food security, hunger & malnutrition in india asia... · 2015-01-30 · malnutrition in india...
TRANSCRIPT
2 2 2 2 2
Index number of Crop Production
Index annual rate of growth
1981-82 100
4.4%
1990-91 148
2.8%
1996-97 176
1.5%
2011-12 220
Per capita annual foodgrain production (kg)
3
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
22019
90-9
1
91-9
2
92-9
3
93-9
4
94-9
5
95-9
6
96-9
7
97-9
8
98-9
9
99-0
0
00-0
1
01-0
2
02-0
3
03-0
4
04-0
5
05-0
6
06-J
ul
07/0
8
08/0
9
09/1
0
10/1
1
11-1
2
2012
-13
4 4
Buffer Stocks
4
Per capita daily availability (grams)
5
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
6
Per Capita Cereal Consumption for various deciles
(Rural India, 2004-2005; kg/month)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0-5
5-1
0
10
-20
20
-30
30
-40
40
-50
50
-60
60
-70
70
-80
80
-90
90
-95
95
-10
0
7
Foodgrain wholesale price index (1993-94=100)
150
200
250
300
350
400
4501999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
8 8 8
Per capita Rural monthly consumption in kg (2002)
India Vietnam
Foodgrains 13 20.5
Dairy 3.9 0.2
Meat/poultry 1.5 3.4
Fruit/vegetables 9.5 5.8
eating out/sugar/oil 1.8 5.8
Total 29.7 35.7
9 9 9
Per Capita Consumption during 2004-06 (kg/year)
India China US World
All cereals 175.1 287.9 953 316
Meat 5.3 56.8 126.6 40.2
Milk 84.5 22.7 Na 97.8
Eggs 1.8 21.6 15.2 9.7
10
11 11
India State Hunger Index Score
Worst than Nicaragua (rank 33)
Worst than Chad (rank 81)
Worst than Burkina Faso (rank 65)
12
Changes in Hunger Index
1996 2011 1996 2011
China 9.1 5.5 Uganda 20.4 16.7
Thailand 11.9 8.1 Zimbabwe 22.3 17.7
Vietnam 21.4 11.2 Malawi 27.1 18.2
Mongolia 17.7 11.4 Kenya 20.3 18.6
Indonesia 15.5 12.2 Nepal 24.6 19.9
SriLanka 17.8 14 Pakistan 22 20.7
Nigeria 21.2 15.5 Sudan 24.7 21.5
Myanmar 25.4 16.3 India 22.9 23.7
Bangladesh 36.3 24.5
13
14 14
Production, Procurement & Offtake of
Foodgrains (in million Tonnes)
1997-98 2002-03 2007-08 2011-12
Food Subsidy in
billion Rupees 79 240 313 602
Production of
foodgrains 192 175 231 253
Procurement of
foodgrains 23.6 40.3 39.6 60.1
Distribution
through FPS 17 20.1 33.5 51
Disposal though
welfare schemes 2.1 11.4 3.9 4.1
15 15 15
“Bihar farmers forced to sell rice at
throwaway prices”
• ‘Patna (Bihar Times): Due to poor procurement by
government agencies and Food Corporation of
India (FCI) farmers of Bihar are being forced to sell
rice at throwaway prices. They are not even getting
the cultivation cost.
According to reports the rice output in the current
season is around 75 lakh tonne, but the state and
central government agencies purchased only 12.35 lakh tonne and closed the procurement by May 31.’
16
17
Justice Wadhwa Observations 2009
• Rajasthan - Unsatisfactory, many irregularities, irregular lifting of grain, no lifting and bulk lifting, PDS in the state has collapsed.
• Jharkhand - The distribution mechanism has continued in the hands of the most corrupt and inefficient Bihar State Food and Supply Corporation (BSFC). If the FPS owners do not pay Rs. 10 per bag to the godown manager, he gives rotten grains to FPS.
• Bihar - Diversion and black-marketing of food grains by FPS dealers. Strong nexus between officials of the department and FPS dealers. Ghost and bogus ration cards is a major problem in the state
• Orissa - Private storage agents are the major source of diversion in the State of Orissa as there is virtually no control or checking on their activities. The appointment of storage agent was susceptible to high political influence.
• Gujarat - FPS owners in the state bribe the officials every month. Ghost and bogus ration cards is a major problem in the state.
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Factors behind Chhattisgarh’s success
• Political will
• Private dealers replaced by panchayats
• 70% families covered at Rs 2/1 per kg of rice
• Huge investment from state revenues
• Rice surplus state
• 500 people put behind the bars
• Toll free number for grievance redressal
• Constant monitoring
People put pressure when the scheme is credible 18
19
President’s Address June 2009
• Food Security for all
• Broader systemic reform of PDS
In addition, Congress Party’s election manifesto promised subsidized community kitchens for homeless & migrants in cities with Central
Government support
20 20
Latest decisions
• Cover 75% rural and 50% urban population (83 million)
• Identify within six months
• Antyodaya households to get 35 kg of rice/wheat/ millets
and the rest 5 kg per unit at Rs 3/2/1 per kg
• Free meal to pregnant & lactating mothers + Rs 6000
• Legal entitlements for child nutrition, mid-day meals for
school children
• Ration card in the name of female head
• Leverage with Aadhaar
20
Monthly per capita exp (2011-12 prices)
21
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th All
RURAL
Monthly per capita exp (2011-12 prices)
22
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th All
URBAN
23 23
Food Security Act - Issues
• Universal vs targeted
• 25 kg per household, or 35 kg?
• At what price?
• Should procurement be increased, even when per capita production does not increase?
• Existing APL allocations to TN, AP, Kerala, northeast?
• Exports
• Introduction of UID and smart cards
• Improving accountability
How to decide inter-state allocations?
% share of some states in the all India total
24
Population
(2011)
poverty
2009-10
Annual PDS
allotment 2010-11
Andhra 7 5 7.7
Assam 2.6 3.3 3.5
Bihar 8.6 15.3 7.5
Kerala 2.8 1.1 2.9
Punjab 2.3 1.2 1.6
Orissa 3.5 4.3 4.7
TN 6 3.4 7.8
UP 16.5 20.8 14.6
India 100 100 100
% population covered under NFSO
rural urban
Andhra 61 41
Assam 84 60
Bihar 85 74
Kerala 53 31
Punjab 55 45
Orissa 82 56
TN 62 38
UP 80 64
India 75 50 25
26
Encourage direct cash transfer (DCT)?
• Pensions are quite popular
• Institutional deliveries have gone up because of DCT
• Try DCT in place of PDS on a pilot basis in urban areas
• Abolish dual pricing in food, fuel and fertiliser by DBT
• PDS and MSP are complementary
• Problems of identification remain despite Aadhar
DCT needs a good banking structure, functional
registration system, and widespread debit cards
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