food consumption and spending in nigeria · this research can be used by the bill and melinda gates...

Food Consumption and Spending in NigeriaQuantitative survey conducted in December, 2015-January, 2016 (harvest season)TOP-LINE RESULTS 11th APRIL 2016

Consumption Potential at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Nigeria

2.4 Potential income aspirations and attitudes to food

2.1 Living conditions and employment

2.2 Income, expenditures and food purchase

2.3 Food consumption

1.1 Research background and objectives

Content Research overview1

Main results2

Appendix3

1.2 Methodological approach

2.5 Households segmentation


OVERVIEWResearch

1.1 Research Background and Objectives


Consumption Potential at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Nigeria 4

This research program is designed to contribute to further understanding of populations at the

‘bottom of the pyramid’Access to nutritious foods is significantly lacking for much of the population at the base(or bottom) of the socio-economic pyramid (also know as the BoP population) indeveloping markets. For many among BoP populations, incomes are slowly increasing andthey are faced with trade-offs on how to spend their money, including how much to useto increase food consumption and improve food variety for themselves and theirfamilies. Continuous improvements in food technology offer the opportunity to introducemore affordable, more nutritious food to these people. In order to develop the beststrategies, understanding of the needs and desires of these consumers is essential.

However, current data regarding the spending behaviors and food consumption habits ofBoP populations in African and Asian markets is lacking. Several existing nationallyrepresentative surveys provide very detailed data, but on very long timelines.

This research is designed to complement these data sets with less detailed, but muchfaster access and additional information about attitudes and motivations. The data fromthis research can be used by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, their grantees andthe broader network of international organizations and NGOs, as well as private sectorcompanies, to improve food access, consumption, health and living standards of thesepopulations.

The research is conducted in three countries: Nigeria, Ethiopia and India (Uttar Pradesh)with two waves of data collection conducted annually (harvest and lean seasons).

The current report includes results of the harvest season wave of the survey in Nigeria.Data collection was conducted in December 2015 - January, 2016. Full results are availablewithin 3 months after data collection. The lean season wave will be conducted in July-August, 2016. Results of harvest and lean season will be compared in one report.


The primary objective is to understand the growing consumption power of the base of the pyramid populations by measuring the following:

Income & Spending behaviorIncome and its distribution: Which income generating activities are people involved in? What is prioritizedwhen income is distributed? What trade-offs are made? How is money accessed and managed?

Food consumptionRole and place of food: What are the sources of food? How is food prioritized in general spending? How isfood purchased and consumed? How does it influence general health and reproductive health?

Likely impact of increased incomeChanges in income distribution: How will priorities evolve if income increases? What new trade-offs will bemade with increased income (in general income distribution and particularly in food consumption)?

Attitudinal structures and drivers of decision-makingWhat influences priorities and trade-offs: Which general attitudes to money earning and spending do peoplehave? How do people perceive of food? What are their attitudes to food?

1

2

3

4


What we mean when we say…

Household (HH) - a group of people who usually sleep in the same dwelling and share their meals together. All persons that have been away from the household for more than 6 months were not considered to be household members except the person identified as the head of household even if he or she has not been with the household for more than 6 months, newly born children (or newly adopted), a child born or adopted during the last 6 months, new spouses

Individual – any member within a particular household, with no exclusions for age and gender Improved water source – any one of the following:

– Piped into dwelling– Piped into yard/plot– Public tap/stand-pipe– Tube well or borehold– Protected well– Protected spring– Rainwater

Non-improved water source – any one of the following:– Unprotected well– Unprotected spring– Tanker truck– Cart with small tank– Surface water– Bottled water/water from sachet

Improved sanitation facility – any one of the following:– Flush toilet to sewer– Flush toilet to septic tank– Flush toilet to pit latrine– Ventilated improved pit latrine– Pit latrine with slab– Composting toilet

Non-improved sanitation facility – any one of the following:– Flush toilet to unknown– Pit latrine without slab/open pit– Bucket toilet– Hanging toilet/hanging latrine– No facility/bush/field

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Glossary of terms and reference points (1/2)


What we mean when we say…

Total calculated income per HH member – calculated as a sum of different sources of income for the last 30 days. A sum of the following components: income from primary employment, income from secondary employment, income from farm and non-farm self-employment; income from property; transfers from individuals and organizations; subsidies and benefits; income from credits, savings, investments, informal financial groups divided by number of HH members.

Total claimed income per HH member is an answer for the following question ‘In the last 6 months what was an average monthly income of your total household?’ divided by number of HH members.

The wealth index is a composite measure of a household's cumulative living standard. The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household’s ownership of selected assets, such as televisions and bicycles; materials used for housing construction; and types of water access and sanitation facilities.

Generated with a statistical procedure known as principal components analysis, the wealth index places individual households on a continuous scale of relative wealth. Weights for Wealth Index calculation were taken from DHS Final Report. Interviewed households were separated into five wealth quintiles (with data driven cutoff point applied) to compare the influence of wealth on various population, food consumption patterns, attitudes to food and potential income aspirations.

- See more at: http://www.dhsprogram.com/topics/wealth-index/Index.cfm#sthash.Bpjfo3Db.dpuf Dietary diversity is a qualitative measure of food consumption that reflects household access to a variety of

foods, and is also a proxy for nutrient adequacy of the diet of individuals. It includes a simple count of food groups that a household or an individual has consumed over the preceding 24 hours.

Point of sale (PoS) - the place where sales/ purchases are made (market, supermarket, shop, kiosk, etc)

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Glossary of terms and reference points (1/2)

http://www.dhsprogram.com/topics/wealth-index/Index.cfm#sthash.Bpjfo3Db.dpuf


OVERVIEWResearch

1.1 Research Background and Objectives



A three-phase approach was employed to address the objectives of the research

9

Methodological approach of the broader research program

Exploratory Ethnographic Deep-diveInitial qualitative insights; informing the optimal approach for quantitative measurement

Half day “immersions” with respondents of the C2/D/E socio-economic classesn=16 interviews; 3 locations: Lagos, Kwara, Oyo.

Country: NigeriaSeason: Harvest

Market-representative Quantitative Baseline Robustquantitativebaselinemeasurement

60-minute quantitative interviews ; nationally representative randomized sample; 2 waves (lean and harvest seasons) ; n~1,250 households per season; 6 regions -12 states

Market-representative Quantitative Tracking Robustquantitativetrackingmeasurement–tofollow-up

60-minute quantitative interviews ; nationally representative sample; 2 waves annually (lean and harvest seasons) n=1,250 interviews per season; 6 regions-12 states


Kano

BauchiNiger

Oyo

RiversAkwa Ibom

EnuguLagos

Kaduna

Anambra

Nasawara

Urban households Rural households

North West, Kano 36% 64%

North West, Kaduna 41% 59%

North Central, Nasawara 20% 80%

North Central, Niger 33% 67%

North East, Bauchi 21% 79%

North East, Gombe 27% 73%

South West, Lagos 94% 6%

South West, Oyo 74% 26%

South South, Rivers 50% 50%

South South, Akwa Ibom 11% 89%

South East, Anambra 89% 11%

South East, Enugu 81% 19%

Total 52% 48%

Gombe

Base: All households, urban (n=656), rural (n=609)A2, A3

*Source for sample design: National Bureau of Statistics Nigeria, Census, 2006

Study Location: This study was carried out in 12 selected states of the country (2 states from each macro-region). Quotas were set to ensure a representative sample by region on the household level*

Regional sample structure and design

Time and Duration of Study: Data collection was carried out from December 2015 to January 2016.

Data Collection: via interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, pre-programmed on mobile devices.


Sample size and structure

Study was conducted among households (HHs) In each HH information about household structure (incl. number and profile of each

HH member) was collected several people were interviewed

Sample by state # HHs # adults 15+ years old # children 0-14 y.o Total # individuals

North West, Kano n=202 n=413 n=186 n=599North West, Kaduna n=138 n=210 n=31 n=241North Central, Nasawara n=35 n=68 n=15 n=83North Central, Niger n=90 n=221 n=111 n=332North East, Bauchi n=100 n=205 n=33 n=238North East, Gombe n=48 n=115 n=23 n=138South West, Lagos n=188 n=452 n=137 n=589South West, Oyo n=117 n=240 n=80 n=320South South, Rivers n=108 n=211 n=82 n=293South South, Akwa Ibom n=87 n=180 n=28 n=208South East, Anambra n=88 n=187 n=45 n=232South East, Enugu n=64 n=95 n=18 n=113Total n=1,265 n=2,597 n=789 n=3,386


Data collected included the following

Questionnaire structure Sample size

A: Household living conditions Collectively – all HH members (on the level of HH) n=1,265

B: Demographic profile of each HH member Collectively – all HH membersn=3,386

Men, n=1,326; women, n=1,271; children, n=789

C: Employment Individually – each HH member employed for the last 30 daysn=1,402

Men, n=843; women, n=1,546

D: 24-hour dietary recall (individual dietary questionnaire)

Individually – each of 4 randomly selected HH membersn=1,567

Men, n=513; women, n=705; children, n=349

E: General health evaluation Individually – each of 4 randomly selected HH membersn=1,567

Men, n=513; women, n=705; children, n=349

F: Women’s health One randomly selected female HH member, 15-50 years old n=705

G: Household incomeCollectively – all HH members

specific questions for each income earnern=1,265

H: Household expenditurePrimarily key decision maker, but with collective contribution

of each HH membern=1,265

I: Shopping, food purchase and consumption patterns Key decision maker - food planner n= 936

J: Potential consumption & additional income aspirations

Key decision maker of general distribution of income n=980

To answer individual sections (D&E) of the questionnaire maximum of 4 HH members were randomly selected by the data collection program: 1 man, 1 woman (15+

y.o.), 1 male and 1 female child (0-14 y.o.) (see the details of selection on the next slide)


How respondents were selected for survey sections

In section B of the questionnaire one member of the household was asked to give detailson all inhabitants, even if all household members were not present at the time ofinterview.

To answer sections D and E of the questionnaire, a maximum of 4 household memberswere selected from Section B: 1 man, 1 woman (both 15+ y.o), 1 female and 1 male child(both 0-14 y.o.). These people were randomly by the program from all HH members.

Thus, sections D and E were not answered by all members of the household if:

o There were more than 4 people in the HH

o They were several people of the same profile in the household (e.g. 3 children of the same sex)

In many cases fewer than 4 individuals were interviewed for these sections in the HH if:

o The total number of HH members was less than 4

o If one of the profiles was not represented in the household (for example, there is no adult maleliving there)

o If somebody of randomly selected HH members were not present at the time of interview (foradults); if a child was not present and someone else in the household could not recall his/ her foodconsumption


Household expenditures were assessed during the course of the interview in 2 steps. At the firststep respondents were asked to distribute the amount of money (in naira) spent for the last 30 dayson 32 items, one of which was “food and drinks”.

