n c trái cây, m t, xi-rô…

Methylparaben (E218), Ethylparaben (E214), Propylparaben (E216) and Butylparaben

Page 177: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Me Et Pr Bu0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

C(%)Inhibition of Sal. Typhosa ( ), Asp. Niger ( ), Stap.Aureus ( ), and Sac. Cerevisiae ( ) by PHB-ester

Page 178: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SORBIC ACIDISN 200

C C H

H3C H

C C H

H

COOH

Tên hóa h c : Sorbic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid, 2-propenylacrylic acid

Mô t : d ng hình kim không màu ho c d ng b t màu tr ng, có mùi hôi nh

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n kháng khu n, c ch n m m c

Hòa tan : ít tan trong n c, tan trong ethanol.

i m nóng ch y : gi a 132 và 135o

MAX LEVEL : 1.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0-25 mg/kg

Page 179: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

• Sorbic acid là m t carboxylic acid co pK = 4.76

• u i m : không mùi, không v và có hi u qu n ng th p (0.3%)

• Tác d ng ch ng n m men, n m m c và vi khu n

• Ho t tính ph thu c vào pH, th ng <6.5

• Quá trình bi n d ng sorbic acid t ng t nh các acid béo (quá trình oxydhóa, m t ph n b i quá trình oxyd hóa)

• M t vài vi khu n nh Peni. Roqueforti có khà n ng kh nhóm carboxyl c a acid sorbic cho 1,3-pentadiene làm m t kh n ng kháng khu n và góp ph n vào str mùi

• ng d ng trong các s n ph m : bánh ng t, pho-mát, th c u ng (n c ép trái cây, r u vang), margarine, qu s y khô

Page 180: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SODIUM SORBATEISN 201

Tên hóa h c : Sorbic acid, 2,4-hexadienoic acid, 2-propenylacrylic acid

Mô t : tinh th d ng b t hay d ng h t màu tr ng ho c h i vàng

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n

Hòa tan : tan trong n c, tan trong ethanol.

i m nóng ch y : gi a 132 và 135o

MAX LEVEL : 5.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0-25 mg/kg

C C H

H3C H

C C H

H

COO – K+

POTASSIUM SORBATEISN 202

CALCIUM SORBATEISN 203

Page 181: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

-1

0

1

2

3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

log

C (g

/l)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

2 4 6 8C

(%)

Growth inhibition of A. niger by benzoic acid ( ), p-hydroxybenzoic acid propylester ( ) and sorbic acid ( )

The effect of benzoic acid on E. coli( bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity) and Stap. Aureus( bacteriostatic, bactericidal activity)

Page 182: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PROPRIONIC ACID

hieän dieän trong thieân nhieân : caùc saûn phaåm leân mentaùc duïng chính : choáng naám moác, choáng vi khuaån keùm

hôn. Khoâng coù taùc duïng treân naám mentaùc duïng phuï thuoäc vaøo pH, aùp duïng ôû pH < 5

khoâng coù tính ñoäcaùp duïng 0.1-0.2 % trong boä choáng naám moác cho baùnh

ngoït, ngaên ngöøa taùc haïi do B. mesentericus. nhuùng voùn söõa vaøo dung dòch 8% cheá bieán phoâ-mai

ACETIC ACID

taùc duïng baûo quaûn cuûa giaámtaùc duïng baûo quaûn vaø taïo vò taùc duïng choáng naám men vaø vi khuaån. Taùc duïng choáng

naám moác keùm söû duïng ôû daïng : acid töï do, muoái Na hoaëc Ca hoaëc Na-

diacetate (CH3COOH-CH3COONa) trong ketchup, mayonnaise, rau ngaâm giaám, baùnh mì vaø baùnh ngoït.

Page 183: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SO2 &SULFITE

taùc duïng choáng naám moác, naám men vaø vi khuaån

taùc duïng taêng theo söï giaûm pH, chuû yeáu laø caùc daãn xuaát khoâng phaân ly cuûa acid chöùa löu huyønh ôû pH<3

khoâng coù tính ñoäc ôû lieàu löôïng thöôøng söû duïng, loaïi thaûi qua nöôùc tieåu döôùi daïng sulfate

caùc sulfit coù taùc duïng vôùi caùc thaønh phaàn cuûa thöïc phaåm ex. caét ñöùt noái S-S cuûa protein, vôùi caùc yeáu toá phuï (co-factor) nhö NAD+, folic acid, pyridoxal, thiamine vaøubiquinone, pyrimidime (nucleic acid) : cytosine, uracil

taåy maøu anthocyanin.

SO2 aùp duïng : rau quaû saáy khoâ, nöôùc eùp traùi caây, syrup, nöôùc quaû coâ ñaëc hoaëc pureùe.

caùc daïng söû duïng : SO2, Na2SO3, K2SO3, Na2S2O5 vaø K2S2O5 ôû noàng ñoä 50-100ppm hoaëc ít hôn

50-100ppm SO2 : trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang (choáng leân men taïp), 50-75ppm : trong quaù trình baûo quaûn röôïu vang

öùc cheá söï saäm maøu baèng caùch ngaên hoaït tính cuûa nhoùm carbonyl, ngaên söïoxyd hoùa caùc polyphenol.

