food and fruit-bearing forest species - examples from eastern africa · 2012-09-11 · branchlet...

Foodand fruit-bearingforest species1: Exa mn pies from Eastern Africa

Forest resources development branch

Forest resources division

Forestry department

FOODAND

AGRICULTUREORGANIZATION

OF THEUNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1983

FAOFORESTRY

PAPER

44/1

Food and fruit-bearing forest species 1: Examples from Eastern Africa

Forest resources development branch

Forest resources division

Forestry department

FAO FORESTRY

PAPER

44/1

FOOD AND

AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1983

The designations employed and the presentationof material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on thepart of the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the United Nations concerning the legalstatus of any country, territory, city or area orof its authorities, or concerning the delimitationof its frontiers or boundaries.

M-32

ISBN 92-5-101385-3

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission,with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, shouldbe addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100Rome, Italy.

(j) FAO 1983

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerni ng the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

M-32

ISBN 92-5-101385-3

All rights reserved . No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system , or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1983

ABSTRACT

Monographs of 40 forest food and fruit-bearing forest species have been prepared

under the auspices of FAO by the Silvicultural Research Institute of the Forest Division,

Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism of the United Republic of Tanzania. Besides

botanical and vernacular (Tanzanian) nomenclature and detailed descriptions, the

illustrated monographs provide useful information on the ecology, distribution, main

multiple uses, period of fruit collections, nutritional value, propagation, cultivation,

economics and local marketing potential of the species covered.

,

- -iii

ABSTRACT

Monographs of 40 forest food and fruit-bearing forest species have been prepared under the auspices of FAO by the Silvicultural Research Institute of the Forest Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism of the United Republi c of Tanzania. Besides botanical and vernacular (Tanzanian) nomenclature and detailed descriptions, the il lustrated monographs provide useful information on the ecology, distribution, main multiple uses, period of fruit col l ections, nutritional value, propagation, cultivation, economics and local marketing potential of the species covered.

-v -

FOREWORD

"Food from the Forests" was one of the topics discussed during the Eighth World

Forestry Congress held in Djakarta, Indonesia, in October 1978 under the main theme

"Forests for People".

In many developing countries rural populations derive a significant part of their

food and energy requirements from trees which also improve the quality of life. The

variety and nature of food and food products obtained from trees are not fully

appreciated. Furthermore, many of these fruit-bearing species occur naturally in

forest environments which are under pressure to yield land for agriculture. Greater

knowledge of the potential of these species and their capacity to improve man's way

of life will add weight to efforts to conserve these forests or woodlands, while

making them more productive.

The introduction of forest food and fruit species to agricultural areas and their

possible domestication and improvement through breeding offer considerable possibil-

ities, not only in the improved nutrition of rural populations but in their economic

potential to provide cash incomes derived from the sale of their raw fruits or

processed products.

The monographs should therefore be a useful aid to government extension agents,

workers and specialists in programmes dealing with forest management and forestry for

local community development, as well as to those interested in the conservation of

natural resources.

FAO is indebted to the detailed work of the director and staff of the Silvi-

cultural Research Institute in Lushoto, Tanzania, who prepared the monographs and

the assistance of the technical editor, Mr. R.L. Willan. These species descriptions

will form part of a series of similar monographs covering other tropical regions of

the world.

M.A. Flores Rodas

A sistánt_D1r-e-c-tor-General

and

H ad of the Forestry Department

- v -

FOREWORD

IIFood from the Fo r ests" was one of the topi cs discussed during the Eighth ~vor l d Forestry Congress held in Djakarta , Indonesia, in October 1978 under the main theme

"Forests for Peopl e".

food In many developing countries rural populations derive and ene r gy requirements from t r ees which also improve

a significant part of the quality of life.

their The

variety and nature of food and food products obtained from t rees are not fully appreciated. Furthermor e , many of these fruit - bearing species occur naturally in forest environments wh i ch are unde r pressure to yield land for agriculture. Greater knowledge of the potent i al of these species and their capacity to improve man's way of life will add we i ght to efforts to conserve these forests or woodlands, while making them more productive.

The i ntroduction of forest food and fru i t species to agricultural areas and their possible domestication and improvement through breeding offer considerable possibilities , not only in the improved nutrition of rural populat~ons but in their economic potential to provide cash incomes derived from the sale of their raw fruits or processed products.

The monographs shoul d therefore be a useful aid to government extension agents, workers and special ists in programmes dealing with forest management and forestry for local community development, as well as to those interested in the conservation of natural resources .

FAO is indebted to the detailed work of the director and staff of the Silvicultural Research Institute in Lushoto, Tanzania , who prepared the monographs and the assistance of the technical editor, Mr. R.L . Willan. These spec ies descriptions will form part of a seri es of simi lar monographs covering other tropical regions of the world.

sis~i-t:~General . and

H ad of the Fores try Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT

FOREWORD

LIST OF PLATES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii

INTRODUCTION 1.

SPECIES MONOGRAPHS

Allanblackia stuhlmannií 3

Allanblackia ulugurensis 7

Annona senegalensis 11

Azanza garckeana 15

Berchemia discolor 19

Bussea massaiensis 23

Canthium burttii 27

Canthium crassum 31

Cordyla densif lora 35

Diospyros kirkii 39

Díospyros mespilíformis 43

Flacourtia indica 47

Friesodielsia obovata 51

Hexalobus monopetalus 55

Manilkara mochisia 59

Manilkara obovata 63

Myrianthus arboreus 67

Oldfieldia dactylophylla 71

Pachystela brevipes 75

Pachystela msolo 79

Parinari curatellifolia 83

Parinari excelsa 87

Saba florida 91

Sorindeia madagascariensis 95

Strychnos cocculoides 99

Strychnos innocua 103

Syzgium guineense 107

Trichilia roka 111

Uapaca kirkiana 115

Vanguaria linearisepala 119

Vanguería madagascariensis 123

Vanguería rotundata 127

Vangueria tomentosa 131

Vangueriopsís lanciflora 135

ABSTRACT

FOREIWRD

LIST OF PLATES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

SPECIES MONOGRAPHS

Al lanblackia s tuhlmannii All anblack ia ulugurens is Annona senegal ens is Azanza garckeana

Ber chemi a di s color Bussea massa i ens is Canthium bur ttii Canthium e r as sum Cordyla dens if l ora Diospyros kirkii Diospyros mespiliformis Flacourtia indica Friesodie l s ia obovata Hexalob us monopeta lus Manilkara mochisia Manilkara obovata Myrianthus arboreus

01dfieldia dactylophylla Pac hystela brevipes Pachystela msolo Parinari curate lli fo lia Parinari exce lsa Saba fl or ida Sorindeia madagascariensis Str ychnos cocculoides

Strychnos innoc ua

Syz g ium guineense Trichilia roka Uapaca kirkiana Vanguaria linearisepala Vangueria madagascariensis

Vangueria rotundata

Vangueria tornentosa Vangueriops is lanciflora

- v ii -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

v

ix

xiii

1

3 7

11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99

103 107 ill

11 5 119 123 127 131 135

Vitex doniana 139Vitex ferruginea 143Vitex mombassae 147Vitex payos 151Ximenia americana 155Ximenia caffra 159

APPENDIXES

Altitudinal range of species

Food consumption table

A map of Tanzania showing areas in which 40 tropical

forest food/fruit tree species were sampled

References

Page

163

165

167

169

Vitex doniana Vitex ferruginea vi tex mombassae Vitex payos Ximenia americana Ximenia caffra

APPENDIXES

1. Altitudinal range of species

2. Food consumption table

- viii -

3. A map of Tanzania shO\ving areas in which 40 tropical forest food/fruit tree species were sampled

4. References

Page

139

143 147 151 155 159

163

165

167

169

Plate I

Il

12

13

Plate II

Iii

112

Plate III

1111

1112

Plate IV

IV2

IV3

Plate V

V1

V2

Plate VI

VIi

VI2

Plate VII

VII2

Plate VIII

Plate IX

IX2

1X3

Plate X

X1

X2

LIST OF PLATES

Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers from a treeat Amani, Tanga, January 1982.

Part of fruit showing seeds at Kwamkoro, Tanga, January 1982.

Fruit and seeds at Kwamkoro, Tanga, January 1982.

Alanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

Foliage, young and mature fruits at Kiswila village, Morogoro, February 1982.

Sun-dried seeds at Kiswila village, Morogoro, February 1982.

Annona senegalensis Pers.

Tree 11 m high in fruit at Msingo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982.

Foliage and young fruits at Msingo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982.

Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell Hillcoat

Tree atJ ibwapwa Township, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing flower buds and flowers, Mpwapwa Township, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits, Mpwapwa Township, April 1982.

Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsley

Tree at Simbo Forest Reserve Taborn, May 1982. Note the termite mound.

Branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

Bussea massaiensis (Taub.) Harms

Tree, in sorghum farm, Kigwe, Dodoma, May 1982. Note the upward pointingbuds.

Branchlet bearing young pods, Kigwe, Dodoma, May 1982.

Canthium burttii Bullock

Tree at Mwambaha, Nzega, May 1982.

Branchlet bearing dry fruits, at Mwambaha, Nzega, May 1982.

Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern.

VIIII Small tree overshadowed by Brachystegía woodland, at Simbo, Tabora, May 1982.

VIII2 Branchlet bearing young fruits at Simbo, Tabora, May 1982.

Cordyla densiflora Milne - Redh.

Tree at Mpwapwa, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing flower buds at Mpwapwa, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits at Mpwapwa, February 1982.

Diospyros kirkii Hiern

Tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, December 1981.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits, Rungwa, Manyeni, May 1982.

Plate I

11

12

13

Plate II

III

Il2

Plate III

IIIl

IIl2

Plate IV

IVl IV2 IV3

Plate V

Vl

V2

Plate VI

VIl

VI2

Plate VII

VIIl

VIl2

Plate VIII

VIlI l VIlIZ

Plate IX

IXl

IXZ

IX3

Plate X

Xl

Xz

- ix -

LIST OF PLATES

Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers from a tree at Amani, Tanga, January 1982.

Part of fruit showing seeds at Kwamkoro, Tanga, January 1982.

Fruit and seeds at Kwamkoro, Tanga, January 1982.

Alanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

Foliage, young and mature fruits at Kiswila village, Morogoro, February 1982.

Sun-dried seeds at Kiswila village, Morogoro, February 1982.

Annona senegalensis Pers.

Tree 11 m high in fruit at Msingo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982.

Foliage and yo ung fruits at Msingo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982.

Azanza garckeana (F . Hoffm.) Exell Hillcoat

Tree atl ~wapwa Township, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing flower buds and flowers, Mpwapwa Township, April 1982.

Branch1et bearing mature fruits, Mpwapwa Township, April 1982.

Berchemia discolor (K1otzsch) Hemsley

Tree at Simbo Forest Reserve Taborn, May 1982. Note the termite mound.

Branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

Bussea massaiensis (Taub.) Harms

Tree, in sorghum farm, Kigwe, Oodoma, Hay 1982. Note the upward pointing buds.

Branchlet bearing young pods, Kigwe, Oodoma , May 1982.

Canthium burttii Bullock

Tree at Mwambaha, Nzega, May 1982.

Branchlet bearing dry fruits, at Mwambaha, Nzega , May 1982.

Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern.

Small tree overshadowed by Brachystegia woodland, at Simbo, Tabora, May 1982.

Branchlet bearing young fruits at Sirnho, Tabora, May 1982 .

Cordyla densiflora Milne - Redh.

Tree at Mpwapwa, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing flower buds at Mpwapwa, Apri l 1982.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits at Mpwapwa, February 1982 .

Diospyros kirkii Hiern


Branchlet bearing mature fruits, Rungwa, Manyeni, May 1982.

Plate XI Diospyros mespiliformis Hochet. ex A. DC.

XI1 Tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

XI2 Branchlet bearing mature fruits, Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

Plate XII Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merril

Branchlet bearing mature and ripe fruits, at Beekeeping School, Tabora,May 1982.

Plate XIII Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.

Multistemmed shrub, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XIII2 Branchlets bearing mature and ripe fruits at Beekeeping School, Tabora,May 1982.

Plate XIV Hexalobus monopetalus var obovatus Brenan (A.Rich.) Engl. & Diels

XIV1 Tree at Simbo Forest Reserve, Tabora, May 1982.

Plate XV Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

XV1Tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982. Note that it is on a termite moundin the maize farm.

XV2 Branchlet and ripe fruits, at Rungwa Manyoni, May 1982.

Plate XVI Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H. Hemsl.

XVI]. Tree at Ilangali, Dodoma, April 1982.

XVI2 Branchlet bearing mature fruits, at Ilangali Dodoma, April 1982.

Plate XVII Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

XVIII Tree at left side of Amani stream near Amani pond, Amani montane forest,Tanga, January 1982.

XVII2 Branchlet bearing leaves and young fruits at Amani, Tanga, January 1982.

Plate XVIII Oldfieldia dactylophylla J. Leonard

XVIII1 Tree at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XVIII2 Branchlet bearing flowers, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XVIII3 Branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

Plate XIX Pachystela brevipes (Bak.) Engl.

XIX]. Tree 17 m high with DBH of 75 cm at Kalundwa village, Morogoro, February 1982.

XIX2 Branchlet showing leaves and ripe fruits, at Kalundwa, Morogoro,February 1982.

Plate XX - Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl.

Heavily fluted bole of tree 20 m high, DBH 80 cm at Mombo arboretum,Tanga, January 1982.

XX2 Tree 23 m high at Longuza near forest project office, Tanga, January 1982.

XX3 Branchlet bearing leaves and fruits at Mombo Arboretum, Tanga.

Plate XXI Patinan i curatellifolia (Planch.ex) Benth.

XXI]. Tree at Isangu village, Mobozi district, Mbeya, June 1982. Note thatit is a shade tree in coffee and banana plantations.

Plate XI

XI1 XI2

Plate XII

XII1

Plate XIII

XIII1

XIII2

Plate XIV

XIV1

Plate XV

XV1

XV2

Plate XVI

XVI1

XVI2

Plate XVII

XVII1

XVII2

- x -

Diospyros mespiliformis Hochet. ex A. DC.

Tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits, Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merril

Branchlet bearing mature and ripe fruits, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verde.

Multisternmed shrub, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

Branchlets bearing mature and r ip e fruits at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

Hexalobus monopetalus var obovatus Brenan (A.Rich.) Engl. & Diels

Tree at Simbo Forest Reserve, Tabora, May 1982.

Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

Tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982. Note that it is on a termite mound in the maize farm.

Branchlet and ripe fruits, at Rungwa Manyoni, May 1982.

Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H. Hemsl.

Tree at Ilangali, Dodoma, April 1982.

Branchlet bearing mature fruits, at Ilangali Dodoma, April 1982.

Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

Tree at left side of Amani stream near Amani pond, Amani montane forest, Tanga, January 1982.

Branchlet bearing leaves and young fruits at Amani, Tanga, January 1982.

Plate XVIII 01dfie1dia dacty1ophy11a J . Leonard

Plate

Plate

Plate

XVIIIl Tree at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XVIII2 Branchlet bearing flowers, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XVIII3 Branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May 1982.

XIX

n~

XIX2

XX -

XX1

XX2

~3

XXI

XXI 1

Pachyste1a brevi pes (Bak.) Engl .

Tree 17 m high with DBH of 75 em at Kalundwa village, Morogoro, February 1982.

Branchlet showing leaves and ripe fruits, at Kalundwa, Morogoro, February 1982.

Pachyste1a mso1o (Engl.) Engl.

Heavily fluted bole of tree 20 m high, DBH 80 em at Mombo arboretum, Tanga, January 1982.

Tree 23 m high at Longuza near forest project office, Tanga, January 1982.

Branch1et bearing leaves and f ruit s at Mombo Arboretum, Tanga.

Parinari curate1lifolia (Planch.ex) Benth.

Tree at Isangu village, Mobozi district, Mbeya, June 1982. Note that it is a shade tree in coffee and banana plantations.

Plate XXII Parinari excelsa Sabine subsp. holstii (Engl) R. Grah

XXIII

Plate XXIII Saba florida Benth. Bullock

XXIII1 Investigators pulling climbers at Longuza, near forest project office,Tanga, January 1982.

XXIII? Fruit vending in a street in Wete, Pemba Island, May 1981.

Plate XXIV

XXIV'

XXIV2Branchlet bearing flower buds at Mombo, Korogwe, August 1982.

Plate XXVII Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.

XXVII]. Tree 20 m high, 90 cm DBH at Dule near Bumbuli, Lushoto Tanga,January 1982.

XXVII2 Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers at Korogwe, Tanga,January 1982.

Plate XXVIII Trichilia roka (Forsk.) Chiov.

XXVIII1 Tree 15 m high with fruits at Korogwe, Tanga, January 1982.

XXVIII2 Branchlet bearing fruits and partly burnt leaves at Korogwe Tanga,January 1982.

Tree 25 m high at Silviculture nursery, Lushoto Tanga, January 1982.

Sorindeia madagascariensis Thon.

Tree at Korogwe, Tanga, February 1982.

Strychnos cocculoides Baker

Tree at Goweko, Tabora, December 1981.

Fruit vending in Tabora Town, December 1981. Note the price per fruitis TShs. 0.50.

Strychnos innocua Del.


Branchlet brearing young fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

Ripe fruits at Goweko, Tabora, December 1981.

Uapaca kirkiana Mull. Arg.

Tree at Lutngule village, Iringa, June 1982.

Young fruits, Luingulo village, Iringa, June 1982.

Vangueria linearisepala K. Schum.

Tree 4 m high in flower at Kwemadala village Lushoto, Tanga, January 1982.

Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers at Kwemadala, Lushoto,Tanga, January 1982.

Fruit vending at Lushoto market, Tanga, October 1981.

Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel

Tree near Roman Catholic Mission in Tabora, December 1981.

Branchlets bearing flower buds and flowers at Karanga in Moshi, April 1982.

Branchlets bearing flowers and young fruits, near Roman Catholic Mission,Tabora, December 1981.

Plate XXV

XXV1

XXV2

Plate XXVI

XXVII

XXVI2

XXV 13

Plate XXIX

XXIX1

XXIX2

Plate XXX

XXXI_

XXX2

XXX3

Plate XXXI

XXXI'

XXXI2

XXXI3

Plate XXII

XXIII

Plate XXIII

XXIIIl

XXIII Z

Plate XXIV

XXIVI

XXIVZ

- xi -

Parinari excelsa Sabine subsp . holstii (Eng1) R. Grah

Tree 25 m high at Silviculture nursery, Lushoto Tanga, January 1982 .

Saba florida Benth. Bullock

Investigators pulling climbers at Longuza, near forest project offi ce , Tanga, January 1982 .

Fruit vending in a street 1n Wete, Pemba Island, May 1981.

Sorindeia madagascariensis Thon.

Tree at Korogwe, Tang~, February 1982 .

Branchlet bearing flower buds at Mambo, Korogwe, August 1982.

Plate XXV

XXVI

XXVZ

Strychnos cocculoides Baker

Tree at Goweko, Tabora, December 1981.

Fruit vending in Tabora Town, December 1981. Note the price per fruit is TShs. 0.50.

Plate

Plate

XXVI

XXVII

XXVIZ

XXVI}

XXVII

XXVIII

Strychnos innocua Del.


Branchlet brearing young fruits at Ururnwa, Tabora, May 1982.

Ripe fruits at Goweko, Tabora, December 1981.

Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC.

Tree 20 m high, 90 em DBH at Dule near Bumbuli, Lushoto Tanga, January 198Z.

XXVII 2 Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers at Korogwe, Tanga, January 198Z.

Plate XXVIII Trichilia roka (Forsk.) Chiov.

Plate

Plate

Plate

XXVIII l Tree 15 m high with fruits at Korogwe, Tanga, January 1982.

XXVIII2 Branchlet bearing fruits and partly burnt leaves at Korogwe Tanga, January 198Z.

XXIX

XXIXI

XXIXZ

XXX

XXXI

XXXZ

XXX}

XXXI

XXXII

XXXI 2

XXXI 3

Uapaca kirkiana Mull. Arg .

Tree at Lutngule village, Iringa, June 1982.

Young fruits, Luingu10 village, Iringa, June 1982.

Vangueria linearisepala K. Schum.

Tree 4 m high in flower at Kwemadala village Lushoto, Tanga, January 1982.

Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and flowers at Kwemadala, Lushoto, Tanga, January 1982.

Fruit vending at Lushoto market, Tanga, October 1981.

Vangueria madagaseariensis Gme l

Tree near Roman Catholic Mission in Tabora, December 1981.

Branchlets bearing flower buds and flowers at Karanga in Moshi, April 1982.

Branchlets bearing flowers and young fruits, near Roman Catholic Mission, Tabora, December 19 81.

Plate XL

XL1

XL2

XL3

Plate XXXII Vangueria rotundata Robyn.

XXXII]. Shrub, at Ngaramutoni, Arusha, April 1982.

XXXII2 Branchlet bearing flowers and young fruits, at Ngaramutoni, Arusha,April 1982.

Plate XXXIII Vangueria tomentosa Hochst.

XXXIII1 Multistemmed small tree 5 m high with leaves partly shed at Kwamarukangaforest reserve, Korogwe, January 1982.

XXXIII2 Branchlet bearing leaves and mature fruits at Kwamarukanga forest reserve,Korogwe, Tanga, January 1982.

XXXIII3 Mature fruits at Kwamarukanga, Korogwe, Tanga, January 1982.

Plate XXXIV Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns

XXXIV1 Tree at Mwitikio, Kiwere, Tabora, December 1981.

XXXIV2 Ripe fruits at Mwitikio, Kiwere, Tabora, December 1981.

Plate XXXV Vitex doniana Sweet

XXXV1 Tree 14.5 m high, 55 cm DBH at Kongowe forest project, KibahaDar-es-Salaam, February 1982.

XXXV2 Branchlet bearing leaves and fruits of V. doniana, Kongowe, DSM,February 1982

Plate XXXVI Vitex ferruginea Schum & Thonn.

XXXVI1 Tree at Vikonje, Dodoma, April 1982.

XXXVI2 Branchlet bearing fruits at Vikonje, Dodoma, April 1982.

Plate XXXVII Vitex mombassae Vatke

XXXVII1 Tree at Urumwa, Tabora, Nzega, May 1982.Note sorghum plantation in the background.

XXXVII2 Branchlet bearing fruits, at Iduguta, Nzega, May 1982.

Plate XXXVIII Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.

XXXVIII1 Tree at Urumwa, Tabora, Nzega, May 1982.

XXXVIII2 Branchlet bearing fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

XXXVIII3 Ripe fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

Plate XXXIX Ximenia americana L.

XXXIX1 Shrub, at Mshome Village, Iringa, June 1982.

XXXIX2 Branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Mshome village, Iringa, June 1982.

Ximenia caffra Sond. var natalensis Sond

Trees at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

Branchlet bearing ripe fruits.

Ripe fruits.

- xii -

Plate XXXII Vangueria rotundata Robyn.

XXXIII Shrub, at Ngaramutoni, Arusha, April 1982.

XXXI I 2 Branchlet bearing flowers and young fruits, at Ngaramutoni, Arusha, April 1982 .

Plate XXXIII Vangueria tomentosa Hochst.

XXXIIIl Multistemmed small tree 5 m h igh with leaves partly shed at Kwamarukanga forest reserve, Korogwe, January 1982.

XXXIIl 2 Branchlet bearing leaves and mature fruits at Kwamarukanga fore st reserve, Korogwe, Tanga, January 1982.

XXXIII3 Mature fruits at Kwamarukanga, Korogwe, Tanga , January 1982.

Plate XXXIV Vanguer iopsis l anciflora (Hiern) Robyns

XXXIVI Tre e at Mwitikio, Kiwere, Tabora, December 1981.

XXX1V2 Ripe fruits at Mwitikio, Kiwere, Tabora, December 1981.

Plate XXXV Vitex doniana Sweet

XXXVI Tree 14.5 m high, 55 em DBH at Kon,lZowe fo res t proj ect ~ Kibaha Dar-es - Sal aam, February 1982.

XXXV2 Branch1et bearing leaves and fruits of V. doniana, Kongowe, DSM, February 1982

Plate XXXVI Vitex ferruginea Schum & Thonn.

XXXVII Tree at Vikonje, Dodoma, April 1982.

XXXVI 2 Branch1et bearing f ruit s at Vikonje, Dodoma , April 1982.

Plate XXXVII Vitex mombassae Vatke

XXXVIII Tree at Urumwa, Tabora, Nzega, May 1982 . Note sorghum plantation in the background.

XXXVII2 Branchlet bearing fruits, at Iduguta, Nzega , May 1982.

Plate XXXVIII Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.

XXXVIII l Tree a t Ururnwa , Tabora, Nzega, Hay 1982.

XXXVIII2 Branchlet bearing fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May 1982.

XXXVIII3 Ripe fr uit s at Urumwa , Tabora, May 1982."

Plate XXXIX Ximenia americana L.

XXXIX1 Shrub, at Mshome Village, lringa, June 1982.

XXXIX2 Branch1et bearing ripe fruits at Mshome village, Iringa, June 1982.

Plate XL Ximenia caffra Sond . var nata1ensis Sond

XLI Trees at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982.

XL2 Branehlet bearing ripe fruits.