Assessment of household expenditures

List of items List of items0. Food and drinks for the household (including drinking water, street food, snacks, food away from home, etc) 17. Clothing or footwear for children/ Specific products for child care (diapers, nappies, etc)

1. Purchase/ mortgage / rent for house/ apartment 18. Clothing or footwear for adults

2. Fuel/ Light 19. Education (school/ pre-school fees/ books/ text books, extra-classes, parents-teachers associations, contribution to repairs at school, etc)

3. Non-drinking water 20. Healthcare (health visits, medicines, excluding vitamins)

4. Household items and appliances (furniture, rugs, refrigerator, freezer, television etc). 21. Vitamins and mineral supplements

5. Technological devices (e.g. mobile phones, computer, tablet, etc) 22. Special entertainment events / hobbies for adults (e.g. cinema, theatre, concerts, sport events, musical instruments, sport equipment, etc)

6. Any activities for income generation (personal business, farming, producing smth for sale, payment for labour, repair, etc) 23. Activities/ hobbies for children (e.g. after school club, Arabic school, sports clubs, etc)

7. Purchase or hire of vehicle (including fuel and parking expenses) 24. Celebrations, festivals and ceremonial (e.g. parties, weddings, marriage ceremony and funerals)

8. Public transportation (taxi, ocada, buses) 25. Payment of credit, loans to banks or other financial institutions (cooperative societies, saving associations, micro finance)

9. House and household appliances repair, including building and repair materials, repair services, etc 26. Contributing to savings to banks or other financial institutions (cooperative societies, saving associations, micro finance)

10. Vehicle repair, including repair materials, repair services, etc (e.g. for car, motorcycle) 27. Contributing to informal financial groups or individuals (women’s cooperatives, thrift collector, etc)

11. Postal services, landline phone services and mobile phone services, Internet 28. Saving money in bank or other financial institutions (cooperative societies, saving associations, micro finance)

12. Grooming services (e.g. tailoring, shoe repair, hairdresser, etc ) 29. Saving money in informal groups or individuals (women’s cooperatives, thrift collector, etc)

13. Cleaning services (e.g. car wash, laundry, etc) 30. Saving money without help of any formal or informal institutions, just on your own (e.g. at home, etc)

14. Domestic servants (e.g. someone who cleans your house, cook for you, take care of children, etc) 31. Lending money to others (gave money with the expectation that it will be repaid)

15. Household washing materials (e.g. laundry detergent, washing up liquid, etc.) 32. Helping people who are not members of your household with money or goods (without the expectation that it will be repaid)

16. Personal hygiene and cosmetics (e.g. soap, shampoo, toothpaste, perfume, make-up, etc)

List of items1. Food and drinks

2. Rent

3. Fuel/ light/ water

4. Household items and appliances

5. Income generation

6. Transport

7. Cleaning and hygiene

8. Clothing

9. Education

10. Healthcare

11. Entertainment

12. Savings

13. Giving away

14. Other

For assessment of expenditure patters at analysis stage thesegroups were combined into the following 14 groups.

Thus, expenditures included not only purchase / spendingmoney on non-food products and services, but also savings,expenditures on income generating activities, giving moneyaway (incl. lending or in support of other family members orfriends, re-payment of credits and loans).

For reporting in USD exchange rate was: ₦1NGN=$0.005


Later in the course of the interview respondents were asked to distribute their total typical expenditure on food and drinks per week or month (depending on their typical food purchase frequency) by 33 selected food groups (relevant for the Nigerian food basket).

During analysis 33 food items were either classified into 15 major groups or shown separately (depending on the level of analysis).

Assessment of household expenditures on food

List of food items List of food items

1. Meat 18. Ground maize/ millet/ sorghum

2. Chicken/other poultry 19. Noodles/ pasta

3. Rice 20. Beans and bean products (e.g. brown beans, akara)

4. Meals away from home (e.g. in restaurant, eatery) 21. Mango/ papaya

5. Yam/ potato/ cassava 22. Bananas

6. Snacks (e.g. meat pie, plaintain chips) 23. All other fruits

7. Sweet snacks (e.g. chocolate, biscuits, donuts) 24. Vegetable or groundnut oil

8. Green vegetables such as spinach/ ewedu 25. Palm oil

9. Tomato and onion 26. Stock cubes (e.g. Maggie cubes)

10. Vegetables for soups/stew (e.g. Garden egg/ okra) 27. Spices & herbs (chilli, pepper etc.)

11. Orange/yellow vegetables like carrots/ sweet potato 28. Cocoa based drinks (e.g. Bournvita, Milo)

12. All other vegetables 29. Alcohol e.g. beer/wine

13. Fresh fish 30. Bread

14. Dried fish 31. Water (bottled or sachet)

15. Fruit juice/ soft drinks 32. Nuts, e.g. groundnuts, cashew

16. Milk, yoghurt, cheese 33. Other prepared drinks (tea, coffee, etc.)

17. Fresh eggs


The information about food consumption was collected on individual level, including all foods eaten by the individual, irrespective of where they were prepared.

Reference period was the previous 24 hours (the same way as in FAO). Prior to beginning of data collection the food list was adapted to the local survey context using the

results of previous Ethnography findings. The list included 193 food items combined into categories in order to make the navigation across the long list easier for respondents. Categories were defined based on the results of ethnographic study and represent the way in which Nigerians usually group them. Each category also included an option ‘Other’, for which respondents were asked to specify the food they consumed.

All interviewers were trained before the fieldwork and able to work with the respondents to ensure that all foods and drinks consumed are captured.

The basic composition of the most common mixed local dishes (soups, stews) was defined (in terms of different food groups included) based on the results of ethnographic research and desk research.

Information on additional ingredients was collected for all home cooked dishes (with prompt for each dish); information about main ingredients was collected for mixed local dishes (soups, stews).

Information about foods eaten outside the home was collected as well.

Assessment of Dietary Diversity (1/2)


At the stage of analysis food items (including those mentioned in ‘other’ option) were re-analyzed and grouped into new categories (10 categories from Minimum Dietary Diversity – Women). Categories from ‘other’ options were also preliminary reviewed by local research team, food composition for mixed dishes was provided.

Minimum Dietary Diversity – Women (MDD-W):

The score (DDS) of 10 food groups was calculated for assessing the dietary diversity of respondents’ diet. The DDS was calculated for each individual using the FAO guidelines.

The dietary diversity was assessed based on the number of food groups consumed. A point was assigned to each food group consumed over the reference period, and the sums of all points were calculated for the DDS. Mixed dishes were assigned to several categories if it was relevant (e.g. Egusisoup with meat - Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables, Nuts and seeds, Flesh foods). Also if there were any additional ingredients added to the food item, the item was assigned to several categories (e.g. cereals cooked with milk). Items, which do not belong to any of the DDS categories, were coded as ‘No category’ and excluded from mean calculation.

Assessment of Dietary Diversity (2/2)

List of food groups1. All starchy staple foods 6. Beans and peas

2. Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables 7. Nuts and seeds

3. Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits 8. Eggs

4. Dairy 9. Other vegetables

5. Flesh foods (incl. meat, poultry, fish) 10. Other fruits


For nutritional knowledge assessment respondents (key decision makers and planners on food in the household) were asked to agree or disagree with a number of statements.

Nutritional knowledge index was calculated: respondents were assigned 1 point for each statement with which they were in agreement / or disagreement (depending on statement). The number of points across each of the 12 statements were totaled to create the Nutritional Knowledge Score.

To assist with the analysis, the score was combined to form three groups: 1-6 points – poor nutritional knowledge, 7-9 average nutritional knowledge, 10-11 – good nutritional knowledge.

Assessment of Nutritional Knowledge

Point List of statements Points

1. It is important to eat a lot of uncooked fruits and vegetables for good health Yes - 1 No - 0

2. Eating a lot of sugar is good for one’s health Yes - 0 No – 1

3. A diet with a lot of staple foods (e.g. rice, wheat, yam) is not good for one’s health Yes - 1 No – 0

5. Reducing the amount of fatty meat and animal fat in the diet is good for one’s health Yes – 0 No – 1

6. Drinking milk and eating dairy products is good for one’s health Yes – 1 No – 0

7. The heavier one’s body is, the healthier he or she is Yes – 0 No – 1

8. Insufficient food/ bad food can affect the texture of the skin, hair and nails Yes – 1 No – 0

9. Protein is necessary substance for body growth in children Yes – 1 No – 0

10. Water helps to ease food digestion Yes – 1 No – 0

11. Good nutrition involves eating a variety of food in the right proportion Yes – 1 No – 0

12. Absence of certain types of food in a diet can cause serious problems with health Yes - 1 No - 0


RESULTSMain







Living conditions and employment

Key findings:

Significant parts of the population in Nigeria have difficulties withaccess to electricity, improved sanitation and drinking watersources.

Cooking facilities are limited: a half of HHs have no separate roomfor cooking in the house; one third have no area for food storage,and only about one in five have working refrigerators.

Most of the poorest of the population is concentrated in ruralareas, and especially in the Northern states.

63% of men and 42% of women older than 15 years wereemployed for the last 30 days; level of unemployment is higher inrural areas.


Access to electricity, improved water source and especially sanitation is limited for large shares of population; less than a half of HHs have kitchen in the house, only 2/3 – food storage place.

Base: All households (n=1,265)A6, A7, A8, A9, A11, A12, A14, A15

Household possessions

Source of drinking waterElectricity Sanitation facility

66% HAVE ELECTRICITY

34% DO NOT HAVE

ELECTRICITY

41% IMPROVED,NOT-SHARED

59% SHARED/ NOT

IMPROVED

77% Improved

23% NOT

IMPROVED

Mobile telephone 80%

Radio 68%

Television 67%

Fan 64%

Electric iron 49%

Refrigerator 34%

Generating set 27%

Watch 61%

Cable TV 24%

Computer 8%

Air-conditioner 7%

Non-mobile telephone 3%

Household assets Means of transport Other possessions

Bicycle 18%

Motorcycle or scooter 14%

Car or truck 12%

Animal-drawn cart 1%

Canoe 1%

Cooking and food storage

No specific area or place for food storage 33%

Cupboards/ shelves used specifically for food 28%

Refrigerator/freezer (working) 21%

Cupboards/ shelves not specifically for food 20%

A cool room or place used for food storage 12%

Type of fuel used for cooking Place of cooking Food storage

Kerosene 47%

Wood 29%

Gas (natural, LPG, bio) 14%

Charcoal 7%

Electricity 5%

In a separate room in the house 45%

Outdoors 25%

In a separate building 19%

In the house, not in a separate room 11%

Information from Demographic and Health Survey, Nigeria, 2013 and Living Standard Measurement Study, Nigeria, 2012-2013 by major factors is in line with the current distribution:

Electricity: 56% (DHS); 60% (LSMS); Sanitation: Shared/ not improved – 66%, Improved – 34% (DHS);

Drinking water: Not improved – 39%, Improved - 61% (DHS); Mobile telephone: 75% (DHS), 83% (LSMS); Radio: 69% (DHS), 61% (LSMS); Television – 52% (DHS), 48% (LSMS);

Car/ track: 9% (DHS); 10% (LSMS)


Urban area* Rural area*

22

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

0%

11%

26%

30%

33%

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

41%

30%

14%

9%

6%

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

1%

22%

37%

28%

12%

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

55%

29%

9%

5%

2%

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

0%

6%

21%

31%

42%

Lowest

Second

Middle

Fourth

Highest

12%

31%

24%

18%

14%

North South North South

WEALTH INDEX: distribution of classes by Wealth Index across the country is not even; most of the poor population is concentrated in rural areas, and especially in the North states.

