Food and Food and nutritionnutrition: Czech : Czech

casecase

StructureStructure Nutrition policy goalsNutrition policy goals Recommended nutrition and Recommended nutrition and

food dosesfood dosesFood consumption and food Food consumption and food

expendituresexpendituresWhat do Czech people eatWhat do Czech people eat Food consumption factorsFood consumption factors Nutrition policy toolsNutrition policy tools

Nutrition policy goals: how to Nutrition policy goals: how to set them – and should they be set set them – and should they be set at all ? at all ? Should a democratic state at allShould a democratic state at all

influence nutrition of its citizens?influence nutrition of its citizens?YesYes, at least to a certain extent, , at least to a certain extent, regarding:regarding: quantityquantity undernutrition undernutrition and the level ofand the level of hungerhunger optimum leveloptimum levelqualityquality positivepositive energyenergy vitamins and vitamins and mineralsminerals negative negative pollution pollution labellinglabelling

Undernutrition Undernutrition and and

the hunger the hunger levellevel

FAO definitionFAO definition Undernutrition = share of Undernutrition = share of population which during population which during

the year does not in the year does not in average consume average consume

sufficient amount of food sufficient amount of food to sustain body weight and to sustain body weight and

to secure at least light to secure at least light activitiesactivities

Food deficit in the woFood deficit in the worldrld ( % of inhabitan( % of inhabitants ts with the given food with the given food deficit )deficit )

To be able to To be able to imagineimagine the the differences, let us look at what differences, let us look at what

consumes (or can consumes (or can spend on food)spend on food) one family in different parts of one family in different parts of

the world per week…..the world per week…..

www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/ib_

ChadChad685 CFA Francs or $1.23685 CFA Francs or $1.23  

GermanyGermany375.39 Euros or $500.07375.39 Euros or $500.07

USAUSA$341.98$341.98

EquadorEquador$31.55$31.55

Poland582.48 Zlotys or $151.27

Recommended Recommended

dosesdosesEvery country sets its own Every country sets its own recommended daily doses of the recommended daily doses of the intake ofintake of energyenergy basic nutrientsbasic nutrients basic food groupsbasic food groupsThese recommended doses are These recommended doses are differentiated according todifferentiated according to gendergender ageage social groupssocial groups

LetLet’s look at the ’s look at the Czech exampleCzech example

The documentThe document ““Concept of the Concept of the Czech agrar policy for the pre/accession Czech agrar policy for the pre/accession periodperiod““ includes also the following includes also the following chapterschapters : : securing of food safetysecuring of food safety support of healthy nutrition of the support of healthy nutrition of the populationpopulation securing of the production and securing of the production and distribution of healthy foodstuffsdistribution of healthy foodstuffsA part of the document are also A part of the document are also recommended food doses elaborated by recommended food doses elaborated by the Center of Food Chain Hygiene in the Center of Food Chain Hygiene in BrnoBrno..

TThese were modelled in variants hese were modelled in variants according to the internationalaccording to the international “pyramid “pyramid constructionconstruction“ princip“ principlesles::

Model Model BB is regarded as theis regarded as the most suitable most suitable oneone , , since it is the nearest to the since it is the nearest to the present daily energy intake of approx.present daily energy intake of approx. 9500 kJ9500 kJ , , but this is relatively too high, but this is relatively too high, according to nutrition expertsaccording to nutrition experts

model model AA 6 500 kJ6 500 kJ (1560 kcal) (1560 kcal) per per capita/daycapita/day model model BB 9 200 kJ9 200 kJ (2200 kcal) (2200 kcal) per per capita/daycapita/day model model CC 12 500 kJ12 500 kJ (3000 kcal) (3000 kcal) per per

capita/daycapita/day

The present problem of The present problem of Czech population is rather Czech population is rather

dualdual

the share of obese share of obese populationpopulation is growing in all age categories (Czechs are ones of the most obese people in Europe)

but also that of people suffering or near to anorexiaanorexia is increasing, namely regarding women

ObesityObesity

is commonly assessed by calculating a person’s body mass index (BMI) level.

A BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 is defined as overweight, and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 and above as obese.

Pyramid Pyramid principle of nutrition dosesprinciple of nutrition doses

TThe nutrition doses are then he nutrition doses are then reflected in the daily doses of reflected in the daily doses of the main nutrients and food the main nutrients and food groupsgroups..For exampleFor example ( (inin g) : g) :

Variant CerealsVariant Cereals Vegetables Fruit Vegetables Fruit Milk Milk Proteins Proteins AA 300300 300 200 300 200 512 512 80 80

BB 450450 400 300 400 300 640 640 160 160

CC 600600 500 500 400 400 768 768 240 240

TThese are the average daily doses, taking into hese are the average daily doses, taking into account the gender, age and social groups, we get account the gender, age and social groups, we get

in totalin total 32 x 3, 32 x 3, i.e.i.e. 9696 variant variantss

TThus, the basic nutrition goals are hus, the basic nutrition goals are setset..For choosing the policy tools and their For choosing the policy tools and their application we need also to know the application we need also to know the reality, that is thereality, that is theactual food consumption of the population.actual food consumption of the population. How do we find out How do we find out

that ?that ?

There existThere exist 3 3 main methodsmain methods, , which are usually combinedwhich are usually combined : :

balance ofbalance of resources and use resources and use the household accounts statisticsthe household accounts statistics selected research surveysselected research surveys

Plantproduction Fishery

Animal production

Food production

Total food supply

Import

Export

Loses

Food consumption

Non-food use

Initial stocks

Final stocks

Do you know, what isDo you know, what is the household accounts the household accounts

statisticsstatistics ? ? In the CR, it is used already since the pre-In the CR, it is used already since the pre-war period and the comparable time series war period and the comparable time series exist for the period from exist for the period from 1956.1956.The present sample includes

2, 895 2, 895 householdshouseholds ( the sample is statistically representative for the CR and is further supplemented by a special samples of families with children and low income households ) .Households are further structured byHouseholds are further structured by:: social groups net income level ( in quintils)

SSample structure in ample structure in 20020066

Tab. 1a Složení domácností, přehled příjmů a vydání domácností zpravodajského souboru statistiky rodinných účtů podle typů domácností

(měsíční průměry na osobu v Kč)

4. čtvrtletí

2006

 

Domácnosti celke

m

z toho domácnostiRodiny s dětmi

s minimálními příjmy

zaměstnanců samostatně

činných

nezaměst-

naných

důchodců

bez EA členů

celkem

bez dětí

s dětmi

Počet domácností - přepočtený 2895

1464 741 723 366 117 805 355

ve výběru 2895 170

0 861 839 425 135 468 355

Průměrný počet na domácnost:          

členů 2,30 2,60 1,69 3,53 2,97 2,07 1,49 3,22

ekonomicky aktivních (bez nezaměstnaných) 1,04 1,54 1,46 1,63 1,67 0,26 0,00 0,61

nezaopatřených dětí 0,58 0,81 0,00 1,64 1,01 0,65 0,01 1,79

nepracujících důchodců 0,51 0,09 0,17 0,02 0,09 0,08 1,47 0,07

ostatních osob 0,17 0,16 0,06 0,24 0,20 1,08 0,01 0,75

spotřebních jednotek 1,84 2,02 1,48 2,57 2,26 1,67 1,34 2,31

In the form of a monthly diary, there are In the form of a monthly diary, there are followed ( for the period of 1 year ) followed ( for the period of 1 year ) ::

total incomes monetary and in total incomes monetary and in kindkind total expenditurestotal expenditures food expendituresfood expenditures food consumption, in thatfood consumption, in that:: purchasedpurchased of own productionof own production free foodfree food gifts accepted and givengifts accepted and given consumption of in-kind incomeconsumption of in-kind income food at home/outside homefood at home/outside home

From these data, From these data, per capita food consumption is per capita food consumption is

derivedderived..