XL3 Ripe fruits.


an year

ha hectare

dbh diameter breast height

metrem2 square metre

m3 cubic metre

cm centimetre

mm millimetre

metric tonne

kg kilogramme

gm grammeoc degrees centigrade

GAPEX General Agricultural Products

Export Company (of Tanzania)

- xiii -


an year ha hectare dbh diameter breast height m metre m2 square metre m3 cubic metre em centimetre mm millimetre t metr i c tonne kg kilograrrnne gm grarrnne °c degrees centigrade

GAPEX Ge nera l Agr i cultural Products Export Company (of Tanzania)

- 1 -

INTRODUCTION

This publication describes the fruit and food crops and products that can be

obtained from wild forest trees. Many of the species described have other useful

features: they provide protection from the environment, harbour for wildlife, wood,

fibres and medicines for man's use. They also form an integral part of the forest

landscape contributing to man's spiritual and psychological welfare.

These monographs, with their descriptions and illustrations, which cover, among

other things, the natural distribution; forest type and abundance in natural stands;

collection and processing of the edible parts; nutritional value (when this is

available); natural and artificial regeneration and, where possible, potential

economic importance. The botanical descriptions and illustrations assist in iden-

tifying the species and promoting an appreciation of their usefulness - both factors

of immediate interest to the immigrant settler, the extension worker and the young

forest manager who may not possess the knowledge of forest species and their uses

held by local inhabitants of long standing.

Heightened knowledge and appreciation give rise to improved efforts to

conserve and wisely use the forest habitat in which these species occur, providing

a supplement to largely starchy diets based on subsistence crops. When other means

fail, local inhabitants can rely for survival on the presence of these forest species

and their continued production during "hard times" of crop failure.

The selection of species for private growing or community plantations should

also stress the nutritional value of the produce in relation to the nutritional

needs of the community. Whichever part of the tree is consumed, there are obviously

those which will yield more calories and vitamins, matters which need to be discussed

with national nutritionists and their institutions on the basis of their knowledge

of the area and the diets and needs of the local populations.

It should also be remembered that truly impoverished rural dwellers do not

have the facilities or even the fuel energy to convert foods into sophisticated

preparations which may not, in any case, form part of their normal diet. Fruits or

plant products requiring this type of preparation may not, therefore, be of much

practical value unless included in some sort of cooperative scheme which could

organize and finance the necessary preparation and thereby provide income opportun-

ities for women's groups. The arrangement of practical courses and demonstrations

in this aspect of tree crop introduction therefore forms a key part of the species

introduction effort, following on the trial establishment of demonstration plots of

the various species or the collection of products from natural food and fruit-

bearing trees.

- 1 -

INTRODUCTION

This publication describes the fruit and food c rops and products that can be obtained from wild forest trees. Many of the species described have other useful features: they provide protection from the environment, harbour for wildlife, wood, fibres and medicines for man's use. They also form an integral part of the forest landscape contributing to man's spiritual and psychological welfare.

These monographs, with their descriptions and illustrations, which cover, among other things, the natural distribution; forest type and abundance in natural stands; collection and processing of the edible parts; nutritional value (when this is available); natura l and artificial regeneration and, where possible, potential economic importance. The botanical descriptions and illustrations assist in identifying the species and promoting an appreciation of their usefulness - both factors of immediate interest to the immi grant settler, the extension worker and the young forest manager ~.,ho may not possess the knowledge of forest species and their uses held by l ocal inhabitants of long standing.

He i gh t ened knowledge and apprec iation give ris e to improved efforts to conserve and wisely use the forest habitat in which these species occur, providing a supplement to largely starchy diets based on subsistence crops. When other means fail, local inhabitant s can r ely for survival on the presence of these forest species and their continued production during "hard times " of crop failure.

The selection of species for priva te growing or community planta tions should also stress the nutritional value of the produce in r ela tion to the nutritional needs of th E. corrnnunity. t.Jh i chever part of the tree is consumed, there are obviously those which will yield more calories and vitamins, matters which need to be discussed with national nutritionists and their institutions on the basis of their knowledge of the area and the diets and needs of the local popu l ations .

It should also be remembered that truly impoverished rural dwel lers do not have the facilities or even the fuel energy to convert foods into sophisticated preparations which may not, in any case, form part of their normal diet . Fruits or plant products requiring this t ype of preparation may not, therefore, be of much practical value unless included in some sort of cooperative scheme which could organize and finance the necessary preparation and thereby provide income opportunities for women's groups. The arran gement of practical courses and demonstrations in this aspect of tree crop introduct ion therefore forms a key part of the species introduction effort, following on the trial establishment of demonstration plots of the various species or the collection of products from natural food and fruit bearing trees.

1. ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII

1.0 NAMES: - FamilyBotanicalSyn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

* East Africa Meteorological Department.

- 3 -

GuttiferaeAllanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) EnglStearodendron stuhlmannii Engl.Allanblackia sacleuxii Huamsambu (Kiswahili, Kishambaa); mwaka, mkange (Kiswahili);msambu-mbwiti (Kizigua); mkanye (Kishambaa, Kibondei);mkanyi (Kishambaa); mkani (Kiluguru)

2.1 Locality: A. stuhlmannii is known to occur naturally in East and West Usambara,Nguru and Uluguru mountains. It is not known to occur elsewhere (Brenan and Greenway,1949; Bamps, 1969; Bamps, et. al.; 1978).

2.2 Altitude: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that A. stuhlmannii occurs between850 m and 1100 m a.s.l. On the other hand, Bamps, et. al. (1978) reports that thespecies occurs between 540 m and 1200 m (and up to 16-00 m a.s.1.).

2.3 Climate: A. stuhlmannii grows naturally in areas getting over 1200 mm annualrainfall. Rainfall statistics from 1931 to 1973 for Amani show that the mean annualrainfall is 1953 ± 404 and there are 183 ± 22 rainy days. The mean annual temperatureis 18° C, occasionally dropping to 30 C for certain nights in the June to August period.The temperature range is 90 C. Relative humidity varies between 75 and 90 percent(E.A. Met. Dept. 1975*; Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). Uluguru and Nguru Mountains receiveover 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five (Morgan, 1972). The mean maximumand mean minimum annual temperatures are, respectively, 250 C and 12.80 C (UnitedRepublic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: Geologically, Usambara Mountains' rocks are of gneisses, withvarying amounts of pyroxene, hornblende and biotites. They are often intruded byquartzite veins. These rocks are late precambrian rocks of the Mozambican belt. The

soils are laterized red earth with a shallow organic top soil and well developed onEast Usambara and south-east of the West Usambara where the annual rainfall is above1500 mm. They are highly weathered and leached acid, kaolinitic soils. The hillsidesof the West Usambara Mountains are dominated by non-laterized red earth. These soilsare normally deep and more fertile than the previous type owing to less intensiveweathering and leaching (Lundgren, 1975; Lundgren, 1978; Rodgers and Homewood, n.d.).

Uluguru Mountains are dominated by yellow-red sandy loam soils delivered from granite,gneiss and sedimentary rocks at higher altitudes and red to yellow-red gritty, sandyclay loam soils delivered from coarse grained siliceous rocks and usually associatedwith "Inselber2s" at lower altitudes. This latter type of soil is also dominant in theMguru Mountains. Generally, these mountains are dominated by latosols (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: The species normally occur in intermediate evergreen - moist montanerain forests on the seaward slopes of Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains. The dominantassociate tree species are Cephalosphaora usambarensis, Newtonia buchanannii, Beilschmediakweo, Parinari excelsa, Myrianthus arboreus, Isoberlinia scheffleri and Macarangakilimandscharica.

- 3 -

1. ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII

1.0 NA}lliS: - Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

Guttiferae Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl Stearodendron stuhlmannii Engl. Allanblackia sacleuxii Hua msambu (Kiswahili, Kishambaa); mwaka, mkange (Kiswahili); msambu-mbwiti (Kizigua); mkanye (Kishambaa, Kibondei); mkanyi (Kishambaa); mkani (Kiluguru)

2.1 Locality: A. stuhlmannii is known to occur naturally in East and West Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru mountains. It is not known to occur elsewhere (Brenan and Greenway, 1949; Bamps, 1969; Bamps, ~. ~.; 1978).

2.2 Altitude: 850 m and 1100 species occurs

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that A. stuhlmannii occurs between m a.s. l. On the other hand, Bamps, et . al. (1978) reports that the between 540 m and 1200 m (and up to 1600-; a.s.l.).

2.3 Climate : A. stuhlmannii grows naturally in areas gett ing over 1200 mm annual rainfall. Rainfall statistics from 1931 to 1973 for Amani show that the mean annual rainfall is 1953 ± 404 and there are 183 ~ 22 rainy days. The mean annual temperature is 180 C, occasionally dropping to 30 C for certain nights in the June to August period. The temperature range is 90 C. Relative humidity varies between 75 and 90 percent (E.A. Met. Dept. 1975",; Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). Uluguru and Nguru Mountains receive over 1270 mrn annual rainfall in four:years out of five (Morgan, 1972). The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures are, respectively, 250 C and 12.80 C (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: Geologically, Usambara Mountains ' rocks are of gneisses, with vary ing amounts of pyroxene, hornblende and biotites. They are often intruded by quartzite veins. These rocks are late precambrian rocks of the Mozambican belt. The soils are laterized red earth with a shallow organic top soil and well deve l oped on East Usambara and sou th-east of the West Usambara where the annual rainfall is above 1500 mm. They are highly weathered and leached acid, kaolinitic soils . The hillsides of the West Usambara Mountains are dominated by non-laterized red earth. These soils are normally deep and more fertile than the previous type owing to less intensive weathering and leaching (Lundgren, 1975; Lundgren, 1978; Rodgers and Homewood, n.d.).

Ul uguru Mountains are dominated by yellow- red sandy loam soils delivered from granite, gneiss and sedimentary rocks at higher alt i tudes and red to yellO\y- red gri tty, sandy clay loam soils delivered from coarse grained si liceous rocks and usually associated with "Inselberes " at lower altitudes. This latter type of soil is also dominant in the Mguru Mountains . Generally, these mountains are dominated by latosols (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: The species normally occur in intermediate evergreen - moist montane rain forests on the seaward slopes of Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains. The dominant associate tree species are Cephalosphaora usambarensis, Newtonia buchanannii, Beilschmedia kweo, Parinari excelsa, Myrianthus arboreus, Isoberlinia scheffleri and Macaranga kilimandscharica.

* East Africa Heteorological Department.

-4--

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

In the East Usambara at Amani and Kwamkoro, the stocking of A. stuhlmannii isestimated to vary from 5 to 250 stems/ha. The frequency of A. stalmannii in forestreserves in the montane rain forest of West Usambara was worked out by Maagi, et. al.(1979). The number of trees per hectare on 9587 ha in successive DBH classes of 10 cmwere 0.55, 0.14, 0.56, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, 0.04, 0, 0.12, 0.07 trees, making a total of2.05 stems/ha. No inventory data have been taken in the Nguru and Uluguru Mountains.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. stuhlmannii is a tall evergreen tree, 12 to 36 m high, with a clean bole toabout 9 m. The stem is smooth or buttressed with dark grey bark which may be smooth orflaking, and when slashed produces clean exudate which later turns into a yellowish andresinous latex. The branches of A. stuhlmannii are usually drooping. Leaves deep green,simple, opposite, shining, oblong, elliptic-oblong, 5 to 19 cm long and 2 to 7 cm wide,slight acuminate at apex, cuneate at base with many lateral nerves. The length ofleaf stalks vary from 1 to 2 cm. The tree is dioecious. Male and female flowers large,fleshy, usually solitary, axillary and concentrated at the end of branchlets. Pedicels

of A. stuhlmannii are longer than in A. ulugurensis, 6 to 8 cm long. Sepals red or paleyellow, petals cream or scarlet. Fruits brown or reddish brown, large and pendulous ontree, conic or cylindric-oblong, 16 to 34 cm long, 15 to 17 cm wide; and weigh about2.5 to 5.8 kg. The fruit contains 12 to 28 seeds in each of the five locules. Seedsfour-angled, about 4 cm long and 3 cm wide with fleshy arils. A kilogramme containsabout 100 air dry seeds. Illustrations are shown in Figure 1 and Plate I.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The seed of Allanblackia stuhlmanii yields an edible fat used for cooking,

lighting and as a liniment.

6.0 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Mature A. stuhlmannii fruits fall on the ground from where they can be collected.However, seed collectors often fell fruiting trees in order to get large quantities offruit per tree at a given time.

In order to get the seed, the fruit is opened. The toughness of the fruit dependson the age of the fruit. In freshly-fallen fruit the fresh inside is fairly tough; butas fruit decays, its toughness decreases. The seeds are extracted from decaying tissuesand dried in the sun before they are sold to the General Agricultural Products ExportCompany - GAPEX or oil is locally extracted.

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF EDIBLE PART:

According to Glendon (1946) A. stuhlmannii matures between November and January, i.e.during the short rains in the Usambaras. This is contrary to recent field observationsin the Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains where A. stuhlmannii trees start floweringin either January or February, i.e. short dry season. Fruits mature about the third weekin January and continue fruiting until the beginning of April. It is interesting to notethat flowering and mature fruit falling occur simultaneously. From the above observationit is likely that it takes over one year from fertilization of the flower to the fallingof mature fruit.

8.0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

According to Glendon (1946) sun-dried nuts contain approximately 51 percent of fator 66 percent of the kernel weight equivalent to 71 percent expressed on a moisture-freebasis. It is also reported that the residue meal left after the extraction of the fatcontains the following constituents: moisture 13.1 percent; crude protein 14 percent;fat 7 percent; carbohydrates 55.3 percent; crude fibre 7.3 percent; and ash 8.3 percent.This meal is probably unsuitable for cattle because of a small amount of tannin which ispresent.

- 4 -

3 .0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

In the East Usambara at Amani and Kwamkoro, the stocking of A. s tuhlmannii is estimated to vary f r om 5 to 250 stems/ha. The frequency of A. stuhlmannii in forest rese rves in the montane rain forest of West Usambara was worked out by Maagi, et. al. (1979). The number of tree s per hectare on 9587 ha in successive DBH classes of lo-em were 0.55, 0.14, 0 .56, 0.12, 0.18, 0 . 24, 0 .04, 0, 0.12, 0.07 trees, making a total of 2 . 05 stems/ha. No inventory data have been taken in the Nguru and Uluguru Mountains .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. stuhlmannii is a tall evergreen tree, 12 to 36 m high, with a clean bole to ' about 9 m. The stem is smooth or buttressed with dark grey bark which may be smooth o r flaking, and when slashed produces c lean exudate which later turns into a yellowish and resinous l atex. The branches of A. stuh lmannii are usually drooping. Leaves deep green, simple , opposite, shining , oblong~ e lliptic- oblong , 5 to 19 cm long and 2 to 7 cm wide, sl ight acuminate at apex, cuneate at base with many lateral nerves. The length of leaf stalks vary from 1 to 2 em. The tree i s dioecious . Male and female flowers large, fleshy , usually solitary, ax illary and concentrated at the end of branchlets. Pedicels of ~. stuhlmannii are longer than in ~. ulugurensis, 6 to 8 cm long. Sepals red or pale yellow, petals cream or scarlet . Fruits brown or reddish brown, large and pendulous on tree , conic or cylindric-oblong, 16 to 34 cm long, 15 to 17 cm wide; and weigh about 2.5 to 5.8 kg. The fruit contains 12 to 28 seeds in each of the five locules. Seeds four-angled, about 4 cm long and 3 em wide with fleshy arils. A kilogramme contains about 100 air dry seeds. Illustrations are shown in Figure 1 and Plate I.

5 . 0 )~IN USES:

The seed of Allanhlackia stuhlmanii yields an edible fat used for cooking, lighting and as a liniment.

~.O METHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Mature A. stuhlmannii fruits fallon the ground from where they can be collected. However, seed collectors often fell fruiting trees in order to get large quantities of fruit per tree at a gi ven time.

In order to ge t the seed, the fruit is opened. The toughness of the fruit depends on the age of the fruit. In freshly - fallen fruit the fresh inside is fairly tough; but as fruit decays, its toughness decreases. The seeds are extracted from decaying tissues and dried in the sun before they are sold to the General Agricultural Products Export Company - GAPEX or oil is locally extracted.


According to Glendon (1946) A. stuhlmannii matures between November and January, i.e. during the short rains in the Usambaras. This is contrary to recent field observat i ons in the Usambara. Nguru and Uluguru Mountains where A. stuhlmannii trees start f lowering in e ither January or February, i.e. short dry season. Fruits mature about the third week in January and continue fruiting until the beginning of April. It is interesting to note that flowering and mature fruit falling occur simultaneously. From the above observation it is likely that it takes over one year from fertilization of the flower to the falling of mature fruit.


According to Glendon (1946) sun-dried nuts contain approximately 51 percent of fat or 66 percent of the kernel weight equivalent to 71 percent expressed on a moisture- free basis. It is also reported that the res i due meal left after the extraction of the fat contai ns the following constituents: moisture 13.1 percent; crude protein 14 percent ; fat 7 percent; carbohydrates 55.3 percent; crude fibre 7.3 percent; and ash 8 . 3 percent. This meal is probably unsuitable for cattle because of a small amount of tannin which is present.

-5-

.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: A. stuhlmannii regeneration in natural forests occurs, but itis not adequate. Field observations show that usually the few seedlings or saplings, whenpresent, are always near mature mother trees. This noted inadequate natural regenerationmight be due to any of the following: A. stuhlmannii seed has a high market value, thusmost of the seed is collected and sold To GAPEX; fruit borers and giant rats (probablyCricetomys emini) found in the Usambara attack the seed; and that sporadic and prolongedgermination exposes the seed or seedling to detrimental environmental elements.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Very little has been done to raise A. stuhlmannii from seed.Based on the poor germination of the seed, direct sowing is not recommended. However, itis suggested that pregerminated seed (in seed bed) should be sown directly into largepolythene pots.

Recent laboratory work in Lushoto revealed that sowing of A. stuhlmannii seed inCopenhagen tank at temperature of 25 ± 1° C, improves germination to about 80 percent.The germination starts at four to five months and continues sporadically for two to threemonths. These results should, however, be treated with caution owing to the small sampleused.

The use of natural seedlings (wildings) is another alternative. Wildings are collectedfrom natural forests and potted. The results have been very discouraging owing to very lowsurvival of potted wildings - 6 percent after six months. Grafting of potted and naturalwildings has been tried with modest success. The survival of the grafted stock in thenursery is very low, and in trial plot growth is low. At age 4.4 years, survival was53 percent and mean height was 39.6 cm (Mugasha, 1980).

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

A. stuhlmannii seed yields a high percent of a firm, white and somewhat brittle fat.There has been minimal exploitation of this resource in Tanzania, but with increasingshortage of edible fats, it is hoped that this species will be one of the important sourcesof fat. Thus, planting it on large plantation scale is highly recommended. Moreover, itwill boost the economy of the people. This is because currently GAPEX is locally buyingA. stuhlmannii seed at 2 to 3 T shillings per kilogramme.

- 5 -

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECI ES:

9. 1 Natural regeneration: A. stuhlmannii regeneration in natural forests occurs, but it is not adequate. Field observations show that usually the few seedlings or saplings, when present, are always near mature mother trees. This noted inadequate natural regeneration might be due to any of the following: A. stuhlmannii seed has a high market value, thus most of the seed is collected and sold to GAPEX; fruit borers and giant rats (probably Cricetomys emini) found in the Usambara attack the seed ; and that sporadic and prolonged germination exposes the seed or seedling to detrimental environmental elements.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Very little has been done to raise A. stuhlmannii from seed. Based on the poor germination of the seed, direct sowing is not recommended . However, it is suggested that pre germinated seed (in seed bed) should be sown directly into large polythene pots.

Recent laboratory work in Lushoto revealed that sowing of A. stuhlmannii seed in Copenhagen tank at temperature of 25 ~ 10 C, improves ge rmination to ~bout 80 percent. The germination starts at four to five months and continues sporadically for two to three months. These results should , however, be treated with caution owing to the small sample used.

The use of natural seedlings (wildings) i s another alternative. Wildings are collected from natural forests and potted. The results have been very discouraging owing to very low survival of potted wildings - 6 percent after s ix months. Grafting of potted and natural wildings has been tried with modest success. The survival of the grafted stock in the nursery is very low, and in trial plot growth is low. At age 4 . 4 years , survival was 53 percent and mean height was 39.6 em (Mugasha, 1980).


A. stuhlmannii seed yields a high percent of a firm, wh ite and somewh at brittle fat. There-has been minimal exploitation of this resource in Tanzania, but with increasing shortage of edible fats, it is hoped that this species will be one of the important sources of fat. Thus, planting it on large plantation scale is highly recommended. Moreover, it will boost the economy of the people. This is because currently GAPEX is locally buying A. stuhlmannii seed at 2 to 3 T shillings per kilogramme.

PLATE I. Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

PlateI1

Branchlet bearing leaves,

flower buds and flowersfrom a tree at Amani

Tanga, January 1982

- 6 -

Plate I Fruit and seeds at Kwamkoro,3

Tanga, January 1982

Plate I. Allanblackia stuhlmannii

a - tree

b - female flower, exteriour view

c - branchlet bearing flower-buds

and flower

d - mature fruit

e - fruit in part section, showing

seeds in situ

f - seeds

Plate 12 Part of fruit showing

seeds at Kwamkoro,

Tanga, January 1982

- 6 -

PLATE I . Allanblackia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl.

'-c-T'"...--,4,omm _, c a. f

Plate II Branchlet bearing leaves, flower buds and f l owers

from a tree at Amani Tanga, January 1982

Plate I. Allanblackia stuhlmannii

a - tree

b - female flowe r , exteriour view c - branchlet bearing flower - buds

and flower d - mature fruit

e - fruit in part section, showing seeds in si tu

f - seeds

P l ate 12 Part of f r uit showing seeds at Kwarnkoro, Tanga, January 1982

P l ate 13 Fruit and seeds at Kwamkoro, Tanga, January 1982

2. ALLANBLACKIA ULUGURENSIS

1.0 NAMES: - Family GuttiferaeBotanical Allanblackia ulugurensis EnglVernacular msambu (Kiswahili, Kishambaa); msambu-mbwiti (Kizigua);

mkanye (Kishambaa, Kibondei); mkanyi (Kishambaa); mkani(Kiluguru)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: A. ulugurensis is known to occur only in Tanzania. This species isabundant in Morogoro District in the Uluguru Mountains, especially in the Morningside andTeketero areas, and in the Nguru Mountains at Manyangu and Maskati Forest Reserves. Thespecies is also known to occur naturally in Iringa District, in the Ruaha Valley atUkwama.

2.2 Altitude: Bamps, et. al. (1978) observed that A. ulugurensis occurs from 1000 to2050 m a.s.l. A recent survey revealed that the species is found from 700 m a.s.l. atManyangu Forest Reserve in the South Nguru Mountains.

2.3 Climate: Efforts to get climatic data from meteorological stations in the Uluguruand Nguru Mountains were fruitless. However, Morgan (1972) groups Uluguru and NguruMountains under the areas receiving over 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five.The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures are, respectively, 250 C and 12.80 C(United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soil: Uluguru Mountains are dominated by yellow-red sandy loam soilsderived from granite, gneiss and sedimentary rocks at higher altitudes, and red to yellow-red, gritty, sandy clay loam soils derived from coarse-grained siliceous rocks and usuallyassociated with "Inselbergs" at lower altitudes. This latter type of soil is alsodominant in the Nguru Mountains. Generally, these mountains are dominated by latosols(Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: A. ulugurensis occurs naturally in the rain forests on the lower partsof Uluguru and Nguru Mountains. It is commonly associated with Cephalosphaera usambarensis,Isoberlinia scheffleri, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Newtonia buchananii, Parinari excelsa,Chrysophyllum albidum, Odyendea zimmermannii, Ochna holstii, Strombosia scheffleri,Myrianthus arboreus, Albizia gummifera, Anthocleista zambeziaca, Bombax rhodognaphalon, etc.

-7-


Although there has been no full-scale inventory, field observations revealed thatA. ulugurensis is one of the dominant tree species in the rain forests where it occursnaturally. Moreover, in the Uluguru Mountains some A. ulugurensis trees were left standingwhen clearing the rain forest as a result of agricultural activities. In the NguruMountains (at Manyangu), it was estimated that the stocking varies from 10 to 250 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. ulugurensis is an evergreen tree 5 to 30 m high with a slightly buttressed bolewhich may be unbranched to about 7.5 m. Bark brownish grey or red-brown, when blazedproduces a yellowish resinous latex. The leaves are simple, deep green, opposite,leathery, oblong, elliptic or obovate-oblong, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apexand broadly cuneate at the base with many lateral nerves. The leaves in transversesection are usually curved upwards from the midrib, while their margins are curved down-wards. The length of leaf stalks varies from 0.7 to 1.4 cm, while the length and widthof leaf blades vary from 7.5 to 19.5 cm and 4 to 11 cm, respectively.

2. ALLANBLACKIA ULUGURENSIS

1.0 NAMES: - Family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 7 -

Gutt i ferae Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl msambu (Kiswahili, Kishambaa); msambu-mbwiti (Kizigua); mkanye (Kishambaa, Kibondei); mkanyi (Kishambaa); mkani (Ki1uguru)

2.1 Locality: A. ulugurensis is known to occur only in Tanzania. This species is abundant in Morogoro District in the Uluguru Mountains, especially in the Morningside and Teketero areas, and in the Nguru Mountains at Manyangu and Maskati Forest Reserves. The species is also known to occur naturally in Iringa District, in the Ruaha Valley at Ukwama.

2.2 Altitude: Bamps,~. al. (1978) observed that A. ulugurensis occurs from 1000 to 2050 mao s.1 . A recent survey revealed that the species is found from 700 m a . s .1. at Manyangu Forest Reserve in the South Nguru Mountains.

