food security. what is food security? there are many different definitions of food security. the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Food security
![Page 2: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is food security?
There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used.
The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”.
![Page 3: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Food security as defined
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active
and healthy life.(World Food Summit, 1996/2009)
3
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 4: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is food security? Food security includes the following aspects:• Availability• Access• Affordability• Quality• Nutrition• Safety
Think of an example of an issue which may affect each aspect of food security.
![Page 5: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What are some of the issues affecting world food security?
Food security is one of the biggest challenges facing humankind. There are many factors which have combined to make food security such a large issue. This includes:
Increasing population - In 2009, the world population was 6 billion. By 2050, it is predicted to reach 9 billion. Our current output of food is not enough to feed a population of 9 billion.
Changing diets - As countries develop and people become richer they tend to eat a more varied diet, including more meat, which requires more energy to produce. This also means there is more competition for the same types of food.
Reduced arable land - The drive to produce more biofuels for transport uses edible crops and has reduced arable land.
![Page 6: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What are some of the issues affecting world food security?
Transport costs - The relatively high price of oil in recent years has increased the price of food storage and distribution.
Climate change - Climate change is leading to a warmer world which will affect what crops can be grown where. Climate change can also lead to more frequent extreme weather events (e.g. floods) which can damage crops.
Pests and diseases - Pests and diseases are becoming more resistant to pesticides and sprays. The changing climate is also bringing pest and diseases into new areas where they could not previously survive.
![Page 7: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is being done?
There are a number of EU funded projects investigating how food security can be improved.
![Page 8: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Food Security Indicators
![Page 9: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 10: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The four dimensions of food security
1. Availability2. Access 3. Utilization4. Stability
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 11: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The four dimensions of food security (2)1. Food Availability refers to the physical existence of food, be it from own
production or on the markets.
2. Food Access is ensured when all households and all individuals within those households have sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.
o Depends on the level of household resources -capital, labour, and knowledge, and also on prices;
o Function of the physical environment, social environment and policy environment, which determine how effectively households are able to utilize their resources to meet their food security objectives; and
o Drastic changes in conditions, such as during periods of drought or social conflict, may seriously disrupt food production and threaten the food access of affected households.
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 12: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The four dimensions of food security (3)
3. Food Utilization has a socio-economic and a biological aspect. If sufficient and nutritious food is both available and accessible:o socio-economic
o households make decisions/choices on what food to consume (demand) and how the food is allocated within the household;
o Unequal distribution leads to suffering from food deficiency; o the same is true if the composition of the consumed food is unbalanced;
o biological utilization of food – Focused at the individual level food security, which refers to the ability of the human body to take food and translate it into either energy that is used to undertake daily activities or is stored.
Utilization requires not only an adequate diet, but also:– a healthy physical environment, including safe drinking water and adequate
sanitary facilities (so as to avoid disease); and– an understanding of proper health care, food preparation, and storage
processes.
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 13: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The four dimensions of food security (4)
4. Food Stability refers to the temporal dimension of nutrition security - i.e. the time frame over which food security is being considered. o Distinction of chronic food insecurity - the inability to meet food
needs on an ongoing basis; and o transitory food insecurity when the inability to meet food needs is of
a temporary nature; • cyclical (where there is a regular pattern to food insecurity, for example,
the "lean season" that occurs in the period just before harvest); and• temporary (which is the result of a short-term, exogenous shock such as
droughts or floods). Also civil conflict belongs to the temporary category, although the negative impact on food security often continues over long periods of time.