Page 184: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

DEPC hoaëc diethyl dicarbonate : chaát loûng khoâng maøu coù muøi traùi caây hoaëc muøi estertaùc duïng choáng naám men (10-100ppm), vi khuaån (Lactobacilli:100-170ppm), naám moác

(300-800ppm)deã bò thuûy phaân cho CO2 vaø ethanol

DIETHYL (DIMETHYL) PYROCARBONATE

O O O

O O

2C2H5OH + 2CO2

trong thöùc uoáng coù coàn moät löôïng nhoû diethyl carbonate

O O O

O O

+ C2H5OH + CO2O O

O

hieän dieän muoái ammonium DEPC ethyl urethane

O O O

O O

+ C2H5OH + CO2O NH2

O

ethyl urethane : chaát gaây ung thö söû duïng DEPC laø vaán ñeà tranh caõi.coù theå thay theá baèng dimethyl pyrocarbonate do methyl urethane khoâng gaây ung thöDEPC vaø DMPC ñöôïc aùp duïng trong quaù trình thanh truøng nöôùc eùp traùi caây, röôïu

vang vaø bia ôû noàng ñoä 120-130ppm

Page 185: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

ETHYLENE OXIDE, PROPYLENE OXIDE

taùc duïng choáng haàu heát caùc vi sinh vaät vaø virus. Propylene oxide coù taùc duïng < ethylene oxide

ôû daïng tinh khieát : raát ñoäc khoâng ñöôïc pheùp coøn dö löôïng thuûy phaân glycol khoâng ñoäc (ethylene glycol DL50 : 8.3g/kg (rat)ex. söï hieän dieän cuûa chloride chlorohydrine gaây ñoäc

O

Cl

HO

Cl

ñöôïc söû duïng nhö chaát khí trieät saûn coân truøng (nhieät ñoä soâi ethylene oxide : 10.7oC, propylene : 35oC) vaø chaát khí tieät truøng cho caùc saûn phaåm saáy khoâ (caùc bieän phaùp khaùc khoâng thích hôïp)

Ex. quaû hoà ñaøo (oùc choù, walnut), tinh boät, rau quaû saáy khoâ, caùc gia vò (treân ñoù soálöôïng caùc baøo töû raát lôùn thöôøng gaây vaán ñeà veà veä sinh an toaøn)

quaù trình tieät truøng : thöïc hieän trong phoøng coù aùp suaát cuøng vôùi khí trô (80-90% CO2). Dö löôïng caán ñöôïc loaïi tröø baèng chaân khoâng, röûa khí (vacuum, gaseous rinsing)

Page 186: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Potassium nitrite (E249)Sodium nitrite (E250)Sodium nitrate (E251)Potassium nitrate (E252)

NITRITE – NITRATE (Chile saltpetre)

NITRATE NITRITE

Enzyme vi sinh

kh

NH H NG N MÀU : NitrosomyoglobineNitrosohemochrome

NH H NG N V : nhìn chung không nh h ng

NaNO2 – KNO2 – NaNO3 – KNO3

D ng b t, tr ng ho c vàng nh t, m c, hút m Hòa tan trong n c, ít tan trong ethanol

Page 187: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

NH H NG N VI SINH : nitrite có tính n nh vi sinhCác ch ng thông th ngEnterobacterieC. perfringens, StapylococcusVi khu n hình que, nh t là trong mt. acid + NaCl

NH H NG N S C KH E :Nitrate : không c li u cho phép. li u cao nitriteNitrite : tr c ti p và gián ti p

tr c ti p : ch t ôxy hóa bi n i hemoglobine methemoglobine (chx y ra khi hemoglbine r t nh y c m nh tr <4 tháng tu i)

gián ti p : tác d ng v i các amine nitrosamine ung th (nguy c <trong các s n ph m n ng)

I U KI N S D NG :1% tr ng l ng c a mu i nADI : 0 – 0,7 mg/KgKhông s d ng cho tr em d i 3 tháng

Page 188: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PIMARICIN (NATAMYCINE)INS 235

O

OO

O

O O

Me OH

OHOH

COOH

MeOH

OHNH2

Do Streptomyces natalensis vaø S. chattanogensis sinh ra

noàng ñoä 5-100ppm coù taùc duïng choáng naám moác, naám men

aùp duïng treân beà maët cuûa phoâ-maùt hoaëc teân beà maët xuùc xích khoâ

Page 189: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

nh ngh a: ch t ch ng n m thu c nhóm polyene macrolide group.