2.3 Climate: Efforts to get climatic data from meteorological stations in the Uluguru and Nguru Mountains were fruitless. However, Morgan (1972) groups Uluguru and Nguru Mountains under the areas receiving over 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures are, respectively, 250 C and 12.80 C (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soil: Uluguru Mountains are dominated by yellow-red sandy loam soils derived from granite, gneiss and sedimentary rocks at higher altitudes, and red to yellowred, gritty, sandy clay loam soils derived from coarse-grained siliceous rocks and usually associated with "Inselbergs" at lower altitudes. Th i s latter type of soil is also dominant in the Nguru Mountains. Generally, these mountains are dominated by latosols (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: A. ulugurensis occurs naturally in the rain forests on the lower parts of Uluguru and Nguru Mountains. It is commonly associated with Cephalosphaera usambarensis, Isoberlinia scheffleri, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Newtonia buchananii, Parinari excelsa, Chrysophyllum albidum, Odyendea zimmermannii, Ochna holstii, Strombosia scheffleri, "Myrianthus arboreus, Albizia gummifera, Anthoclersta zambeziaca, Bombax rhodognaphalon, etc.


Although there has been no full - scale inventory, field observations revealed that ~. ulugurensis is one of the dominant tree species in the rain forests where it occurs naturally. Moreover, in the Uluguru Mountains some A. ulugurensis trees were leFt standing when clearing the rain forest as a result of agricultural activities. In the Nguru Mountains (at Manyangu), it was estimated that the stocking varies from 10 to 250 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. ulugurensis is an evergreen tree 5 to 30 m high with a slightly buttressed bole which-may be unbranched to about 7 . 5 m. Bark brownish grey or red-brown. when blazed produces a yellowish resinous latex. The leaves are simple, deep green, opposite, leathery, oblong, elliptic or obovate-oblong, rounded or slightlye.marginate at the apex and broadly cuneate at the base with many lateral nerves. The leaves in transverse section are usually curved upwards from the midrib. while their margins are curved downwards. The length of leaf stalks varies from 0.7 to 1.4 em, while the length and width of leaf blades vary from 7.5 to 19.5 em and 4 to 11 em, respectively.

- 8 -

A. ulugurensis is dioecious. Bamps, et. al. (1978) report that the flowers areclustered towards the ends of the branchlets, axillary, fleshy, pedicles short, up to0.5 cm, occasionally up to 1.2 cm long. The male flowers reddish pink; sepals red-brown,elliptic or almost round, the inner 4 to 7.5 mm long, 4 to 6.5 mm wide; the outer nearlyround, up to 1.2 cm long and wide; petals pink or carmine or purplish, nearly 1 cm longand wide; staminal bundles clavate, 1 to 1.4 cm long, widened above, nearly 0.7 to 1.2 cmwide, angled and the angle pointing towards the centre of the flower. The fruits arereddish pink but ochraceous when dry, conical-oblong to conic, 10 to 13.5 cm long and6.5 to 8 cm across. During the field survey, we noted that A. ulugurensis fruits aresmaller than A. stuhlmannii. The mature fruit length and width vary from 20 to 22 cm and13 to 16 cm, respectively. The seeds are covered with a fleshy aril on one angle and areirregular in shape. The size of the seeds varies from 3.0 to 3.6 cm in length and 2.2to 2.3 cm in width. A kilogramme contains 115 air dry seeds. Illustrations are shown inFigure 2 and Plate II.

5.0 MAIN USES:

A. ulugurensis seed yields a white fat which is used for cooking and lighting.


Ripe fruits are collected from the ground after falling. Seeds are extracted bybreaking the fruits and the pulp around the seed cleaned by washing in water. The seedsare dried in the sun for several days, then pounded into powder and boiled in water.The fat/oil which floats on water is removed for use.

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that A. ulugurensis flowers in January, April,October and November. The recent field survey revealed that the species flowers fromOctober to January. Fruits start to ripen in December and continue until February. Seedsare collected during this period from freshly fallen fruits. Extraction of fat/oil fromthe seeds may take place from freshly collected seeds or from seeds which have been driedand stored for a long time.


There are no available data on nutritional value of the fat/oil which is obtainedfrom the seeds.

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: Recent observations, carried out in natural forests atTeketero in the Uluguru Mountains and at Manyangu in the South Nguru Mountains, revealedthat natural regeneration occurs but it is not adequate. The very few seedlings presentare always found under the mother trees. However, the species seems to be regeneratingwell under trees left after clearing natural forests at the establishment of agriculturalplantations. Here there were profuse seedlings. This implies that poor seed germinationis not the cause of poor natural regeneration. The main cause of poor natural regenera-tion is that the seed is taken away by wild animals (giant rats) or collected for oilextraction and sale. Moreover, the sporadic and prolonged germination of A. ulugurensisseed leaves it exposed to destructive agents and could therefore restrict profuseregeneration.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, on the basis of its ecological demands, it seems as if the speciescould be handled the same way as A. stuhlmannii.

- 8 -

A. ulugurensis is dioecious. Bamps, et. al. (1978) report that the flowers are clustered towards the ends of the branchlets , axillary, fleshy, pedicles short , up to O.S em, occasionally up to 1.2 em long. The male flowers reddish pink; sepals red-brown, elliptic or almost round, the inner 4 to 7.5 mm long, 4 to 6.5 mm wide; th e oute r nearly round, up to 1.2 em long and wide; petals pink or carmine or purplish, nearly 1 em l ong and wide: staminal bundles clavate, 1 to 1.4 em long , widened above, nearly 0.7 to 1. 2 em wide, angled and the angle pointing towards the centre of the flower. The fruits are reddish pink but ochraceous when dry, conical-oblong to conic, 10 to 13.5 em long and 6.5 to 8 em across. During the field survey, we noted that ~. ulugurensis fruits are smaller than A. stuhlmannii. The mature fruit length and width vary from 20 to 22 ern and 13 to 16 em, respectively. The seeds are covered with a fleshy aril on one angle and are irregular in shape. The size of the seeds varies from 3 .0 to 3.6 cm in length and 2 .2 to 2.3 cm in width. A kilogramme contains 115 air dry seeds. Illustrations are shown in Figure 2 and Plate II.

5.0 MAIN USES:

~. ulugurensis seed yields a white fat which is used for cooking and l i ghting .


Ripe fruits are col lected from the ground after fall ing. Seeds are extrac ted by breaking the fruits and the pulp around the seed cleaned by washing in water. The seeds are dried in the sun for several days, then pounded into powder and boiled in water. The fat/oil which floats on water is removed for use.

7. 0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Brenan and Greenway (1949) obs erved that A. ulugurensis flowers in January, April , October a nd November. The recent field survey-revealed that the species flowers from October to January. Fruits start to ripen in December and continue until February. Seeds are collected during this period from freshly fallen fruits. Extraction of fat/oil from the seeds may take place from freshly collected seeds or from seeds which have been dried and stored for a long time.


There are no available data on nutritional value of the fat/oil which is obtained .from the seeds.


9 . 1 Natural regeneration: Recent observations, carried out in natural forests at Teketero in the Uluguru Mountains and at Manyangu in the South Nguru Mountains, revealed that natural regeneration occurs but it i s not adequate. The very few seedlings present are always found under the mother trees. However, the spec ies seems to be regenerating well under trees left after c learing natural forests at the establishment of agricultural pl antations. Here there were profuse seedlings. This implies that poor seed germination is not the cause of poor natural regeneration. The main cause of poor natural regeneration is that the seed is taken away by wild animals (giant rats) or coller.ted for oil extraction and sale. Moreover, the sporadic and prolonged germi.nation of A. ulugurensis seed leaves it exposed to destructive agents and could therefore restrict profuse regeneration .

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate the species artificially. However, on the basis of its ecological demands, it seems as if the species could be handled the same way as A. stuhlrnannii.

- 9 -


The seed is collected from natural forests and sold to General Agricultural ProductsExport Company (GAPEX) which exports it; thus it is a source of foreign currency. Culti-vation of the species on a large scale will boost the economy. The sap obtained from thetree produces yellow dye. It yields timber of average quality.

- 9 -


The seed i s collec ted from natural forests and sold to General Agricultural Products Export Company (GAPE X) which exports it; thus it i s a source of foreign currency. Cultivation of the s pecies on a large scale will boost the economy. The sap obtained from the tree produces yellow dye. It yields timber of average quality.

PLATE II.Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

0

a,- b & e

Plate II - foliage, young and mature1

fruits at Kiswila village,

Morogoro, February 1982

40mm 0 100mm_I 1 , I

e 8, d

Plate II. Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

a - branchlet bearing a young fruit

b - leaf

c - mature fruit

d - part section of fruit showing seeds in situ

e - seeds

Plate II2

- sun dry seeds at Kiswila

village, Morogoro,

February 1982

- 10 -

PLATE II . Allanblackia ulugurensis Engl.

0,-- 40mm _-,--_...JI

o 100mm LI __ '-_ ..J1

0., b & • c 8. d

L _ _______________________ . _____ ~. _ r1S-.t-',+"./

Plate II. Allanblackia u lugurens i s Engl .

a - branchlet bear ing a young fruit b - leaf

c - mature fruit d - part section of fruit showing seeds in situ e - seeds

Pl ate II 1 - foliage, young and mature fruits at Kiswila village, Morogoro, February 1982

Plate II 2 - sun dry seeds at Kiswila vil lage, Morogoro, February 1982

3. ANNONA SENEGALENSIS

1.0 NAMES: - Family AnnonaceaeBotanical Annona senegalensis Pers.Syn. A. chrysophylla Boj.

A. senegalensis Pers var. latifolia Oliv.A. porpetac BaillA. senegalensis Pers. var. porpetac (Baill.)DielsA. chrysophylla Boj. var.porpetac (Baill.)

Robyns & Ghesq.A. senegalensis Pers. var. chrysophylla (Boj.)

SillansVernacular mchekwa, mutopetope (Kiswahili); mfila, mtopetope,

mkonola (Kinyamwezi); mtopetope (Kirufiji); mtonkwe,(Kibondei, Kishambaa, Kizigua); mtomokomrisirisi (Kichaga).

Common Wild Custard Apple or Wild Soursop

English Name

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: A. senegalensis is widely distributed almost throughout Tanzania. It

occurs naturally in Biharamulo, Tanga, Korogwe, Mpanda, Muheza, Tabora, Handeni,Morogoro, Mpwapwa, Kondoa, Iringa, Mufindi, Songea, Lindi, Mtwara, Dar-es-Salaam andKibaha areas; and on Zanzibar and Pemba Islands.

2.2 Altitude: Different authors report varying altitudinal ranges. Verdcourt (1971)reports that it occurs between 0 and 1800 m a.s.l. in Kenya. Dale and Greenway (1961)observed that in Kenya it occurs between 0 and 1520 m a.s.l. Exell and Wild (1960)observed that in East Africa A. senegalensis occurs from 0 to 2400 m a.s.l.

2.3 Climate: A. senegalensis occurs on a variety of sites with varying rainfall regimes.The mean minimum and mean maximum annual rainfall is, respectively, 716am for Mpwapwa and2029mmfor Mkoani meterological stations (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978; E.A. MeteorologicalDept., 1975). The temperature and relative humidity for a few selected stations wherethe species occurs naturally are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Temperature and relative humidity for a few selected stations in Tanzaniawhere the species occurs naturally

Station(Period)*

Temperature °C Relative humidity (%)

Source: E.A, Met. Dept., 1975).

Min. Max. Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Zanzibar-Kisauni 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64

(1952-1970)

Tanga 30.3 22.1 8.2 93 80 67(1949-1970)

Morogoro 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55

(1946-1960)

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

(1952-1970)

* Years inclusive

3 . ANNONA SENEGALENS IS

1.0 NAMES: - Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

Common Eng lish Name

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 11 -

Annonaceae Annona senegalensis Pers. A. chrysophylla Boj. A. senega l ensi s Pers var . latifolia Oliv o A. porpetac Baill A. senegalensi s Pers. var . porpetac (Saill.) Diels A. chrysophyl la Boj . var.porpetac (Baill.)

Robyns & Ghesq. A. senegalensi s Pers. var . chrysophylla (Boj . )

Sillans mchekwa, mutopetope (Kiswahil i ); mfila, mtope t ope, mkonola (Kinyamwezi); mtopetope (Kirufiji); mtonkwe, (Kibondei , Ki shambaa, Kizigua); mtomoko mrisirisi (Ki chaga) .

Wild Custard App l e or Wild Soursop

2.1 Locality : A. senega l ensis is widely distributed almost throughout Tanzania. It occurs naturally-in Biharamulo, Tanga, Korogwe, Mpanda, t-1uheza, Tabora, Handeni, Morogoro, Mpwapwa, Kondoa, Iringa, Mufindi, Songea, Lindi , Mtwara, Dar- es- Salaam and Kibaha areas; and on Zanz i bar and Pemba Islands.

2.2 Alt i tude: Different authors report varying altitudinal reports that it occurs between 0 and 1800 m a . s .l. in Kenya. observed that in Kenya it occurs between 0 and 1520 m a.s .l. observed that in East Africa ~. senegalens i s occurs from 0 to

ranges. Verdcourt (1971) Dale and Greenway (1961) Exell and Wild (1960) 2400 m a. s . 1.

2.3 Cl i mate: A. senegalensis occurs on a variety of sites with varying rainfall regimes. The mean min i mum and mean maximum annual rainfall is, respectively, 716nm fo r Mpwapwa and 2029 nUll for Mkoani meterological stations (Nshubemuki, et . al ., 1978; E.A. Me t eorological Dept., 1975). The temperature and relative humidity for a-Yew selected s t ations where the spec i es occurs naturally are shown in Tab l e 1.

Table 1 . Temperature and relative humidity for a few selected stations ~n Tanzan i a where the species occurs naturally

Station Temperature °c Relative humid i ty (%) (Period)* Min. Max. Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Zanzibar- Kisauni 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64 (1952- 1970)

Tanga 30.3 22.1 8 .2 93 80 67 (1949-1970)

Morogoro 30 .0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55 (1946-1960)

Tabora 29 . 4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44 (1952-1970)

* Years i nc lusive

Source: E.A . Met. Dept. , 1975).

- 12 -

2.4 Geology and soils: The species occurs on varying soil types of varying origins.On Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, and along Tanzania mainland coast, it occurs on coralrocks dominated by sandy loam soils (Morgan, 1972). It is very abundant in most partsof Tanzania mainland with the exception of the dry belt of Dodoma and Masailand.

2.5 Forest type: A. senegalensis is widespread throughout Tanzania in Brachystegiawoodland and Combretum, Terminalia, Xeroderris woodland, rare or absent in thornbush areas(Brenan and Greenway, 1949). Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species occurs naturallyin grassland, grassland with scattered trees, thickets (coastal), open woodland, includingBrachystegia_ Julbernardia woodland, frequently in places subjected to burning.


The inventory data on A. senegalensis were worked out by C.D. Schultz and Company,Ltd. (1973). The inventory data for Mtwara, Tanga and Kilombero blocks are shown inTable 2.

Table 2. A. senegalensis inventory data in Kilombero, Mtwara, Tanga blocks in Tanzania

Block Area Number of stems per ha by DBH class Total stems(ha) in block15-29 30-44 44-95 Total

Kilombero 248 310 3.82 0.04 0.07 3.87 960 823

Mtwara 291 17.16 17.16 4 994

Tanga 40 960 4.05 0.02 4.07 166 707

Source: C.D. Schultz and Company, Ltd., 1973.

The above observations are confirmed by the results obtained from the field surveyduring the course of this study which show that the species is most abundant, or one ofthe dominant tree species, along some of the coastal areas and decreases towards theinterior in the more lightly stocked areas of the Brachystegia Julbernardia woodland.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

During the recent field survey, it was noted that A. senegalensis can grow up to 11 min height and 28 cm in diameter at breast height. Polhill and Verdcourt (1971) reportthat the species is a shrub or small tree 1.5 to 10 m high. Bark grey-brown, often roughand corrugated; young stems mostly ferruginous, velvety to greyish tomentose, laterbecoming gladbrous. Leaves simple, alternate, stalks 0.5 to 2 cm long. Leaf blades ovate,oblong, oblong-elliptic, obovate-oblong with acute, obtuse, rounded or slightlyemarginate apex and obtuse, acute or subcordate base. The size of leaf blades variesfrom 6 by 3 cm to 18 by 12 cm or more. They are bluish-green and slightly pubescent above,while the lower surfaces are paler and tomentellous with prominent venation. Flowersusually fragrant, solitary or in 2 to 4 fascicles. A. senegalensis has three green sepalsand 6 petals which are greenish outside and yellowish inside. Stamens linear 1.2 to2.5 cm long. Carpels cylindrical, 1 to 1.5 mm long. The unripe fruit is green and turnsorange or yellow on ripening. It is ovoid or globose or subglobose, measuring 2.5 to 5.0cm long and 2.5 to 4.0 cm wide. It is a many-seeded syncarp which, on ripening, producesa pleasant smell. Illustrations are shown in Figure 3 and Plate III.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The white pulp of the yellow to orange fleshy fruit of A. senegalensis is edible andhas a pleasant pineapple-like odour and sweet taste.


Ripe A. senegalensis fruits are collected from standing trees. Sometimes, greenmature fruits are collected and stored for some days to ripen. Usually, fruits found onthe ground are unsuitable for eating.

- 12 -

2.4 Geology and soils: The species occurs on varying soil types of varying origins. On Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, and along Tanzania mainland coast, it occurs on coral rocks dominated by sandy loam soils (Morgan, 1972). It is very abundant in most parts of Tanzania mainland with the exception of the dry belt of Dodoma and Masailand.

2 . 5 Forest type: A. senegalensis is widespread throughout Tanzania in Brachystegia woodland and Comb retum , Terminalia, Xeroderris woodland, rare or absent in thornbush areas (Brenan and Greenway, 1949). Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species occurs naturally in grassland, grass land with scattered trees, thickets (coastal), open woodland, including Brachystegia . Julbernardia woodland, frequently in places subjected to burning,


The inventory data on~. senegalensis were worked out by C.D. Schultz and Company , Ltd. (1973). The inventory data for Mtwara, Tanga and Kilombero blocks are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. A. senegalens is inventory data in Kilombero, }ltwara, Tanga blocks in Tanzan i a

Block Area Number of stems per ha by DBH class Total stems (ha)

15- 29 30- 44 44-95 Tota l in block

Kilombero 248 310 3.82 0.04 0.07 3 .87 960 823

Mtwara 291 17.16 17.16 4 994

Tanga 40 960 4.05 0.02 4.07 166 707

Source: C.D. Schultz and Company, Ltd., 1973.

The above observat ions are confirmed by the results ob tained from the fie ld survey during the course of this study which show that the species is most abundant, or one of the dominant tree species, along some of the coasta l areas and decreases towards the interior in the more lightly stocked areas of the Brachystegia Julbernardia woodland.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

During the recent field survey, it was noted that A. senegalensis can grow up t o 11 m in height and 28 cm in diameter at breast height . PolhTll and Verdcourt (1971) report that the species is a shrub or small tree 1.5 to 10 m high. Bark grey-brown, often rough and corruga ted; young stems mostly ferruginous, velvety to greyish tomentose, later becoming gladbrous . Leaves simple, alternate , stalks 0.5 to 2 cm long. Leaf blades ovate , oblong, ob long-elliptic, obovate-ob10ng with acute, obtuse, rounded or slightly emarginate apex and obtuse, acute or s ub cordate base. The size of leaf blades varies from 6 by 3 cm to 18 by 12 cm or more. They are bluish-green and sl i ghtly pubescent above, while the lower surfaces are paler and tomentellous with prominent venation. Flowers usually fragrant, solitary or in 2 to 4 fascicles. ~. senegalensis has three green sepals and 6 petal s which are greenish outside and yellowish inside. Stamens linear 1.2 to 2.5 cm long . Carpels cylindrical, 1 to 1.5 mm long . The unripe fru it i s green and turns orange or ye llow on ripening. It is ovoid or g lobose or subglobose, measuring 2.5 t o 5.0 cm long and 2.5 to 4.0 cm wide. It i s a many-seeded syncarp which, on ripening , produces a pleasant sme ll. Illustrations are shown in Figure 3 and Plate III.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The white pulp of the yellow to orange fleshy fruit of A. senegalensis is edible and has a pleasant pineapple- like odour and sweet taste.


Ripe A. senegalensis fruits are collected from standing trees. Sometimes, green mature fruits are collected and stored for some days to ripen. Usually, fruits found on the ground are unsuitab l e for eating.

- 13 -


Throughout Tanzania, A. senegalensis flowers between October and December. However,along the coast flowering is between December and February. Fruit maturity takes placeduring the long rains. In western Tanzania, in the miombo woodland, fruit maturity startstowards the end of December up to March. In eastern Tanzania, especially along the coast,it takes place starting from March to May.

8.0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE (IF KNOWN):

A general analysis of the fruit is available in Wehmer (1929-31).


9.1 Natural regeneration: A. senegalensis is said to regenerate naturally through seed,root suckers and coppice. On disintegration of the fruit, the seed falls on the groundwhere it germinates. Seed germination is common in recently cultivated and burnt areas.Root suckers are produced soon after wounding the root by fire or cultivators. Coppicesare produced after felling of the shrubs or small trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, seedlings can be raised in the nursery. For rapid germination theseed has to be scarified.

Bearing in mind that A. senegalensis is a light demander, the planting site should becleared of all herbaceous vegetation before planting and there should be slashing ofherbaceous vegetation, especially during the first few years after planting.


If this species is fully known to people, it can be cultivated and fruits sold in themarkets, contributing to their economy. The wood is used for tool handles (Brenan andGreenway, 1949); a yellow or brown dye is obtained from the bark (Dale and Greenway, 1961);the bark, roots and leaves are used in the preparation of traditional medicine (Watt andBreyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

- 13 -

7.0 TI ME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Throughout Tanzania, ~. senegalensis flowers between October and December . However, along the coast flowering is between December and February . Fruit maturity takes place during the long rains. In western Tanzania, in the miorobo woodland, fruit maturity starts towards the end of December up t o March. In eastern Tanzania, especially along the coast, it takes place starting from March to May .

8.0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE (IF KNOWN):

A general analysis of the fruit is available in Wehmer (1929 - 31) .


9.1 Natural regenerat ion: ~ . senegalensis is said to regenerate naturally through seed, root suckers and coppice. On disintegration of the fruit , the seed falls on the ground where it germinates. Seed ge rmination is common in recent l y cultivated and burnt areas. Root suckers are produced soon after wounding the root by f i re or cu ltivators . Coppices are produced after felling of the shrubs or small trees.

9.2 Art i ficial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerat e the species artificially. However, seedlings can be raised in the nursery. For rapid germination the seed has to be s cari f i ed.

Bearing in mind that ~. senegalensis is a light demander, the planting site should be cleared of all herbaceous vegetation before planting and there should be slashing of herbaceous vegetation, especially during the first few years after planting .

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :

If this species i s fully known to people, it can be cultivated and fruits sold in the markets, con tributing to their economy . The wood i s used for tool handles (Brenan and Greenway, 1949); a yellow or brown dye is obtained from the bark (Dale and Greenway, 1961); the bark, roots and leaves are used in the preparation of traditional medicine (Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk, 1962).

0 40mm 0 20mm

Plate 1111 - tree 11 m high in fruit

at Msingo forest, Longuza

Tanga, January 1982

- 14 -

PLATE III. Annona senegalensis Pers.

b, d, e & f

Plate ffi. Annona sencgalensis Pers.

a - young brancnletb - branchlet bearing flower budsc - mature branehlet bearing young fruitsd - flowerse - mature fruitsf - seed

Plate III2 - branchlets bearing leaves

and young fruits at Msingo

forest, Longuza Tanga,

January 1982

- 14 -

PLATE III. Annona ~~galensis Pers .

o 40mm I I

Q fI, C

~" . -i/~

", :

d ••.. ,h:.

o [ ,

b, d, e &

P late I II . _~nnona ~enc:.gal ens i s Pers . a - young brancnlet' b branch l et bearing flower buds c - mature branchlet bearing young fru its d - f l owers e - mature fruits f - seed

Plate 1111 - tree 11 m high in fruit at Msingo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982

Plate 1IIZ

- branch lets bearing leaves and young fruits at Ms i ngo forest, Longuza Tanga, January 1982

1.0 NAMES: - Family MalvacaeaBotanical Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & HillcoatSyn. Thespesia lampas sensu Mast

T. garckeana F. Hoffm.T. trilebata Bak. f.T. regersii S. MooreShantzia garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Lewton

Vernacular mutwa, mtwa, msembere (Kirangi);mtowo (Kihehe); mtobo(Kibende) mtoo (Kinyasa); mutovo, mtovo, mutobo (Kinyamwezi);mtoyo (Kigogo);mutrogho (Kinyaturu); dong, xaxabo (Kisandawe);mtogho (Kinyiramba); mutogo (Kikimbu)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that A. garckeana is found throughoutthe Tanzanian mainland. This observation is supported by the results obtained during thesurvey carried out recently and the survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium,which show that the species grows naturally in almost all regions of Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: It has been noted from the results obtained during the field survey carriedout recently, and the botanical specimens laid in Lushoto herbarium, that the species growsfrom the coast to about 1900 m a.s.l. in Mbulu.