Base: All urban households (n=656); rural households (n=609); northern rural households (n=414); southern rural households (n=195)

Wealth Index

The Wealth index distribution in Demographic and Health Survey, Nigeria, 2013 is in line with the current distribution:

Lowest: Urban - 3%; Rural - 31% Second: Urban - 7%; Rural - 29%

Middle: Urban - 16%; Rural - 23% Fourth: Urban - 31%; Rural - 13% Highest: Urban - 43%; Rural - 5%


Base: All rural households (n=609)A6, A8, A9, A11, A12, A14, A15

Inequality between villages and cities is reflected in access to electricity, improved sanitation and water source, fuel used for cooking, and availability of assets.

Urban area

93%

HAVE ELECTRICITY

7%DO NOT HAVE

ELECTRICITY

Rural area

37% HAVE

ELECTRICITY63%

DON’T HAVE ELECTRICITY

Electricity Sanitation facility Electricity Sanitation facility

31%IMPROVED,NOT-SHARED

69%SHARED/ NOT

IMPROVED

49%

IMPROVED,NOT-SHARED

51%SHARED/ NOT

IMPROVED

Source of drinking water Main type of fuel used for cooking Source of drinking water Main type of fuel used for cooking

39%OTHER

61%KEROSENE

83%

IMPROVED

17%NOT IMPROVED 72%

Improved

28%NOT IMPROVED 46%

OTHER

54%WOOD

Cooking place Food storage place Cooking place Food storage place

No specific area 13%

Cupboards/ shelves 66%


A cool room or place 11%

In the house 72%

Outdoors 8%






In the house 38%

Outdoors 43%


Other assets Other assets

Television 93%

Mobile phone 91%

Refrigerator 57%

Generating set 42%

Television 39%

Mobile phone 68%

Refrigerator 10%

Generating set 11%

Base: All urban households (n=656)A6, A8, A9, A11, A12, A14, A15Red: significantly higher than rural Orange: significantly higher than urban


However, Southern rural areas are much better developed compared to Northern rural areas, where living conditions are much worse than in the South.

North Rural area

73%DON’THAVE ELECTRICITY

23%HAVE

ELECTRICITY

South Rural area

57%HAVE ELECTRICITY

43%DO NOT

HAVE ELECTRICITY

Electricity Sanitation facility Electricity Sanitation facility

39%IMPROVED,NOT-SHARED

61%SHARED/ NOT

IMPROVED

28%IMPROVED,

NOT-SHARED

72%SHARED/ NOT IMPROVED

Source of drinking water Main type of fuel used for cooking Source of drinking water Main type of fuel used for cooking

34%OTHER

66%WOOD

67%

Improved

33%NOT IMPROVED 82%

Improved

18%NOT IMPROVED

37%OTHER

63%KEROSENE

Cooking place Food storage place Cooking place Food storage place





In the house 34%

Outdoors 50%






In the house 47%

Outdoors 26%


Other assets Other assets

Television 29%

Mobile phone 57%

Refrigerator 6%

Generating set 6%

Television 61%

Mobile phone 93%

Refrigerator 19%

Generating set 23%

Base: All southern rural households (n=195)A6, A8, A9, A11, A12, A14, A15

Base: All northern rural households (n=414)A6, A8, A9, A11, A12, A14, A15Red: significantly higher than South rural area Orange: significantly higher than North rural area


Employment for the last 30 days was higher among males; 12% were involved into additional income generating activities. Primary areas of employment were trade and services.

Base: All households (n=1,265); all males 15+ years (n=1,326); all employed males (n=843); all females 15+ years (n=1,271); all employed females (n=546)

B16, С1, C2; C5.1, G4 (1.1, 1.2, 2, 3), G6 (8, 9, 10, 11) (combined); A17, C1, C5.2, G12, G16, G6 (8, 9, 10, 11) (combined),

Farming (rural HHs, for the last 30 days)

Sector of primary employment

Trade 30%

Accommodation/ food/ social/ professional/ other services 20%

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 12%

Construction/ electricity/ gas/ water and other supply 11%

Transport and storage 8%

Education 4%

Public administration 3%

Manufacturing 3%

Arts, entertainment and recreation 2%

Information and communication 2%

Finance/ insurance/ real estate 2%

Other 11%

Sector of primary employment

Trade 54%

Accommodation/ food/ social/ professional/ other services 18%

Education 9%

Arts, entertainment and recreation 3%

Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 3%

Public administration 3%

Information and communication 2%

Finance/ insurance/ real estate 1%

Manufacturing 1%

Other 12%

Employment status* (individual, for the last 30 days)

*Comparison with other sources is not correct due to differences in a way of measurement between BoP and DHS, LSMS. In BoP the primary aim of the question was to address seasonal

differences. Only those who have done paid work within the last 30 days were asked about their profession in their primary of main job. In DHS the question about area of employment was asked all people in general regardless any recall period and if it was paid or not. In LSMS

recall period was 7 days and all jobs were included. For reference in DHS (main area of employment):

Sales and services - 61% (women 15-49 y.o.); 25% (men, 15-49 y.o.); Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing – 16% (women 15-49 y.o.); 34% (men, 15-49 y.o.). In LSMS (all types of income generating activities for the last 7 days): Buying and selling - 0% (women 25-44 y.o.); 7% (men,

25-44 y.o.); Agriculture – 42% (women 25-44 y.o.); 52% (men, 25-44 y.o.)60%SELF-EMPLOYED

40% NOT SELF-

EMPLOYED

67%SELF-EMPLOYED

33% NOT SELF-

EMPLOYED

Males, 15+ years old Females, 15+ years old

6342

12 11

020406080

Primary employment Secondary / additional activities Primary employment Secondary / additional activities

Type of primary employment Type of primary employment

44%HAVE LAND OR WERE INVOLVED IN FARMING**

56% NOT INVOLVED

Red: significantly higher than males/ females

30%PRODUCED CROPS OR RECIEVED INCOME FROM FARMING

70% NOT SELF-

EMPLOYED

Land availability/ involvement in agriculture (last 30 days)

Income from agriculture (last 30 days)

**HH was counted as involved into farming in case of the following: ownership or use of agriculture land, primary or secondary employment in agriculture of any HH member, receiving income from selling harvest, livestock or any gathered or produced products at least by one of

the HH members for the last 30 days


RESULTSMain







Income, expenditures and food purchase

Key findings:

Average amount of total income for the last 30 days was less than $2 a dayfor the lowest Wealth Index group.

Selling harvest and other types of farming as additional income generatingactivity constituted a significant part of income in rural areas .

The largest share of expenditures was on food and drinks (especially inamongst the poorer groups).

Food expenditures are mostly spent on key elements of the traditional diet:starchy food (mostly rice and tubers), vegetables, meat, fish and oil. Thesmallest amount of money was dedicated to dairy, eggs and nuts.

Highest income group spends more on pre-packaged food, such as drinks(and water), noodles, alcohol, meals away from home, snacks, and alsochicken, fish, fruits, eggs, dairy.


$37

$60$84

$114

$206

$54

$119$109

$144

$205

0

50

100

150

200

250Calculated total income (for the last 30 days)

Claimed total income (monthly average, for the last 6 months)

($4.0 per day)($2.0 per day)

Average total monthly income (per household member)



Though claimed income is slightly higher, actual average amount of total income for the last 30 days was less than $2 a day for the lowest Wealth Index group.

Base: Lowest clas HHs (n=252), second class HHs (n=253), middle class HHs (n=253), fourth class HHs (n=253), highest class HHs (n=253)G3, G4, G5, G6, G7

LOWEST SECONDARY MIDDLE FOURTH HIGHEST




65%

13%7%

5%3%

2%2%

1%

2%

Primary occupation

Additional income generating activities(including farming)

Gifts/ support from other people/ groups

Gifts/ support from family members

Savings/ repaymant of loan

From property

Credit/ loan

Benefits/ subsidies

Other

About ¾ of income came from income generating activities (mostly primary occupation), followed by additional income generating activities, and support from other people and family members.

Base: All households (n=1,265)G3, G4, G5, G6

Income by Type of Income Sources (for the last 30 days)


Crops Production as Additional Income Generating Activity (rural households, for the last 6 months)

Consumed

Sold

Stored

Given away as a gift/ donation

Bartered for services or other goods

Dedicated to animal feed

Wasted / thrown away/ expired/ nothing

41%

33%

26%

as seeds

natural, non-processed form

primary/ secondary processed form

39%

35%

26%

as planting material

any natural, non-processed form

primary/ secondary processed form

4%

12%

25%

11%

39%

8%

10%

30%

22%

19%

29%

Less than 2 weeks

3-4 weeks

1-2 months

More than 2 months

HAVE BEEN IN STORAGE FOR

Base: Rural households which grew anything in the last 6 months (n=92); rural households which sell crops (n=75); Rural households which store crops (n=60)G15, G15.1, G15.2, G15.3, G14

For those, living in rural areas farming as additional activity plays significant role. The largest share of the harvest produced is consumed by the HH; ¼ of the harvest is sold and 8% more bartered for services.

The top crops harvested for the last 6 months were maize, cassava, yam, millet, and groundnut.

For Rural HHs additional income generating activities accounted for 19% of their total income for the last 30 days. Almost a half (8%) came specifically from selling harvest, produced or gathered products (not as a part of primary occupation).


Household Expenditure by Type of Commodity (for the last 30 days)

31

About 1/3 of income on average was spend on food and drinks for the last 30 days*, followed by hygiene and house cleaning products, transport, clothing and fuel/ water (more than 1/3 of expenditures together).

34%12%

10%

8%

7%

7% 4% 3%3%

3%2%

2%2%

3%

Food and drinks

Personal grooming, hygiene, house cleaning

Transport

Clothing

Fuel/ Lightning/ water

Savings

Education

Healthcare

Household possesions

Entertainment

House/ apartment

Lending/ giving away money

Income generating activities

Other

Base: All households (n=1,265)H2

Comparison with other sources is difficult due to differences in a way of measurement between BoP and other sources. There are various ways of measuring household income and the place that food occupies in it. Recall periods vary from one week to one month and the list of items varies. Thus, data on this topic varies considerably (e.g. 59% in HCES; 40% in USDA). In ConsumptionPattern in Nigeria 2009/10 the list for consumption assessment included 162 food items and 151 non-food items. However it did not include savings, giving money away, income generating

activities (vs. BoP). The data was collected on a quarterly basis, over a one year period from November 2009 to October 2010. There were 4 interviewer visits per household with 7 day intervals for every 30 days. A diary of daily consumption and expenditure was left with the HH used for self-completion.