Tên hóa h c : A stereoisomer of 22-(3-Amino-3,6-dideoxy- -D-mannopyranosyloxy)-1,3,26-trihydroxy-12-methyl-10-oxo-6,11,28-trioxatricyclo[22.3.1.05,7]octacosa-8,14,16,18,20-pentaene-25-carboxylic acid

Mô t : d ng tinh th b t màu tr ng ho c màu kem, h u nh không mùi

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n ch ng n m

Hòa tan : không tan trong n c, không tan trong ch t béo, tan ít trong methanol; tan trong acetic acid và dimethylformamide.

pH : 5.0 - 7.5

MAX LEVEL : 6mg/Kg

ADI : 0-0.3mg/kg

Page 190: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

NISIN

H–Ile–Dhb–Ala

IleDha

Leu

Ala–AbuS

Pro Gly

Ala–Lys–AbuS

Gly

Ala LeuMet

Gly

AlaS

Asn

Met

Abu–Lys

AlaAbu

AlaHisS

SHO–Lys–Dha–Val–His–Ile–Ser–Ala

Là polypeptide chòu nhieät do Lactococcus lactis sinh ra

choáng vi khuaån gam + vaø caùc baøo töû , nhöng khoâng ñöôïc duøng trong döôïc phaåm

aùp duïng cho caùc saûn phaåm töø söõa nhö phoâ-maùt, söõa coâ ñaëc

Page 191: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

nh ngh a : kháng sinh do Streptococcus lactis sinh ra. Ch ph m Nisin cô cch a 900 n v /1mg. Là h n h p v i s a b t không béo và ch a 50% NaCl

Mô t : ch ph m nisin cô c màu tr ng, d ng b t s y phun. n nh nhi tphòng. Ch ph m có n ng cao nh t là 40.000 n v /mg. Nisin b n nhi t trong môi tr ng acid

121o, ch u c 30mn khi pH : 2. x lý 121o trong 15nm ho t tính nisin b gi m : 29% pH : 4, gi m 69%

pH 6 và gi m 99% pH 7.

Ch c n ng : ch t b o qu n kháng khu n

Hòa tan : ch ph m ch a 40.000 n v /mg : trong n c có pH 2.5 : 4.8 x 106 n v /ml trong n c có pH 5 : 1.6 x 106 n v /ml

trong methanol + HCl có pH 2 : 3.2 x 106 n v /mlkhông tan trong các dung nôi không phân c c

T o thành m t d ng huy n phù c trong n c

Page 192: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

DIPHENYL

taùc duïng ngaên ngöøa söï phaùt trieån cuûa naám noácaùp duïng ñeå ngaên söï phaùt trieån naám moác treân voû traùi caây hoï cam chanh (citrus

fruits) thaám bao bì baèng giaáy hoaëc bìa cöùng (cardboard) vôùi diphenyl (1-5 g/m2)

O-PHENYLPHENOL

taùc duïng ngaên ngöøa söï phaùt trieån cuûa naám noác ôû noàng ñoä 10-50ppm trong khoaûng pH 5-8

taùc duïng taêng cuøng vôùi pH aùp duïng cho traùi caây hoïc cam chanh nhuùng trong dung dòch 0.5-2% ôû pH 11.7

THIABENDAZOLE, 2-(4-THIAZOLYL)BENZIMIDAZOLE

taùc duïng choâng naám noác : moác xanh nhö Penicillium italicum

aùp duïng ñeå ngaên söï phaùt trieån naám moác treân voû traùi caây hoï cam chanh (citrus fruits) vaø chuoái

phun hoaëc nhuùng traùi caây vaøo nhuõ töông xaùp (wax emulsion) chöùa 0.1-0.45% thiabendazole

N

N

HN

S

Page 193: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC CHAÁT CHOÁNG OXYD HOÙA LIPID

TAÊNG CÖÔØNG BAÛO QUAÛNAntioxydant

khoâng ñoäc

hoaït tính cao ôû noàng ñoä thaáp (0.01-0.02%)

naèm ôû beà maët phaân caùchtính kî nöôùc khaù maïnhtieáp xuùc vôùi khoâng khí

oåån ñònh ñoái vôùi caùc ñieàu kieän cheábieán (processing conditions)

chaátchoángoxydhoùa

Page 194: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

S d ng : theo lu t c a t ng qu c giaCó nhi u ch t ch ng ôxy hóa nh ng ch m t s ít c công nh n là an toàn (Generally Recognised As Save = GRAS) b i các t ch c qu c t nh :

Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)European Community’s Scientific Committee for Food (SCF)

ADIpropyl gallate 0–2.5BHA 0–0.5BHT 0–0.125TBHQ 0–0.2tocopherols 0.15–2.0gum guaiac 0–2.5ethoxyquin 0–0.06phosphates 0–70.0EDTA 2.5tartaric acid 0–30.0citric acid not limitedlecithin not limitedascorbic acid not limitedsulphites (as sulphur dioxide) 0–0.7ascorbyl palmitate or ascorbyl 0–1.25stearate (or the sum of both)