- 15 -

4. AZANZA GARCKEANA

2.4 Geology and soils: A. garckennn grows naturally on a variety of soils of varyingrock origin. The species prefers mostly light yellow brown to reddish-yellow gritty,sandy clay loams and often on black to dark grey clays and brown clays (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: A. garckeana grows naturally in wooded grasslands, open woodlandand in thickets. The common associate tree species include: Berchemia discolor, Cassiaabbreviata, C. singueana, Combretum molle, C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Ehretia sp.,Entandrophragma bussei, Grewia mollis, G. platyclada, Manilkara mochisia, Tamarindusindica, etc.

2.3 Climate:areas ofreceivingThe relativestations

A. garckeana grows naturally in areasbetween 254 and

annual rainfalltemperaturesgrows naturallyA. garckeana

with varying climate, from semi-arid508 mm annual rainfall to areas

in four years out of five (Morgan, 1972).for a few selected meteorological

are shown in Table 3.

central Tanzaniabetween 762 and

humidity andin Tanzania where

receiving1270 mmmean annual

Table 3 Relative humidity and mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures for selectedstations in Tanzania where A. garckeana grows naturally

StationMean temperature 0C Relative humidity %

Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Dodoma 28.9 16.4 12.5 89 75 44

Ilonga 30.1 18.9 11.2 - 80 55

Iringa 26.2 14.0 12.2 85 68 51

Mambo 31.0 18.9 12.1 92 78 50

Songea 26.4 15.7 10.7 90 79 53

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

Source: E.A. Met. Dept., 1975.

4 . AZANZA GARCKEANA

1.0 NAMES: - Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 15 -

Malvacaea Azanza garckeana (F . Hoffm . ) Exell & Hillcoat Thespesia lampas sensu Mast T. garckeana F. Hoffrn. T. trilebata Bak . f. f. regersii S. Moore Shantzia garckeana (F. Hoffm . ) Lewton mutwa, mtwa, msembere (Kirangi);mtowo (Kihehe); mtobo (Kibende) mtao (Kinyasa); mutavo , mtovo , mutobo (Kinyamwezi) ; mtoyo (KigogO);ffiutrogho (Kinyaturu); dong, xaxabo (Ki sandawe); mtogho (Kiny i ramba); mutoge (Kik i mbu)

2.1 Local ity : Brenan and Gr eenway (1949) observed that A. garckeana is found throughout the Tanzanian mainland . This observation is supported by-the resu l ts obtained during the survey carried out recen t l y and the survey of the botanica l specimens in Lushoto herbarium , which show that the spec ies grows naturally in almost all regions of Tanzania.

2.2 Alt i tude: It has been noted from the results obtained dur i ng the field survey carried out recently, and the botanical specimens laid in Lushoto herbarium, that the species grows from the coast to about 1900 m a.s.l. in Mbulu .

2.3 Climate: A. garckeana grows naturally in areas with varying c limate"from semi- arid areas of central Tanzania receiving between 254 and 508 mm annual rainfall to ar eas receiv i ng between 762 and 1270 mm annual rai nfall in four years out of five (Horgan, 1972). The relative humidity and mean annual temperatures for a few selected meteorological stations in Tanzania where ~. garckeana grows naturally are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Relative humidity and mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures for selected stations in Tanzania where A. garckeana grows naturally

Station Mean temperature OC Relative humidity %


Dodoma 28.9 16 . 4 12.5 89 75 44

Ilonga 30.1 18.9 11.2 80 55

Iringa 26.2 14 . 0 12 . 2 85 68 51

Mambo 31.0 18.9 12 . 1 92 78 50

Songea 26.4 15.7 10 . 7 90 79 53

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12 . 7 83 72 44

Source : E. A. Met. Dept. , 1975.

2.4 Geol ogy and soi l s : A. garckeana grows naturally on a var iety of soils of varying rock or ~gln . The spec i es- prefers most l y ligh t ye llow brown to reddish-yellow grit t y, sandy c l ay loams and often on black to dark grey clays and brown clays (Morgan, 1972).

2 . 5 Vegetat i on t ypes : A. garckeana grows natural l y i n wooded grass l ands, open wood l and and i n t hickets . The common assoc i ate tr ee species include: Berchemia discolor, Cassia abb r ev i a t a , ~ . singueana , Combretum mol l e , ~. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxy l on , Ehretia sp., Ent and r ophragma bussei, Gr ewia mol lis , G. pl atyclada, Mani lkara mochisia , Tamarindus ind i ca , etc .

- 16 -


No inventory data have been recorded. However, a rough sampling carried out nearMtipa, Singida revealed that there was profuse natural regeneration of about 70 saplingsand 6 mature trees in the 504 m2 plot. The species is more abundant in wooded grasslandareas than in open woodland or thickets. Occasionally, the species is dominant in thewooded grassland.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. garckeana is a deciduous shrub or small spreading tree 3-13 m high and up to25 cm d.b.h. Bark rough, greyish-black, fibrous with longitudinal fissures and brown toyellow slash. Young branchlets stellate - tomentose, becoming glabrescent when mature.Leaves alternate and palmate with 3-5 lobes up to 20 x 20 cm; suberbicular in outline,stellate-pubescent to nearly glabrous above, densely pubescent to tomentose beneath. The

lobes are shallow and rounded or deeper and acute, cordate at base. Flowers large, upto 6 cm long, solitary, borne on long jointed pedicels in axils of uppermost leaves. Petalsyellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre. Fruits thick, hairy, woody, sub-globosa or obovoid capsules up to 4 cm long, 3 cm thick, opening in 5-6 thick, red andglutinous segments. Seeds are hemispherical, up to 10 mm long, 7 mm thick with brownishand woolly floss. Illustrations are shown in Figure 4 and Plate IV.

5.0 MAIN USES:

A. garckeana ripe fruit carpels are edible.


A. garckeana fruits are persistent, thus they are picked on ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers in February. White

(1964) observed that in Zambia, A. garckeana flowers between November and January, whilefruit ripening occurs in April and August. Chingaipe (Pers. Comm.) observed that inZambia fruit ripening takes place between July and September. A survey of the botanicalspecimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering takes place between November andJanuary, while fruit ripening occurs in May and August. However, the species occasionallyflowers in August in western Tanzania. The field survey carried out recently showed thatflowering occurs from November to April, while fruit ripening takes place between May andAugust. From the above observations it can be concluded that flowering takes place duringthe rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place during the dry season. Moreover, ittakes about six months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: A. garckeana regenerates naturally from seed, coppice andsuckers. Field observations have shown that on ripening the fruit splits releasing theseed which falls on the ground. The seed germinates readily, especially when conditionsare favourable. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees.

Root suckers are produced after wounding of the root, e.g. cultivators, fire,trampling by animals, etc. The stocking of A. garckeana in its natural habitat is beinglimited by annual fires which wipe out most of the young seedlings and saplings. Thus,partial protection of the woodland where the species grows naturally could help itspropagation.

- 16 -


No inventory data have been recorded. However, a rough sampling carried out near Mt ipa , Singida revealed that there was profuse natural regeneration of about 70 saplings and 6 mature trees in the 504 m2 plot. The species is more abundant in wooded grassland areas than in open woodland or thickets. Occasionally, the species is dominant in the wooded grassland .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

A. garckeana is a deciduous shrub or small spreading tree 3-13 rn high and up to 25 em d.b.h. Bark rough, greyish- black, fibrous with longitudinal fissures and brown to yellow slash. Young branchlets stellate - tomentose, becoming glabrescent when mature. Leaves alternate and palmate with 3-5 lobes up to 20 x 20 em; suberbicular in outl ine, stellate-pubescent to nearly glabrous above, densely pubescent to tomentose beneath. The lobes are shal low and rounded or deeper and acute, cordate at base. Flowers large, up to 6 cm long, solitary, borne on long jointed pedicels in axils of uppermost l eaves. Petals yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre. Fruits thick, hairy, woody, subglobose or obovoid capsules up to 4 cm long, 3 cm thick, opening in 5-6 thick, red and glutinous segments . Seeds are hemispherical, up to 10 mm long, 7 mm thick with brownish and woolly floss. Illustrations are shown in Figure 4 and Plate IV.

5.0 MAIN USES:

~. garckeana ripe fruit carpels are edible.


~. garckeana fruits are persistent, thus they are picked on ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers in February. White (1964) observed that in Zambia, A. garckeana flowers between November and January, while fruit ripening occurs in April and August. Chingaipe (Pers . Comm.) observed that in Zambia fruit ripening takes place between July and September. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering takes place between November and January, while fruit ripening occurs in May and August . However, the species occasionally f l owers in August in western Tanzania. The field survey carried out recently showed that flowering occurs from November to April, while fruit ripening takes place between May and August. From the above observations it can be concluded that flowering takes place during the rainy season, whi l e fruit ripening takes place during the dry season. Moreover, it takes about six months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: ~. garckeana regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and suckers. Field observations have shown t~at on ripening the fruit splits releasing the seed which falls on the ground. The seed germinates readily, especially when conditions are favourable. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees.

Root suckers are produced after wounding of the root, e.g. cultivators, fire, trampling by animals, etc. The stocking of A. garckeana in its natural habitat is being limited by annual fires which wipe out most of the young seedl ings and saplings. Thus, partial protection of the woodland where the species grows naturally could help its propagation.

- 17 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, because of the good germination of the seed, potted seedlingscould be raised in the nursery and planted out in the field. Alternatively, directsowing could be a feasible technique. The species is a light demander, thus the plantingsite should be subjected to partial clearing before planting out. Moreover, intensiveweeding would be necessary during the first few years after planting out.

- 17 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species artificially. However, because of the good germination of the seed, potted seedlings could be raised in the nursery and planted out in the field. Al.ternatively, direct sowing could be a feasible technique. The species is a light demander, thus the planting site should be subjected to partial clearing before planting out. Moreover, intensive weeding would be necessary during the first few years after planting out.

Plate IV. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hill coat

a - flowering branchletb - petal

gynaecium

PLATE IV. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hill coat

Plate IV - tree at Mpwapwa Township1 April, 1982

- 18 -

d - fruitse - part of fruit opened to show seeds

Plate IV2 - branchlet bearingmature fruits,Mpwapwa Township,April, 1982

- 18 -

PLATE IV. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hill coat

b o I

d

40m01 0 I

b & C

30mm I

•

Plate IV. Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hill coat a - flowering branchlet d - fruits b - petal e - part of fruit opened to show seeds c

Plate IV -1

t r ee at Mpwapwa April, 1982

Township Plate IV2

- branchlet bearing mature frui ts, Mpwapwa Township, April, 1982

- 19 -

5. BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

1.0 NAMES: Family RhamnaceaeBotanical Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) HemsleySyn. Scutia discolor Klotzsch

Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) HerzogAdolia discolor (Klotzsch) KuntzeAraliorhamnus punctulata H. Perr.A. vaginata H. Perr.

Vernacular mgandu (Kigogo), mkuni (Kinyamwezi); mnago (Kiswahili);okoo (Kisandawi); nyahumbu (Kipogoro).

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species is widely distributedin Tanzania but nowhere common. Johnston (1972) reports that the species grows naturallyin northern Tabora, Mpwapwa and Morogoro. The above observations are confirmed by ourrecent observations that the species grows naturally throughout Tanzania, except in themountain forests, e.g. Kilimanjaro, Usambara, Uluguru, Nguru and Tukuyu areas.

2.2 Altitude: Johnston (1972) observed that B. discolor grows naturally from sea levelto about 2000 m a.s.l.

2.3 Climate: The climate of the areas where B. discolor grows naturally has beendescribed under Azanza garckeana.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of the areas where B. discolor growsnaturally are described under Azanza garckeana. However, the species is known to performbest in stream valleys or riverain soils. The species is often found growing naturally ontermite mounds.

2.5 Vegetation types: Johnston (1972) observed that the species grows naturally inthicket, semi-desert grassland and wood.d grasslands and riverain forests. The commonassociate tree species are Azanza garckeana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cassia abbreviata, C.singueana, Combretum molle, C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Entandrophragma bussei,Grewia bicolor, G. platyclada, Manilkara mochisia, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, etc.


Although no inventory data have been recorded on B. discolor, field observationcarried out during the course of the study revealed that in most cases its abundance isvery low. However, its abundance is relatively higher in the thickets of Dodoma and Itigi.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

B. discolor is a shrub or tree, 3-20 m high with straight bole, rough dark-grey barkwhich flakes longitudinally, dense rounded crown, yellow slash and very hard and heavywood. Young branches conspicuously lenticellate; branchlets glabrous or densely pubescentwith short spreading whitish hairs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, entire or obscurelycrenate, shining above, dull and glaucous below, broadly elliptic, ovate or obovate-elliptic-lanceolate, 2-9 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded orcuneate at base. Leaf stalks glabrous or pubescent 1-1.8 cm long. Flowers small, solitaryor in fascicles of 2-6 and axillary. Fruits small fleshy drupes 1-2 cm long, 0.5-1.3 cmthick, oblong or ellipsoid, greenish when young, turning yellowish after ripening.Illustrations are shown in Figure 5 and Plate V.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible.

5. BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

1.0 NAMES: Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 19 -

Rhamnaceae Berchemia discolor (K lotzsch) Hemsley Scutia discolor Klotzsch P"'h7flOgeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog Adalia discolor (Klotzsch) Kuntze AfalTOrhamnus punctulata H. Perro ~. vaginata H. Perro mgandu (Kigogo), mkuni (Kinyamwezi); mnago (Kiswahili); ekeD (Kisandawi); nyahumbu (Kipogoro).

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species is widely distributed in Tanzania but nowhe re common. Johnston (1972) reports that the species grows naturally in northern Tabora, Mpwapwa and Morogoro. The above observations are confirmed by our recent observations that the species grows naturally throughout Tanzania, except in the mountain forests, e.g. Ki1imanjaro, Usambara, U1uguru, Nguru and Tukuyu areas.

2.2 Altitude: Johnston (1972) observed that B. discolor grows naturally from sea level to about 2000 m a.s.1.

2.3 Climate : The climate of the areas where B. discolor grows naturally has been des cr ibed under Azanza garckeana.

2 .4 Geology and soils: The geo l ogy and soils of the areas where B. discolor grows naturally are described under Azanza gar ckeana. However, the species is known to perform best in stream valleys or riverain soils . The species is often found growing naturally on termite mounds.

2.5 Vegetation types: Johnston (1972) observed that the species grows naturally in thicket, semi-desert grassland and wooded grasslands and riverain forests. The common associate tree species are Azanza garckeana , Balanites aegyptiaca, Cassia abbreviata, ~. singueana, Combretum molle, ~. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Entandrophragma bussei, Grewia bicolor, ~. platyclada, Manilkara mochisia, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, etc .


Although no inventory data have been recorded on B. discolor, field observation carried out during the course of the study revealed that in most cases its abundance is very low. However, its abundance is relatively higher in the thickets of Dodoma and Itigi.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

B. discolor is a shrub or tree, 3-20 m high with straight bole, rough dark-grey bark which-flakes longitudinally, dense rounded crown, yellow slash and very hard and heavy wood. Young branches conspicuously lenticellate; branchlets glabrous or densely pubescent with short spreading whitish hairs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, entire or obscurely crenate, shining above, dull and glaucous below, broadly elliptic, ovate or obovateelliptic-1anceo1ate, 2-9 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded or cuneate at base. Leaf stalks glabrous or pubescent 1-1.8 cm long. Flowers small, solitary or in fascicles of 2- 6 and axillary. Frui ts small fleshy drupes 1-2 cm long, 0.5-1.3 cm thick, oblong or ellipsoid, greenish when young, turning ye l lowish after ripening. Illustrations are shown in Figure 5 and Plate V.

5.0 MAIN USES:


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: B. discolor is said to regenerate naturally from seed, coppiceand root suckers. The germination of the seed takes place after staying on the groundfor quite some time owing to its hard seed coat. Forest fires help in reducing seed coathardness. B. discolor coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees, while root suckersare produced after root wounding by any means, i.e. forest fires, trampling animals,animal burrows, cultivation, etc. It is, however, important to note that its naturalregeneration is rare. It is thought that poor seed germination capacity and destruction

of seedlings and saplings by forest fires may be the causes of the observed rare germina-tion of B. discolor. Thus, partial protection of the forest from forest fires could promotenatural regeneration.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate B. discolorartificially. However, there are possibilities that the species could be raised artificial-ly. This can be achieved by pretreatment of seed, e.g. scarification of the seed. Pottedstock can be raised in the nursery and planted in the field where the vegetation must bepartially cleared as the species is a light demander. Moreover, there may be a need forapplying fertilizers at the time of planting because the species is always found growingnaturally on termite mounds. Termite mounds are always very fertile. Tending of the cropshould include slashing and spot weeding until the crop is well established.


The fruit is edible and has a sweetish flavour; the wood is yellow-brown and hard,making excellent furniture; it is used in making pestles, in building poles, hair combs,etc.

- 20 -


B. discolor ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that B. discolor flowers in January and inNovember, while fruit maturing occurs in February. White (1962) observed that in ZambiaB. discolor flowers between November and December, while fruit ripening occurs betweenJanuary and March. The above observations are supported by the results obtained from asurvey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium. Flowering occurs between Novemberand January, and fruit ripening occurs in January. A field survey made during the courseof this study revealed that flowering occurs between November and January, while fruitripening occurs from March to May. The above observations revealed that it takes aboutfour to five months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. Moreover, floweringstarts at the onset of the rains, while fruit ripening occurs towards the end of thelong rains.


- 20 -

6.0 ~lliTHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

!. discolor ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree .

7.0 TI~ (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that B. discolor flowers in January and in November, while fruit maturing occurs in February. White (1962) observed that in Zambia B. discolor flowers between November and December, while fruit ripening occurs between January and March. The above observations are supported by the result s obtained from a survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbar ium. Flmvering occurs between November and January, and fruit ripening occurs in January. A field survey made during the course of this study revealed that flowering occurs between November and January, while fru it ripening occurs from Harch to Hay. The above observations revealed that it takes about four to five months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. Horeover, flowering starts at the onset of the rains, while fruit ripening occurs towards the end of the l ong rains.

8.0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE :

Not known..

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION ~THODS OF THE SPECIES :

9.1 Natural regeneration: B. discolor is sa i d to regenerate naturally from seed , coppice and root suckers. The germi~ation of the seed takes place after stayj ng on the ground for quite some time owing to its hard seed coat. Forest fires help in reducing seed coat hardness. B. discolor coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees; while root suckers are produced after root wounding by any means , i.e. forest fires, trampling animals, animal burrows, cult ivation, etc. It is, however, important to note that its natural regeneration is rare. It is thought that poor seed germination capacity and destruction of seedlings and saplings by forest fires may be the causes of the observed rare germination of B. discolor. Thus, partial protec tion of the forest from forest fires could promote natural regeneration .

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate B. discolor artificially. However, there are possibilities that the species could be raised artificially. Tl~is can .be achieved by pretreatment of seed , e.g. scarification of the seed. Potted stock can be raised in the nursery and planted in the field where the vege tation must be partially cleared as the species is a light demander . Moreover, there may be a need for applying fertilizers at the time of planting because the species is always found growing naturally on termite mounds. Termite mounds are always very fertile. Tending of the crop should include slashing and spot weeding until the crop is well established.


The fruit is edible and has a sweetish flavour; the wood is yellow-brown and hard, making excellent furniture; it is used in making pestles, in building poles, hair combs, etc.

PLATE V. Berchemia discolor ((lotzsch) Hemsley

Plate V1 - tree at Simbo Forest Reserve,Tabora, May 1982. Note the

termite mound

- 21 -

4 Omm 0 20mm1

b c e

Plate V. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsley

a - flowering branchlet, pressed specimen No. FH 936in Lushoto herbarium, January, 1951

b - branchlet bearing fruits, Simbo Forest Reserve, May 1982c - fruit part of skin removed to show pulpd - transverse section of fruite - seed

Plate V2 - branchlet bearing ripefruits at Urumwa, Tabora,

May, 1982

- 21 -

PLATE V. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsley

~ ~ /i~}r

·",":'t~~·

~ c d •

0 40mm I

0 20mm I I

a & b c •

Plate V. Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsley a - flowering branchlet, pressed specimen No. FH 936

in Lushoto herbarium , January, 1951 b - branchlet bear ing fruits, Simbo Forest Reserve, May 1982 c - fruit part of skin removed to show pulp d - transverse section of fruit e - seed

-.

I

Plate VI - tree at Simbo Forest Reserve, Tabora, May 1982. Note the t ermite mound

Plate V2

- branchlet bearing ripe fruits at Urumwa, Tabora, May , 1982

6. BUSSEA MASSAIENSIS

1.0 NAMES: FamilySub-familyBotanicalSyn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 23 -

Leguminosae

CaesalpinioideaeBussea massaiensis (Taub.) HarmsPeltophorum massaiense Taub.mbefu (Kogogo); mbetu (Kinyamwezi); mfetru (Kinyaturu)

2.1 Locality: B. massaiensis is said to occur naturally in Dodoma (e.g. at Kigwe,Kigongwe Forest Reserve, Lamaiti, Mukonze, Makutopora and Mzakwe); Manyoni (throughoutthe thicket), Singida, Nzega, Tabora (East) and Kondoa 45 km south of Kondoa) districts.According to Brenan (1967) the species is not known to occur elsewhere.

2.2 Altitude: Brenan (1967) observed that the species occurs between 1070 and 1370 mabove sea level. A field survey carried out revealed that the species grows naturallyat about 960 m above sea level at Kigongwe near Dodoma. The above observations show thatB. massaiensis'altitudinal range is between 960 m and 1370 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: Dodoma is semi-arid with a five-to-six-month long dry season and a shortrainy season with erratic and unreliable rains. The district mean annual rainfall isslightly over 500 mm with local variations. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperaturesfor Ikombo meteorological station are, respectively, 310 C and 19° C (Nshubemuki, 1979).According to Nshubemuki, et. al. (1978) Singida receives about 641 182 mm mean annualrainfall and has 52 13 rainy days. Manyoni receives 581 ± 183 mm mean annual rainfalland it has 52 t 15 rainy days.

2.4 Geology and soils: Geologically, Dodoma district is dominated by precambrian meta-morphic rocks with extensive granite intrusions which are now exposed. Lacustrine,alluvial and colluvial material derived from these rocks are deposited on the bedrock toform neogene deposits (Wade and Oates, 1938). Manyoni and Itigi are d6minated by tertiarysediment rocks. In Singida and Nzega, B. massaiensis occurs naturally on light-yellowishbrown to reddish yellow, gritty sandy clay loam soils derived from granites and granodiorittrocks (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation: B. massaiensis is known to grow naturally in thickets, deciduous bush-land and deciduous woodland. The common associate tree species include: Adansonia digitataAfzelia quanzensis, Albizia amara, A. anthelmintica, A. harveyi, Combretum apiculatum, C.molle, C. zeyheri, Commiphora ugogensis, Entandrophramgma bussei, Lonchocarpus bussei,Terminalia sericea, Strychnos inocuum, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc.


B. massaiensis is one of the dominant tree species in the deciduous thicket but itdecreases in abundance in the deciduous woodland. A rough estimate in the deciduousthicket of Kigwe in Dodoma revealed that the stocking of B. massaiensis is up to 10 stemsper hectare.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

B. massaiensis is a small or medium-sized tree up to 12 m high with smooth grey barkand spreading crown. Leaves bipinnate with rusty or brown pubescence on leaf rhachides.Leaflets usually 5 to 10 pairs per pinna, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 0.5 to 3.6 cmlong, 0.4 to 1.9 cm wide, unequal-sized base, obtuse to emarginate at apex, glabrousabove and slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers yellowish, in close rusty tomentoseterminal panicles. Stamen filaments 7 to 9 mm long. Pods erect, 7 to 12 cm long, 2.0to 2.3 cm wide, very hard and woody, rusty-pubescent with a longitudinal groove down themiddle. Seeds slightly hard, 1.6 to 2.0 cm long, 0.9 to 1.0 cm wide. Illustrationsare given in Figure 6 and Plate VI.

6. BUSSEA MASSAIENSIS

1.0 NAMES: Family Sub- fami l y Botanical Syn. Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 23 -

Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae Bussea massaiensis (Taub .) Harms Peltophorum massaiense Taub. mbefu (Kogogo); mbetu (Kinyamwezi); mfetru (Kinyaturu)

2.1 Local i ty: B. massaiensis is said to occur naturally in Dodoma (e . g . at Kigwe, Kigongwe Forest Reserve, Lamaiti, Mukonze, Makutopora and Mzakwe); Manyoni (throughout the thicket), Singida, Nzega, Tabora (East) and Kondoa 45 km south of Kondoa) districts . According to Brenan (1967) the s pecies is not known to occur elsewhere.

2 . 2 Altitude : Brenan (1967) observed that the species occurs between 1070 and 1370 m above sea level. A field survey carried out revealed that the spec i es grows naturally at about 960 m above sea level at Kigongwe near Dodoma. The above observations show that ~. massa i ensis'altitudinal range is between 960 m and 1370 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: Dodoma is semi-arid with a five-to-six-month long dry season and a short rainy season with erratic and unreliable rains . The distr ict mean annual rainfall is slightly over 500 mm with local variat ions. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures for Ikombo meteorological station are, respectively, 31 0 C and 190 C (Nshubemuki, 1979). According to Nshubemuki, et. al. (1978) Singida receives about 641 % 182 mm mean annual rainfal l and has 52 ± 13 rainY-days. Manyoni receives 581 ± 183 mm mean annual rainfall and it has 52 ! 15 rainy days.

