food security: sustainable production and distribution
TRANSCRIPT
OutlineFood security definition01
From Green Revolution to Gene Revolution03
Green Revolution02
Food Security
Cansu Kurban
What is Food Security?Definition:All people at all times have economic & physical access to adequate amounts of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make informed decisions about their food choices.
Availability The availability of sufficient quantities of
food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports.
Access Access by individuals to adequate
resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources).
Stability To be food secure, a population, household
or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security.
Utilization Utilization of food through adequate
diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security.
Household Level The concept of food security can be
applied at a household level to hunger in developing countries, as well as to low income earners in otherwise rich countries - with different implications for policy.
National Level A nation’s ability to meet domestic food
demand. Both domestic production and
international trade contribute to national food security.
National Level - Turkey
Turkey: Per capita food supply
Quantity [kcal/capita/day]
1994 1999 2004 2009
FoodSupply
3728 3618 3615 3697
Global Level Production and distribution of sufficient
food to meet fundamental nutritional requirements around the world.
Global Level
Global Level
Question What should a nation/government do to
provide food security?
Some answers… Increase production Improve financial access Improve physical access Provide income support Population planning
Refrences http://www.pedalandplow.com/2013/02/21/w
hat-is-food-security/
http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=TUR
http://www.natural-habitats.com/en/blog/food_security/
http://www.thisissierraleone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/food-security
http://www.desdemonadespair.net/2011/09/graph-of-day-global-food-security.html
Green Revolution
Ece Oğuzkan 13306
Definition; The process of increasing food
production and improving its quality to sustain population growth without compromising enviromental safety.
Agricultural Evolution Mankind has engaged in agriculture for
only 1% of his existence Agriculture has been practiced for 10,000
years Pregriculture hunter/gatherers Subsistence agriculture 8500 years Feudal agriculture 1000 years Scientific agriculture last 400 years
Green Revolution last 30 years
What made people to think an idea like Green Revolution?
More urban people Population increasing rapidly Food production not keeping pace with
population
What Was theGreen Revolution? Term coined by U.S. Agency for
International Development director William Gaud (March 1968)
Movement to increase yields by using: New crop cultivars Irrigation Fertilizers Pesticides Mechanization
What Was theGreen Revolution? A planned international effort funded by:
Rockefeller Foundation Ford Foundation Many developing country
governments Purposed to eliminated hunger by
improving crop performance Important figure Norman Borlaug
Norman Earnest Borlaug(1914 -)
Considered father of Green Revolution U.S. plant pathologist/plant breeder Joined the Rockefeller Foundation in
1944 Assigned to the international maize and
wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) in Mexico
Won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize
Why are we in the Aftermath?
Rapid increases in yield greatly diminishing
Population is still on the rise Modern practices have
Caused many environmental problems Increased the cost of production
Promise of Green Revolution Eliminate hunger, More urban people Population increasing rapidly Food production not keeping pace Increase global carrying capacity Increase yields Increase technological knowledge Get the materials to rural farmers
Traditional Practices
Little fertilizer Little irrigation Subsistence farming Conventional cultivars
Traditional Varieties Little response to fertilizer
Increased vegetative growth Results in lodging
Great variability in fields Required long growing seasons Some years yield adequate Some years NOT
New High Yield Cultivars
Semi-dwarf rice and wheat Uniform Good response to fertilizer Earlier maturing
Fertilizer New varieties responded reproductively Grain yields drastically increased
Mexico 1950: 300,000 metric tons of wheat 1970: 2,600,000 metric tons of wheat
Worldwide 1950: 14 million tons of food
1990: 144 million tons of food
New Irrigation Strategies
Tubewells and electric pumps Minimize drought failures Modern systems provided 5 times the
water More efficient
Extended Seasons and Land Use Use of drought resistant strains Multiple cropping
Two crops of wheat in many countries Fertilizer plus irrigation
Crop growth in dry seasons & dry land Production on previously nonarable
land
Pesticides
Decreased crop loss by pests Created easier mechanical harvest Increased food quality
Mechanization
Ability to farm much larger acreages Less field variability Fewer people involved in production Higher total output
Social Improvements
Food production increased over 1000% from 1960 to 1990
Famine decreased 20% from 1960 to 1990
Caloric consumption per capita increased 25% from 1960 to 1990
Rise in incomes and standards of living
Post Green Revolution Problems
Many direct problems created Variety and input accessibility Production cost Environmental issues Distribution problems Some problems are still unsolved
Inaccessibility Not every farmer has access to:
New varieties Fertilizer Equipment Pesticides(tarım ilaçları) Irrigation
Production Cost
Modern varieties require Irrigation
Some cultivars are non-drought tolerant Fertilizer
Poor growth without it Pesticides
More susceptible to pests Many farmers can’t afford these
Environmental Issues
Salinization by irrigation Aquifers drying up Top soil erosion Soil nutrient depletion Pesticide-resistant species
Distribution Problems
Transportation poor in many countries Can’t get the inputs to the farm Can’t get the crops off the farm
Storage problems Food produced, but lost
Unsolved Problems Growth rate of population still increasing Growth rate of production slowing down Not much more crop land Losing crop land to urbanization Famine still exists Meat consumption increasing
Less efficient use (10%)
Green Revolution Success Story?
Increased food production 1000+% by: Using new crop varieties, irrigation,
fertilizers, pesticides and mechanization
Decreased famine 20% Increased global carrying capacity
Green Revolution Success Story?
Did not eliminate famine Population still increasing Increased cost of production An increased negative environmental
impact Didn’t work for everyone
Question? Is Green Revolution a successful story?