Page 195: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CÁC CH T CH NG ÔXY HÓA

AHAHAH A•A•A• AAAXAAAXAAAX

ROO•R•RO•

ROO•R•RO•

ROO•R•RO•

ROOHRHROH

ROOHRHROH

ROOHRHROH

Ch t ch ngôxy hóa

G c t do n nhH p ch tkhông g c

Peroxide vàg c t do

Ascorbic AcidAscorbyl PalmitateAscorbyl StearateCalcium AscorbateMixed Tocopherols ConcentrateTocopherol, Alpha-

Propyl GallateTertiary ButylhydroquinoneGuaiac ResinButylated HydroxyanisoleButylated Hydroxytoluene

Page 196: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

O

OHOH

H – C – OHO

H2C–OH

HChemical names : L-Ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone, 3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone

DESCRIPTION : White to slightly yellow, odourlesscrystalline powder; melting point about 190o with decomposition

SLUBILITY : Freely soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in ether

LOSS ON DRYING : Not more than 0.4%

pH : 2.4 - 2.8

MAX LEVEL : GMP (In accordance with good manufacturing practices; or sufficient for purpose; or quantity not greater than required)

ADI : for ascorbic acid and its Ca, K and Na salts, of 0-15 mg/kg

ASCORBIC ACIDINS 300

Page 197: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

O

CH2OH

OHOH

H – C – OHO

H2C–O–C–(CH2)16 – CH3

O

H

Ascorbic acid + stearic acid = Ascorbyl stearate (Vit C ester)E305

Chemical names:Ascorbyl stearate;L-ascorbyl stearate; 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-6-stearate;

6-stearoyl-3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone

Chemical formula : C24H42O7

Description : White or yellowish-white solid, with a citrus-like odour

Functional use : Antioxidant

Solubility : Very slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in ethanol

Melting range : 107 o - 117o

Max level : 5.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 1,25 mg/Kg

Page 198: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

O

CH2OH

OHOH

H – C – OHO

H2C–O–C–(CH2)14 – CH3

O

H

Ascorbic acid + palmitic = Ascorbyl palmitate (Vit C ester)E304

Chemical names:Ascorbyl palmitate;L-ascorbyl palmitate; 2,3-didehydro-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-6-palmitate;

6-palmitoyl-3-keto-L-gulofuranolactone

Chemical formula : C22H38O7

Description : White or yellowish-white solid, with a citrus-like odour

Functional use : Antioxidant

Solubility : Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol

Melting point : 116o

Max level : 5.000mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 1,25mg/Kg

Page 199: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

OHHO OH

C–O–CH2–CH3

O

Chemical names : Propyl gallate, propyl ester of gallic acid, n-propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate

Màu : ho c vàng kem, tinh th r n không mùi

Hòa tan : nh trong n c, tan trong ethanol, ether, propane 1,2 diol

i m nóng ch y : 146 – 150oC

MAX LEVEL : 200mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 1,4 mg/Kg

PROPYL GALLATEINS 310

Page 200: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

OHC(CH3)3

O–CH3

BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE (BHA)ISN 320

OH

C(CH3)3

O–CH3

Chemical names :3-Tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, a mixture of 3- and 2-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

DESCRIPTION : White or slightly yellow crystals or waxy solid, with a faint characteristic odour

SOLUBILITY : Insoluble in water; freely soluble in ethanol and propane-1,2-diol

MAX LEVEL : 200mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 0,5 mg/Kg

Page 201: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

OH(H3C)3C C(CH3)3

O–CH3

BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE (BHT)ISN 321

Chemical names :2,6-Ditertiary-butyl-p-cresol, 4-methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol

DESCRIPTION : White, crystalline or flaked solid, odourless or having a characteristic faint aromatic odour

SOLUBILITY : Insoluble in water and propane-1,2-diol; freely soluble in ethanol

MELTING POINT : 69 – 72oC

MAX LEVEL : 100mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 0,3 mg/Kg

Page 202: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

TERTIARY BUTYLHYDROQUINONEISN 319

OH

OH

C–CH3

CH3

CH3

Chemical names :Mono-tert-butylhydroquinone, t-butylhydroquinone, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,4-benzenediol

DESCRIPTION : White, crystalline solid having a characteristic odour.