Distribution of food/ non-food expenditures in this survey was: Food: 65%; Non-food - 35%

In lower income groups total expenditures on food is larger compared to higher income

groups (41% in the lowest vs. 29% in the highest)


Household Food Expenditure by Food Groups

32

About 1/3 of total food expenditures falls on staples, white tubers, bread and vegetables. They are followed by drinks, fish, meat and oil (together constituting about 1/3 of all expenditures)

25%

14%

10%

8%

8%

6%5%

5% 4%4%

4%

3%2%

2%1%

Staples, white tubers, bread, noodles

Vegetables

Drinks (incl. water and alcohol)

Fish

Meat

Oil (palm and other)

Meals away from home (e.g. in restaurant, eatery)

Fruits

Chicken/other poultry

Beans and bean products

Seasoning, stock cubes

Snacks (incl. sweet snacks)

Eggs

Milk, yoghurt, cheese

Nuts

Base: All households (n=1,265)I6

Comparison with Consumption Pattern in Nigeria 2009/10 is difficult due to differences in measurement and groupings of food items. For some of food groups (relatively similar to BoP groups) the distribution was the following:

Rice, Maize, Bread and similar products, other cereals: 27.83%; Tubers and plantains: 22.60%; Vegetables: 15.43%; Beans and peas: 9.67%; Seafood – 4.27%; Drinks: 4.52%; Oil and fat: 3.74%; Meats: 2.95%; Fruits: 1.88%; Food consumed in restaurants and canteens: 1.16%; Dairy: 1.11%; Sweets: 1.11%; Poultry: 0.58%.

*

*Rice, maize, sorghum, millet, yam, potato, cassava, bread, noodles, pasta


-5%

-4%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

33

Highest income group distributed more on pre-packaged food, e.g. drinks, noodles, alcohol, MAFH, snacks, chicken, fish, fruits, eggs, dairy; the lowest group vice versa - to starch and components for soups and meat*.

Base: All households, lowest (n=165), highest (n=179))I6

>1% purchasing difference between highest and lowest SEC groups

Increased purchase as SEC decreases

% p

oin

t d

iffe

ren

ce b

etw

een

% o

f to

tal

exp

en

dit

ure

s o

n f

oo

d b

etw

een

hig

he

st

and

low

est

SEC

gro

up

s

Water

Fruit juice/ soft drinks

Alcohol

BananasChicken

Milk, yoghurt, cheeseSnacks

Sweet snacks

Noodles/ pasta

Fresh eggs

All other vegetables

BreadFresh fish

Orange/ yellow

veg

Meat

Cocoa drinks

Dried fish

Meals away from home

(MAFH)Nuts

Green vegetables

Beans

Vegetables for soups

Tomato and

onion

Spices and herbs

Mango/ papaya

Yam/ potato/ cassava

Vegetable/ groundnut

oil

Stock cubesPalm oil

Rice

Ground maize

<1% purchasing difference between highest and lowest SEC groups

All other fruits

% distribution of food expenditures (by wealth index – difference between highest and lowest groups)

The difference in % distribution of total food expenditures by food items between

the highest and the lowest groups

Tea/ coffee Other food/

drinks

*Meat is purchased in small amounts – however even in this case it consumes a large share of lower income groups expenditures


Fourth + Highest

Middle

Lowest + Secondary

34

Though majority of lower income people say that access to food is not restricted for them, about 40% did not agree that they can buy food whenever they need to. Almost 70% of them do not buy prepared food at all.

Cannot usually eat food wanted

57% Can always eat type and variety of food wanted

33% Can usually eat the type

and variety of food wanted

9% Cannot usually eat the food wanted

1% Can never eat the type and

variety of food wanted

Can usually eat food wanted

Can always eat food wanted

Base: All households (n=936) Lowest + secondary (n=361), Middle (n=198), Fourth +highest (n=377)I3, I4, I8.I9.

Can never eat food wanted

62%

17%9%

5% 5% 2% 1%

Lack of money Lack ofseasonal

availability

Lack of year-round

availability

Doctorinstruction

Lack ofcookingfacilities

Lack ofstoragefacilities

Tradition/religion

Country total

Access to food

Lowest/ Second Middle Fourth/ Highest

38%Do not agree

17%Do not agree

18%Do not agree

I can buy food whenever I need to

Access limitations (country total) Access limitations (country total)

Reasons behind limited access (country total)

PURCHASE OF PREPARED FOOD

12%

13%

4%

41%

29%

28%

45%

55%

68%

69% do not

buy

36% do not

buy

Red - Significantly higher vs. Lowest + Second/ Fourth + Highest


Total By Wealth Index

Shopping environment

Lowest/ Second Middle Fourth/ Highest

35

Comparison of shopping habits between different income groups shows that the poorest shop for food more frequently vs. richer groups, and have fewer options of point of sale.

Base: All households (n=936), Lowest + secondary (n=361), Middle (n=198), Fourth +highest (n=377)I1., I2, I2.1, I2.2..

8%

14%

15%

21%

26%

87%Open market

Within the community

Kiosk

Mini supermarket

Stall

Chain supermarket

3%

11%

24%

60%Walk

Bus

Drive

Bicycle

Average of 1.7 sources of purchase

77

14 4

5928

1040 38

19

0

50

100

Walk Take a bus Drive

1.4 1.5 2

Shopping frequency

9 times a month

5times a month

4times a month

Average number of PoS types

Transportation

Usual point of sale type

Transportation

Shopping frequency

Average journey to a closest PoS 13 minutes

Chain supermarket

17% in higher groups1% in lower groups

Mini supermarket:

29% in higher groups 3% in lower groups

6times a month

Average number of shopping trips across all households

Red - Significantly higher vs. Lowest + Second/ Fourth + Highest


-15%

-5%

5%

15%

25%

35%

45%

36

At the same time, frequency of purchase of almost all food categories is oftener among the richest (which correlates with oftener consumption). Lower income people oftener purchase only maize, rice, and oil.

Base: All households, lowest (n=165), secondary (n=196), middle (n=198), fourth (n=198), highest (n=179))I8.1

>20% purchasing frequency difference between highest and lowest SEC groups

Increased purchase as

SEC decreases

% p

oin

t d

iffe

ren

ce b

etw

een

at

leas

t w

ee

kly

pu

rch

asin

g am

on

g h

igh

est

an

d

low

est

SEC

gro

up

s

Water


Alcohol

Bananas

Chicken Milk, yoghurt, cheese

Snacks

Sweet snacks

Noodles/ pasta

Fresh eggs


Bread

Fresh fish

Tea/ coffee

Orange/ yellow

veg

Meat

Cocoa drinks

Dried fish

Meals away from home

Nuts

Green vegetables

Beans

Vegetables for soups

Tomato and

onion

Spices and herbs

Mango/ papaya


Vegetable/ groundnut oil

Stock cubes

Palm oil Rice

Ground maize

<20% purchasing frequency difference between highest and lowest SEC groups

All other fruits

Frequency of food purchase (by wealth index – difference between highest and lowest groups, usual monthly)

The difference in weekly frequency of purchase

between the highest and the lowest groups


RESULTSMain







Dietary Diversity: report of consumption in last 24 hours

Key findings:

Dietary diversity is low: the average number of food categoriesconsumed by one individual is 2 in the last 24 hours (across all ages andgenders).

Almost half of foods consumed are starchy staples.

The low diversity slightly varies by age and gender; children consumemore dairy, while adults – more flesh food. In women the share of thosewho consumed 3 and more categories is slightly higher.

Dietary diversity is lower in among the poorer population, in rural areas,and in the North.


Dietary Diversity: 10 food categories (average number of categories; MDD-W)

DAILY DIET

`

Average number of categories consumed during 24-hours period by one individual

Overall, dietary diversity is low: average number of food categories consumed by one individual is 2 (across all ages and genders). Only about 60% of the population consumed 2 and more categories

Base: all individuals across all ages and genders (n=1,544); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Lowest dietary diversity

(1 category eaten)

Average dietary diversity

(2 categories eaten)

Highestdietary diversity

(More than 2 categorieseaten)

29%29%

42%

0.9 3.62.0

All starchy staple foods

Dairy

Flesh foods

Beans and peas

Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables

Other vegetables

Nuts and seeds

Other fruits

Eggs

Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits

No category

As there is no consensus on

which food groups to

include in the scores,

different sources of

information about food

diversity in Nigeria use

different groupings of FAO

categories. And they mostly

are not fully in line with

HDDS and WDDS

indicators, which FAO

suggests as the scores for

nutrition diversity

assessment. In our case we used MDD-W.

In ‘An Assessment of Dietary Diversity in Six Nigerian States’ Sanusi Rasaki Ajani, where 14

food categories were used for assessment of dietary diversity, average score of 5.81 was

obtained in women and children. Thus majority of respondents were consuming5-6 categories,

which also is closer to the lower end of the scale (in line with the current findings).


DAILY DIET


Dairy

Flesh foods

Beans and peas


Other vegetables

Nuts and seeds

Other fruits

Eggs


No category

45%

8%

7%

6%

4%3%

3%2% 1%

21%

2.0

Average number of categories consumed during 24-hours period by one individual

Almost a half of foods consumed belong to starchy staples, other groups constitute rather small shares: dairy*, flesh foods, beans and peas and green leafy vegetables.


Dietary Diversity by Food Categories* (% of total number of categories eaten)

*Every component consumed which falls into a different category is counted as 1 point


Base: children 0-14 y.o. (n=345), all males 15 y.o.+ (n=504), all females 15 y.o.+ (n=695)D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

The low diversity trend is the same across ages and genders; with more dairy in children’s diet, and more flesh food and vegetables in adults’ diet. In women the diversity is slightly higher.

DAILY DIET

All starchy staple foods Dairy Flesh foods

Beans and peas Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables Other vegetables

Nuts and seeds Other fruits Eggs

Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits No category

45

7

8

6

4 43

2 1

19

46

13

5 53

23 1 1

22

446

86

6

33 2 1

22

Children, % Males 15+ years, % Females 15+ years, %

Average number of categories consumed

during 24-hours period by one individual

1.9 1.9 2.0

31%28%40%

27%28%45%

25%31%44%

Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD

Dietary Diversity by Age and Gender (average number of categories; MDD-W)

Significantly higher vs. at least one of the other 2 groups

Significantly lower vs. at least one of the other 2 groups


Base: Lowest + secondary (n=526), Middle (n=359), Fourth + highest (n=659)D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Lower and middle income groups have less diverse diet compared to higher groups due to higher consumption of starchy staples, while higher income groups consume more of almost all other categories.

DAILY DIET

All starchy staple foods Dairy Flesh foods

Beans and peas Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables Other vegetables

Nuts and seeds Other fruits Eggs

Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits No category

42

8

8

7

44 3 2 1

21

48

8

7

56

2 2 1

20

47

9

65

32

3 2 1

22

Average number of categories consumed

during 24-hours period by one individual

1.7 1.8 2.3

39%29%32%

22%33%

44%

19%26%

55%

Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD Lowest DD Average DD Highest DD

Dietary Diversity by Wealth Index (average number of categories; MDD-W)

Lowest / Secondary, % Middle, % Fourth / Highest, %

Significantly higher vs. at least one of the other 2 groups

Significantly lower vs. at least one of the other 2 groups

Dietary diversity tends to increase with education level and is higher in urban areas compared to rural.


DAILY DIET

50

6

7

9

4 3 44 2

11

374

8

7

36

2 1 2 29

358

7

11

9

15

20

357

8

7

4

3 4 1 30

56

5

86 4 1 4 4

11

339

11

4

4

45

1 27

South West, Lagos, % South West, Oyo, % South East, Anambra, %

South East, Enugu, % South South, Akwa Ibom, % South South, Rivers. %

2.2 2.3 1.9

2.6 1.6 2.9

Base: Lagos (n=273), Oyo (n=155), Anambra (n=96), Enugu (n=80), Akwa Ibom (n=90), Rivers (n=162)D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Number of categories eaten during 24-hours

period

Dietary diversity varies across states. The score is higher in the South, except Akwa Ibom state, where share of starchy staples is high. Diversity in Lagos is slightly higher than average.