2.4 Geology and soi l s: Geologically, Dodoma district is dominated by precambrian metamorphic rocks with extensive granite intrusions which are now exposed . Lacustrine, alluvial and colluvial material derived from these rocks are deposited on the bedrock to form neogene deposits (Wade and Oates, 1938). Manyoni and Itigi are dominated by tertiary sediment rocks. In Singida and Nzega , B. massaiensis occurs naturally on light-yellowish brown to reddi sh yellow, gritty sandy clay l oam soils derived from granites and granodioritl' rocks (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation: B. massaiensis is known to grow naturally in thickets, deciduous bushland and deciduous-woodland. The common associate tree species include : Adansonia digitata . Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia amara, A. anthelmintica, A. harveyi, Combretum apiculatum, C. molle, f . zeyheri, Commiphor~gensis, Entandrophramgma bussei, Lonchocarpu s bussei, Terminalia sericea, Strychnos inocuum, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc .


B. massaiensis is one of the dominant tree species in the deciduous thicket but it decreases in abundance in the deciduous woodland . A rough estimate in the deciduous thicket of Kigwe in Dodoma revealed that the stocking of B. massaiensis is up to 10 stems per hectare.

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

B. massaiensis is a small or medium- sized tree up to 12 m high with smooth gr ey bark and spread ing crown. Leaves bipinnate with rusty or brown pubescence on l eaf rhachides. Leaflets usually 5 to 10 pairs per pinna, elliptic to oblong- elliptic, 0.5 to 3 . 6 cm long, 0.4 to 1.9 cm wide, unequal-sized base, obtuse to ernarginate at apex, gl abrous above and sl i ghtly pubescent beneath. Flowers yellowish, in c lose rusty tomentose terminal panicles. Stamen f ilaments 7 t o 9 mm long. Pods erect, 7 to 12 cm long, 2.0 to 2.3 cm wide, very hard and woody, rus t y- pubescent with a · longitudinal groove down the middle. Seeds slight l y hard, 1.6 to 2.0 cm long, 0.9 to 1.0 cm wide. Illustrations ar e given in Figure 6 and Plate VI.

- 24-

5.0 MAIN USES:

B. massaiensis roasted seeds are edible. Alternatively, roasted seeds are poundedand used in making soup.


On ripening and drying, the pods split open releasing the seeds which fall on theground where they may be collected. Alternatively, ripe pods may be picked from the treeand sun dried, thereby splitting open to release the seed.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers in December, i.e. duringearly rains. A survey of botanical specimens at Lushoto herbarium revealed that floweringis in October, i.e. towards the end of the dry season or at the onset of the rainy season.It was also noted that fruit maturing is between May and July. This is also in agreementwith the results of our field survey that fruit maturing is between May and July, i.e.during the dry season. From the above observations, it can be concluded that floweringoccurs during the rainy season, while fruit maturing occurs during the dry season andthat it takes about six months from fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening.


Not known to the best of our knowledge.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species is said to regenerate naturally from seed andcoppice. It should be borne in mind that the species is not regenerating adequately, asonly mature trees can be seen in natural forests. Other crop development stages arelacking. This might be because the seed is collected for food and also taken by domesticand wild animals. It is also possible that most seedlings succumb to drought. Moreover,there is a possibility that young trees, e.g. seedlings and saplings, are killed byforest fires. This process may be repeated yearly for several years until the root systemhas developed to the extent of producing shoots vigorous enough to resist forest fires.Coppice shoots are produced on felling of young or mature trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However, theseed has a hard seed coat needing scarification in order to enhance germination. Thereare possibilities of raising it in the nursery. The species is a light demander, thus itshould be planted on sites where some herbaceous vegetation has been cleared and tendingshould include slashing of herbaceous vegetation until the tree is fully established.


B. massaiensis timber is resistant to termites, thus it is suitable for constructionof houses and for making pestles and tool handles; its leaves and seeds are eaten bysheep and goats; it is also suitable for ornamental planting and provision of shade.

- 24 -

5.0 MAIN USES:

B. massa i ensis roasted seeds are edible. Alternative l y, roasted seeds are pounded and used in making soup.

6 . 0 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

On ripening and drying, the pods split open releasing the seeds which fallon the ground where they may be collected. Alternatively, ripe pods may be picked from the tree and sun dried, thereby spl i tting open to release the seed .


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers in December, i .e. during ear l y rains . A survey of botanica l specimens at Lushoto herbarium revea l ed that flowering is in October, i. e . towards the end of the dry season or at the onset of the rainy season. It was also not ed that fruit matur ing is between May and July . Th i s is also in agreement with the results of our field survey that fruit maturing is between May and July , i.e . during the dry season. From the above observa tions, it can be concluded that flowering occurs dur ing the rainy season, whi l e fruit maturing occurs during the dry season and that it takes about six months from fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening.

8 . 0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

Not known to the best of our know l edge.

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 .1 Natural regeneration: The species is said to regenerate naturally from seed and coppice. It should be borne in mind that the species is not regenerating adequately, as only mature trees can be seen in natural forests . Other crop development stages are lacking . Th i s might be because t he seed is collected for food and also taken by domestic and wi l d an imal s . It is also possible that most seedlings succumb to drough t. Moreover, there is a possibility that young trees, e.g. seedlings and saplings, are killed by forest fires. This process may be repeated yearly for several years until the root system has developed to the ex tent of producing shoots vigorous enough to resist forest fires. Coppice shoots are produced on fel ling of young or mature trees .

9.2 Artificial regenerat i on: Art i ficial regeneration has not been tried. However , the seed has a hard seed coat needing scarification in order to enhance germination . There are pos s ibilities of raising it in the nursery. The species is a light demander, thus it shou ld be planted on sites where some herbaceous vegetation has been cleared and tending should include slashing of herbaceous vegetation until the tree is fully estab lished.

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

B. massa i ensis t i mber is resis t ant to termites, thus it i s suitabl~ for construction of houses and for making pestles and tool handles; its leaves and seeds are eaten by sheep and goats; it is also suitable for ornamental plant i ng and provision of s hade.

PLATE VI. Busseamassaiensis (Taub.) Harms.

Plate VI1 - tree, in sorghum farm, Kigwe

Dodoma May, 1982. Note theupward pointing pods

- 25-

Plate VI2 - branchlet bearing young pods,

Kigwe, Dodoma May, 1982

Plate VI. Bussea massaiensis (Taub ) Harmsa - bi.anchletb - branchlet bearing flower budsc - fruiting branchletd - split pod

e - seeds

- 25 -

PLATE VI . ~~ massaiensis (Taub.) Harms.

40mm

"----:-0 ":-, ---" 20mm

~--c--"

Plate VI. Bussea massaiensis (Taub.) Harms a - branch let b - branch let bearing flower buds c - fruiting branch let d - split pod e - seeds

Plate VII - tree , in sorghum farm, Kigwe Dodoma May, 1982 . Note the upward pointing pods

Plate VI2

- branch l et bearing young Kigwe, Dodoma May, 1982

pods,

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally in Tabora (i.e. near Beekeeping School,Ulyankulu and Simbo), Nzega (i.e. Mwanihala Forest Reserve, Mwambaha, Idudumo and aroundNzega Town), Mwanza (near Kalumo Ferry), Geita, Singida (around Singida township) andManyoni (Itigi thicket) Districts.

2.2 Altitude: C. burttii grows naturally between 1000 m and 1500 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The rainfall statistics for some stations where C. burttii occurs naturallyare given in Table 4.

Table 4. Rainfall statistics for some stations where C. burttii occurs naturally

Station Mean annual Annual rain(period)* rainfall days

(mm)

*Years inclusive.

Source: Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978.

The temperature and relative humidity data for Tabora Airport and Ukiriguru Agricul-tural Meteorological stations are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Temperature and relative humidity data for selected stations where C. burttiioccurs naturally

- 27 -

Station Temperature means 0C Relative humidity %(period)


Tabora Airport 29

(1949-70)

Ukiriguru Agric. 29

(1963-70)

17

17

12

12

83 72

71

44

49

Source: E.A. Met. Dept (1975).

Geita (1961-73) 994 81

Manyoni Dist. (1931-73) 581 -1- 183 52 ± 15

Mwanza Agric. (1931-60) 999 ± 211 107 t 23

7. CANTHIUM BURTTII

1.0 NAME: Family RubiaceaeBotanical Canthium burttii BullockVernacular mgubalu, mkamu (Kinyamwezi); mgango (Kizinza),

nkamu (Kisukuma)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

Nzega Dist. (1931-73) 798 -fr 158 62 t 17

Singida Dist. (1931-73) 641 t 182 52 t 13

Tabora Airport (1931-75) 927 + 177 102 ± 13

7. CANTHIUM BURTTll

1.0 NAME: Family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 27 -

Rubiaceae Canthium burttii Bullock mgubalu, mkamu (Kinyamwezi); mgango (Kizinza), nkamu (Kisukuma)

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally in Tabora (i.e. near Beekeeping School, Ulyankulu and Simbo), Nzega (i.e. Mwanihala Forest Reserve, Mwambaha, Iduclumo and around Nzega Town), Mwanza (near Kalumo Ferry), Geita, Singida (around Singida township) and Manyoni (Itigi thicket) Districts.

2.2 Altitude: C. burttii grows naturally between 1000 m and 1500 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The rainfall statist i cs for some stations where C. burttii occurs naturally are given in Table 4.

Table 4. Rainfall statistics for some stations where C. burttii occurs naturally

Station Mean annual Annual rain (period)' rainfall days

(mrn)

Geita (1961-73) 994 81

Manyoni Di s t. (1931-73) 581 + 183 52 :!: 15

Mwanza Agric. (1931-60) 999 ~ 211 107 + 23

Nzega Dist. (1931- 73) 798 :': 158 62 :': 17

Singida Dist. (1931-73) 641 :': 182 52 :!: 13

Tabora Airport (1931-75) 927 + 177 102 :!: 13

*Years inclusive.

Source: Nshubemuki, et. ~., 1978.

The temperature and relative humidity data for Tabora Airport and Ukiriguru Agricul-tural Meteorological stations are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Temperature and relative humidity data for selected stations where C. burttii occurs naturally

Station Temperature means oc Relative humidity % (period) Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Tabora Airport 29 17 12 83 72 44 (1949-70)

Ukiriguru Agric. 29 17 12 71 49 (1963- 70)

Source: E. A. Met. Dept (1975).


There has been no recording of inventory data in the forests where C. burttii occursnaturally. However, the preliminary field survey carried out recently revealed that thespecies is more abundant in thickets and that it decreases in abundance in Brachystegiawoodland. It is estimated that the stocking in thickets varies from 5 to 8 trees perhectare, while in Brachystegia woodland it is about 2 trees per ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. burttii is a deciduous shrub or small tree up to 7 m high with smooth grey bark andtough stem and branches. Branchlets usually opposite, reddish or greyish, tomentose.Leaves opposite, 4-9 cm long, 2.5-7.5 cm wide, densely velvet-pubescent on both sides,ovate, ovate-orbicular, cuspidate or rounded; acute or shortly acuminate at the apex andmostly confined towards the apex of branches. Venation closely reticulate and more prom-inent beneath. Leaf stalks very short, 2-5 mm long. Flowers pale greenish-yellow pro-duced in axillary cymes. Fruits globose, 0.8-1.8 cm long, 0.5-1.7 cm wide, pale brown orgreenish-yellow containing 1-2 seeds per fruit. Seeds small, conic and hard. Illustra-tions are shown in Figure 7 and Plate VII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

C. burttii fleshy ripe fruit pulp is slightly sour in taste and edible.

6.0 METHOD OF COLLECTION:

Mature fruits may be picked from the tree and stored for ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that C. burttii flowers in December. A surveyof the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that C. burttii flowers in Novemberat Ulyankulu (Tahona). It was also noted that the species fruits between December andJanuary. A field survey carried out during the course of this study revealed that fruitmaturing and ripening takes place from February to June. The above observations showthat flowering takes place at the onset of the rains, white fruit ripening is towards theend of the rainy season and at the onset of the long dry season. It can also be inferredthat it takes about four to five months from the fertilization of the flower ro fruitripening.




9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates from seed and coppice. However,regeneration from seed is rare because the seed coat is hard requiring sowing pretreatment.A field survey revealed that saplings, poles and mature trees were present. The speciesis a shade demander. It is thought that regeneration inducement could be of value inimproving the species' stocking in natural forests.

- 28-

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora, Singida and Manyoni aredescribed under Bussea massaiensis and Parinari curatellifolia. Geologically, Mwanza andGeita Districts are dominated by granites and granodiorite rocks on which lie red to darkred friable clays with latente horizon (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that C. burttii is common inthicket throughout central Tanzania and the Brachystegia woodland of western Tanzania.The common associate tree species are Acacia tanganyikensis, Albizia harveyi, A. petersiana,Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum molle, C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Feretiaapodanthera, Grewia bicolor, G. platyclada, Hymenodictyon floribundum, Julbernardiaglobiflora, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc.

- 28 -

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora, Singida and Manyoni are described under Bussea massaiensis and Parinari curatellifolia. Geologically, Mwanza and Geita Districts are dominated by granites and granodiorite rocks on which lie red to dark red friable clays with laterite horizon (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that C. burttii is common in thicket throughout central Tanzania and the Brachystegia woodland-of western Tanzania. The common associate tree species are Acacia tanganyikensis, Albizia harveyi, A. peters i ana, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum molle, ~. zeyheri, Dalbergia rnelanoxylon, Feretia apoclanthera, Grewia b i eolor, ~. platyclada, Hymenodictyon floribundum, Julbernardia globiflora, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc.


There has been no recording of inventory data in the forests where C. burttii occurs naturally . However, the preliminary field survey carried out recently revealed that the species is more abundant in thickets and that it decreases in abundance in Brachystegi a woodland. It is estimated that the s tocking in thickets varies from 5 to 8 trees per hectare, whil e in Brachystegia woodland it is about 2 trees per ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. burttii is a deciduous shrub or small tree up to 7 m high with smooth grey bark and tough-stem and branches. Branchlets usually opposite, reddish or greyish, tomentose. Leaves opposite, 4-9 cm long, 2.S-7.S cm wide, densely velvet-pubescent on both sides, ovate, ovate-orbicu l ar, cuspidate or rounded; acute or shortly acuminate at the apex and mostly confined towards the apex of branches. Venation closely reticulate and more prominent beneath. Leaf stalks very short, 2-S mm long. Flowers pale greenish-yellow produced in axillary cymes. Fruits globose, 0 . 8-1.8 cm long, 0.S-1.7 cm wide, pale brown or greenish- yellow containing 1-2 seeds per fruit. Seeds small, conic and hard. Illustra7 tions are s hown in Figure 7 and Plate VII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

C. burttii fleshy ripe fruit pulp is slightly sour in taste and edible.


Mature fruits may be picked from the tree and stored for ripening .


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that C. burtti i f l owers in December. A survey of the botanical specimens i n Lushoto herbarium shows that C. burttii flowers in November at Ulyankulu (Tabora). I t was also noted that the species fruits betwee~ December and January. A field survey carr ied out during the course of this study revealed that fruit maturing and ripening takes place from February to June. The above observations show that flowering takes place at the onset of the rains, \vhile fruit ripenin g i s t owards the end of the rainy season and at the onset of the long dry season. It can also be inferred that it takes about four to five months from the fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening.


Not known to the best of our knowled ge.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates from seed and coppice . However, regeneration from seed is rare because the seed coat is hard requiring sowing pretreatment. A field survey revealed that saplings, poles and mature trees were present. The spec i es is a shade demander. It i s thought that regeneration inducement could be of value in improvi ng the species' stocki ng in natura l forests.

- 29 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However,bearing in mind that the species produces abundant seed yearly, it can be concluded thatC. burttii could be regenerated artificially. It is possible to raise potted seedlingswhich could be planted in lanes along which woody vegetation has been cleared. Cuttingof climbers and slashing of brambles along the cleared lanes should be undertaken untilthe crop is well established.


Although C. burttii ripe fruits are not currently sold on local markets, large-scaleplanting of the species could contribute to the economy of fruit sellers as the fruit ispopular; the tree is very hard and resistant to termites, therefore it is used for houseconstruction and fences; it is also suitable for fuel-wood.

- 29 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However, bearing in mind that the species produces abundant seed yearly, it can be concluded that C. burttii could be regenerated artificially. It is possible to raise potted seedlings which could be planted in lanes along which woody vegetation has been cleared. Cutting of climbers and slashing of brambles along the cleared lanes should be undertaken until the crop is well established.


Although C. burttii ripe fruits are not currently sold on local markets, large-scale planting of the species could contribute to the economy of fruit sellers as the fruit is popular; the tree is very hard and resistant to termites, therefore it is used for house construction and fences; it is also suitable for fuel-wood.

PLATE VII. Canthium burtii Bullock

Plate VIII. Canthium burtii Bullock

a - branchlet

b - fruiting branchlet

c - seeds

Plate VII1 - tree, at Mwanbaha,Nzega - May 1982.Note the over topping

by Afzelia quanzensis

- 30 -

Plate VII2 - branchlet bearing dry fruits,at Mwambaha, Nzega - May, 1982

- 30 -

PLATE VII. Canthium burtii Bullock

Plate VIII. Canthiurn burtii Bullock

Plate VIIl

-

a - branchlet b - fruiting branchlet c - seeds

tree, at Mwanbaha, Nzega - May 1982. Note the over topping

by Afzelia quanzensis

Plate VII2

o 20mm I I

a - c

- branchlet bearing dry fruits, at Mwambaha, Nzega - May, 1982

8. CANTHIUM CRASSUM

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBTUION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally inTukuyu (i.e. Kyimbila area); Manyoni (i.e. Kazikazi area) and Tabora (i.e. Simbo ForestReserve) Districts. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium and fieldsurvey carried out during the course of this study revealed that the species also growsnaturally around Tabora Beekeeping School, Urumwa, Kigwa, Sikonge, Ichemba and Kiwele inTabora District. The species was also found at Ndala, Makomelo, Idudumo and Iduguta inNzega District. In Mpanda District the species grows naturally at Mwese, while in Kondoait grows naturally on Kolo Hills. It is also known to grow near Chunya, in Kigoma atKalinzi, and near Geita.

2.2 Altitude: A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium and the fieldsurvey carried out during the course of this study revealed that C. crassum grows naturallybetween 1150 m (at Urumwa) and 1820 m above sea level at Mwese Highlands in Mpanda District.

2.3 Climate: The climatic statistics for Tabora, Nzega and Manyoni Districts where C.crassum is known to grow naturally are given under Canthium burttii. According toNshubemuki, et. al. (1978), Tukuyu District Office Meteorological Station mean annualrainfall is 2340 649 with a total number of raindays of 149 57 per year. Morgan (1972)observed that Chunya receives 508 to 762 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five.According to the United Republic of Tanzania (1967), the mean minimum and mean maximumannual temperatures are, respectively, 140 C and 250 C. This indicates that C. crassumgrows in a variety of climatic conditions, ranging from semi-arid to wet areas.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Manyoni, Tabora, Nzega and Geita Districtsare described under Parinari curatellifolia, Bussea massaiensis and Canthium burttii.In Mpanda and Chunya, C. crassum grows on red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams(latosolic soils) and light yellow brown to reddish yellow, gritty, sandy clay loam,respectively, derived from Nyanzian-Kavirondoan rocks. The soils of Kolo Highland inKondoa District are brown clay loams to clays derived from rocks of Mozambique belt.Tukuyu District is dominated by dark red sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) derived fromtertiary-recent volcanics (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: C. crassum is known to grow naturally in Brachystegia woodland.The common associate tree species include: Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia antunesiana,Brachystegia spiciformis, Burkea africana, Combretum collinum, C. molle, C. zeyheri,Flacourtia indica, Julbernardia gloliflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Terminalia sericea, etc.

- 31 -

Family RubiaceaeBotanical Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) HiernVernacular muyogoyogo, mukukumba (Kinyamwezi); mugogolo (Kibende);

musede (Kirangi); munyabitwa (Kizinga); ingulungulu(Kinyakyusa); mbwewe, muwewe (Kihehe, Kibena); nam(Kisandawi).


Inventory data are not available. However, a rough count at Kitapilimwa ForestReserve (Iringa) revealed that there was profuse natural regeneration of about 48 saplingsand 3 mature trees in the 80 m2 plot. During the course of this study it was noted thatC. crassum is more abundant in the Brachystegia woodland in Iringa than in the Brachystegiawoodland of central and western Tanzania. This might be caused by altitudinal differences,Iringa being higher than central and western Tanzania.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. crassum is a deciduous shrub or smalltree,up to 5 m high, with pale grey barkand robust opposite branchlets which are flattened below nodes. Branchlets usuallyglabrous with visible lenticels and deltoid acuminate stipules 1 cm long, 0.7 cm wide,more or less persistent, which later enlarge and become woody. Leaves opposite, sub-coriaceons, 7-23 cm long, 4-13 cm wide, elliptic to broadly obovate, rarely ovate, obtuse,

8. CANTHIUM CRASSUM

1.0 NAMES: Family Botanical Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBTUION:

- 31 -

Rubiaceae Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern rnuyogoyogo, mukukumba (Kinyarnwezi); mugogolo (Kibende) ; musede " (Kirangi); munyabitwa (Kizinga); ingulungulu (Kinyakyusa); mbwewe, muwewe (Kihehe, Kibena); nam (Kisandawi).

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally in Tukuyu (i.e. Kyimbila area); Manyoni (i.e. Kazikazi area) and Tabora (i.e. Simbo Forest Reserve) Districts. A survey of the botanical spec i mens in Lushoto herbarium and field survey carr i ed out during the course of this study revealed that the species also grows naturally around Tabora Beekeeping School, Urumwa, Kigwa, Sikonge, Ichemba and Kiwele in Tabora District. The spec ies was also found at Ndala, Makomelo, Idudumo and Iduguta in Nzega Di strict. In Mpanda District the s pecies grows naturally at Mwese, while in Kondoa it grows naturally on Kolo Hills. It is also known to grow near Chunya, in Kigoma at Kalinzi, and near Geita.

2.2 Altitude: A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium and the field survey carried out during the course of this study revealed that C. crassum grows naturally between 1150 m (at Urumwa) and 1820 m above sea level at Mwese Highlands in Mpanda District.

2.3 Climate : The c limatic statistics for Tabora, Nzega and Manyoni Districts where C. crassum is known to grow naturally are given under Canthium burttii. According to -Nshubemuki, et. al. (1978), Tukuyu District Office Meteorological Station mean annual rainfall is 2340 ! 649 with a total number of raindays of 149 ! 57 per year. Morgan (1972) observed that Chunya receives 508 to 762 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. According to the United Republic of Tanzania (1967), the mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures are, respectively, 140 C and 250 C. This indicates that C. crass um gr ows in a variety of climatic conditions, ranging from semi- arid to wet areas.

2.4 Geology and soils : The geology and soils of Manyoni, Tabora, Nzega and Geita Districts are described under Parinari curatellifolia, Bussea massaiensis and Canthium burttii. In Mpanda and Chunya, C. crassum grows on red to yellow red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and light yellow brown to reddish yellow, gritty, sandy clay loam, r espectively, derived from Nyanzian- Kavirondoan rocks. The soils of Kolo Hi ghland in Kondoa District are brown clay loams to clays derived from rocks of Mozambique belt. Tukuyu District is dominated by dark red sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) derived from tertiary-recent volcanics (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: ~. crassum is known to grow naturally in Brachystegia woodland. The common associate tree species include: Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia antunesiana, Brachystegia spiciformis, Burkea africana, Combretum collinum, ~. molle, ~. zeyheri, Flacourtia indica, Julbernardia glo liflora, Pterocarpus angolensis, Termina lia sericea, etc.


Inventory data are not available. However, a rough count at Kitapilimwa Forest Reserve (Iringa) revealed that there was profuse natural regeneration of about 48 s~plings

and 3 mature trees in the 80 m2 plot. During the course of this study it was noted that ~. crassum is more abundant in the Brachystegia woodland in Iringa than in the Brachystegia woodland of central and western Tanzania . This might be caused by altitudinal differences, Iringa being higher than central and western Tanzania .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. crassum is a deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high, with pale grey bark and robust oppos ite branch lets which are flattened below nodes. Branchlets usually glabrous with visible lenticels and deltoid acumi,nate stipules 1 cm long, 0.7 cm wide, more or less persistent, which later enlarge and become woody . Leaves opposite, subcoriaceons, 7-23 cm ,long, 4-13 cm wide, e l liptic to broadly obovate, rarely ovate, obtuse,

- 32 -

rounded or sub-acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base; glabrous and shiny greenabove, glabrous or slightly pubescent and paler or whitish with prominent venation beneath.Leaf stalks 0.3 to 2.0 cm long. Flowers greenish-yellow produced in dense axillary cymes.Fruits ellipsoid, or globose, 1.5-3 cm long, 1.0-2.5 cm wide, 1-2-seeded, yellowish orgreenish yellow when ripe, containing hard seeds. Illustrations are shown in Figure 8 andPlate VIII.

5.0 MAIN USES:



C. crassum fruits are persistent, thus they are picked on ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers between November andJanuary, while ripening takes place in July.

A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that C. crassum flowersbetween November and April, while fruit ripening takes place between May and July. This

implies that flowering takes place in the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes placeduring the dry season. It takes about six months from the fertilization of the flower tofruit ripening. From the above observation it is possible that most of the fruits whichdevelop from March and April flowers die because of the incipient dry season.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: C. crassum regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and root

suckers. However, it should be borne in mind that its natural regeneration is very rare;its abundance in the natural forests surveyed is very low. Moreover, only a few seedlingsor suckers were noted, and no saplings were seen.