SOLUBILITY : Practically insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol

MELTING POINT : Not less than 126,5o

MAX LEVEL : 100mg/Kg

ADI : 0 – 0,7 mg/Kg

Page 203: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

GUAIAC RESININS 314

SYNONYMS : Guaiac gum, Gum guaiac, Gum guaiacum, Guaiacum

DEFINITION : trích t g Guajacum officinale L., ho c Guajacum sanctum L., ch a kho ng 70% - và -guaiaconic acids, 10% guaiaretic acid, và 15% guaiac

-resin và m t l ng nh guaiac yellow, vanillin…

DESCRIPTION : m ng ch a m nh mô th c v t ho c các h t hình tròn, ô-van, màu nâu s m, b m t b v tr n bóng, có mùi nh a cây nh

SOLUBILITY : Insoluble in water; soluble in fats; dissolves readily but incompletely in ethanol, ether, and solutions of alkalis

MELTING POINT : 85 - 90o

MAX LEVEL : 1.000MG/Kg for oils and fats

ADI : 0 – 2.5 mg/kg

Page 204: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH T CH NG ÔXY HÓAChelating agent (sequestrant)

CH T CH NG ÔXY HÓAChelating agent (sequestrant)

CH T CH NG ÔXY HÓAChelating agent (sequestrant)

KIM LO IKIM LO IKIM LO I

PH C H P N NHPH C H P N NHPH C H P N NH

EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate)Calcium Disodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra AcetateDisodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra AcetatePolyphosphatesOrtho- , Pyro-phosphoric acidIsopropyl citrate

Page 205: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CALCIUM DISODIUM ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETATEINS 385

Ca++NCH2CH2NCH2–COO–

2Na+ , CH2–COO–

–OOC–H2C

–OOC–H2C

SYNONYMS : Calcium disodium EDTA, calcium disodium edetateChemical names : N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)-glycinate](4-)-N,N',O,O',ON,ON]calciate(2-)disodium; Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate; Calcium disodium (ethylene-dinitrilo)-tetraacetate.

DESCRIPTION : White, odourless crystalline granules or a white to nearly white powder; slightly hygroscopic

FUNCTIONAL USES : Sequestrant, preservative

SOLUBILITY : Freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol.

pH : 6.5 - 7.5

MAX LEVEL : beverages : 25 – 35mg/Kg, fish : 50, fruits vegetables products 100 –200, dried vegetables 600 – 800

ADI : 0-2.5 mg/kg

Page 206: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

DISODIUM ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRA ACETATEINS 386

NCH2CH2NCH2–COO–

2Na+CH2–COO–

–OOC–H2C

–OOC–H2C

SYNONYMS : Disodium EDTA, disodium edetateChemical names : Disodium salt of N,N'-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)glycine]; disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate; disodium dihydrogen (ethylene-dinitrilo)-tetraacetate

DESCRIPTION : White, odourless crystalline granules or a white to nearly white powder

FUNCTIONAL USES : Sequestrant, antioxidant synergist, preservative

SOLUBILITY : Freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol.

pH : 4.3 – 4.7

MAX LEVEL : beverages : 25 – 35mg/Kg, fish : 50, fruits vegetables products 100 –200, dried vegetables 600 – 800

ADI : 0-2.5 mg/kg

Page 207: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATESINS 452

O P

O

O–

O–

O P

O–

O–

O P

O

O–

O–

O P

O

O–

O P

O–

O–

O P

O

O–

O–

O P

O

O–

O P

O–

O–

n

Page 208: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SYNONYMS : Sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tetrapolyphosphate, Graham's saltnhóm các h p ch t t o thành t các n v metaphosphate (NaPO3)x,Khi x = 2 thì c xác nh b i t l Na2O/P2O5 ho c b ng hàm l ng P2O5. Na2O/P2O5 thay i

1,3 : tetrapolyphosphate (x = 4)1,1 Graham’s salt, hexametaphosphate (x=13)

pH c a dung d ch polyphosphate thay i t 3 n 9

Chemical names : Sodium tetrapolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate

DESCRIPTION : Colourless or white, transparent platelets, granules, or powders

FUNCTIONAL USES : Emulsifier, sequestrant, texturizer

SOLUBILITY : Very soluble in water

MAX LEVEL : 0.6 – 1.0 %

MTDI (Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake): 70 mg/kg

Page 209: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PENTASODIUM TRIPHOSPHATEINS 451

NaO P

O

O

NaO

P

O

O

NaO

P

O

ONa

NaO

SYNONYMS : Pentasodium tripolyphosphate, Sodium triphosphate, Sodium tripolyphosphate, Triphosphate

Chemical names : Pentasodium triphosphate, pentasodium tripolyphosphate

DESCRIPTION : White, slightly hygroscopic granules or powder

FUNCTIONAL USES : Sequestrant, texturizer

SOLUBILITY : Freely soluble in water; insoluble in ethanol

pH : 9.1 - 10.1

MAX LEVEL : 0.6 – 1.0 %

No ADI was established, MTDI : 70 mg/kg

Page 210: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

ISOPROPYL CITRATEINS 384

Chemical names : Citric acid mixed ester of 2-propanol. Th tr ng : monoisopropylcitrate là h n h p g m 38 ph n isopropyl citrate trong 62 ph n c a of mono- vàdiglycerides

DESCRIPTION : d ng d u c. S n ph m th ng m i : h n h p monoisopropylcitrate, nh t, không màu có các tinh th , c c tr ng b i các ch s xà phòng, ch sacid, hàm l ng citric acid và hàm l ng isopropyl.