Both methods are combined Both methods are combined and supplemented by and supplemented by

selected choice research, because selected choice research, because ::

bbalance method alance method supplies a more complex data, supplies a more complex data, but does not take into accountbut does not take into account:: purchases and consumption of foreigners purchases and consumption of foreigners ( tourists and other ) in the( tourists and other ) in the ČR ČR purchases and consumption of Czech people purchases and consumption of Czech people abroadabroad full scope of self-supfull scope of self-suppplyly

household statisticshousehold statistics includes the above, but:includes the above, but: does not represent the whole populationdoes not represent the whole population the household sample is changingthe household sample is changing there is the danger of subjective errorsthere is the danger of subjective errors

Drinks consumption development in the CR (l per capita/year, CSO data)

1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2004 2005 2008Beer 155,2 156,9 159,8 159,9 156,9 160,5 163,5 159Wine 14,8 15,4 16,1 16,1 16,2 16,5 16,8 17,2Spirits (40 %) 7,2 7,9 8,3 8,3 8,2 7,6 7,8 8Alcohol total (in spirit) 8,9 9,4 9,9 9,9 9,9 9,8 10,2 10,2in that beer 4,3 4,4 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 5,2 5in that wine 1,7 1,8 2 2 2 2 1,9 2in that spirits 2,9 3,2 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,1 3,2Soft drinks 110,1 121,3 160 206 220 275 281 289

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 %

Share of expenditures for food, drinks and tobacco, 2006

What influences food What influences food consumptionconsumption ? ?

Main factorsMain factors : : food accessibility in the market from self-supply

pricesprices

incomeincome

Every government utilizes Every government utilizes tools influencing thetools influencing thesse e

factors because of sustainingfactors because of sustaining

SOCISOCIAL STABILITYAL STABILITY

This is the well-known principle of Roman emperors

““Panem et circenses“Panem et circenses“

“ “ Bread and Bread and games “games “

Do you understand it ?Do you understand it ?

socisocial statuteal statute farmersfarmers workers/”blue collarsworkers/”blue collars”” “ “white collarswhite collars““ businessmenbusinessmen pensionerspensioners educationeducation formformalal informalinformal

What other factors What other factors influence food influence food consumptionconsumption??

Habits,traditionsHabits,traditions

nnational ational traditionstraditions

religious rulesreligious rules family habits and traditionsfamily habits and traditions personal habits and tastespersonal habits and tastes

SederSederplateplate

For exampleFor example Czech traditional kitchen was Czech traditional kitchen was originally originally formed forformed forother types other types of people of people in quite in quite different different life situationlife situation........

This was not, however, This was not, however, very typical…very typical…

What was really eaten, What was really eaten, vere different vere different

mashes and porridges, mashes and porridges, breads and vegetablesbreads and vegetables

The most famous cookbook The most famous cookbook writer in Bohemia waswriter in Bohemia was

MagdalenaMagdalenaDobromilaDobromilaRettigováRettigová31.1. 1786 - 5.4. 184531.1. 1786 - 5.4. 1845

She is often represented She is often represented as a symbol of unhealthy as a symbol of unhealthy traditional Czech cookingtraditional Czech cooking. .

Is it really trueIs it really true??“ “ Put in a dozen of eggsPut in a dozen of eggs .… .… ““

And are our eating And are our eating habits changhabits changinging in time in time

??Yes and no.Yes and no.

A recent research has shown, that we A recent research has shown, that we really prefer morereally prefer more vegetables and fruit, vegetables and fruit, that we eat more poultry than we used that we eat more poultry than we used to, but...to, but...

... our favorite meals still are... our favorite meals still are roast beef in sour cream sauce with roast beef in sour cream sauce with dumplingsdumplings roast pork with cabbage and roast pork with cabbage and dumplingsdumplings fried “Wienese” pork steakfried “Wienese” pork steak

Typical Czech Christmas Typical Czech Christmas menumenu

(on December 24)(on December 24)

We are very fond of We are very fond of sweetssweets

and cakesand cakes

……and traditionally also of and traditionally also of canapés and mini-canapéscanapés and mini-canapés

(even if the younger (even if the younger generation prefers generation prefers

hamburgers)hamburgers)