Natural regeneration could be improved by regeneration inducement techniques, e.g.hoeing and protection of the forests from annual forest fires, as the species appears tobe fire tender.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There has been no effort to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, there are possibilities of regenerating the species from seed.Owing to the hard seed coat, pretreatment by scarification could be essential. Pottedseedlings or stumps could be suitable for planting out.

C. crassum appears to be a shade demander. Thus, it should be planted on selectivelycleared sites.

In natural forests, where the species grows naturally, it is often not surroundedby dense vegetation. This implies that it cannot effectively compete with lower herbaceousvegetation. Thus, close planting should always be avoided and strip weeding and slashingof herbaceous vegetation should be practised.


C. crassum ripe fruits are sweet and have a good taste. Thus, planting it on a largescale could help in improving the income of fruit collectors by selling it on the market.

- 32 -

rounded or sub-acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base; glabrous and shiny green above, glabrous or slightly pubescent and paler or whitish with prominent venation beneath. Leaf stalks 0.3 to 2.0 em long. Flowers greenish- yellow produced in dense axillary cymes. Fruits ellipsoid, or globose, 1.5-3 em long, 1.0-2.5 em wide, 1-2-seeded, yellowish or greenish yellow when ripe, containing hard seeds. Illustrations are shown in Figure 8 and Plate VIII.

5.0 MAIN USES:



~. eras sum fruits are persistent, thus they are picked on ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers between November and January, while ripening takes place in July.

A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that C. crassum flowers between November and April, while fruit ripening takes place between May and July. This implies that flowering takes place in the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place during the dry season. It takes about six months from the fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening. From the above observation it is possible that most of the fruits which develop from March and April flowers die because of the incipient dry season .


Not known .


9.1 Natural regeneration: C. crassum regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and root suckers. However, it should-be borne in mind that its natural regeneration is very rare; its abundance in the natural forests surveyed is very low. Moreover, only a few seedlings or suckers were noted, and no saplings were seen.

Natural regeneration could be improved by regeneration inducement techniques, e.g. hoeing and protection of the forests from annual forest fires, as the species appears to be fire tender.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There has been no effort to regenerate the species artificially. However, there are possibilities of regenerating the species from seed. Owing to the hard seed coat, pretreatment by scarification could be essential. Potted seedlings or stumps could be suitable ' for planting out.

C. crassum appears to be a shade demander. Thus, it should be planted on selectively c leared s ites.

In natural forests, where the species grows naturally, it is often not surrounded by dense vegetation. This implies that it cannot effectively compete with lower herbaceous vegetation. Thus, close plant i ng should always be avoided and strip weeding and slashing of he rbaceous vegetation should be practised.


C. crassum ripe fruits are sweet and have a good taste. scale-could help in improving the income of fruit collectors

Thus, planting it on a large by selling it on the market.

Plate VIII. Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern

a - branchlet


c - seeds

- 33 -

PLATE VIII. Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern

Plate VIII1 - small tree overshadowedby Brachystegia woodland

at Simbo, Tabora -May, 1982

Plate VIII2 - branchlets bearing young

fruits at Simbo, Tabora -

May, 1982

PLATE VIII.

- 33 -

Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern

o I

a

@'" .; J 'oy

40mm

c

o

b Ii. c

20mm

Plate VIII. Canthium crassum (Schweinf.) Hiern

Pl ate VIIIl

-

a branchlet b fruiting branch let c seeds

small tree overshadowed by Brachystegia woodland at Simbo, Tabora -May, 1982

,

Plate VIII2

branchlets bearing young fruits at Simbo, Tabor a -May, 1982

9. CORDYLA DENSIFLORA

1.0 NAMES: FamilySub-familyBotanicalVernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 35 -

LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideaeCordyla densif lora Milne - Redh.mkwata (Kigogo, Kihehe, Kikaguru)

2.1 Locality: C. densiflora occurs naturally in Mpwapwa (e.g. Mbuyuni, Mpwapwa Mission,Kongwa Mission, Chinyika and Chibakwe areas), Kilosa (Kidete), Dodoma (e.g. Chipogolo andIlangali areas) and Iringa (e.g. Ponda and Idodi areas). It is not known to occur else-where (Brenan and Greenway, 1949; Brenan, 1967).

2.2 Altitude: Brenan (1967) observed that C. densiflora occurs between 850 m and 1220 mabove sea level. This was confirmed by recent observations. The species was noted to begrowing naturally between 950 m and 1050 m above sea level in Mpwapwa and at about 1000 mabove sea level at Ilangali in Dodoma.

2.3 Climate: C. densiflora grows naturally in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. Rainfallstatistics from 1931 to 1973 for Mpwapwa Veterinary Office shows that the mean rainfallis 716 ± 167 mm and there are 80 t 14 rainy days. Total annual potential evaporation is1257 mm (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). Morgan (1972) observed that Mpwapwa receives between508 and 762 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. It was also observed thatIlangali receives between 254 and 508 mm annual rainfall in four out of five years. Themean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures are 170 C and 270 C, respectively(United Republic of Tanzania, 1967). Nshubemuki (1979) observed that Ilangali (1966-75)receives 628 mm mean annual rainfall and the total rainy dayswe 47.7 4* 1.2.

2.4 Geology and soils: C. densiflora occurs in areas of rocks of varying origin. Therocks in Mpwapwa and Kilosa are of the Mozambique belt, while at Ilangali (Dodoma) therocks are of acid gneisses, magnetites and associated granites and granodiorites. Mpwapwaand Kilosa are dominated by brown clay loams to clay; while Ilangali and Idodi areas aredominated by light yellowish brown to reddish-yellow gritty, sandy clay loams (Morgan,1972).

2.5 Vegetation: Brenan (1967) observed that C. densiflora occurs naturally in deciduouswoodland and bushland (Commiphora). Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the speciesis common in Commiphora thickets. Morgan (1972) reports that Mpwapwa, Kilosa andIlangali areas where C. densiflora grows naturally are dominated by savanna vegetation.The dominant tree species are Acacia nigrescens, A. senegal, A. tortilis, Adansoniadigitata, Albizia amara, A. harveyi, Calyptrotheca taitensis, Commiphora africana, C.ugogensis, Delonix data, Entandrophragma bussei, Euphorbia candelabrum, Lonchocarpuscapassa, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc.


From the field observations carried out in Mpwapwa, it was estimated that the stockingof C. densiflora varies between 8 to 20 stems per hectare; it was also noted that thespecies is more abundant in disturbed Acacia-Commiphora woodland in Mpwapwa than insimilar undisturbed woodland at Ilangali (Dodoma).

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. densiflora is a deciduous tree, 4 to 10 m high with rough grey flaking bark andyellowish-green slash. Branchlets flexible, pendulous with visible lenticels. Leavesimparipinnate, 9 to 12 cm long. Leaflets 11 to 19, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2.0to 3.5 cm long, 1.0 to 2.3 cm wide, rounded or emarginate at apex, usually cordate, some-times rounded or truncate at base, glabrous to pubescent above, pubescent beneath. Thetree produces numerous flowers borne in racemes towards ends of branchlets when the treeis almost leafless. Petals absent. Stamens numerous, greenish-white, anthers, yellowish.Fruits subglobose or oblique with reddish-green streaks, 3.0 to 6.0 cm long, 2.5 to5.0 cm wide and beaked. Seeds fleshy, 2.5 to 5.8 cm long, 2.2 to 4.8 cm wide. Illustra-tions are given in Figure 9 and Plate IX.

9. CORDYLA DENSIFLORA

1. 0 NAl'lE S : Fami l y Sub- family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 35 -

Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae Cordyla dens if lora Milne - Redh. mkwata (Kigogo, Kihehe, Kikaguru)

2.1 Locality: C. densiflora occurs naturally in Mpwapwa (e.g. Mbuyuni, Mpwapwa Miss i on, Kongwa Mission, Chinyika and Ch ibakwe areas) , Kilosa (Kidete) , Oodoma (e,g. Chi pogo l o and Ilangali areas) and I r inga (e . g. Ponda and Idodi a r eas) . It i s not known to occur elsewhere (Brenan and Greenway , 1949; Brenan, 196 7).

2 . 2 Altitude: Brenan (1967) observed that ~ . dens i f lora occurs between 850 m and 1220 m above sea level. This was confirmed by recent obse r vations . The species was noted to be growing naturally between 950 m and 1050 m above sea level in Mpwapwa and at about 1000 m above sea level at Ilangali in Oodoma.

2.3 Climate : C. dens if l or a grows naturally in semi-arid areas of Tanzania. Rainfall statistics from 1931 to 1973 for Mpwapwa Vete rinary Off i ce shows that the mean ra infal l i s 716 ± 167 mm and there are 80 ~ 14 rainy days. Total annual potential evaporation is 1257 mm (Nshubemuki, et . al., 1978) . Morgan (1972) observed that Mpwapwa receives between 508 and 762 mm annual-rainfall in four years out of five. It was also observed that Ilangali receives between 254 and 508 mm annual rainfall in four out of five years. The mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures are 170 C and 27 0 C, respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967). Ns hubemuki (1979) observed that I1anga1i (1966- 75) recei ves 628 mm mean annual rainfall and the total rainy days ere 47. 7 ~ 1. 2.

2.4 Geology and soils; C. densiflora occurs in areas of rocks of varying origin. The rocks in Mpwapwa and Kilosa are of the Mozambique belt, while at Ilangali (Oodoma) the rocks are of acid gneisses, magnetites and associated granites and granodiorites. Hpwapwa and Kilosa are dominated by brown c l ay loams to c lay ; while Ilangali and Idodi areas are dominated by light yellowish brown to reddish- yellow gr it ty, sandy c l ay loams (Mor gan , 1972) .

2 . 5 Vegetation: Brenan (1967) observed that C. densiflora occurs naturally in deciduous woodland and bushland (Commiphora). Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species i s common in Commiphora thickets . Morgan (1972) reports that Mpwapwa, Kilosa and Ilangali areas where C. densiflora grows naturally are dominated by savanna vegetat i on. The dominant tree s pecies are Acac i a ni grescens , A. senegal, A. tortilis, Adansonia digitata, Albizia ~, ~. harveyi, Calyptrotheca t aitens i s,-Commiphora africana, f. ugogens is , Oelonix e l ata, Entandrophragma bussei, Euphorbia cande labrum , Lonehocarpus capassa, Xeroderris stuhlmannii, etc.

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

From the fie ld observat ions carried ou t in Mpwapwa, it was estimated that the s tocking of C. densiflora varies between 8 to 20 s t ems per hec tare; it was also noted tha t the species is mor e abund an t in disturbed Acac ia-Commiphora wood land i n Mpwapwa than in similar undisturbed wood land at Ilangali (Dodoma) .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

C. dens if l ora is a deciduous tree, 4 to 10 m high with rough grey flaking bark and yel l owish- gr een slash. Branchlets flexible, pendulous with visible lenticels. Leaves imparipinnate, 9 to 12 cm long. Leaf.1 e t s 11 t o 19 , ova te-oblong or elliptic-oblong , 2.0 to 3.5 cm l ong, 1.0 to 2.3 cm wi de , rounded or emarginate at apex, usually cordate , sometimes rounded or truncate at base, g l ab rous to pubescent above, pubescent beneath. The tree produces numerous flowers borne in racemes t owards ends of branchlets when the tree i s a lmos t l eafless . Petals absent. Stamens numerous, greenish-white, anthers, yel l owish. Fruits s ub globose or oblique with r eddish- green streaks, 3.0 to 6.0 em long , 2.5 to 5.0 em wide and beaked . Seeds f leshy, 2 . 5 to 5.8 em l ong, 2.2 to 4.8 em wide. Illus trations are given in Figure 9 and Plate IX.

- 36 -

5.0 MAIN USES:

C. densiflora fruit pulp is edible. However, the fruit pulp produces a ratherunpleasant odor.


C. densiflora ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree. It

is also possible to collect fruits from trees and store them for ripening.


A survey of the specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that C. densiflora flowers be-tween July and August at Kilosa and Iringa. However, a field survey carried out recentlyrevealed that the species flowers between May and October. On the other hand, Brenan andGreenway (1949) observed that C. densiflora flowers in February, June, and August. This

implies that flowering takes place towards the end of the rainy season, extending intothe dry season.

The species' fruit ripening takes place between October and February, i.e. during therainy season. From the above observations it is likely that it takes about six monthsfrom fertilization of the flower to the ripening of the fruit.




9.1 Natural regeneration: C. densiflora regenerates naturally from seed and coppice.During a recent field survey, it was observed that only saplings to mature trees werepresent. There was no trace of seedlings. The absence of the seedlings in the fieldmight be the result of the disturbances, e.g. grazing and annual forest fires whicheradicate young seedlings. It is also possible that most seedlings succumb to droughtduring the dry season. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of young or mature trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: C. densiflora seeds heavily in most years. It is thoughtthat most of the seeds are viable. Preliminary results obtained in Lushoto showed thatthe seed germinates during the fourth week after sowing. Thus, there is a possibilityof raising it in the nursery and planting it in the field. The species prefers open sites;these sites should be partially cleared of natural vegetation and intensively weeded fora good start.

The species can also be regenerated by stake or truncheon planting. It is advisablethat this should be done at the onset of the dry season in order to avoid having thestakes rot.

The fruit yield per tree may be increased by pruning.


Building poles; making traditional stools and grain mortars; live fences.

- 36 -

5.0 MAIN USES:

C. densiflora fruit pulp is edible. However, the fruit pulp produces a rather unpleasant odor.


C. densiflora ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree. It is also possible to col l ect fruits from trees and store them for ripening.


A survey of the specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that c. densiflora flowe r s between July and August at Kilosa and Iringa. However, a field survey carried out recent l y revealed that the species flowers between May and October. On the other hand, Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that c. densiflora flowers in February, June, and August. This implies that flowering takes place towards the end of the rainy season, extending into the dry season.

The species' fruit ripening takes place between October and February, i.e. during the rainy season. F.rom the above observations it is likely that it takes about six months from fertilization of the flower to the ripening of the fruit.




9.1 Natural regeneration: C. densiflora regenerates naturally from seed and coppice . During a recent field survey~ it was observed that only saplings to mature trees were present. There was no trace of seedlings. The absence of the seedlings in the fie l d might be the result of the disturbances, e.g. grazing and annual forest f i res which eradicate young seedlings. It is also possible that most seedlings succumb to drought during the dry season. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of young or mature trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: C. densiflora seeds heavily in most years. It is thought that most of the seeds are viable. Preliminary results obtained in Lushoto showed that the seed germinates during the fourth week after sowing. Thus, there is a possibility of raising it in the nursery and planting it in the field. The species prefers open sites; these sites should be part i ally cleared of natural vegetation and intensively weeded for a good start.

The species can also be regenerated by stake or truncheon planting. that this should be done at the onset of the dry season in order to avo i d s takes rot.

The fruit yield per tree may be increased by pruning.


I t is advisab I e having the

Building poles; making traditional stools and grain mortars; live fences.

- 37 -

PLATE IX. Cordyla densif lora Milne-Redh.

Plate IX. Cordyla densif lora Milne-Redh.

a - branchlet c - branchlet bearing flower buds- leaf d - fruit

e - fruit, part section showing seed

Plate IX1 - tree at Mpwapwa,

April, 1982

4

Plate IX2 - branchlet bearing flower buds at

Mpwapwa, April, 1982

Plate IX3 - branchlet bearing mature fruit

at Mpwapwa, February, 1982

- 37 -

PLATE IX. Cordyla densiflora Milne- Redh.

Plate IX. Cordyla densiflora Milne-Redh.

a - branchlet b - leaf

Plate IX -1

tree at Mpwapwa, April, 1982

c - branchlet bearing flower buds d - fruit e - fruit, part section shm.;ing seed

Plate IX -2

-t - \" ,

branchlet bearing flower Mpwapwa, April, 1982

buds at

Pl ate IX3

- branch let bearing mature fruit at Mpwapwa, February, 1982

1.0 NAMES: Family EbenaceaeBotanical Diospyros kírkii HiernVernacular mnumbulu (Kinyamwezi); mneakora (Kimwera); mkokokivu

(Kividunda).

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: A survey of the specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the speciesgrows naturally in Masasi, Lindi, Mikumi, Mpanda, Kilosa and Uvinza areas. During thecourse of this study, the species was found growing naturally at Ruaha Valley, Rungwa inManyoní, Igurusi near Mbeya, and Mikumi in Morogoro.

2.2 Altitude: D. kirkii appears to be growing between 400 m and 1250 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: D. kirkii grows naturally in areas receiving from 508 mm to over 1270 mmof rain in four years out of five. These areas have mean minimum and mean maximumtemperatures of 160 C and 270 C, respectively. Relative humidity data for the area whereD. kírkii grows naturally are not available (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: D. kirkii grows naturally on a variety of soils of varying rockorigins. However, the species prefers mostly coarse sandy soils and vertisols.

2.5 Vegetation types: White (1962) observed that D. kírkii grows naturally in poor'miombo' woodland, especially at edges of dambos and on escarpment slopes. The fieldsurvey carried out during the course of this study showed that D. kirkii is very commonin Acacia-Combretum woodland. The common associate tree species included Acacia nígrescens,Albizia harveyi, Combretum fragrans, C. grandifolium, C. molle, C. obovatum, C. zeyheri,Commiphora africana, Díospyros mespilíformis, Grewia bicolor, G. mollis, G. platycladis,Manilkara mochisía, M. obovata, Tamarindus índica, Terminalia stuhlmannii, Zanthoxylumchalybeum, etc.


The species occurs in open patches in the Combretum-Acacia woodland. Its stocking isextremely low.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

D. kirkii is a deciduous or semi-deciduous tree, 10 m (or more) high with roundedcrown, rough, longitudinally fissured bark and tomentellous shoots. Leaves alternate,broadly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 16-19 cm long, 4-8.5 cm wide, almost glabrous above,presistently pubescent with spreading hairs and with prominent venation beneath, roundedat the apex and cuneate or rounded at base. Leaf stalks pubescent or glabrous, 0.3-1.5 cmlong. Flowers dioecíous, 5-merous and gteenish-white. Male flowers hairy, produced in3 or more axillary cymes. Female flowers solitary or paired in leaft axile and shortlypedicellate. Fruits globose, shortly-stalked, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 2.0-3.5 cm thick, greenishand pubescent when young, becoming almost glabrous when mature, persistent and yellow whenripe. Seeds dark brown, 1.2-1.7 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm. thick, bean-shaped, shiny andglabrous. Illustrations are shown in Figure 10 and Plate X.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp of D. kirkii is edible.


D. kirkii ripe fruits are usually picked from the tree and, in rare cases, arecollected from the ground.

-39 -

10. DIOSPYROS KIRKII10. DIOSPYROS KIRKII

1.0 NAMES: Family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRI BUTION:

- 39 -

Ebenaceae Diospyros kirkii Hiern mnumbulu (Kinyamwezi); mng'akora (Kimwera); mkokokivu (Kividunda).

2.1 Locality: A survey of the specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species grows naturally in Masasi, Lindi, Mikumi, Mpanda, Kilosa and Uvinza areas. During the course of this study, the species was found growing naturally at Ruaha Valley, Rungwa in Manyoni, Igurusi near Mbeya, and Hikumi in Morogoro.

2.2 Altitude: Q. kirkii appears to be growing between 400 m and 1250 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: D. kirkii grows naturally in areas receiving from 508 mm to over 1270 mm of rain in four-years out of five. These areas have mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures of 160 C and 270 C, respectively. Relative humidity data for the area where Q. kirkii grows naturally are not available (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: D. kirkii grows naturally on a variety of soils of varying rock origins. However, the species prefers mostly coarse sandy soils and vertisols.

2.5 Vegetation types: White (1962) observed that Q. kirkii grows naturally in poor 'miombo' woodland, especially at edges of dambos and on escarpment slopes. The field survey carried out during the course of this study showed that D. kirkii is very common in Acacia- Combretum woodland. The common associate tree species-included Acacia nigrescens, Albizia harveyi, Combretum fragrans, ~. grandifolium, ~. molle, ~. obovatum, ~. zeyheri, Commiphora africana, Diospyros mespiliformis, Grewia bicolor, ~. mallis, ~. platyclad i s, Manilkara mochisia, M. obovata, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia stuhlmannii, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, etc.


The species occurs in open patches in the Combretum-Acacia woodland. Its stocking is extremely low.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

D. kirkii is a deciduous or semi-deciduous tree, 10 m (or more) high with rounded crown~ rough, longitudinally fissured bark and tomentellous shoots. Leaves alternate, broadly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 16-19 cm long, 4-8.5 cm wide, almost glabrous above, presistently pubescent with spreading hairs and with prominent venation beneath, rounded at the apex and cuneate or rounded at base. Leaf stalks pubescent or glabrous, 0.3-1.5 cm long. Flowers dioecious, 5-merous and greenish-white. Male flowers hairy, produced in 3 or more axillary cymes. Female flowers solitary or paired in leaft axile and shortly pedicellate. Fruits globose, shortly-stalked, 2.5-3.5 em long, 2.0-3.5 em thick, greenish and pubescent when young, becoming almost glabrous when mature, persistent and yellow when ripe. Seeds dark brown, 1.2-1.7 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm :. thick, bean-shaped, shiny and glabrous. Illustrations are shown in Figure 10 and Plate X.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp of D. kirkii is edible.


D. kirkii ripe fruits are usually picked from the tree and, in rare cases, are collected from the ground.

-40 -


White (1962) observed that in Zambia D. kirkii flowers in October, while fruitripening occurs from April to September. Chingaipe (Pers. Comm.) observed that in Zambiafruit ripening occurs between August and October. A survey of the botanical specimens inLushoto herbarium shows that the species flowers between October and December, while fruitripening occurs between April and July. This is also in agreement with the resultsobtained from field survey carried out during the course of this study. The above obser-vations show that flowering occurs during the rainy season, while fruit ripening takesplace during the dry season. Moreover, it takes about six months from the fertilizationof the flower to fruit ripening.



9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: D. kirkii regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and suckers.The seed does not germinate readily owing to its hard seed coat and probably to seeddormancy. If the seeds germinate at all, the seedlings are sensitive to moisture stressor wiped out by fires. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees, while root suckersare produced on wounding of the root by any means, e.g. forest fires, burrowing animals,trampling animals and cultivation. In general, it can be concluded that natural regenera-tion of D. kirkii is rare.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate D. kirkii arti-ficially. However, the species is semi-cultivated in areas where it is found growingnaturally. D. kirkii is left standing on clearing of farms.

However, there are possibilities of raising it artifically. This can be achievedwith the suitable pretreatment of the seed and raising of potted stock which could beplanted out. The species is a light demander. Thus, it should preferably be planted onareas where there is partial clearing of natural vegetation and tending should includeslashing and spot weeding until the crop is well established.


The fruits are edible; its wood is used for making tool handles, gun stocks and fuel;

and young trees are suitable for provision of shade.

- 40 -


White (1962) observed that in Zambia D. kirkii flowers in October, while fruit ripening occurs from April to September. Chingaipe (Pers. Comm.) observed that in Zamb i a fruit ripening occurs between August and October. A survey of the botani cal specimens i n Lushoto herbarium shows that the species flowers between October and December, while fruit ripenin g occurs between April and July. This is also in agreement with the resu l ts obtained from field survey carried out during the course of this study. The above observations show that flowering occurs during the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place during the dry season. Moreover , it takes about six months from the fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening.

8.0 NUTRIT I ONAL VALUE:


9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATI ON OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: Q. kirkii regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and suckers. The seed does not germinate readily owing to its hard seed coat and probably to seed dormancy. If the seeds germinate at all, the seedlings are sensitive to moisture stress or wiped out by fires. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees, while root suckers are produced on wounding of the root by any means, e.g. forest fires, burrowing animals, trampling animals and cultivation. In general, it can be concluded that natura l regeneration of D .. kirki i is rare.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate D. kirkii artificially. However, the species is semi-cultivated in areas where it is found growing naturally. Q. kirkii is left standing on clearing of farms.

However, there a~e possibilities of raising it artifically. This can be achieved with the suitable pretreatment of the seed and raising of potted stock which could be planted out. The species is a light demander. Thus, it should preferably be planted on areas where there is partial clearing of natural vegetation and tending should include slashing and spot weeding until the crop is we l l established.


The fruits are edible; its wood is used for making tool handles, gun stocks and fuel; and young trees are suitable for provision of shade.

Plate X -1

- 41 -

PLATE X. Diospyros kirkii Hiern

tree at Rungwa, Manyoni,

December, 1981

Plate X2 - branchlet bearing mature

fruits at Rungwa, Manyoni,

May, 1982

Plate X. Díospyros kirkii Hiern

a - branchletb - branchlet bearing flower budsc - branchlet bearing fruits

mw

Plate X -1

- 41 -

PLATE X. Diospyros kirkii Hiern ,

0

0 40mm , , 0

0 2pmm 1

b

JOmm 1

Pla t e x. Diospyros kirkii Hiern a - branchlet b branch let bearing flower buds c - branch let bearing fruits

tree at Rungwa,

December, 1981 Manyoni ,

Plate X2

- branchlet bearing mature fruits a t Rungwa, Manyoni, May , 1982

11. DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS

1.0 NAMES: FamilyBotanicalVernacular

- 43 -

EbenaceaeDiospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.mhukwi, mkulwi, mkulwe (Kizigua); msindi, msinde, mkuare(Kichagga); mkoke (Kivídunda); mtitu msindanguruwe,msindde (Kiluguru); mjongolo (Kipare); msinde, msindi(Kibende); msinde, mkinde (Kinyamwezí); mjoho mpweke(Kiswahili); African Ebony (English).