FUNCTIONAL USES : Antioxidant, sequestrant

SOLUBILITY : Soluble in water and ethanol

MAX LEVEL : 200mg/Kg

ADI : 0-14 mg/kg

HO C

CH2 – COOR

CH2 – COOR

COOR R : nhóm isopropyl ho c hydrogen

Page 211: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

hieäu quaû cuûa caùc chaát choáng oxyd hoùa : antioxidative factor (AF) = IA/I0IA : giai ñoaïn caûm öùng khi coù antioxidantI0 : giai ñoaïn caûm öùng khi khoâng coù antioxidant

caùc chaát choáng oxyd hoùa caàn coù tính oån ñònh ôû nhieät ñoä cao (quaù trình xöû lyù nhieät)

lieàu söû duïng ñöôïc qui ñònh tuøy theo töøng quoác gia : ôû baéc Myõ : 0.01% khi söû duïng rieâng leû, 0.02% khi söû duïng phoái hôïp

AF values of some antioxidants (0.02%) in refined lard

Antioxidant AF Antioxidant AF

d- -tocopherold- -tocopherolBHABHT

5129.56

Octyl gallateAscorbyl palmitateBHA+BHT(0.01%+0.01%)

64

12

Page 212: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Aùnh saùng[O2]

°Caw

Page 213: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH T GI N CCác Polyphosphate

450(vi) Dicalcium Diphosphate450(i) Disodium Diphosphate339(ii) Disodium Orthophosphate340(i) Monopotassium Orthophosphate339(i) Monosodium Orthophosphate452(ii) Potassium Polyphosphate452(i) Sodium Polyphosphate

422 Glycerol420 Sorbitol and Sorbitol Syrup967 Xylitol

Các polyalcohol

Propylene GlycolPolyethylene GlycolPolydextrose A và N

Page 214: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

NaO P

O

O

NaO

P

O

O

NaO

P

O

ONa

NaO

NaO

PO

ONaO

PO

O

ONa

P O

O ONa

P O

O

ONaP

O

O

O

ONaP

O

S d ng l ng thích h p làm t ng kh n ng gi n c c a protein (trong th t t i c ng nhth t ch bi n)Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) c s d ng nhi u nh t, th ng k t h p v i sodium hexametaphosphate t ng s c ch ng ch u ôi v i ion Ca trong n c mu i.Ortho- và pyrophosphate th ng b k t t a khi trong n cmu i có m t l ng áng k ionCa

Làm thay i pHT o l c ionLiên k t v i các cation hóa tr 2

NaCl : 2.5 – 4 % Polyphosphate : 0.35 – 0.5 %

Giúp n nh nh t ng th và gi n c khi n u chín

Sodium triphosphate Hexametaphosphate

Page 215: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

S nh t ng th t

Page 216: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Tên khác: D-Glucitol, D-sorbitol, sorbit, sorbol, INS No. 420

Mô t : d ng b t, v y ho c h t, màu tr ng, cótính hút m

Ch c n ng : ch t ng t, gi n c

Hòa tan : tan trong n c, ít tan trong ethanol

i m nóng ch y : 88 - 102o

SORBITOL

C OHHH

C

C

C

CCH2OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

H

HH

H

C OHHH

C

C

C

CH2OH

OH

OH

HO

H

HH

XYLITOL

ng t : Saccharose 100 . Xylitol : 102

Page 217: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Các polyalcohol :

•Thay th ng trong th c ph m cho ng i n kiêng

•Ch t làm gi m aw

•Ch t gi m

•Ch t ch ng ông l nh (cryoprotectant)

•Ch t c i thi n tính tái hút n c c a các s n ph m khô

•Tiêu dùng nhi u sorbitol (20g/ngày) a n tiêu ch y

Page 218: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

T NG C NG C U TRÚC

Soy flour (50% protein)Soy concentrate (70% protein)Soy isolate (90% protein)Whey protein (65% -lactoglobulin + 25% -lactalbumin)CaseinateGelatin

CarrageenanChitosanTinh b t bi n tínhPectin

Page 219: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

PROTEIN

CASEIN (80%)•casein s1•casein s2•casein•casein

WHEY PROTEIN (20%)• -Lactoglobulin• -Lactalbumin

pHi : 4,7•casein s1+ s2 55%•casein 30%•casein 15%

Page 220: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

LACTOGLOBULINE

Mang nhi u nhóm SHkhi s lý nhi t : bi n tính t o liên kêt S-Sb hâp ph lên b m t h t micelle casein

ng n c n s th y phân casein ng n c n quá trình ng ng t

LACTALBUMINEpHi : 5,1pH môi tr ng pHi :

bi n tính liên k t t o polymer

Page 221: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Gelatin có d ng b t ho c v y nh màu vàng nh t

c s n xu t t quá trình th y phân collagen trong da, x ng ng v t

Gelatin là protein t o gel thu n ngh ch nhi t

dai c a gel c o b ng « Bloom » : l c nh n c a u dò 0.5 inch c nthi t âm th ng m t m u gel gelatin. Th ng có giá tr t 30 n 300

