food resources part i - agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
Agricultural Products
Foods
Fibers
Fuels
Raw materials
Pharmaceuticals
Illegal drugs
Ornamental or exotic
products
Poppy field in Afghanistan.
Cropland
Irrigated farm land
Rangeland
Pasture
Forest
Barren land
Wetland
Urban area
Food Production in
U.S.
Improvements in Agriculture
Increased use of farm machinery
Inorganic chemical fertilizers
Irrigation
Pesticides
High-yield varieties of crops
Aquaculture ponds
Environmental Concerns
Soil Erosion
Pollution
Lack of Water for Irrigation
Overgrazing by Livestock
Overfishing
Loss of Ecological Services Effects of overgrazing on grasslands.
Available Materials: Types of Plants
30,000 known species
of flowering plants
Only 10,000 are eaten
by humans (1% of total
biomass)
12 account for over
80% of the worlds crops
Why So Few Plants
Indigestible
Poisonous
Low Nutritional Value
Tedious to Prepare
Difficult to Gather
12 Major Species of Plant
Cereals: wheat, corn, rice,
barley, sorghum, and soybeans
Roots: potatoes, manioc and
sweet potatoes
Sugars: sugar cane, sugar
beets, and bananas
Agricultural Types
Industrialized Agriculture
Plantation Agriculture
Traditional Intensive Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation
Traditional Subsistence Agriculture
Nomadic Herding
Industrialized agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Plantation agriculture
Nomadic herding
Intensive traditional agriculture
No agriculture
Location of World Food Production
Steps Toward a Green Revolution
Develop and plant monocultures
Produce high yields by using large amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, and water
Increase the number of crops grown per year on a plot of land through multicroping
A monoculture of leaf lettuce.
Figure 13-6
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First green revolution(developed countries)1950 - 1970
Second green revolution(developing countries)1967
Major international agriculturalresearch centers and seed banks
Agricultural Facts for the U.S.
Bigger than the automotive, steel, and housing industries combined
Generates about 18% of the countries GNP
Produces 17% of the world’s grain
U.S. consumers spend 2% of their income on food
Accounts for 17% of U.S. energy use
4% 2% 6% 5%17% of totalcommercialenergy useCrops Livestock Food processing Food distribution and preparation
Food production
Grow
Store
Process
Package
Energy Use in Production
Transport
Refrigerate
Cook
Industrialized agriculturein developed countries
Intensive traditional agriculturein developing countries
Land
Labor
Capital
Fossil fuel
energy
Land
Labor
Capital
Fossil fuel energy
Shifting cultivation in tropicalforests in developing countries
Nomadic herding indeveloping countries
Land
Labor
Capital
Land
Labor
Capital
Food Processing Systems
Imports
Food/Farms Manufacturers
Wholesalers Caterers
Retailers Consumers
Exports
Interplanting Strategies
Polyculturing
Intercropping
Agroforestry (Alley
Cropping)
Intercropping in Ghana, Africa.
Advantages of Polyculturing
Less need for fertilizers
and water because of
varying root depths
More protection from
wind and water erosion
Little need for insecticides
because multiple habitats
are created for natural
predators of crop-eating
insects
A polyculture tank holding plants,
rainbow trout, and crayfish.
Plants That Deplete Soil Nutrients
Corn
Tobacco
Cotton
Crop Rotation Example:
Corn Soybeans Oats Alfalfa
Food Production
Enough is produced to feed the current population
Poor distribution infrastructures and political
corruption create situation were 1 out 6 people in
developing nations do not have enough food
Poverty MalnutritionDecreasedresistanceto disease
High deathrate forchildren
Decreasedenergy
Decreasedability
to learn
Decreasedability
to work
Shortenedlife
expectancy
Feedback loop
Problems of Chronic Undernutrition
Mental Retardation
Stunted Growth
Susceptible to Infection Diseases
Susceptible Parties:
•Infants
•Nursing Mothers
•Elderly
Precautions (A $5 - $10 Fix)
Immunizing Children
Encouraging Breast Feeding
Preventing Dehydration
Preventing Blindness
Providing Family Planning
Increasing Education for Women
Some Micronutrient Deficiencies
Iron Deficiency:
•Causes Fatigues
•Makes Infection More Likely
•Increase Chances of Mother
Dying in Child Birth
Iodine Deficiency:
•Stunted Growth
•Mental Retardation
•Goiter
Goiter on neck.Vitamin A Deficiency:
•Allergies
•Impaired growth
•Night blindness
•Decreased immune system function
•Cancer susceptibility
Being Overweight
Overweight
4.5-14 kg (10-30 lbs)
Obese
14 kg (30 lbs +)
Health Problems:
•Lower Productivity
•Lower Quality of Life
•Greater Susceptibility to Disease
•Lower Life Expectancy
Agricultural Fixes
Genetically Modified
Foods
New Foods
More Efficient
Agriculture
Improved Irrigation
A Limited Solution
Depletion of Aquifers
Erosion
Groundwater Contamination
Salinization
Waterlogging
Reduction of Wildlife Habitats
Increase Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere
Accelerate Global Warming
Urban Gardens
Reduces stresses on soil and biodiversity in non-urban areas
Provide food and jobs for low-income urban residents
Lead to conflict over how urban land should be used
Urban soils need to be checked for toxic pollutants (Pb, Hg)
Microlivestocks (Edible Insects)
Blank Ant Larva (tacos in Mexico)
Giant Water Bugs (vegetable dip in Thailand)
Emperor Moth Caterpillars (South Africa)
Cockroaches (Kalahari Desert)
Butterflies (Bali)
Ants (Bogota)
http://www.slashfood.com/2005/10/27/scorpion-
lollipops-and-the-future-of-microlivestock/