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 14: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Major challenges 1. Too much “toktok” but less real commitment
to progress work;
2. There are no additional resources at the national and regional levels;
3. Lack of coordination among stakeholders – at both the national and regional levels
14
Food Security Indicators: 2010 – 2013
![Page 15: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Human Tragedy
• Each day 800 million people go hungry• Among them are 170 million children
under 5 years of age
![Page 16: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The World Food Summit Goal
Halve the number of hungry people by 2015• 22 million must achieve food security every year• Since 1990, only 6 million a year have left “the
prison of hunger”
![Page 17: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Vision 2020: A World Free from Hunger
• Every person has access to sufficient food to sustain a healthy and productive life
• Malnutrition is absent• Food originates from efficient,
effective, and low-cost food systems• Food production is compatible with
sustainable natural-resource use
![Page 18: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Progress in the Developing World Since 1970
• Number of food-insecure people has fallen from 959 million to 780 million
• Percentage of food-insecure people has fallen from 37% to 17%
• Progress has been uneven– major reduction in East and Southeast Asia– slight increase in South Asia– number of hungry people in Sub-Saharan
Africa has more than doubled
![Page 19: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Even Less Progress without China
Between 1991 and 1998 • The number of food-insecure people
declined in China by 76 million
• In all other developing countries the number of food-insecure people increased by40 million
![Page 20: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Uneven Income Distribution
• 20% of the world’s population lives on the equivalent of less than US$1 a day
• Fully half of the human race earns less than US$2 a day
• The income of the richest 1% of our planet equals that of the poorest 57%
![Page 21: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Gap Is Widening
• In 1960 average per capita income in industrialized nations was 9 times the average of Sub-Saharan Africa
• Today it is 18 times
0
5
10
15
20
1960 2000
Sub-Saharan AfricaIndustrialized Nations
Difference in magnitude
![Page 22: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A Focus on Children
• One-third of preschool children in developing countries are malnourished
• Malnutrition among preschool children– impairs their mental and physical development– compromises their future health, productivity,
and food security– undermines economic growth and social justice
![Page 23: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Cost of Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition • Is a factor in more than 5 million deaths of children under five• Accounts for 20-25% of the economic impact of childhood
diseases in developing world• Reduces gross domestic product by 0.7% annually in India and
0.5% in China
![Page 24: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Indicators of Human Development
In developing countries in the past 30 years
• Life expectancy rose from 56 to 64 years• Mortality rates of preschool children fell
from 167 per 1,000 live births to 89• Adult literacy rate rose from less than
65% to 73%• Incomes per capita more than doubled
![Page 25: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Food Availability
• Improved dramatically in developing countries as a whole during past 30 years
• Daily per capita calorie availability– rose from 2,100 to 2,700 in all developing
countries, or more than enough to meet minimum needs
– lags behind in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
– remains below minimum requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa
![Page 26: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Agricultural Productivity Increases
Benefits • Improved per capita
production• Reduced unit costs and
prices• Increased incomes and
purchasing power for farmers and consumers
• Restrained expansion into forests, grasslands, and wildlife habitats, helping to avert natural resource degradation
Costs• Increased soil salinity and
lowered water tables in irrigated areas
• Exacerbated health and environmental problems through inappropriate use of fertilizer and pesticides
![Page 27: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Where Are We Headed?
With business as usual there is no possibility of achieving food security for all by 2020• Number of malnourished children will decline by only 20% by 2020
• Number of food-insecure people will decline from 780 to only 675 million by 2015
– The goal of cutting hunger in half will only be reached by 2050
![Page 28: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Confronting the Causes
We must address– food insecurity– malnutrition– unsustainable resource management
within the context of nine driving forces
![Page 29: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Nine Driving Forces (I)
1. Accelerating globalization, including further trade liberalization
2. Sweeping technological changes3. Degradation of natural resources and
increasing water scarcity4. Emerging, reemerging, and continuing
health and nutrition crises
![Page 30: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Nine Driving Forces (II)
5. Rapid urbanization6. Changing structure of farming7. Continued conflict8. Climate change9. Changing roles and responsibilities
of key actors
![Page 31: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Getting the Priorities Right
• Rapid pro-poor economic growth• Effective provision of public goods• Empowerment of poor people
![Page 32: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Seven High-Priority Policy Actions (I)
1. Invest in human resources2. Improve access to productive resources and
remunerative employment3. Improve markets, infrastructure, and
institutions
![Page 33: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
4. Expand appropriate research, knowledge, and technology
5. Improve natural resource management6. Promote good governance7. Support sound national and international
trade and macroeconomic policies
Seven High-Priority Policy Actions (II)
![Page 34: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1. Investing in Human Resources
• Improve access to healthcare• Assure clean water, safe sanitation, and
low-cost quality child care• Fight “hidden hunger”• Ensure food safety• Educate girls as well as boys