Page 222: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CARRAGEENAN

RHODOPHYCEAEChondrus, Eucheuma, Gigartina, Gloiopeltis, Iridaeae

CARRAGEENAN(heteroglycan)

Chi t xu t(n c nóng)

K t t a(môi tr ng ki m nh )

S y khô

(1 3) -D-galactopyranose (1 4) 3,6 anhydro- -L-galactopyranose

Sulfate hóa v trí 2,4,6 ho c 2,6 t o thành các chu i ít nhi u mang i n tích –

- carrageenan ; - carrageenan ; - carrageenan ; - carrageenan ; - carrageenan ; Furcellaran

M c sulfate hóa và v trísulfate hóa t o nên các lo icarrageenan

Page 223: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

- Chitosan không hòa tan trong n c, hòa tan trong dd acid có pH < 6

- Các acid h u c nh acetic acid và lactic acid th ng c dùng hòa tan chitosan, n ngth ng s d ng là 1% acetic acid (pH kho ng 4,0)

- Chitosan hòa tan kém trong dd acid vô c . Có th hòa tan trong dd 1% HCl, nh ng không hòa tan trong sulfuric acid ho c phosphoric acid

- DD chitosan không n nh pH 7, môi tr ng pH cao h n s k t t a ho c k t gel s x y ra

- Chitosan có th liên k t v i các hydrocolloid (polysacchardie ho c protein) mang i n tích âm và k t t a ho c t o gel

CHITOSAN : TÍNH HÒA TAN

O

NHCOCH3

OH

CH2OH

H

H

HH

HOO

n

O

NH2

OH

CH2OH

H

H

HH

HOO

n

O

NH3+

OH

CH2OH

H

H

HH

HOO

n

OH– H+CHITIN

Không hòa tan

CHITOSAN

Hòa tan trong acid

CHITOSAN

Dung d ch

Page 224: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CO

OH HO

OC

HO

OC

CO

OH HO

OC

O

OO

O

OH

OHO

O

OH

OHO

O OH

OH O

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OC

HOHO

O

OOH

CH3OH

OCH3

Ester hóa g c carboxyl

CO

OH HO

OC

H3C

OO

C

CO

OC

H3

HO

OC

O

OO

Pectic acid

O

OH

OHO

O

OH

OHO

O OH

OH O

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

Pectin

Các h p ch t pectin s d ng trong ch bi n th c ph m c chia làm 2 nhóm :Pectin HM (hight methylated) : methyl hóa > 50%Pectin LM (low methylated) : methyl hóa t 25 – 45%

methyl hóa = T ng s g c carboxyl b methyl hóa

T ng s các n v galacturonic

PECTIN

Page 225: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CRYSTAL- soft- white- many-sided- dissolvable in waterUSE

- detergents - ch t t y- water softeners - ch t làm m m n c- soap - xà phòng- disenfectants - ch t t y trùng- pesticides - thu c tr sâu

BORAX - HÀN THE

Anhydrous borax – Na2B4O7Borax pentahydrate – Na2B4O7.5H2OBorax decahydrate – Na2B4O7.10H2O

Sodium borate ho c sodium tetraborate

Fatal dose : 0.1 to 0.5g/kg-Slow excretion rate through the kidneys-Toxic to all cells-Kidney toxicity -Liver fatty degeneration – thoái hóa ch t béo gan-Cerebral edema – phù não-Gastroenteritis – viêm d dày

Page 226: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC CHAÁT HOAÏT ÑOÄNG BEÀ MAËT

OÅN ÑÒNH NHUÕ TÖÔNG, BOÏTSurface-activeagent

I. Nguoàn goác töï nhieâncaùc ion : protein, phospholipid (lecithin), acid maäthôïp chaát trung tính : glycolipid, saponin

II. Toång hôïpcaùc ion : stearyl-2-lactylate, datem, citremtrung tính : mono-, diacylglycerol vaø caùc acetic, lactic

cuûa chuùngacid ester, saccharose fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan

fatty acid ester

Page 227: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Utilization in production of Effect

Margarine Stabilization of a w/o emulsionMayonnaise Stabilization of an o/w emulsion

Ice cream Stabilization of an o/w emulsion, achievement of a "dry" consistency

Sausages Prevention og fat separationBread and other baked

productsImprovement of crumb structure, baked product volume,

inhibition of starch retrogradation (bread staling)Chocolate Improvement of rheological properties, inhibition of "fat

blooming"Instant powders SolubilizationSpice extracts Solubilization

Type Inner phase Outer phaseEmulsion Liquid LiquidFoam Gaseous LiquidAerosol Liquid or solid GaseousSuspension Solid Liquid

Page 228: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CMC

I

II

III

Tc TSolubility of an emulsifier in water. I : solution, II : crystals, III : micelles, Tc :critical micelle temperature

C

söùc caêng beà maët giaûm theo noàng ñoä emulsifier, ñeán moät giôùi haïn : critical micelle concentration (CMC)

> CMC emulsifier lieân keát vôùi nhau haït micelleCMC laø tính chaát ñaëc tröng cuûa emulsifier, CMC giaûm khi thaønh phaàn kî nöôùc cuûa

phaân töû taêngCMC chòu aûnh höôûng cuûa ToC, pH, noàng ñoä chaát ñieän lynhieät ñoä ôû ñoù noàng ñoä emulsifier ñaït ñeán CMC goïi laø Tc (crtical micelle temperature,

Krafft point).