Dietary Diversity by Southern States (average number of categories; MDD-W)

All starchy staple foods Dairy Flesh foods Beans and peas

Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables Other vegetables Nuts and seeds Other fruits

Eggs Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits No category

Significantly higher vs. Total

Significantly lower vs. Total


Base: Niger (n=100), Nasawara (n=55), Bauchi (n=93), Gombe (n=53), Kaduna (n=147), Kano (n=240)D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

DAILY DIET

38

84

5

4

21

136

41

19

79 4 4

3 3

10

45

11

13

3 11

1 1 1

14

86

612

4

3784

8

8

2 2 2 28

63

9

2 2 2 1 2 1

16

North Central, Niger, % North Central, Nasawara, % North East, Bauchi, %

North East, Gombe, % North West, Kaduna, % North West, Kano, %

1.6 2.5 1.8

1.2 1.5 1.5


period



Diversity is especially low in Gombe, Kano, Kaduna and Niger. In Gombe and Kano it is due to low shares of other foods vs. staples; Kaduna and Niger have more varied diet, but mostly with non-categorised ingredients

Dietary Diversity by Northern States (average number of categories; MDD-W)

All starchy staple foods Dairy Flesh foods Beans and peas

Vitamin A-rich dark green leafy vegetables Other vegetables Nuts and seeds Other fruits

Eggs Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits No category


13%

10%

9%7%

7%

6%

6%

4%

4%

34%

45

Top10 single foods/ components consumed


White Rice

Eba (Cassava)

Jollof rice

Tuwo (maize)

Agege (Bread loaf)

White sliced bread

Noodles (e.g. Golden Penny/ Indomie)

Eko / pap/ agidi

Yam

Other


Starchy staples were consumed by almost all respondents. Among these foods the most consumed were rice (white, jollof or tuwo), cassava (eba), bread, maize (tuwo or pap), noodles, yam.

86%

Share of individuals who consumed this category


Top10 single foods / components consumed

Base: all individuals who consumed dairy foods (n=399); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Milk (additional ingredient)

Breast milk

Milk- fresh (from cow)

Milk- powdered source (animal source)

Milk based drink (pasteurised, e.g. Bobo)

Milk- evaporated/tinned (animal source)

Milk- fresh (from other animal source)

Nono

Cheese (waraa)

Other

78%

6%5%

3%Dairy

Despite a relatively wide spread of the dairy category, most consumption came from milk as an additional ingredient in other dishes (breakfast cereals or drinks), in small amounts.

25%


1%

2%

In 61% of cases when milk was consumed as additional ingredient it was added to drinks (mostly cocoa-based). In other 39% it was added to cereals, beans or bread products



Base: all individuals, who consumed flesh food (n=335); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Beef (soup ingredient)

Fresh fish (soup ingredient)

Goat (soup ingredient)

Stock fish (soup ingredient)

Beef

Sheep meat (soup ingredient)

Periwinkle (soup ingredient)

Smoked catfish (soup ingredient)

Fish (unspecified)

Other

Flesh foods

Meat and seafood were consumed by 1/5 of respondents; generally not on its own but as part of soups and stews. Beef ad goat were the most popular types of meat.

18%

18%

16%

12%

5%

3%3% 3% 2%

19%

21%




Base: all individuals, who consumed beans and peas (n=327); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Beans (white/brown/black-eyed)

Pottage beans

Akara (black-eyed/ brown beans)

Bean flour products (Moin moin, Dan wake)

Cowpeas

Broad beans

Chickpeas

Other

Beans and peas

Beans are generally consumed whole (different types); rarely when dishes of bean flour such as akara or dan wake are consumed.

46%

36%

5%5% 3%

2%1%

2%

21%




Base: all individuals, who consumed green leafy vegetables (n=218); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Ingredient of okra soup

Ingredient of ewedu soup

Ingredient of ofe Onugbu (bitterleaf soup)

Additional ingredient to okra soup

Okra

Spinach

Ingredient of Edikaikong stew

Lettuce- salad

Other

Vitamin A-rich dark

green leafy

vegetables

Green leafy vegetables were consumed by 14% of respondents, mostly in the form soups and stews (as additional ingredients).

Average share of individuals who consumed this category

37%

13%

9%

8%

6%5% 4% 3%

15%

14%



Base: all individuals across, who consumed nuts and seeds (n=158); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Ingredient of egusi soup

Ingredient of ogbono stew

Ingredient of egusi stew

Groundnut

Coconut

Kolanut

Cashew nuts

Orogbo (bitter kola)

Kulikuli (peanut snack)

Nuts and seeds

Consumption of nuts and seeds mostly is associated with consumption of soups and stews (mostly egusisoup). Groundnuts and coconuts are those foods of this category which are consumed on their own.

61%

12%

12%

8%

4% 1% 1%

1%1%

10%




Base: all individuals, who consumed other vegetables (n=148); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Ingredient of red pepper stew (basic stew)

Ingredient of pepper soup

Onions (additional ingredient)

Vegetable (additional ingredient)

Garden egg

Fresh tomatoes (additional ingredient)

Cucumber

Tomato

Ingredient of jollof rice

Other

Other vegetables

Most other vegetable consumption came from red pepper stew or soup (basic stew, consisting of tomato, onions, peppers); onions, vegetables (unspecified) and garden eggs are the following.

57%

11%

8%4% 4%

3%3%

2%2%

7%

9%




Base: all individuals, who consumed other fruits (n=100); D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Watermelon

Orange

Banana

Fruit juice/drink

Apple

Pineapple

Melon

Cherries

Berries- fresh (e.g. strawberries, raspberries,etc.)Other

Other fruits

Vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits was the least consumed category. Other fruits consumption was slightly higher, consisting mostly of watermelon, oranges and bananas.

30%21%

16%

10%8%

6%

6%

2%1%

1%

6%


Orange vitamin A rich vegetables and fruits were

consumed by 2% of respondents

only.


All groups shown

Base: foods consumed in this category (n=748)D3, D3.1, D3.8, D3.9

Cocoa based drinks

Sugar (additional)

Tea (non-herbal)

Soft drinks

Condiments/ spices/ salt/ stock cubes

Other non-alcoholic drinks

Fat/ butter/ oil

Honey

Malt

Alcoholic drinks

Coffee

Other

Most of the foods not categorised into any category were different types of drinks (cocoa based drinks, tea, soft drinks), sweets and spices.

35%

24%

13%

8% 6%3%

3%

2%

2%

2%1%

1%

49%


Other foods

(not categorized)


Food consumption patterns: typical consumption in a week

Key messages:Traditional starchy food is the most widespread and frequentlyconsumed category, consumed by majority of population andseveral days a week.

It is followed by meat, fish, vegetables, noodles, beans, eggs, whichare consumed at least once a week by most of population (butmuch rarely).

Dairy and cocoa-based drinks are consumed by most of thepopulation, but in small amounts.

The lowest income population consume meat, snacks, sweets, eggs,dairy and noodles on average much rarely, while difference in staplefoods, nuts, fruits, and green vegetables consumption is lesssignificant.


Frequency of Consumption by Food Groups (for the last 30 days; individual, all-age)

53%

42%36%

29% 27% 27% 25% 25% 23% 21%21% 19% 15% 13%

39%

42% 47% 52%50% 48% 51% 51%

38%

53%

61%

44% 48%

33%

9% 16% 17% 20% 23% 25% 24% 24% 39% 26% 18% 38% 37% 54%

All traditionalstarchy foods

Cocoa baseddrinks

Meat Fish/seafood Dairy (milkand yogurt)

Noodles,pasta

Green cookedvegetables

Rawvegetables

Sweets,biscuits,

chocolate

Eggs Beans andpeas

Snacks/smallchops

Nuts Mango andpapaya

55

Traditional starchy food is the most consumed often food category. It is followed by meat and fish, which are consumed at least once a week by majority of respondent, but rarely.

Ranked on descending order of 4-6 times a week / daily consumption Base: Individuals selected for answering food diary section (n=1,567)

D6

Less than one a week consumption2-3 times/once a week4-7 times a week

*

*Dairy is consumed in small amounts – mostly as additional component to dishes and drinks Comparison with other sources is difficult due to differences in food groupings and ways of measurement. Thus, in

Nigeria Food Consumption and Nutrition Survey 2001-2003 frequency of consumption was measured by a number of food items, not categories. In LSMS consumption respondents were asked if at least one member of

the household consumed a food category in the last week. Therefore both level of consumption, recall period and food categories were different. Weekly HH consumption:

Grains and flours: 90%; Roots and tubers: 77%; Meat, fish and animal products: 84%; Vegetables: 90%; Fruits: 31%; Pulses nuts and seeds: 67%; Sugar and sugar products: 46% (LSMS)

3.9 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.2

Mean number of times per week


Such foods as cocoa-based drinks and diary, noodles, sweets and snacks are associated withchildren’s consumption in particular.

49%

67%

39% 36%43%

46%

31%

54%

31%36%

25%20% 18%

23%

53%

38%34%

28% 25% 24% 25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Traditional starchyfoods

Cocoa based drinks Meat Fish/seafood Dairy (milk andyogurt)

Noodles, pasta Green cookedvegetables

30%

49%

27%32%

29%

18%13%

21%

14%19% 18% 16%

13% 11%

26%

16%20% 17% 15% 15% 14%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Raw vegetables Sweets, biscuits, chocolate Beans and peas Eggs Snacks/small chops Nuts Mango and papaya

Children

Males 15+ years

Females 15+ years

Base: children 0-14 y.o. (n=345), all males 15 y.o.+ (n=504), all females 15 y.o.+ (n=695)D6

Frequency of Consumption by Age and Gender (weekly)

Red - Significantly higher vs. total

*

*Dairy is consumed in small amounts – mostly as additional component to dishes and drinks


0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

57

The wealthiest group reports a higher frequency of consuming meat, snacks, sweets, eggs, dairy and noodles vs. the poorest. The least difference is reported for staple foods.

Base: All households, lowest (n=232), secondary (n=307), middle (n=366), fourth (n=326), highest (n=336)D6

>35% difference in weekly food consumption between highest and lowest SEC groups

% p

oin

t d

iffe

ren

ce b

etw

een

at

leas

t w

ee

kly

con

sum

pti

on

am

on

g h

igh

est

an

d lo

wes

t SE

C g

rou

ps

MeatSnacks/small chops

Cocoa-based drinks

Sweets, biscuits, chocolate

Dairy (milk and yogurt)

Fish/ seafood

EggsNoodles/ pasta

Beans and peas

Green cooked vegetables

Raw vegetables

Mango and papaya

Nuts All traditional starchy foods

<35% difference in weekly food consumption between highest and lowest SEC groups

Frequency of Consumption by Wealth Index (difference between highest and lowest groups, weekly)

The difference in at least weekly consumption



Frequency of Consumption by Southern states (average number of times per week)

58

In Lagos most of the food categories are consumed oftener, Enugu demonstrates the lowest frequency among southern states, especially in meat, dairy, green vegetables, eggs and fruits consumption.