![Page 35: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2. Improve Access to Productive Resources and Paid Employment
• Promote broad-based agricultural and rural development
• Foster secure urban livelihoods• Promote civil society organizations• Empower women
![Page 36: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
3. Improve Markets, Infrastructure, and Institutions
• Ensure that markets are not biased against small farmers, less-favored areas, or food-insecure consumers
• Develop private competitive markets with supporting institutions and infrastructure
• Build competent public administration• Invest in public goods
![Page 37: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
4. Expand Appropriate Research, Knowledge, and Technology
• Invest in pro-poor agricultural research• Make use of the agroecological approach• Tap the potential of conventional agricultural research• Explore the potential of modern agricultural
biotechnology• Bridge the “digital divide”• Pursue affordable alternative energy
technologies
![Page 38: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
5. Improve Natural Resource Management
• Overcome water-related constraints• Manage soil fertility• Promote sustainable development in less-
favored areas• Assure property rights and collective action• Address global climate change
![Page 39: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
6. Promote Good Governance
• Institute rule of law• Protect and promote human rights• Prevent and resolve conflict • End corruption
![Page 40: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
7. Support Sound National and International Trade and Macroeconomic Policies
• Make globalization work for poor people• Expand development assistance• Undertake debt relief• Conserve plant genetic resources
![Page 41: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Roles and Responsibilities (I)
• Governments of developing countries have primary responsibility for
– creating conditions to end hunger – forging partnerships with other sectors– ensuring local governments have necessary
resources and authority• Governments of developed countries should– put resources behind their pledges– relieve unpayable debt of poor countries– restructure global trading system
![Page 42: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Roles and Responsibilities (II)
• Parliaments and judiciaries – assure poor people have a political voice– promulgate pro-poor policies – prevent arbitrary government action– ensure that governments fulfill their
obligations• International organizations and multilateral institutions– provide development finance, technical
assistance, and information– provide global public goods– facilitate/strengthen international agreements
![Page 43: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Roles and Responsibilities (III)
• Global and civil society– design and implement development activities– promote open, vigorous, and peaceful debate
• Transnational business and industry– make useful proprietary technologies available– provide innovative financial support to
sustainable development– practice social responsibility
![Page 44: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Roles and Responsibilities (IV)
• Domestic private sector, including farmers– produce food– develop markets– support credit institutions– invest in small enterprises that employ people
and develop skills
Food-insecure people are important actors in achieving food security, not passive victims
![Page 45: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Food Security for All Is Affordable
Public and private investments will be needed to achieve IFPRI’s 2020 Vision• Investments to reduce number of malnourished children
by 34 million by 2020 amount to just 3.6% of total spending by developing-country governments
• A more optimistic future with 72 million fewer malnourished children by 2020 requires that investments increase to 4.9%
![Page 46: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Costs and BenefitsGlobal investment1997-2020`
Number of malnourished children in 2020 compared to 1997
US$323 billion 12 million more
US$579 billion 34 million less
US$802 billion 72 million less
![Page 47: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Need for Political WillPolitical will means • Placing food security higher on the agenda• New partnerships, new programs, new institutions,
and new ways of thinking• Economic and political empowerment of poor people
– governments must be held accountable to their own citizens and to international public opinion
– institutions are needed that represent the interests of food-insecure people
– national governments, the private sector, and civil society must put the well-being of poor and hungry people at the top of their priority lists
– global advocacy effort is needed to push for food security for all
![Page 48: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The impact of food prices on women
![Page 49: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Karigirwa
• Widowed• Insecure land• Weather changes• Failing cropsDespite this• Produces• Supports her
children and orphans• works with other
widows some of whom are HIV+
• Planting trees
![Page 50: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The perfect storm
• Women caught between:– Increasing food prices– Climate Change driven
environmental stresses– Impact of HIV and Aids
(more care giving by women, more new infections among women)
– Existing and continuing marginalization
![Page 51: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The food price problem
• Prices of basic food stuffs rose in some cases by over 100% from early 2007 to mid 2008
• Poor families spend up to 80% of incomes on food so feel the pressure more
• Increased import costs hurt many economies• At least 119million more people going hungry• Small farmers not benefiting from higher prices as
many (70% in Tanzania) are net consumers and the terms of trade have worsened for the farmers
• Despite recent fuel price decreases food prices, especially in many rural areas, have remained high
Food insecurity is not new for millions around the world, it is
structural (as is the oppression of women) and must be dealt with as
such
![Page 52: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Gendered power operates at all levels from household to community to national
• Our analysis of the food crisis must be at all levels and not stop at the household door
• To go beyond generalizations we must understand the impact on women in poverty:
– In the home– The farm; and– The market.