Page 229: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

trò soá HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance)

SV : saponification numberAV : acid value of the separated acid

HLB raát caàn cho vieäc aùp duïng trong coâng nghieäp töông taùc giöõaemulsifier vaø caùc thaønh phaàn cuûa thöïc coøn thieáu vieäc söû duïng coøn döïatreân kinh nghieäm

AVSV-1 HLB

Compound HLB valueOleic acidSorbitol tristearateStearyl ùmonoglycerideSorbitol monostearateSorbitol monolaurateGelatinPolyoxyethylene sorbitol tristearateMethylcellulosePolyoxyethylene sorbitol monostearatePolyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleateSodium oleatePotassium oleate

1.02.13.44.78.69.810.510.514.915.018.020.0

Page 230: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

HLB-range Application

3-67-98-1815-18

w/o emulsifiersHumectantso/w emulsifiersTubidity stabilization

Page 231: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CH T T O NH

MONO-, DIGLYCERIDE vaø DAÃN XUAÁTthöôøng ôû daïng hoãn hôïp do qui trình saûn xuaát xaûy ra nhieàu phaûn öùng ester hoùa

Name

Mono-, Diglyceride esterified withEU-number

Acetic acid (acetilated mono-, and diglyceride) Acetem E472a

Lactic acid Lactem E472b

Citric acid Citrem A472c

Monoacetyl- and diacetyltartaricacid Datem E472e

CH2 O CO R HO CH

HO C OOH

CH2 O CO CH2

CH2 COOH

Khoâng gioáng nhö acetem vaø lactem, trong thaønh phaàn cuûa citrem vaødatem coù chöùa goác acid. Ex. citrem :

Page 232: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SUGAR ESTERS-transesterification giöõa fatty acid methyl esters vaø sucrose hoaëclactose mono-, di-, triesters-khoâng muøi, khoâng vò , HLB : 7-13

O

HO

H

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH3(CH2)16COOCH2

OHOCH2

CH2OHH

H

H

OH

HO

Monostearate sucroester

Page 233: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

Commercial

fractions

Mono(%)

Di(%)

Tri(%)

Tetra(%)

Penta(%)

>Penta(%) HLB

F160 71.5 24.5 5.0 15

F140 60.5 30.0 8.5 2.0 13

F110 50.0 36.0 12.0 2.0 11

F90 46.0 39.0 13.0 2.0 9.5

F70 41.5 42.0 14.0 2.0 8

F50 33.0 49.0 16.0 2.0 6

F20 11.0 21.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 23.0 2F10 1.0 7.0 15.0 21.0 21.0 35.0 1

Page 234: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

SORBITAN FATTY ACID ESTERS-sorbitol caàu noái oxide giöõa C1-C4 hoaëc C3-C6 sorbitan ester hoùaSPAN-SPAN + ethylene oxide polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester : TWEEN

Hôïp chaát Teân thöông maïiSorbitan monostearate Sorbitan 60, SPAN 60Sorbitan monooleate SPAN 80polyoxyethylene cuûa sorbitan

monostearate Polysorbate 60, TWEEN 60

polyoxyethylene cuûa sorbitanmonooleate TWEEN 80

H(OCH2CH2)wO

O

O(CH2CH2O)xH

O(CH2CH2O)yH

O(CH2CH2O)zOCR

TWEEN

Page 235: Food_additives (Phan the Dong)

CAÙC LIEÂN KEÁT KIM LOAÏI

TAÊNG CÖÔØNG BAÛO QUAÛN

taùc duïng oån ñònh maøu, muøi, caáu truùc cuûa rau quaû ñoùng hoäptaùc duïng ngaên ngöøa oxyd hoùa lipid, acid ascorbic vaø caùc vit.

Tan trong daàuphoái hôïp vôùi caùc antioxidant ñeå caûi thieän chaát löôïng tinh daàu

chieát xuaátaùp duïng trong caùc saûn phaåm töø söõa ñeå choáng söï ngöng tuï

söõatrong cheá bieán ñöôøng : taïo ñieàu kieän keát tinh cho sucrosecaùc hôïp chaát töï nhieân : carboxylic acid (oxalic, succinic),

hydroxy acid (lactic, malic, tartaric, citric), polyphosphoric acid (ATP, pyrophosphate), amino acid, peptide, protein, porphyrin.

Chelatingagents