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that D. mespiliformis grows naturallyin Bagamoyo, Tabora, Turu, Mpangara and Mafia. A survey of the botanical specimens inLushoto herbarium shows that the species grows naturally in Moshi (i.e. Rau, Uru); Same(i.e. Kwizu stream), Korogwe (i.e. Mombo Arboretum); Handeni, Morogoro (i.e. Kimboza);Kilosa (i.e. Vigude); Mbeya (i.e. Chimala) districts. Moreover, a survey carried outrecently revealed that the species grows naturally in Manyoní (i.e. Rungwa, Mwamagembe,Kipili) and Tabora (Kiwere, Sikonge, Urumwa Ichemba) districts. The observations showthat the species is widespread throughout Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that thespecies grows naturally between 500 m and 1250 m above sea level. However, during thecourse of this study, D. mespiliformis was found growing naturally at about 350 m abovesea level at Kímboza in Morogoro. Thus, the altitudinal range for D. mespiliformis is350 m and 1250 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for localities where D. mespiliformis grows naturallyhave already been discussed under Diospyros kirkii. However, the species also grows inlowland rain forests receiving higher rainfall.

2.4 Geology and soils: D. mespiliformis grows on a variety of soils of varying origin.The species grows on red loam soils, volcanic soils and loamy sands. However, it prefersmoist soils.

2.5 Vegetation types: D. mespiliformis grows naturally in lowland rain forests andriveraín strips in Brachystegía woodland. The common associate tree species in lowlandrain forests include: Albizia schimperana, A. gummifera, Antíaris usambarensis,Chlorophora excelsa, Croton macrostachys, Diospyros abyssinica, Newtonia buchannanii,Olea welwitschii, Pachystela brevipes, P. insolo, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Sterculiaappendiculata, Trema orientalis and Trichilia roka, while in wooded grasslands andriverain Brachystegia woodland, the common associate tree species are Acacia sieberiana,Borassus aethiopum, Combretum fragrans, C. grandifolium, C. obovatum, C. zeyheri,Diospyros kirkii, Grewia bicolor, G. conocarpoides, Julbernardia globiflora, Kigeliaaethiopica, Lonchocarpus capassa, Manilkara obovata, Parínari curatellifolia, Syzygiumguineense, Tamarindus índica, Terminalía mollís and T. serícea.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

There are no records of inventory data on D. mespiliformis. However, field observa-tions show that the species is more abundant on riverain soils along river courses andnear swamps in the miombe woodland than in the wooded grassland and lowland rain forests.The above observation shows that the species prefers areas with permanent water whichhelps in seed germination and seedling establishment. Moreover, riverain soils areloose, thus seedlings get deep rooted before the onset of the dry season; also, on thesesoils competition from herbaceous vegetation is low. On the other hand, in lowland rainforest most seeds fail to germinate as these forests do not have permanent water and,if the seed germinates, it succumbs to weeds.

11. DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS

1.0 NAMES : Family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 43 -

Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC . mhukwi, mkulwi, mkulwe (Kizigua); ms i ndi, msincle, mkuare (Kichagga); mkoke (Kividunda); mtitu msindanguruwe, msindde (Kiluguru) ; mjongolo (Kipare); msinde, msind i (Kibencle); rnsinde, mkinde (Kinya~vezi); mjoho mpweke (Kiswahili); African Ebony (English).

2 .1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that D. mespil i formis grows naturally i n Bagamoyo, Tabora, Turu, Mpangara and Mafia. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species grows naturally in Moshi (i.e. Rau, Uru); Same (i . e. Kwizu stream), Korogwe (i . e. Mambo Arboretum); Handeni, Morogoro (i.e. Kimboza) ; Kilosa (i . e . Vigude); Mbeya (i.e. Chimala) districts . Moreover, a survey carried out recently revealed that the species grows naturally in Manyoni (i . e. Rungwa, Mwamagembe, Kipili) and Tabora (Kiwere, Sikonge , Ur umwa Ichemba) districts. The observations show that the species is widespread throughout Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: A su rvey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species grows naturally between 500 m and 1250 m above sea level. However, during the course of this study , D. mespiliformis was found growing naturally at about 350 m above sea level at Kimboza in Morogoro. Thus, the altitudinal range for D. mespiliformis is 350 m and 1250 m above sea level.

2 . 3 Cl imate: The climatic data for localities where D. mespiliformis grows naturally have already been discussed under Diospyros kirkii. However, the species also grows in l owland rain forests receiving higher rainfall.

2 . 4 Geology and soils: Q. mespiliformis grows on a variety of soils of varying origin. The species grows on red loam soils, volcanic soi l s and loamy sands . However, it prefers moist soils.

2 . 5 Vegetation types: Q. mespiliformis grows naturally in lowland rain forests and riverain strips in Brachystegia woodland. The common associate tree species in lowland rain forests include: Albizia schimperana, ~. gummifera, Antiaris usambarensis, Chlorophora excelsa, Croton macrostachys, Diospyros abyssinica, Newtonia buchannanii , Olea welwitschii, Pachystela brevipes, ~. msolo, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Sterculia appendiculata, Trema orientalis and Trichilia roka, while in wooded grass lands and riverain Brachystegia woodland, the common associate tree spec i es are Acacia sieberiana, Borassus aethiopum, Combretum fragrans, f. grandifolium, ~. obovatum, f. zeyher i , Diospyros kirkii, Grewia bicolor, ~. conocarpoides, Julbernardi a globiflor a, Kigelia aethiopica, Lonchocarpus capassa, Manilkara obovata , Parinari curatellifolia, Syzygium gu ineense, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia mollis and !. sericea .


There are no records of inventory data on D. mespiliformis. However, field observations show that the species is more abundant on-riverain soils along river courses and near swamps in the miombe woodland than in the wooded grassland and lowland rain forests. The above observat i on shows that the species prefers areas with permanent water which helps in seed germination and seedling establishment . Moreover, riverain soils are loose, thus seedlings get deep rooted before the onset of the dry season; also , on these soils compet i tion from herbaceous vegetation is low. On the other hand, in lowland rain forest most seeds fail to germinate as these forests do not have permanent water and, if the seed germinates, it succumbs to weeds.

- 44 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

D. mespiliformis is a tall evergreen timber tree 15-45 m high, with dense roundedcrown and buttressed stem. Bark grey-black or black, smooth in young trees, rough withsmall regular scales in older trees, pinkish when slashed. Young branchlets tomentellouswith pinkish-white hairs, glabrescent later. Wood white or pinkish-white, hard and heavywith smooth texture. Leaves alternate, shiny-green above, paler beneath, 4-17 cm long,1.5-5.5 cm wide, oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate-elliptic, rarely lanceolate-elliptic,pubescent when young, later becoming glabrescent or with few persistent, appressed hairsbeneath, acute or subacuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base with impressedmidrib above, prominent beneath. Flowers dioecious, 5-merous, white and fragrant. Maleflowers sessile, hairy and clustered on axillary peduncles. Female flowers solitary,shortly pedicillate and axillary. Fruits usually globose, up to 3 cm in diameter, green-ish and pubescent when young, yellowish and glabrous when ripe. Seeds dark brown, bean-shaped shiny and glabrous. Illustrations are shown in Figure 11 and Plate XI.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe pulp is edible.


Ripe fruits of D. mespiliformis are collected from the ground or picked from the tree.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that D. mespiliformis flowers in November, whilefruit ripening occurs in April and in July and August. White (1962) reports that in ZambiaD. mespiliformis flowers in November, while fruit ripening takes place between July andSeptember. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that in low-land rain forests flowering occurs between November and April, while fruit ripening takesplace between July and October. On the other hand, in the riverain vegatation floweringoccurs in December, while fruits ripen between July and November. A field survey carriedout during the course of this study revealed that in the riverain vegetation floweringoccurs in October and November, while fruit ripening takes place between April and June.From the above observations it can be concluded that flowering takes place in the rainyseason, while fruit ripening takes place in the dry season. Also, it takes about sixto eight months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. However, it should be notedthat the time taken from flower fertilization to fruit ripening depends on the prevailingclimate and vegetation type. The maturing period is shorter in hot, less humid woodlandareas than in humid lowland forests.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: D. mespiliformis regenerates naturally from seed, coppice androot suckers. Field observations show that the seed does not germinate readily except onsites with permanent high soil moisture. Moreover, germination may be delayed by seeddormancy. Also, seeds are attacked by seed borers. Coppice shoots are produced on fellingof trees. Root suckers are produced on root wounding by any means. D. mespiliformis'natural regeneration is not adequate; the stocking of pole sized and mature trees is low,while seedlings and saplings are rare. It is anticipated that crop refining and protec-tion from fires could help in improving crop stocking in natural forests.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species.However, seeds can be collected, pretreated and raised in the nur'sery. Planting out shouldbe done in areas where there is partial clearing of the vegetation and tending shouldinclude slashing and spot weeding until trees are well established.

- 44 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

D. mespiliformis is a tall evergreen timber tree 15-45 m high, with dense rounded crown-and buttressed stem . Bark grey-black or black, smooth in young trees, rough with small regular scales in older t r ee s, pinkish when slashed. Young branchlets tornentellous with pinkish- white hairs, glabrescent later. Wood white or pinkish- white, hard and heavy with smooth texture. Leaves alternate, shiny-green above, paler beneath, 4- 17 em long, 1.5-5.5 em wide, oblong- e l liptic or oblanceolate- elliptic, rarely lanceolate-elliptic, pubescent when young, later becoming glabrescent or \vith few persistent, appressed hairs beneath, acute or subacuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base with impressed midrib above, prominent beneath. Flowers dioecious, 5-merous, white and fragrant. Hale f l owers sess ile, hairy and clustered on axillary peduncles . Female flowers solitary, shortly pedicillate and axillary. Fruits usually globose, up to 3 cm in diameter, greenish and pubescent when young, ye llowish and glabrous when ripe. Seeds dark brown, beanshaped shiny and glabrous. Illustrations are shown in Figure 11 and Plate XI .

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe pulp 1S edible.


Ripe fruits of ~. mespiliformis are collected from the ground or picked from the tree.

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that D. mespiliformis flow ers in November, while fruit ripening oc curs in April and in July and- August. White (1962) report s that in Zambia D. mespiliformis flowers in November, while fruit ripening takes p l ace between July and September . A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that in lowland rain forests flowering occurs between November and April, while fruit ripening takes place between July and October. On the othe r hand, in the riverain vegatation flowering occurs in December, while fruits ripen between July and November. A field survey car ried out during the course of this study revealed that in the riverain vegetation flowering occurs in October and November, while fruit ripening takes place between April and June. From the above observations it can be concluded that flowering takes place in the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place in the dry season. Also, i t takes about six to eight months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. However, it should be noted that the time taken from flower fertilization to fruit ripening depends on the prevailing climate and vegetation type. The maturing period is shorter in hot, l ess humid woodland areas than in humid lowland forests.


Not known.


9. 1 Natura l regeneration: ~. mespiliformis regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and root suckers. Field observations show that the seed does not germinate readily except on sites with permanent high soi l moisture. Moreover, germination may be delayed by seed dormancy. Also, seeds are attacked by seed borers. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced on root wounding by any means. D. mespi l iformis' natural regeneration is not adequate; the stocking of pole sized and mature trees is low, while seedlings and saplings are rare. It is anticipated that crop refining and protection from fi r es could he l p in improving crop stocking in natu r al forests.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species. However, seeds can be co llected, pretreated and raised in the nursery. Planting out should be done in areas where there is partial clearing of the vegetation and tending should include slashing and spot weed i ng until trees are well es t ab lished.

- 45 -


Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) observed that the fruit is used in making 'brandy'and that it is dried and stored against shortage of food; the tree yields a usefultimber which is resistant to termites, hard and heavy, and is used for making railwaysleepers, tool handles, gun stocks, etc.

- 45 -

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :

Watt and Breyer-Brandwi j k (1962) observed that the fruit i s used in making 'brandy' and that it is dried and stored against shortage of food; the tree yields a useful timber which is resistant to termites, hard and heavy, and is used for making railway s l eepers , tool handles, gun stocks, etc.

PLATE XI. Díospyros mespíliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.

-46 -

Plate XI. Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC.

a - branchlet bearing flower buds

b - fruiting branchletc - fruit part section showing seeds

Obk.

Plate XI1 - tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, Plate XI2 - branchlet bearing mature

May, 1982 fruits, Rungwa, Manyoni,

May, 1982

- 46 -

PLATE XI. Dio spyros mespiliforrnis Hochst. ex A. DC.

r-----------------------------------------------. I

r_

a

o 20n1m ~ LI _--'-_----11

01 40mm L. __ -'-__ --'I

a b & c

Plate XI. Diospyros mesp ilif ormis Hochst. ex A. DC.

a - branchlet bearing flower buds b - fruiting branchlet c - fruit par t section showing seeds

Plate XII - tree at Rungwa, Manyoni, May, 1982

Plate XI2

- branchlet bearing mature fruits, Rungwa, Manyoni, May, 1982

12. FLACOURTIA INDICA

1.0 NAMES:

- 47 -

Family FlacourtiaceaeBotanical Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill

Syn. Gmelina indica Burm. f.Flacourtia ramontchii L Herit.F. hirtiuscula Oliv.F. elliptica (Tul.) WarbF. kirkii Burtt DavyF. kirkiana GardnerF. afra Pichi-Serm.Xylosma ellipticum Tul

Vernacular msingila, mpunguswa (Kinyamwezi); mtundukarya (Kirangi),mgola (Kizigua); mgora (Kiluguru); msanbachi (Kichagga);msunga (Kibende); msungusu (Kizinza); mtaswa (Kimwera);mchongoma, mkingili, ngovigovi (Kiswahili).

Commen EnglishName Indian Plum

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that F. indica is never common but is

distributed throughout Tanzania. Sleumer (1975) reports that F. indica grows naturallyin Ukerewe Island, on the Rondo Plateau, in the Lindi area, Zanzibar Island and Kibondo

District. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that F. indicagrows naturally from coastal areas, i.e. Kisarawe, Kongowe, Rufiji to inland areas, e.g.Morogoro at Mtibwa and Turiani; Iringa at Njombe; Rukwa and Mpanda; Tabora in SimboForest Reserve; Singida; Kilimanjaro at Marangu and Tanga at Mombo and Soni.

2.2 Altitude: Sleumer (1975) observed that the species grows naturally from sea levelto about 2400 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: F. indica grows naturally in areas with varying climatic regimes. Accord-ing to Morgan (1972) it appears that the species grows in areas receiving between 508 andover 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. However, it appears to be absentin semi-arid areas of central Tanzania receiving between 254 and 508 mm annual rainfallin four years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures are 130 C and290 C, respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: F. indica grows naturally on a variety of soils of varying rockorigin. Field observations show that in the Brachystegia woodland the species prefersmostly sandy soils near water courses and red clay soils.

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that F. indica grows naturallyin Brachystegia and Combretum woodland. Sleumer (1975) observed that F. indica growsnaturally in woodland, wooded grassland and bushland, often riparian. The common associ-ate tree species have already been given under DiosPyros mespiliformis. In addition thereareAcacia polyacantha, Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Friesodielsiaobovata, Oldfieldia dactylophylla, Swartzia madagascariensis, Vitex mombassae, V. doniana,etc.


The inventory taken in Tabora (Schultz & Company, Ltd., 1973) showed that the distri-bution of trees in diameter (DBH) classes 15-29 cm and 30-44 cm were 1.62 and 1.58 stemsper ha. The stocking on 7 992 ha was 25 574 stems, i.e. 3.2 stems/ha. Field observationsshow that the species is more abundant in Brachystegia and Combretum woodland on sandysoils with high watertable than in wooded grassland or bushland.

12. FLACOURTIA I NDICA


Vernacular

- 47 -

Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill Gmel ina indica Burro. f. Flacourtia ramontchii L Herit . F. hirtiuscula Olivo F. elliptica (Tu1.) \,arb F. kirkii Burtt Davy F. kirkiana Gardner F. afra Pichi-Serm. Xylosma ellipticum Tul ms ingila, mpunguswa (Kinyamwezi); mtundukarya (Kirangi), mgola CKizigua); mgora (Kiluguru); msanbachi (Kichagga); msunga (Kibende) ; msungusu (Kizinza); mtaswa (Kimwera); mchongoma, mkingili, ngovigov i (Kiswahili).

Cornmen Name

English Indian Plum

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that ~. indica is never cqrnmon but is distributed throughout Tanzan ia. Sleumer (1975) reports that F. indica grows naturally in Ukerewe Island, on the Rondo Plateau, in the Lindi area, Zanzibar Island and Kibondo District. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that I. indica grows naturally from coasta l areas, i.e. Kisarawe, Kongowe, Rufiji to inland areas, e.g. Morogoro at Mtibwa and Turiani; Iringa at Njombe; Rukwa and Mpanda; Tabora in Simbo Forest Reserve; Singida; Kilimanjaro at Marangu and Tanga at Mombo and Soni.

2.2 Altitude: Sleumer (1975) observed that the species grows naturally from sea level to about 2400 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: F. indica grows naturally 1n areas with vary ing climat i c reg imes. According to Morgan (1972) it appears that the species grows in areas receiving between 508 and over 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. However, it appears to be absent in semi-arid areas of central Tanzania receiving between 254 and 508 mm annua l rainfall in four years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures are 130 C and 29 0 C, respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: F. indica grows naturally on a variety of soils of varying rock origin. Fie ld observations show that in the Brachystegia woodland the species prefers mostly sandy soils near water courses and red clay soils .

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that I. indica grows naturally in Brachystegia and Combretum woodland. Sleumer (1975) observed that F. indica grows naturally in woodland, wooded grassland and bushland, often riparian. The common associate tree species have already been given under Diospyros mespiliformis. In addition there areAcacia polyacantha, Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Friesodielsia obovata, Oldfieldia dactylophylla, Swartzia madagascariensis, Vitex mombassae, V. doniana, etc.


The inventory taken in Tabora (Schultz & Company, Ltd., 1973) showed that the distribution of trees in diameter (DBH) classes 15-29 cm and 30-44 cm were 1 . 62 and 1.58 stems per ha. The stocking on 7 992 ha was 25 574 stems, i.e. 3.2 stems/ha. Field observations show that the species is more abundant in Brachystegia and Combretum woodland on sandy soils lvith high watertable than in wooded grassland or bushland.

- 48 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

F. indica is a small,many -branched and spiny deciduous shrub or small tree up to10 m high with rough pale yellow bark and light yellow slash. Branches usually glabrousor covered with yellowish powder, young branchlets usually smooth and lenticellate. Leavesvariable in shape and size, alternate, ovate, elliptic, suborbicular or obovate, 2.5-12 cmlong (or more), 2-8 cm wide, membraneous to almost coriaceous, rounded, obtuse or rarelyobtuse-acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base, crenate-serrate or rarely sub-entire with 4-7 lateral nerves which are slightly prominent on both surfaces. Leaf stalksshort, 0.3-2 cm long. Flowers dioecious or sometimes bisexual, small, cream or pale yellow,fragrant, borne on short axillary cymes. Fruits globose berries up to 2.5 cm in diameter,reddish or reddish-black and fleshy when ripe, marked with persistent style scars on oneend, containing up to 10 seeds. Seeds small, 0.8-1 cm long, 0.4-0.7 cm broad, tick-shaped,ridged and hard. Illustrations are shown in Figure 12 and Plate XII.

5.0 MAIN USES:



F. indica fruits are persistent, thus on ripening are picked from the tree. Ripefruits are often dried and stored as a future food source.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that F. indica flowers in January and February.White (1962) observed that in Zambia F. indica flowers between October and December; whilefruit ripening occurs between May and July. A survey of the botanical specimens inLushoto herbarium shows that flowering occurs between November and July, implying thatit starts at the onset of the rainy season, continues through the rainy season and extendsinto the dry season. Fruit ripening occurs between December and July. This is supportedby the results obtained during the field survey carried out during the course of thisstudy.

The above observations show that flowering and fruit ripening times vary from localityto locality, and that it takes about five to eight months from flower fertilization tofruit ripening.




9.1 Natural regeneration: F. indica regenerates naturally from seed and coppice. Thegermination behaviour of the seed is not known. However, its hard seed coat may resultin poor germination. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of the trees and shrubs. Ingeneral, natural regeneration on sandy soils is average; often trees of all stages can beseen in the field. However, most young trees succumb to annual forest fires. Protectionof its natural habitat from fires and crop refining could improve the stocking and conse-quently result in high fruit yields.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, through improving the germination capacity of the seed by pre-treatment, the species could be raised in the nursery and planted out in the field. It

is important that the planting site be partially cleared as the species is a light demander.Moreover, the young crop should receive slashing and spot weeding until it is wellestablished.

- 48 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

F. indica is a small, manY-branched and spiny deciduous shrub or small tree up to 10 m high with rough pale yellow bark and light yellow slash. Branches usually glabrous or covered with yellowish powder, young branchlets usually smooth and lenticellate. Leaves variable in shape and size, alternate, ovate, elliptic, suborbicular or obovate, 2.5-12 em long (or more), 2- 8 em wide, membraneous to almost coriaceolls, rounded, obtuse or rarely obtuse- acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base, crenate-serrate or rarely subentire with 4-7 lateral nerves which are slightly prominent on both surfaces. Leaf stalks short, 0.3-2 em long. Flowers di oec io~ or sometimes bisexual, small, cream or pale yellow, fragrant, borne on short axillary cymes. Fruits globose berries up to 2.5 em in diameter, reddish or reddish- black and fleshy when ripe, marked with persistent style scars on one end, containing up to 10 seeds. Seeds small, 0.8- 1 cm long, 0.4- 0 . 7 cm broad, tick-shaped, ridged and hard. Illustrations are shown in Figure 12 and Plate XII .

5.0 MAIN USES:



F. indica fruits are persistent, thus on ripening are picked from the tree. Ripe fruits are often dried and stored as a future food source.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed thatJ[. indica flowers in January and February. White (1962) observed that in Zambia F. indica flowers between October and December; while fruit ripening occurs between May and-July. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that flowering occurs between November and July, implying that it starts at the onset of the rainy season, continues through the rainy season and extends into the dry season. Fruit ripening occurs between December and July. This is supported by the results obtained during the field survey carried out during the course of this study.

The above observations show that flowering and fruit ripening times vary from locality to locality, and that it takes about five to eight months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.

8 .0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE:


9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: ~. indica regenerates naturally from seed and coppice. The germination behaviour of the seed is not kno¥fi. However, its hard seed coat may result in poor germination . Coppice shoots are produced on fell i ng of the trees and shrubs . In general , natural regeneration on sandy soils is average; often trees of all stages can be seen in the field. However, most young trees succumb to annual forest fires . Protection of its natural habitat from fires and crop refining could imp£ove the stocking and consequently result in high fruit yields.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species artificia l ly. However~ through improving the germination capacity of the seed by pretreatment, the species could be raised i n the nursery and pl anted out i n the field. It is important that the planting site be partially cleared as the species is a light demander. Moreover, the young crop should receive slashing and spot weeding until it is well established.

-49 -


Fruits are edible and sold on the market; root bark and leaves are used a great

deal in local medicines, i.e. cough medicine and treatment for asthma; and as fuel.

- 49 -

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMI C IMPORTANCE :

Fruits are ed i ble and sold on the market; root bark and leaves a r e used a great

deal in local medicines , i.e. cough medic i ne and treatment for asthma; and as fuel.

- 50 -

PLATE XII. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merril

Plate XII. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merril

a - fruiting branchlet

b - cross section of fruit

c - seeds

Plate XIII - branchlet bearing mature and ripe fruits,

at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May, 1982

- 50 -

PLATE XII. Flacourtia "indica (Burm.f.) Merril

Plate XII. Flacourtia indica (Burm .f.) Merril

a - fruiting branchlet b - c r oss section of fruit c - seeds

o I

Q C

20mm

Plate XII -1

branch let bearing mature and ripe fruits, at Beekeeping School, Tabora, May, 1982

13. FRIESODIELSIA OBOVATA

1.0 NAMES: FamilyBotanicalSyn.

Vernacular

- 51 -

AnnonaceaeFriesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.Unona obovata BenthPopowia obovata (Benth.) Engl. & DielsP. stormsii De Wildmsalasi (Kinyamwezi)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species occurs naturally in Shinyanga,Tabora (i.e. Ugalla and Isimbila areas) Dodoma (i.e. Bankolo area), Manyoni (i.e. nearMkwesi) and Lindi Districts. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbariumshows that in Tabora the species is also found at Beekeeping School Forest P.eserve, SimboForest Reserve, Ichemba, Kiwele, Sikonge, Utimule, Urumwa and Kigwa. It is also found inNzega at Idudumo. The species is known to occur in Kigoma at Combe River Forest Reserve.

2.2 Altitude: According to Verdcourt (1971), F. obovata occurs naturally from 780 to1500 m above sea level. This is in agreement with the data available in Lushoto herbarium.