Are we looking in the right places?
![Page 53: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
52% of married women in India
suffer from anaemia
• Main providers of food• Access/control of fewer
resources and less food• Less decision making power• Responsible for most
domestic work • Pressure on time fetching,
making, cooking and working.
Women in the home• Women and girls first to
eat less and eat worse• Girls first to be pulled out
of schools• Increase in forced
marriages of girls• Women first to miss
proper health care• More of women’s time to
make rather than buy• Increased psychological
stress (e.g. child care)
Food Crisis Impact
![Page 54: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
In Africa women receive only 7% of extension services and 10% of credit
to small-scale farmers despite
being the majority of small farmers
Women on the farm• Majority of workforce in
agriculture• Insecure tenure• Less and worse quality land
than men• Limited access to credit and
extension services• Less access to storage and
transport infrastructure
• More vulnerable to corruption
• More time needed to produce sufficient crops
• Marginal land gives less options
• Vulnerable to increased exploitation as workers
• Worsening terms of trade for women as small producers
• Women not benefiting from interventions
![Page 55: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
In the Philippines, “women make up the majority of those in the informal sector, some 27 million. They have no social security, no protection … workers in this sector are eating less and less” (Women Thrive Worldwide, 2008)
• Earn lower wages• Often in informal economy
or temporary informal jobs• Don’t get benefits of those
formally employed• Less power to negotiate in
markets when buying and selling
• More vulnerable to corruption
Women in the market• Larger proportion of
women’s smaller incomes going to food
• Unable to benefit from increased prices
• Vulnerable to increased exploitation as workers, traders and consumers
While women lost outBig business profited 2007-08
- Nestle’s sales grew 9%- Tesco’s profits up by 10%
- Monsanto 26% increase in revenue- Some grain traders and speculators
making massive profits
![Page 56: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Drivers of food prices increases
• Bio-fuel industry, especially maize for ethanol as in the USA (contributing 30-70% of increases)
• Climate changes putting pressure on production in some areas
• Growing middle classes increasing demand for food (meat) and fuels
• Unfair trade regimes, in particular ‘northern’ subsidies, undermined investment in agriculture in Africa and other developing countries.All MMM
![Page 57: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Climate Change in the mix• Marginal land that women often have access to becoming
more unviable• Increasing conflicts that often have a gendered impact• Displacement that always has a disproportionate impact on
women and children• Water and other natural resources that women collect are
becoming more scarce; taking a longer time, distance, and risk to find
• Women not in decision making on CC responses• Higher vulnerability and mortality of women in disasters
(The 1991 floods in Bangladesh killed 140,000 people of which 90% were women)
![Page 58: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Women the obvious solution
• We all know that investing in women is good for development, good for children, good for communities
• But we still sadly and amazingly have programmes that are gender blind or at least partially sighted
• Example fertilizer subsidies
“If our goal is to improve economic development, we must invest in women as economic and social agents in the agricultural economy” Amrtya Sen
![Page 59: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Resolve the Food Crisis By Focusing on Women
• Our analysis of the food crisis in every country and region must be gender differentiated, focus on the impact on women, and not stop outside the household
• Interventions must be explicitly focused on women ensuring that women benefit and that the worst impacts on women are addressed
• Involve, listen and respond to women in poverty during the analysis and design, delivery and monitoring of interventions
• Be responsive to the specificities of each context as gender relations manifest and impact in different ways
![Page 60: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Specific recommendations• Cash/food vouchers for women• Support to women small farmers, food vendors,
informal workers, pregnant or nursing mothers• Early childhood nutrition and school feeding with
specific measures to ensure girls benefit • Provide incentives for keeping girls in school• Improve HIV and Aids care and support• Increase women’s land tenure security• Improve women’s access to and control of credit,
agricultural inputs, storage facilities, and technologies• Listen to women in poverty and strengthen women’s
organisations and women’s leadership in organisations
![Page 61: Food security. What is food security? There are many different definitions of food security. The definition below is frequently used. The World Food Summit](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032200/56649f445503460f94c65b15/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Feminization of responses
• The causes of and responses to this food crisis – and climate change - have been beyond the control of women
• Success will require not just the delivery of better services for women, it is about women being able to assert their rights and gain greater control of their lives
• Especially for women to have more control over fundamentals like securing food and the environment for survival today and in the future