Base: Individuals selected for answering food diary section in Southern states (n=919)D6.0

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

Lagos Oyo Anambra Enugu Akwa Ibom RiversAll traditional starchy foods

MeatCocoa-based drinks

Fish/seafood

Beans and peas


Raw vegetables


EggsNoodles, pasta

Nuts

Snacks/small chops


Mango and papaya


In northern regions all food groups are consumed, on average, less often than in the south. In Kaduna, Gombe and Bauchi frequency of consumption is the lowest.

Base: Individuals selected for answering food diary section in Northern states (n=648)D6.0*Dairy is consumed in small amounts – mostly as additional component to dishes and drinks

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

Niger Nasawara Bauchi Gombe Kaduna Kano

All traditional starchy foods

Meat

Cocoa-based drinks

Fish/seafood

Beans and peas


Raw vegetables


EggsNoodles, pasta

Nuts

Snacks/small chops


Mango and papaya

Frequency of Consumption by Northern states (average number of times per week)


RESULTSMain







Potential consumption, nutritional knowledge and attitudes to food

Key findings:

The lowest income group, in line with current consumption, wouldspend additional income on traditional food such as rice and whitetubers, meat and dried fish. For the wealthiest group priorities aredistributed between fresh fish, dairy, vegetables, drinks, eggs.

Nutritional knowledge is poorer in lower income population,however most of the them is familiar with basic concepts such as theimportance of protein for children's growth and the necessity ofeating a varied diet

Despite general understanding of the value of eating healthy andvaried food, lower groups tend to prioritize those foods which giveenergy, built strength and fill them up. In general women have betternutritional knowledge compared to men.


-3

-2,5

-2

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

62

In case of income increase richer class tends to prioritize fresh fish, dairy, vegetables, drinks, eggs; the poorest prefer to distribute additional income on traditional meat, white tubers, rice and dried fish.

Base: key decision makers, lowest class (n=152), key decision maker, highest class (n=175))I6, I7

Higher prioritization among highest SEC group

Higher prioritization among lowest SEC group

% p

oin

t d

iffe

ren

ce in

pri

ori

tiza

tio

n

be

twe

en h

igh

est

an

d lo

wes

t SE

C g

rou

ps

Water


Stock cubes

Bananas

Chicken


Snacks

Noodles/ pasta

Fresh eggs


Bread

Fresh fish

Tea/ coffee

Orange/ yellow

veg

Meat

Cocoa drinks

Dried fish

Meals away from homeNuts

Green vegetables

Beans Vegetables for soups

Tomato and

onion

Spices and herbs

Mango/ papaya


Vegetable/ groundnut oil

Palm oil

Rice

Ground maize

All other fruitsThe difference in

additional income distribution priorities


Alcohol

Sweet snacks

% distribution of potential expenditures (if increased by 20%; difference between highest and lowest groups)


Nutritional knowledge by Wealth Index and GenderLowest / Secondary Middle Fourth / Highest

The share of people with poor knowledge is larger among lower income groups, however ¾ of them have average or even good nutritional knowledge. Women have better knowledge compared to men.

30%44%

26%

Poor knowledge

Average knowledge

Good knowledge

38%50%

13%

Poor knowledge

Average knowledge

Good knowledge

29%

57%

14%

Poor knowledge

Average knowledge

Good knowledge

Base: key decision makers, lowest class (n=152), key decision maker, highest class (n=175); males (n=414); females (n=522)I10

Males Females

27%

50%

23%

Poor knowledge

Average knowledge

Good knowledge

34%51%

15%

Poor knowledge

Average knowledge

Good knowledge

Red - Significantly higher Lowest + Second vs. Fourth + Highest; Males vs. Females

Top5 Known Concepts, total

Water helps to ease food digestion 91%

Protein is necessary substance for body growth in children

90%

Good nutrition involves eating a variety of food in the right proportion

88%

Drinking milk and eating dairy products is good for one’s health

84%

Absence of certain types of food in a diet can cause serious problems with health

79%

NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

SCORE

A half of key decision makers on food purchase and food planners are males


All traditional starchy foods

Beans /peas

Noodles, pasta

Meat or chicken

Fish/seafood

Lowest/ second Wealth Index groups

Fills you up for a long time

Makes you stronger

Gives you energy

Children do not like it

Not rich with protein

Do not help children to study better

Suitable not only for children

Not quick to prepare

Rich with protein



Do not show you have more money


Bad for digestion/stomach

Is quick to prepare

Children like it


Only suitable for children

It’s cheap/ affordable

Do not make you stronger

Do not help you live longer

Shows you have more money

Rich with protein

It’s not cheap/ affordable

Rich with protein


Do not fill you up for a long time

It is tasty – I enjoy it


Highest/ Fourth Wealth Index groups


Makes you stronger

Gives you energy




Do not help children to study better



Rich with protein





Makes you stronger

Is quick to prepare


Children like it


Do not help to avoid sickness


Do not show that you have more money

Do not make you stronger

Only good until real meals

Rich with protein



Is not quick to prepare



Rich with protein

Is not quick to prepare

It’s not only good until real meals

I see a lot of point in eating it


Helps to avoid sickness


It is tasty – I enjoy it 64

FOOD CATEGORIES PERCEPTION: traditional starchy food, noodles and beans are strongly associated with energy, strength and filling up (even of not very good for digestion) and not rich with protein.

Red – those associations which are different between lower and higher classes


Dairy EggsSweets, biscuits,

chocolateSnack/

small chops Cocoa based

drinks


Helps children to study better

I see a lot of point in eating/drinking this

Does not fill you up for a long time

Makes you fat

Rich with protein




Do not give you energy

Children like it


Not always safe to eat



I see no point in eating/drinking this






Not bad for digestion/stomach



Gives you energy

Makes you fat



Makes you fat

It’s not cheap/ affordableDo not fill you up for a

long timeChildren like it



Rich with protein


Good not only until real meals

Do not give you energy

Makes you fat

I see a lot of point in eating/drinking this


Children like it



Children like it






Do not help to avoid sickness




Children like it


Is quick to prepare



Children like it


Gives you energy

65

FOOD CATEGORIES PERCEPTION: overall, the poorest groups understand the value of eating such foods as eggs and dairy, but don’t think that this food can fill you up for a long time.



Green cooked

vegetables

Raw vegetables

Mango and papaya

Nuts


Helps you live longer

Do not make you fat





Not suitable only for children

Do not make you fat


Do not make you fat












Do not make you fat

I see no point in eating this




Do not make you fat




Makes you stronger





Do not make you fat







66

FOOD CATEGORIES PERCEPTION: richer groups have more associations with vegetables, fruits and nuts, but not always they are positive.



RESULTSMain







Households Psychographic Segmentationbased on key decision makers and food planners’ attitudes, beliefs and perceptions

Key findings:

Five segments were identified in Nigeria:

Distribution of segments within target population is not even:‘Tradition Followers’ constitute the largest size segment, while ‘GoodFood Fans’ – the smallest.

‘Tradition Followers’, ‘Status Oriented’ segments are characterizedwith the poorest diet quality and the largest sizes, followed by‘Security Seekers’.

The last two segments are more likely to prioritize food over otherexpenditures in case of income increase.


% of total population

69

Five segments were identified in Nigeria

20%22%

25%

14%

18%

Status Oriented

Tradition Followers

Convenience Oriented

Good Food Fans

Base: all population, n=2016 (based on key decision maker’s answers)

Security Seekers


Base: all population (based on key decision maker’s answers), n=771

% of Lowest + Second Wealth Index groups

70

Distribution of segments within target population is not even: ‘Tradition Followers’ constitute the largest size segment, while ‘Good Food Fans’ – the smallest.

37%20%

10%

18%

15%

Tradition FollowersConvenience Oriented

Good Food Fans

Status Oriented

Security Seekers


‘Tradition Followers’Attitudes to income and spending: The poorest segment, but rather satisfied with their income and not very worried about money. At least half of them believe they can meet their basic needs and even afford some luxuries. Mostly can’t afford to save any money for themselves. In case of income increase they will spend more on children’s education, paying off debts, support for family members, clothes rather than on food.

Attitudes to food: As they are mostly limited in food in general and its variety, they have fewer preferences and priorities compared to the other segments. They mostly eat only what they are used to eating and what is available. Many of them don’t think about how healthy or good for their body the food is, and often have to buy the cheapest options. Nutritional knowledge is poorer in this segment compared to other segments. Their major factors of food choice are price and how filling the food is.

Preferable food: Traditional: all starchy staples (rice, yam, cassava, maize, millet), meat; fish (slightly less), vegetables; would like to spend more on the same foods.

Diet Quality: The segment with poorest diet quality: the worst dietary diversity level, oftener experience lack of food, fewer safety nets (savings, etc); but have more access to agricultural land

Demography: 64% - Rural HHs , 36% - Urban HHs; predominantly Northern states; mostly Muslim and Hausa

37% of lower Wealth Index groups


‘Status Oriented’Attitudes to income and spending: Even if not rich, they are not worried about money and believe that they have enough not only for basic needs, but also for some luxuries. Prefer to balance spending and saving money. They place importance on being able to impress the people around them. Thus they value all possible types of ‘status’ objects, such as good food, luxury items (like mobile phone, etc), good clothes. In case of income increase they would prefer to distribute their money between all this items: restaurants and fast food (rather than food at home), investments into business, cosmetics and perfume, giving more money to family members, healthcare, savings (especially for celebrations and big events), clothes.

Attitudes to food: Nutritional knowledge is rather good, but they have some misconceptions (e.g. the heavier the body is, the healthier it is). Believe that they consume a good variety of food, and like to share it with their friends. Like to impress people with food, but convenience of preparation is important for them too. They value food which provides energy and strength.

Preferable food: Rice, maize, meat, yam/ cassava, bread, meals away from home, fish, chicken, vegetables, noodles. Would like to spend more on snacks, meat, fish, rice, drinks.

Diet Quality: Second worst diet quality: low level of diversity, but have safety nets (savings)

Demography: 54% - Urban HHs, 46% - Rural HHs; split between North and South with slightly

more Northern; even distribution of tribes and religions



‘Security Seekers’Attitudes to income and spending: Poor or very poor, they are very worried about money and prefer to save it, especially for emergency situations. Do not think that they can afford luxuries or even always meet their basic needs. They are very worried about food availability and they place the highest importance on maintaining food supply for the family. However, they are optimistic about the future, and think their prospects will improve. If their income increases, will spend more on food, fuel, education for children, investment into business, more cleaning and personal hygiene products.

Attitudes to food: Though they try to choose the food which is not only filling but also helps their children to study better, they are very worried about food availability in general. Thus, they prioritize food to ensure that they always have enough in order to keep the family from going hungry. They often choose food based on price and often have to switch to cheaper options. Their nutritional knowledge is average.

Preferable food: Noodles, yam, rice, cassava (eba), drinks, bread, beans, meat. Would like to spend more on noodles, maize, oil, drinks (cocoa and tea/ coffee), chicken, eggs, some fruits.