And if you ask in a Prague And if you ask in a Prague restaurant for “typical Czech restaurant for “typical Czech

meal“meal“goulasgoulas

hh

roasteroasted pork d pork kneeknee

roasteroasted duckd duck

““svickova“svickova“ ““utopenci“utopenci“(“drowned (“drowned sausage“sausage“

““buchty“buchty“

As a matter of fact, I have As a matter of fact, I have never cooked most of thatnever cooked most of that

Our Our yesterdayyesterday menu was chicken and vegetable menu was chicken and vegetable tajinetajine with cous-cous with cous-cous, green salad and , green salad and strawberry tiramisu – a not very typical Czech strawberry tiramisu – a not very typical Czech mealmeal

And what is And what is new in our new in our nutrition?nutrition?

globaliglobalisationsation “fast food” pizza Chinese food

And what is And what is new in our new in our nutrition?nutrition?

aggresive food aggresive food advertisements advertisements namely aimed at children and namely aimed at children and youthyouth the ““violet cowviolet cow““case

9 years, 3rd class

On the other handOn the other hand

we also have much better we also have much better access to the quality food, access to the quality food, including organic foodincluding organic food

BIO-PRODUCTS

It is connected to education, but also a matter of fashion and advertisements.

• Their consumption can be connected to a certain philosophy or religion (i.e. Hare Krishna etc.)

• Why is the percentage of the sale and Why is the percentage of the sale and consumption of the consumption of the ““healthy foodhealthy food” ” products products still relatively lowstill relatively low ? ?

Our annual visit at theOur annual visit at theHare Krishna organic farmHare Krishna organic farm

Bio-foodBio-foodproducts logoproducts logo

Sale of bio-Sale of bio-products in the CRproducts in the CR

1) 1) direct sale – stalls, own shops, direct sale – stalls, own shops, ““sale from the sale from the courtyardcourtyard””

2) 2) specialised shopsspecialised shops (Country Life (Country Life etc. etc.))3) “3) “Healthy Food CornersHealthy Food Corners“ “ in in supermarket supermarketss etc.etc.

Where do you Where do you buy the buy the products – if at products – if at all ?all ?

This year,This year,

a new development emerged in many townsincluding Prague.

The municipalities started to promote “Farmers Markets“, in which Czech farmers and small food producers sell their products.

The majority of products are of the bio quality.

Last Saturday, 6 markets were available in Prague (not to speak of other towns)

Another novelty are the Another novelty are the “milkmats““milkmats“

Czech farmers now also Czech farmers now also organise the direct sale of organise the direct sale of

their productstheir productsthrough the possiblity to order a “product through the possiblity to order a “product

basket“ or “product box“ by Internet.basket“ or “product box“ by Internet.

On the website On the website www.najdisisvehofarmare.cz people can find the addresses of the people can find the addresses of the farms included in the net and to make farms included in the net and to make either an individual or a standing either an individual or a standing weekly/monthly order. The products are weekly/monthly order. The products are then delivered to teir addresses or to a then delivered to teir addresses or to a collection pointcollection point. Also these products are . Also these products are usually bioproductsusually bioproducts

Tools of food Tools of food and nutrition and nutrition

policypolicy indirect toolsindirect tools information and education advertisements (usually not done by the state)support of healthy food sale social payments supporting low incomes

Tools of food Tools of food and nutrition and nutrition

policypolicy direct toolsdirect tools nutrition norms in state directed or influenced institutions : kindergartens, nursery schools, schools, hospital, social institutions, army, prisons... food vouchers school milk, Happy Snacks ....

The program School MilkThe program School Milkwas subsidised in the was subsidised in the

years 1999-2008years 1999-2008

From 2008, it was From 2008, it was exchanged for the Happy exchanged for the Happy

Snacks programSnacks program

Food vouchers

they are distributed as a part of social support, e.g. unemployment support. These payments are distributed in this way instead of money to prevent their abuse by some of the recipients

And of course, And of course, important is important is

the overall agrarthe overall agrarianian policy, policy, because only healthy animals because only healthy animals

and plants can supply the and plants can supply the production of healthy foodproduction of healthy food