Answer Is Green Revolution a successful story?
It depends which side you are looking from.
References http://world.edu/africas-farmers-chinese-
green-revolution-narrative/
http://mac.brothersoft.com/design-resources/green-revolution-brushes-37080.html
www.sciencemag.org http://
villamarina76.com/wp-admin/soil-erosion-pictures
Genetic EngineeringTechnique that transfers gene(s) of interest to develop and improve plants, animals and other organisms
Genetic engineering makes it possible to combine characteristics from genetically different plants and to incorporate desired traits into crop lines and animals, producing so-called transgenic, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Process of Crop Genetic Engineering
1) DNA IsolationAll of the DNA is extracted out of an organism that has the desired traits
2) Cloning GenesThe single gene that codes for the desired protein must then be located and copied out all of the DNA extracted from the organism’s cell
3) Designing GenesOnce the gene of interest has been cloned, genetic engineers modify it to express in a specific way when inside the plant.
3) Designing Genes (Cont.)
Enzymes are used to cut the gene apart.
3) Designing Genes (Cont.)
One or more of the three gene regions can then be replaced or modified.
3)Designing Genes (Cont.) The gene regions are bonded back together and function as a normal gene. Since the DNA has been cut apart and put back together in a new combination, it is called recombinant DNA
5) TransformationAfter gene modification, the new gene is inserted into a single plant cell using one of the transformation methods such as gene gun or agrobacterium.
6) Tissue CulturePlant cells divide in tissue culture; each cell contains the foreign gene. Using tissue culture techniques, cells are regenerated into plants.
The result is a transgenic plant with a new gene in every one of its cells.
7) Plant Breeding
Cross breeding is used to move the transgene into high yielding elite line
Conventional Breeding
Genetic Engineering
Question: What are the differences between Genetic engineering and Conventional breeding ?
Allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes, between either closely or distantly related organisms
Crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional breeding
Limited to exchange
between the same or
very closely related
species
Little or no guarantee of
obtaining any particular
gene combination from
the millions of crossed
generated
Undesirable genes can be
transferred along with
desirable genes.
Take a long time to
achieve desired results
Conventional Breeding Genetic Engineering
Answer:
Conventional Breeding
Wild Relative Crop Plant
Genetic Engineering
Wild Relative Crop Plant
Differences Cont.
The Promise
Biotechnology Offers Great Promises
The Objectives of Agricultural Biotechnology
1. To incorporate resistance to diseases and pests that
attack important tropical plants
2. To increase tolerance to environmental conditions such
as drought and a high salt level which stress most plants
3. To improve the nutritional value of commonly eaten
crops
4. To produce pharmaceutical products in ordinary crop
plants (pharma crops)
Important Environmental Benefits of Bioengineered Crops
Reductions in the use of pesticides crops are already resistant to
pests
Less erosion no-till cropping is facilitated by the use of herbicide-
resistant crops
Less environmental damage associated with bringing more land
into production existing agricultural lands will produce more food
Possible Pathways How GM Crops Could Impact Food Security
1. GM crops could contribute to food production increases
improving the availability of food at global and local levels.
2. GM crops could affect food quality.
3. GM crops could influence the economic and social situation of
farmers.
First Pathway
GM technologies could make food crops higher yielding and more
robust to biotic and abiotic stresses. This could stabilize and
increase food supplies, which is important against the background
of increasing food demand, climate change, and land and water
scarcity.
Second Pathway
GM technology can help to breed food crops with
higher contents of micronutrients. Projections show that they could
reduce nutritional deficiencies among the poor, entailing sizeable
positive health effects.
Eg. Golden Rice with provitamin A in the grain
Third Pathway
Half of all undernourished people worldwide are small-scale farmers in
developing countries. GM crop is used by smallholder farmers in developing
countries.
Eg. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, which is grown by around 15 million
smallholders in India, China, Pakistan, and a few other developing countries.
When cotton farmers began turning to Bt cotton:
Less pesticide usage
Saving money
Saving time
Eat or Not?
The Problems
2Food Safety
1Environmental Problems
3Access to the New Techniques
1. Environmental ConcernsPest-resistant properties of GM crops genetically enhanced weeds
Economic disaster for farmers
Ecological impact of the crops Eg. Beneficial insects be killed by the toxin of Bt corn
Genes for herbicide resistance or for tolerance to drought and other environmental can spread by pollen to ordinary crop plants or their wild relatives Super weeds
2. Food SafetyTransgenic crops contain proteins from different
organisms and might trigger an unexpected allergic
response in people.
Eg. Soybean containing gene from Brazil nut
Antibiotic-resistant genes used as markers in some
transgenic plants could spread to disease causing
bacteria in humans.
Pharma crops could contaminate ordinary food crops
– some of the compounds being harmful if ingested by
people or animals.
3. Access to the New Techniques
Farmers in the developing countries are less able to afford the higher
costs of the new seeds.
Genetically modified seeds are spreading rapidly through seed “Piracy”
A. Soybean
What is the first genetically modified crop in the world?
B. Corn
C. Tomato D. Cotton
A. Soybean
What is the first genetically modified crop in the world?
B. Corn
C. Tomato D. Cotton
http://passel.unl.edu/communities/index.php?idcollectionmo
dule=1130274210&allanims=1
Inroduction to Biotechnology William J. Thieman Micheall, A.
Palladino Third Edition
Environmental Science Richard T. Wright, Dorothy F. Boorse
Environment Peter H. Raven ,Linda R. Berg, David M.
Hassenzahl
Environmental Science Daniel B. Botkin, Edward A. Keller
References