Diet Quality: Average diet quality segment: average dietary diversity, often experience lack of

food, but have some safety nets; in case of limited food.

Demography: 62% - Urban HHs, 38% - Rural HHs; slightly more Southern than Northern; mix

of tribes, slightly more Christians



‘Convenience Oriented’Attitudes to income and spending: The most preoccupied with money and income in general. They are not satisfied with their current economic situation and feel that their household cannot meet even their basic needs. As a result are very entrepreneurial, and always try to find ways to earn money. They are rather optimistic for the future. Thus, they would spend additional income first on investment into business. Food and savings will follow, however.

Attitudes to food: It is very important for them to make sure their family is not hungry. But at the same time sometimes buy cheaper food if they need to buy larger items. They really value and like components of traditional food (starch, beans, meat). Also prioritize food that gives energy, builds strength and is filling. When choosing and purchasing food, they mostly think about price and convenience of preparation, though they do have good nutritional knowledge.

Preferable food: Rice, meat, noodles, meals away from home, fish, yam, cassava, vegetables, bread, beans. Would like to buy more: noodles, orange vegetables, sweet snacks, meat, stock cubes and oil, vegetables.

Diet Quality: The segment with the best diet quality: higher dietary diversity, relatively

rarely experience lack of food, can rely on savings and other people (to borrow from) as safety nets.

Demography: 47% - Urban HHs, 53% - Rural HHs; roughly two-thirds Southern; more Christians, mix of tribes



‘Good Food Fans’Attitudes to income and spending: Very entrepreneurial and oriented on earning money. Very optimistic, believing in improving their future prospects. They believe that providing the best food for their family through sufficient quantity and good variety is very important. If income increases they will prioritize food at home over other expenditures, followed by investment into business, savings, children’s education, healthcare.

Attitudes to food: They have rather good nutritional knowledge and think a lot about what they eat and if it is healthy or not. They believe that diet should provide strength and energy, but should also be varied. However they value good and tasty food in general, which does not necessarily mean healthy food. They like snacks, fast food and meals away from home. However, they value quality of food more than convenience in preparation. They prefer not to buy the cheapest food.

Preferable food: Rice, meat, fish, chicken, noodles, vegetables, cocoa drinks, yam, cassava, beans. Consume food away from home more than other segments. Would like to buy more: noodles, cocoa drinks, fish, meat, rice, alcohol, snacks, fruits, soft drinks, vegetables.

Diet Quality: Average diet quality: average dietary diversity, but good safety nets (savings)

Demography: 71% - Urban, 29% - Rural; predominantly Southern states; more Christians;

more Igbo and Yoruba.



934 ₦ 1094 ₦ 1440 ₦853 ₦

1381 ₦

865 ₦1041 ₦

1234 ₦

794 ₦

1444 ₦689 ₦

1171 ₦977 ₦

636 ₦

1285 ₦

454 ₦

811 ₦626 ₦

525 ₦

1141 ₦

462 ₦

717 ₦ 631 ₦

436 ₦

889 ₦

303 ₦

779 ₦ 446 ₦

419 ₦

1029 ₦

316 ₦

603 ₦424 ₦

302 ₦

734 ₦

302 ₦

490 ₦

199 ₦

543 ₦

499 ₦

228 ₦

488 ₦

253 ₦

183 ₦

596 ₦

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Foo

d E

xpe

nd

itu

re p

er

Mo

nth

(₦

)

Rice/ maize/ millet/ sorghum Meat/ poultry Vegetables Fish Roots and tubers Other drinks Oil Meals away from home All other fruits

Status

Oriented

Security

Seekers

Convenience

Oriented

Tradition

Followers

Good Food

Fans

Absolute expenditures on food are much higher among ‘Good Food Fans’ and ‘Status Oriented’ segments. Number of staples that make-up roughly one-third of expenditure differ from 1 to 6 between segments.

Base: ‘Tradition Followers’ (n=180), ‘Status Oriented’ (n=182); ‘Security Seekers’ (n=125); ‘Convenience Oriented’ (n=155); ‘Good Food Fan’ (n=192’)I6

Food expenditures by Segment (1/2)


249 ₦ 371 ₦ 318 ₦ 282 ₦475 ₦

184 ₦

330 ₦ 324 ₦ 338 ₦

489 ₦

183 ₦

431 ₦275 ₦ 190 ₦

600 ₦

191 ₦

298 ₦

337 ₦230 ₦

482 ₦

172 ₦

390 ₦

277 ₦

150 ₦

444 ₦

153 ₦

232 ₦

187 ₦

142 ₦

314 ₦

129 ₦

215 ₦

179 ₦

144 ₦

328 ₦

121 ₦

214 ₦

148 ₦

169 ₦

303 ₦

62 ₦

116 ₦

58 ₦

28 ₦

140 ₦

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Foo

d E

xpe

nd

itu

re p

er

Mo

nth

(₦

)

Beans and bean products Noodles/ pasta Snacks/ sweet snacks Cocoa based drinks Seasoning Eggs Bread Dairy Nuts

Status

Oriented

Security

Seekers

Convenience

Oriented

Tradition

Followers

Good Food

Fans

Expenditures on snacks, cocoa-based drinks, seasoning are much higher among ‘Status Oriented’ and ‘Good Food Fans’ segments.

Base: ‘Tradition Followers’ (n=180), ‘Status Oriented’ (n=182); ‘Security Seekers’ (n=125); ‘Convenience Oriented’ (n=155); ‘Good Food Fan’ (n=192’)I6

Food expenditures by Segment (2/2)


Status

Oriented

Security

Seekers

Convenience

Oriented

Tradition

Followers

Good Food

Fans

meat

rice

meat

rice

dried fish

juice/ soft drinks

green vegetables

tomato & onion

Yam, etc

maize

fresh fish

snacks

pasta

orange & yellow vegetables

sweet snacks

dried fish

stock cubes

green vegetables

pasta

fresh fish

cocoa based drinks

meat

palm oil

tea/ coffee

chicken/ poultry

fresh eggs

bananas

pasta

Several segments prioritize the same foods for different reasons: pasta is prioritised by ‘Security Seekers’ as cheap option, by ‘Convenience Oriented’ as easy to prepare, by ‘Good Food Fans’ as tasty food.

alcohol

ricemeat

Base: ‘Tradition Followers’ (n=180), ‘Status Oriented’ (n=182); ‘Security Seekers’ (n=125); ‘Convenience Oriented’ (n=155); ‘Good Food Fan’ (n=192’)I7Larger font = Higher Importance

Potential food expenditures in case of income increase by 20% by Segment


Dietary Diversity by Segment (average number of categories; MDD-W)

79

DAILY DIET

46

7

10

49 2 1 1 1

19

47

11

5

63 2 2 3 1 1

18

43

9

6

6

44 3 1 1 23

404

10

6

4

54 1 1 26

41

9

6

7

43 3 3 1 24

Tradition Followers, % Status Oriented, % Security Seekers, %

Convenience Oriented, % Good Food Fans, %

1.5 1.8 2.1

2.3 2.2

Base: ‘Tradition Followers’ (n=229), ‘Status Oriented’ (n=266); ‘Security Seekers’ (n=196); ‘Convenience Oriented’ (n=181); ‘Good Food Fan’ (n=301’)D3, D3.1


period

Dietary diversity varies across segments. The score is lower among ‘Tradition Followers’ and ‘Status Oriented’ segments (the latest – despite high expenditures on food).


Dairy

Flesh foods

Beans and peas


Other vegetables

Nuts and seeds

Other fruits

Eggs


No category




star

chy

stap

les

tuwo (maize)oka-baba (millet)

Semovita

tuwo (rice)tuwo (maize)

white breadoka-baba (millet)

Eba (cassava)noodles

yamtuwo (maize)White bread

jollof riceAgege (bread)

Eba (cassava), yam, tuwo (maize)

Fufu, amala (cassava, yam)

jollof or fried rice,

Eba (cassava),

noodles, white bread

Maize (golden morn), plaintain, yam

fles

h f

oo

d

goat

milkbeef

stock fishPeriwinkle

fresh fish beefgoat

fresh fish

stock fish

oth

er fat/ butterHoneyokra

milkbeans

fat/ butter

Palm oilPepper/ chilli

cocoa-based drinkMilkBeans

Egusi, okra, onions

stock cubesSeasonings, palm oil

red pepper stewBeans

carbonated soft drinkegusi soup, ewedu soup

stock cubes, pepper, palm oil, ketchup,

cocoa-based drink, soft drinks, milk,

beans, tomato sauce, red pepper, egusi stew, banana

80

Status

Oriented

Security

Seekers

Convenience

Oriented

Tradition

Followers

Good Food

Fans

The segments with higher dietary diversity also tend to increase variety within one food group and use more additional components (e.g. stock cubes, etc)


Size of the segment among

the lower Wealth Index groups

Share of the lowest diversity group

Frequency of limited food

situations

Poor Nutritionalknowledge

Location Top5 Priorities in expendituresLevel of social

driveWho is the key decision

maker?Attitudes and Preferences

Tradition

Followers

37% 57% 12 times a year

54% North Rural

Children’s education

Pay off debt

Give money to family member

More cloths

Savings for something for the HH

Low

Often collectively, with orientation on children’s, older people’s and men’s

preferences

Giving energy Good for the body

Price

Status Oriented

20% 47% 4,5times a year

24%North Rural/ Urban

More fast food/ restaurants

Investment into business

More cosmetics and perfume


Healthcare

High

Collectively, with strong orientation on children’s preferences, followed by

men’s preferences

Giving energy Good for the body

Varied dietBuilding strength

Easy to cook

Security Seekers

15% 39% 12 times a year

33% South Urban

Food at home

Fuel



More washing materials

Low

Women, often deciding collectively, mostly

oriented on children’s preferences, followed by

men’s and women’s preferences

Giving energy Price

Building strengthGood for the body

Varied dietHelps children to study

better

Convenience Oriented

18% 30% 7times a year

17%South

Urban/ Rural


Food at home

Savings for something for the HH

General savings


HighMen or women, without

special orientation on anyone’s preferences

Giving energy Building strength

Good for the bodyVaried diet

PriceEasy to cookHeavy food

Good Food Fans

10% 40% 9times a year

21%South Urban

Food at home


General savings


Healthcare

Average

Women, mostly oriented on children’s preferences

and their personal preferences

Giving energy Varied diet

Good for the bodyBuilding strength


Principles for Segment Targeting

82

Seeking greatest impact on promoting nutrition.

3 main considerations:

1. Size of the segment(% of lowest + second Wealth Index groups)

2. Diet Qualityof segment (% of those, who have low dietary diversity)

3. Likely impact on behaviourprioritization of food among other expenditures in case of income increase


SegmentPercent of the segment that has low dietary

diversityComments

Tradition

Followers57% Large segment and poorest diet quality

Status Oriented 47% Average segment, but poor diet quality

Security Seekers 39% Small segment, but rather poor diet quality

Convenience Oriented 30% Average segment and average diet quality

Good Food Fans 40% Small segment, and average diet quality

Segments prioritizing for targeting

83Segments, prioritizing food over other expenditures in case of

income increase


Appendix


HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONS: the majority of HHs live in rather modest, but relatively spacious conditions; however access to electricity and improved sanitation is limited.

Base: All households (n=1,265)A8, A9, A10, A11, A13, A17, A19, A20, A21

Ownership Sanitation facility detailsImproved sanitation facilities Not improved sanitation facilities

Flush toilet to septic tank 26%

Flush toilet to sewer 17%

Flush toilet to pit latrine 14%

Pit latrine with slab 13%

Ventilated improved pit latrine 4%

44% of improved sanitation facilities are shared

Pit latrine without slab/open pit 12%

No facility/bush/field 11%

Flush toilet to unknown 1%

Bucket toilet 1%

Average number of households sharing one facility is 2.4

23%Of households own agricultural land

Cement 55%

Cement blocks 18%

Dirt (mud) 9%

Bamboo with mud 5%

Stone with mud 5%

Stone with lime/cement 3%

No walls 2%

Housing characteristicsFlooring material Roof material Walls material

Cement 55%

Carpet/rug 16%

Earth/sand 14%

Ceramic tiles 11%

Metal/zinc 75%

Cement 6%

Thatch/palm leaf 6%

Roofing shingles 4%

Rustic mat 2%

Wood 2%

No roof 1%

One room 33%

Two rooms 39%

Three rooms and more 28%

Tube well or borehole 24%

Protected well/ spring 18%

Public tap/stand-pipe 13%

Piped into dwelling 11%

Piped to yard/plot 9%

Unprotected well/ spring 11%

Bottled/ sachet water 7%

Surface water 3%

Tanker truck 2%

Details of drinking water sources Number of sleeping roomsOne room 33%

Two rooms 39%

Three rooms and more 28%


Primary/ Secondary incomplete

23%Secondary complete

42%University/ Polytechnic

22%

Education (15+ years old)

State school

41%Private school

29%Pre-school

5%

School attendance (0-14 years old)

24% Do not attend

5% Cant read or write

86

DEMOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE: majority of the population falls into 15-44 age group. Distribution by religion and tribe is almost even.

Base: All households (n=1,265)B1

Base: All individuals in the households (n=3,995)B4, B5, B7, B8, B9, B10, B11

42% ISLAM

58% CHRISTIANITY

Family structureNumber of family members in an average family is 2.7

51%MALE

49%FEMALE

Gender structure Religion

33% HAUSA

Tribe

52% MARRIED

48% SINGLE

Marital status (15+ y.o.)

23% IGBO

22% YORUBA

23% OTHER

Age structure

25% 28% 22% 26%

+ 74%MALE

26%FEMALE

Total populationHead of the household

5% Post university incomplete/ complete

Dependency ratio 1.3

10%

13%

24%

31%

13%

6%

4%

-10%

-14%

-17%

-29%

-17%

-8%

-6%

Male Female

0-4 years old

5-14 years old

15-24 years old

25-34 years old

35-44 years old

45-54 years old

55+ years old


Urban area Rural area

87

DEMOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE: cities have better education rate, as well as a larger share of female-headed HHs; Hausa tribe historically has been concentrated in rural areas.

Base: All individuals in the households (n=1,523)B4, B7, B8, B9, B10

71%MALE

Head of the household Gender distribution Head of the household Gender distribution

55% MALE

45% FEMALE

48% MALE

52% FEMALE

77%MALE

Religion Tribe Religion Tribe

Hausa 16%

Igbo 34%

Yoruba 36%

Other 14%

Hausa 53%

Igbo 9%

Yoruba 6%

Other 32%

31%FEMALE

23%FEMALE

State/government school 33%

Private school 42%

Pre-school, crèche or nursery 7%

Does not attend school 17%

School enrolment (0-14 years old) Education (15+ years old) School enrolment (0-14 years old) Education (15+ years old)

Can’t read/ write 1%

Primary/ secondary incomplete 13%

Secondary complete 45%

University/ polytechnic 31%

Post university 7%





Post university 2%

Base: All individuals in the households (n=1,863)B4, B7, B8, B9, B10


Private school 9%

Pre-school, creche or nursery 2%


Christianity 70%

Islam 30%

Christianity 43%

Islam 57%

Red: significantly higher than total Orange: significantly higher than total



88

EDUCATION AND EMLOYMENT: lower socio-economic groups, being less educated, tend to be more unemployed; or self-employed and mostly involved in trade and agriculture.

Base: All individuals 0-14yrs (n=847); All individuals 15+ yrs (n=2,597);All individuals in employment (n=1,237)

B7, B8, B16, C1, C5.1


Private school 8%



School enrolment (0-14 years old) Education (15+ years old)





Post university 0%

Middle Wealth Index group


Private school 31%








Post university 2%

Highest/ fourth Wealth Index groups


Private school 48%








Post university 13%

Employment for the last 30 days

Primary employment 33%

Secondary employment / additional 6%

Households involved into farming 37%

Type of employment (15+ years old)

Self-employed, no employees 39%

Self-employed, with employees 21%

Works for a person/ enterprise 19%



Secondary employment/ additional 6%





Works for a person/ enterprise 16%



Secondary employment/ additional 5%





Works for a person/ enterprise 29%Red: significantly higher than total

Trade 44%

Agriculture 20%

Construction 6%

Services 7%

Other types 22%

Trade 46%

Agriculture 6%

Education 8%

Transport 7%

Other types 31%

Trade 33%

Services 10%

Professional services 6%

Education 6%

Other types 41%


Income sources (by Wealth Index groups)

Base: Lower income households, (n=506), Middle income households (n=253), Higher income households, (n=506)G3, G4, G5, G6

INCOME SOURCES: larger share of income comes from additional income generating activities, property, loans for lower Wealth Index groups.

69%

7%

5%

7%

1%

2%

2%

4%

2%

Primary occupation

Additional income generating activities

Gifts/ support from family members

Gifts/ support from other people/ groups

From property

Credit/ loan

Benefits/ subsidies

Savings/ repayment of loan

Other

60%

19%

5%

5%

4%

3%

1%

1%

2%

64%

14%

6%

9%

2%

1%

2%

2%

1%

LOWEST/ SECOND MIDDLE

FOURTH/ HIGHEST


Household Expenditure by Type of Commodity (by Wealth Index groups)

EXPENDITURES: In lower income groups total expenditures on food is larger compared to richer groups. With income increase amount dedicated to savings is higher.

30%

9%

7%

11%

9%

8%

3%

3%

6%

4%

2%

2%

3%

Food and drinks

Transport

Clothing

Personal/ house hygiene, cleaning

Savings

Fuel/ Lightning/ water

Healthcare

Entertainment

Education

Household possessions

Income generating activities

Lending/ giving away money

House/ apartment

40%

12%

9%

8%

5%

5%

3%

3%

3%

2%

2%

2%

1%

33%

9%

8%

11%

6%

9%

4%

3%

4%

3%

1%

2%

3%

LOWEST/ SECOND MIDDLE

FOURTH/ HIGHEST

Base: Lowest+second classes HHs (n=506), Middle class HHs (n=253), fourth + highest classes HHs (n=506)H2, I5

Average amount spent on food $30 $59 $74

in a month:


$1,06

$1,03

$1,02

$1,01

$0,99

$0,95

$0,90

$0,88

$0,78

$0,77

$0,75

$0,73

$0,72

$0,65

$0,43

$0,42

$0,40

91

% of total food expenditure spent on each food item- total levelRice

Meat

Chicken/other poultry


Meals away from home (e.g. in restaurant, eatery)

Fresh fish

Dried fish

Beans and bean products (e.g. brown beans, akara)

Noodles/ pasta

Tomato and onion

Cocoa based drinks (e.g. Bournvita, Milo)

Vegetables for soups/stew (e.g. Garden egg/ okra)

Vegetable or groundnut oil

Palm oil



$4,73

$3,19

$2,24

$2,23

$2,03

$1,83

$1,82

$1,77

$1,72

$1,59

$1,53

$1,26

$1,24

$1,21

$1,12

$1,06

Among food items the most amount of money is spent of rice, meat, chicken, meals away from home, white tubers, dried fish, noodles, fresh fish. The smallest amount of money is spent on fruits and nuts, seasoning.

Fresh eggs

Bread

Ground maize/ millet/ sorghum

Green vegetables such as spinach/ ewedu


Snacks (e.g. meat pie, plaintain chips)

Water (bottled or sachet)

Orange/yellow vegetables like carrots/ sweet potato

All other fruits

Stock cubes (e.g. Maggie cubes)

Sweet snacks (e.g. chocolate, biscuits, donuts)

Bananas

Spices & herbs (chilli, pepper etc.)

Alcohol e.g. beer/wine

Other prepared drinks (tea, coffee, etc.)

Nuts, e.g. groundnuts, cashew

Mango/ payapaBase: Key decision makers- food planner (n=919))

I6


Food expenditures in USD (by macro region (1/2))

Households in the South West consistently spend more on food items than other regions, except meat, on which residents of South South spend more on and snacks and MAFH, on which North Central spend more.

$2,61

$1,39

$4,91

$0,94

$1,85

$0,51

$0,20

$0,57

$1,13

$0,58 $0,57 $0,61

$0,99

$1,35

$0,43

$0,90$1,05

$4,04

$3,06

$5,89

$2,29

$2,72

$1,21$1,08

$1,80

$2,19

$1,63

$1,32 $1,31

$2,80

$2,16

$1,64

$1,27

$1,61

Meat Chicken/otherpoultry

Rice Meals awayfrom home

(MAFH)

Yam/ potato/cassava

Snacks Sweet snacks Greenvegetables

Tomato andonion

Vegetables forsoups/stew

Orangevegetables

All othervegetables

Fresh fish Dried fish Fruit juice/soft drinks

Milk, yoghurt,cheese

Fresh eggs

North Central North East North West South West South East South South

Base: Key decision makers- food planners : North central (n-75) North East (n=78) North West (n=275) South West (n=229), South East (n=124) South South (n=138)I6Additional food price data from numbeo.com, crowd sourced food price data. For more information

please see: http://www.numbeo.com/food-prices/


$1,96

$1,18

$1,55

$0,13$0,26

$0,39

$1,18 $1,26

$0,66$0,50

$1,27

$0,15

$0,69

$0,25 $0,20 $0,21

$0,62

$2,39

$2,70

$0,61

$1,07$1,18

$1,81 $1,71

$1,12 $1,13

$1,94

$0,68

$1,48$1,27

$0,51$0,63

Groundmaize/millet/

sorghum

Noodles/pasta

Beans andbean

products

Mango/papaya

Bananas All otherfruits

Vegetable orgroundnut oil

Palm oil Stock cubes Spices &herbs

Cocoa baseddrinks

Alcohol e.g.beer/wine

Bread Water(bottled or

sachet)

Nuts, e.g.groundnuts,

cashew

Otherprepared

drinks (tea,coffee, etc.)

North Central North East North West South West South East South South

93

Households in the North East typically spend the least on almost all food items, though expenditures on oils and spices, and on rice and green vegetables are the lowest in South East.

Base: Key decision makers- food planners : North central (n-75) North East (n=78) North West (n=275) South West (n=229), South East (n=124) South South (n=138)I6

Food expenditures in USD (by macro region (1/2))


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food consumption and spending in nigeria · this research can be used by the bill and melinda gates...

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