2.3 Climate: Climatic data for Tabora and Manyoni are covered under Canthium burttiiand Parinari curatellifolia and that of Dodoma is covered under Bussea massaiensis.Morgan (1972) observed that Lindi and Combe River Forest Reserve in Kigoma receive be-tween 762 and 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. United Republic ofTanzania (1967) observed that the mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures forLindi are 290 C and 19° C, respectively; for Combe River Forest Reserve, 280 C and 170 C,respectively.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora and Manyoni are described underBussea massaiensis. The soils of Lindi and Gombe River Forest Reserve in Kigoma, whereF. obovata grows naturally, are brown clay loams to clay. At Lindi these soils arederived from rocks of Mozambique belt, while those of Combe River Forest Reserve arederived from Bukoban rocks (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Verdcourt (1971) observed that F. obovata grows naturally inwooded grassland and grassland with scattered trees, often on termite mounds or rocky out-crops. F. obovata occurs in association with Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia petersiana,Berchemia discolor, Brachystegia spiciformis, Commiphora africana, Dalbergia melanoxylon,D. nitidula, Grewia bicolor, G. conocarpoides, G. platyclada, Pterocarpus angolensis, P.tinctorius, Terminalia mollis, T. sericea, etc.


Inventory data for F. obovata are not available. However, a field survey carried outduring the course of the study showed that the species is dominant on termite mounds inthe Brachystegia woodland.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

F. obovata is a scandent deciduous shrub or small tree, 1-8 m high, with pendulousand spreading branches, smooth, grey fibrous bark and yellow slash. Leaves alternate,obovate, oblong-ovate, 4-14 cm long, 2-9 cm wide, obtuse, rounded or somewhat emarginateat the apex, rounded to cordate or, less often, broadly cuneate at the base, greenishabove, paler and glaucous beneath, velvety when young, later sparsely to densely pubescenton both sides. Leaf stalks from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm long. Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary,terminal or more usually extra-axillary. Pedicels slender, 1-5 cm long, bearing largeleafy bracteole 1-2.9 cm long, 0.5-2.8 cm wide. Sepals broadly triangular to orbicular orrarely oblong, 4-6 cm long and wide. Petals yellow or greenish-yellow, thick, the outerbeing broadly ovate, round or reniform, 0.6-1.3 cm long, 0.8-1.6 cm wide. Stamensnumerous, oblong or cuneiform, 0.75-1.0 cm long. Fruits usually contain from 1 to 3segments, each containing one seed and constricted between seeds. The fruits are reddishwhen ripe. Seeds yellow, 1.2-1.7 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, cylindric-ellipsoid.Illustrations are shown in Figure 13 and Plate XIII.

13. FRIESODIELSIA OBOVATA


Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 51 -

Annonaceae Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verde. linana obovata Benth ~ia obovata (Benth . ) Engl. & Diels P . stormsii De Wild msalasi (Kinyamwezi)

2.1 Locality: Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species occurs naturally in Shinyanga, Tabora (i.e. Ugalla and Isimbila areas) Dodoma (i.e. Bankolo area), Manyoni (i.e. near Mkwesi) and Lincli Districts. A survey of the bo tanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that in Tabora the species is also found at Beekeeping School Forest Reserve , Simbo Fores t Reserve, Ichemba, Kiwele, Sikonge, Utimule , Urumwa and Kigwa. It is also found in Nzega at Idudumo. The species is known to occur in Kigoma at Combe River Forest Reserve.

2.2 Altitude : According to Verdcourt (1971), F. obovata occurs natural ly from 780 to 1500 m above sea level . This is in agreement wIth the data available in Lushoto herbarium.

2 . 3 Climate: Climatic data for Tabora and Manyoniare covered under Canthium burttii and Parinari curatellifolia and that of Dodoma is covered under Bussea massaiensis. Morgan (1972) observed that Lindi and Combe River Forest Reserve in Kigoma rece ive between 762 and 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. United Republic of Tanzania (1967) observed that the mean maximum and mean m~n~mum annual temperatures for Lindi are 29 0 C and 190 C, respectively; for Gombe River Forest Reserve, 280 C and 17 0 C, re spec tively .

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and so ils of Tabora and Manyoni are described under Bussea massaiensis. The soils of Lindi and Gombe River Forest Reserve in Kigoma, where F. obova t a grows naturally, are brown clay loams to clay . At Lindi these soils are d erived from rocks of Mozambique belt, while those of Gombe River Forest Reserve are derived from Bukoban rocks (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types : Verdcourt (1971) observed that F. obovata grows naturally in wooded grassland and grassland with scattered trees, often on termit e mounds or rocky outcrops . F. obova ta occurs in association wi th Afze lia quanzensis, Albizia petersiana, Berchemia discolor, Brachystegia spiciformi s, Commiphora africana, Dalbergia melanoxylon, ~. nitidula, Grewia bicolor, ~ . conocarpoides , ~. platyclada, Pterocarpus ango lensis, ~. tinctorius, Terminalia mallis, !. sericea, etc.


Inventory data for F. obovata are not available. However, a field survey carried out during the course of the-study showed that the species is dominant on termite mounds in the Brachystegia woodland .

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

F. ohovata is a scandent deciduous shrub or small tree , 1-8 m high, with pendulous and spreading branches, smooth, grey fibrous bark and yel l ow slash. Leaves alternate, obovate, oblong-ovate, 4-14 cm long, 2-9 cm wide, obtuse, rounded or somewhat emarginate at the apex, rounded to cordate o~ less often, broadly cuneate at the base, greenish above, paler and glaucous beneath, velvety when young, later sparsely to densely pubescent on both sides. Leaf stalks from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm long. Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary, terminal or more usually extra- axillary. Pedicels slender, 1-5 cm long, bearing large leafy bracteole 1-2.9 cm long, 0.5-2.8 cm wide. Sepals broadly triangular to orbicular or rarely oblong, 4-6 cm long and wide. Petals yellow or greenish- yellow, thick, the outer being broadly ovate, round or reniform, 0.6-1. 3 cm long, 0.8- 1.6 cm wide. Stamens numerous, oblong or cuneiform, 0.75-1.0 crn long. Fruits usually contain from 1 to 3 segments, each containing one seed and constricted between seeds. The fruits are reddish when ripe. Seeds yellow, 1 .2-1.7 crn l ong, 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, cylindric-ellipsoid. Illustrations are shown in Figure 13 and Plate XIII.

- 52 -

5.0 MAIN USES:



F. obovata ripe fruits are picked from the tree.


It is reported that F. obovata flowers in June (Brenan and Greenway, 1949). A surveyof the botanical specimens shows that the species flowers between November and January,while fruit ripening is from April to June. This implies that flowering takes place inthe rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place at the end of the rainy season, extend-ing to the onset of the dry season.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates from seed, coppice and root suckers.The regeneration is adequate. During the field survey it was noted that there were seedl-ings, saplings, poles and mature trees. Natural regeneration and growth of naturallyregenerated stock could be improved by carrying out partial refining.

F. obovata is very common on termite mounds. This might be due to the fact that thespecies requires a fertile site for optimum growth, or it is termite resistant. It isalso possible that birds and animals which feed on the ripe fruits go and rest on thesetermite mounds where they give out faeces with viable seeds which germinate readily ontermite mounds.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, because of the easy germination of the seed, it is possible thatthe species could be raised in pots and planted in the field where partial clearing ofvegetation has been carried out as the species appears to be shade tolerant.


F. obovata ripe fruits are suitable for eating, thus planting it on a large scalecould help in boosting the income of fruit collectors; it is also used for withes, makingbows, carriage beams, walking sticks and tool handles and as fuelwood.

- 52 -

5.0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fru i t pulp is edible .


I. obovata ripe fruits are picked from the tree.

7 . 0 TI ME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

It is reported that F . obovata flowers in June (Brenan and Greenway, 1949) . A survey of the botanical specimens shows that the species flowers between November and January, while fruit ripening is from April to June. This implies that flowering takes place in the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes place at the end of the rainy season, extending to the onset of the dry season.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates from seed, coppice and root suckers. The regeneration is adequate. During the field survey it was noted that there were seedlings, saplings, poles and mature trees. Natural regeneration and growth of naturally regenerated stock cou l d be improved by carrying out partial refining.

F. obovata is very common on termite mounds. This might be due to the fact that the spec ies requires a fert i le site for optimum growth, or it is termite resistant. It is a l so poss i ble that birds and animals which feed on the ripe fruits go and rest on these termite mounds where they give out faeces wi th viable seeds which germinate readily on termi t e mounds.

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species artificia l ly. However , because of the easy germination of the seed, it is possible that the species could be raised in pots and planted in the field where partial clearing of vegetation has been carried out as the species appears to be shade tolerant.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC I MPORTANCE:

F. obovata ripe fruits are suitab l e for eating, thus planting it on a large scale could-help in boosting the income of fruit collectors; it is also used for withes, making bows, carriage beams, wa lking sticks and tool handles and as fuelwood .

Plate XIII1 -

PLATE XIII. Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc.

Plate XIII. Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verde.

a - branchlet


- fruit-part of skin removed to show pulp

d - seeds

multistemmed shrub, at

Beekeeping School, Tabora

in May, 1982

-53 -

Plate XIII2 - branchlets bearing mature

and ripe fruits, Beekeeping

School, Tabora in May, 1982

- 53 -

PLATE XIII. Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verde.

o

0LI _----'L----,--4--'ymm & d o. c

o I

b

20

Plate XIII. Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verde.

Plate XIIIl

-

a - branchlet b - fruiting branchlet c - fruit-part of skin removed to show pulp d - seeds

multi stemmed shrub , at

Beekeeping School, Tabora in May, 1982

Plate XIII2

- branchlets bearing mature and ripe fruits, Beekeeping School, Tabora in May, 1982

14. HEXALOBUS MONOPETALUS

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 55 -

Family AnnonaceaeBotanical Hexalobus monopetalus (A. Rich.) Engl. & Diels

Var. obovatus BrenanSyn. H. monopetalus non (A. Rich.) Engl. & DielsVernacular mkuwa (Kinyamwezi)

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that H. monopetalus var obovatus growsnaturally in Simbo Forest Reserve in Tabora and Lindi Districts. According to Verdcourt(1971), the species also occurs naturally in Uzinza in Celta and Dvinza in Kígoma District.A survey of the botanical specimens confirmed the above facts. It was also noted that thespecies grows at Lupa in Chunya District. It is also known to occur naturally at Urumwa,Kigwa, Ichemba, Sikonge Kiwele and Rungwa in Tabora and Iringa (Mapinduzi and Kitapilimwa)Districts.

2.2 Altitude: Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species grows naturally between 1110 mand 1500 m above sea level. A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealedthat H. monopetalus var. obovatus grows down to 910 m above sea level at Lupa in ChunyaDistrict. Thus, the altitudinal range is between 910 m to 1500 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for Geíta and Tabora are described under Canthium burttii;that of Chunya under Canthium crassum, and of Lindi under Fríesodielsia obovata. Accordingto Morgan (1972), Uvinza in Kigoma District receives between 762 mm and 1270 mm annualrainfall in four years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperaturesare 17° C and 28° C, respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1976).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Geita and Tabora Districts are describedunder Canthium burttii and Parinari curatellifolia; those of Chunya are described underCanthium crassum; and those of Lindi under Friesodielsia obovata. According to Morgan(1972), Uvinza is dominated by Bukoban rocks on which are formed light yellowish-brownto reddish-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams.

2.5 Vegetation types: According to Verdcourt (1971) H. monopetalus var obovatus growsnaturally in Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland and Combretum-Terminalia scrub, sometimesamong large boulders. The common associate tree species include Afzelia quanzensis,Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. zeyheri, Flacourtia indica, Julbernardiaglobiflora, Monotes adenophyllus, Vitex mombassae, V. ferruginea, Terminalia sericea, etc.


H. monopetalus var obovatus is more abundant in Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodlandand decreases in abundance in Terminalia-Combretum woodland.

A preliminary survey carried out at Simbo Forest Reserve in Tabora revealed that mostof the seedlings and saplings are found in the vicinity of mother trees. It was found thatwithin a plot of about 26 mL there were 8 plants, the seed tree being central. Thefrequency of H. monopetalus var obovatus in Lindi/Mtwara Region was worked out byC.D. Schultz & Company, Ltd (1973). The number of trees per hectare on 52 331 hectaresin successive DBH classes of 14 cm, starting with 15-29 cm were 6.82, 0.95, 0.12, 0.05trees, making a total of 7.94 stems/ha. The total number of trees on 52 331 ha was415 667 stems.

14. HEXALOBUS MONOPETALUS

1.0 NAMES: Family Botan i ca l

Syn . Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 55 -

Annonaceae Hexalobus monopetalus CA. Rich.) Engl. & Diels Var. obovatus Brenan ~. monopetalus non CA. Rich.) Engl. & Diels mkuwa (Kinyamwezi)

2 . 1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that H. monopetalus var obovatus grows naturally in Simba Forest Reserve in Tabora and Lindi Districts. According to Verdcourt (1971), the species also occurs naturally in Uzinza in Geita and Uvinza in Kigoma District. A survey of the botanical specimens confirmed the above facts. It was a l so noted that the species grows at Lupa in Chunya District. It is also known to occur naturally at Urumwa, Kigwa, Ichemba, Sikonge Kiwele and Rungwa in Tabora and Iringa (Mapinduzi and Kitapilimwa) Districts.

2.2 Altitude: Verdcourt (1971) observed that the species grows naturally between 1110 m and 1500 m above sea level. A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that H. monopetalus var. obovatus grows down to 910 m above sea level at Lupa in Chunya District . Thus, the altitudinal range is between 910 m to 1500 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for Geita and Tabora are described under Canthium burttii; that of Chunya under Canthium crassum, and of Lindi under Friesodielsia obovata. According to Morgan (1972), Uvinza in Kigoma District receives between 762 mm and 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures are 17 0 C and 280 C, respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1976).

2.4 Geology and soi l s: The geology and soils of Geita and Tabora Districts are described under Canthium burttii and Parinari curatellifolia; those of Chunya are described under Canthium crassum; and those of Lindi under Friesodielsia obovata. According to Morgan (1972), Uvinza is dominated by Bukoban rocks on which are formed light yellowish- brown to redd i sh-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams.

2.5 Vegetation types: According to Verdcourt (1971) H. monopetalus var obovatus grows naturally in Brachys~egia-Julbernardia woodland and Combretum-Terminalia scrub, sometimes among large boulders . The common associate tree species include Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum, f. zeyheri, Flacourtia indica, Julbernardia globiflora, Monotes adenophyllus, Vitex mombassae, ~. ferruginea, Terminalia sericea, etc.


~. monopetalus var obovatus is more abundant in Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland and decreases in abundance in Terminalia-Combretum woodland.

A preliminary survey carried out at Simbo Forest Reserve in Tabora revealed that most of the seedlings and saplin~s are found in the vicinity of mother trees. It was found that within a plot of about 26 m there were 8 plants, the seed tree being centra l . The frequency of H. rnonopetalus var obovatus in Lindi/Mtwara Region wap worked out by C.D. Schultz & Company, Ltd (1973). The number of trees per hectare on 52 331 hectares in successive DBH classes of 14 cm, starting with 15- 29 cm were 6.82, 0.95 , 0.12, 0.05 trees, making a total of 7.94 stems/ha. The total number of trees on 52 331 ha was 415 667 stems.

- 56 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

H. monopetalus var obovatus is a deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high, withdense and compact crown and smooth, grey flaking and fibrous bark. Leaves alternate,obovate to obovate-oblong, usually relatively broad, 2-10 cm long, 1-6.5 cm wide,glabrescent or persistently adpressed pubescent near the midrib beneath with prominentvenation above; obtuse, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate to subcordate at thebase, coriaceous, olive-green above, yellow-green beneath. Leaf stalks very short andpubescent, about 1-4 cm long. Flowers subsessile, axillary or in axils of fallen leaves,solitary or in 2-3 clusters, opening after the leaves have fallen, yellowish, greenishor cream. Fruit subsessile, obovoid or ellipsoid-cylindric, containing one to threesegments, 1.5-5 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, scarlet, 2-8-seeded with reddish soft pulp whenripe. Seeds brown, compressed-ovoid, shaped like a spider's body, 1.2-1.5 cm long,6-9 mm wide, 7-8 mm thick with raised rounded triangular terminal hilum produced intolateral rugose ridges at either side. Illustrations are shown in Figure 14 and Plate XIV.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible and has a pleasant acid flavour.

6.0 METHOL OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Ripe fruits are picked from the tree while fruits may also be picked unripe andstored for ripening. It has been noted that ripe fruits falling on the ground are, inmost cases, unsuitable for eating. This is because they are readily attacked by insects.


A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium reveals that the speciesflowers in June and July. A field survey carried out during the course of this studyshowed that flowering takes place between August and September, while fruit ripeningoccurs between January and April. This implies that flowering takes place during the dryseason, while fruit ripening occurs during the rainy season. The above data also revealthat it takes about six months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: U. monopetalus var. obovatus regenerates naturally from seed,coppice and probably by root suckers. A field survey carried out dt Simbo and UrumwaForest Reserves in Tabora District showed that all crop development stages are present,i.e. seedlings, saplings, poles and mature trees. The species natural regeneration isinterrupted by annual forest fires which cause the death of most of the young seedlings.Thus, partial protection of the woodland where the species grows naturally could help inpromoting natural regeneration. Although during early stages of developMent the speciesis a shade demander, at later stages it is a light demander. This implies that croprefining at a later stage could help in improving tree growth.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. Because theseed germinates readily, it is possible to raise potted seedlings in nurseries. On sitesdestined for planting, some trees should be left for the provision of shade to youngtrees, and the tending of young trees requires the slashing of herbaceous vegetation.


Because its fruits are edible, planting it on a large scale could help boost theeconomy of fruit collectors. Its timber is suitable for making tool handles, woodenspoons, carriage beams, bows, gun stocks and butts. It is also suitable for constructionpoles and fuelwood.

- 56 -

4 .0 DESCRIPTION:

H. monopetalus var obovatus i s a deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high, with dense-and compact crown and smooth , grey flaking and fibrous bark. Leaves alterna te, obovate to obovate-oblong , usually relatively broad, 2-10 em long, 1-6.5 em wide, glabrescent or persistently adpressed pubescent near the midrib beneath with prominent venat i on above; obtuse, rounded or emarg i nate a t the apex, cuneate to subcordate at t he base, coriaceolls, olive- green above, yellow-green beneath . Leaf stalks very short and pubescent, about 1-4 em long. Flow ers subsessile, axillary or in axils of fallen leaves , solitary or in 2-3 clusters , opening after the leaves have fallen, yellmvish , g reenish or cream. Fruit subsessile , obovo id or el lipso i d - cyl indr i c, containing one to three segmen t s , 1.5-5 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, scarlet , 2-8 - seeded with reddish sof t pulp when ripe. Seeds brm.,rn , compressed- ovoid , shaped like a spider ' s body , 1.2-1.5 cm l ong, 6-9 nun wide, 7-8 mm t h i ck wi t h ra i sed rounded triangular terminal h i lum produced into lateral rugose r i dges at either side. Il l ustrations are shm"n in Figure 14 and Plate XIV.

5 . 0 ~IAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp is edible a nd has a pleasant acid flavou r.

6.0 METHOL OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Ripe fr u it s are picked from t he tree while f r u it s may also be picked unripe and stored for ripen i ng. It has been noted that ripe fruits falling on the ground are, in most cases, unsuitabl e for eating. Th i s is because they are readily attacked by insects.


A survey of the botanical spec ime n s in Lushoto herbarium reveals that the spec i es flowers in June and July. A f i eld survey carr ied out during the course of this study showed that flm.,re ring takes place between August and Se ptember , while fruit ripe ning occurs betwee n Janu ary and April . This implies that flowe r ing takes place dur i ng the dry season , whil e f r uit r i pening occurs during the rainy se a son. The above data also reveal tha t it takes about six months from flowe r fertilization to fruit ripenin g .

8.0 NUTRI TIONAL VALUE :

No t k nown.

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION ~lETHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9.1 Natural regeneration: H . monopetalus var . obovatus r egenerates naturally from seed , coppice and probably by root-suckers . A f ield survey car ried out at Simbo and Urumwa Forest Reserves in Tabora Distr i ct showed that all crop development stages are present, i.e. seedlings, sapl ings , poles and mature trees. The species natural regenerat i on i s int e r rupted by annual for es t fires which cause the death of most of the young seedlings. Thus, partial prot ec tion of th e woodland \.,rhere the species grows naturally could help i n promoting natural regeneration. Although during early stages of development the species is a shade demander, at l ater stages it is a light demander. This implies that crop refining at a later stage cou l d help in i mproving tree growth.

9.2 Artificial regeneration : Artificial regeneration has not been tried. Because the seed germi nates readily, it is possible to raise potted seedlings in nurser i es. On sites destined for planting, some trees should be left for t he provision of shade to young trees, and the t endi n g of young trees requires the slashing of herbaceous vegetation.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC I MPORTANCE :

Becau se its fruits are ed i b l e, planting it on a economy of fruit collecto r s. Its timber is suitable spoons, carriage b eams , bows, gun s t ocks and butts. poles and fuelwood.

large scale could help boost the for making tool handles, wooden It is also suitable for construction

PLATE XIV. Hexalobus monopetalus var. monopetalus Brenan (A. Rich.) Engl. & Diels

Plate XIV. Nexalobus monopetalus var. monopetalus Brenan (A.Rich.) Engl. & Diels

a - branchlet with flower buds

b - fruiting brancblet

- 57 -

Plate XIV1 - tree at Simbo Forest Reserve Tabora in May 1982

- 57 -

PLATE XIV. Hexalobus monopetalus var . monopetalus Brenan (A. Rich.) Engl . & Diels

-....

o 40mm I

o Il. b

Plate XIV. Hexalobus manopetalus var . manopetalus Brenan (A . Rich.) Engl. & Diels

a - branch let ,,,i th flowf'r bud s b - fruiting branchl~t

Pla t e XlVI - tree at Si mbo Forest Reserve Tabora 1n May 1982

15. MANILKARA MOCHISIA

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. mochisia is common throughout

central Tanzania and Pangani. Hemsley (1968) reports that the species grows naturally in

Mwanza, Tabora, Mpwapwa, Tanga, Morogoro, Singida and Lindi. A survey of botanical

specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species grows naturally in Mwanza, Tabora

and coastal regions. During the field survey carried out recently, M. mochisia was

found growing naturally at Mpwapwa, Manyoni, Singida, Tabora and at Mikumi in Morogoro.

2.2 Altitude: Hemsley (1968) observed that M. mochisia grows naturally from sea level

to about 2100 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: M. mochisia grows in areas with varying climatic regimes as it grows fromthe coast to western Tanzania. According to Morgan (1972), areas where M. mochisia grows

naturally receive between 508 mm and 1270 mm annual rainfall. The relative humidity and

mean annual temperature data for a few selected meteorological stations where the species

grows naturally are given in Table 6.

Table 6 Relative humidity and mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures

for selected meteorological stations in Tanzania where M. mochisia grows naturally

Vernacular

- 59-

Sapotaceae

Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

Mimusops mochisia Baker

M. densiflora Engl. var paolii Chiov.

M. densiflora Engl.

Manilkara densiflora Dale

mkonze (Kigogo, Kinyamwezi); mukonje (Kisukuma);

msapa, mnago (Kiswahili)

2.4 Geology and soils: M. mochisia grows on a great variety of soils derived from a

variety of rocks. The species appears to prefer coarse sandy soils, riverain soils andvertisols. It is typically found growing on termite mounds.

StationMean Temperature 0C Relative humidity %


Lindi 30.5 21.7 8.8 93 82 67

Dar-es-Salaam 29.7 21.9 7.8 - 85 69

Mwanza 27.5 17.7 9.8 85 73 59

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

Tanga 30.4 22.1 8.2 93 80 67


1.0 NAMES: Family

Botanical

Syn.

15. MANI LKARA MOCHISIA

1.0 NAMES: Fami ly Bo tanical

Syn.

Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRI B UTION:

- 59 -

Sapotaceae

Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard Mimusops mochisia Baker !:! . densiflora Engl. var ~~_olii Chiov. ~ . densiflora Engl. Man ilkara densiflora Dale mkonze (Ki gogo , Kinyamwezi); mukonje (Kisukuma); msapa, mnago (Kis\vahili)

2 . I Local ity : Brenan and Greemvay (1949) observed that ~. mochisia is common throughout

central Tanzania and Pangani . Hemsley (1968) reports that the species grows naturally in Mwanza, Tabora, Mp\vapwa. Tanga, Morogoro, Singi da and Lindi. A survey of botanical

specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species grm-lS naturally in M\vanza, Tabora

and coastal r egions . During the field survey carried out recently, ~. mochisia was

found growing naturally at Mpwapwa, Manyoni, S i ngida, Tabora and at Mikumi in Mo r ogoro.

2 . 2 Altitude : Hemsley (1968) observed that H. mochisia grows naturally from sea level

to about 2100 m above sea level .

2.3 Climate: ~. mochisia grows in areas with varying climatic regimes as it grows from

the coast to western Tanzania. According to Morgan (1972), areas where M. mochisia grows

naturally receive between 508 mm and 1270 rnm annual rainfall. The relative humidity and

mean annual temperature data for a few selected meteorological stations \vhere the species

grows naturally are give n in Table 6.

Table 6 Relative humidity and mean annual maXimum and minimum temperatures

for selected meteorological stat i ons in Tanz.::mia where M. mochisia grO\vs naturally

Station Mean Temperature DC Relative humidity %

Max Hin Range 0300 GMI 0600 GMI 1200 GMT

Lindi 30 . 5 21. 7 8 . 8 93 82 67

Dar-es - Salaam 29.7 21. 9 7 . 8 85 69

t-h.,ranza 27.5 17.7 9.8 85 73 59

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

Tanga 30 .4 22. 1 8.2 93 80 67

Source : E.A. Met. Dept., 1975.

2 . 4 Geology and soils: H. mochisia grows on a great variety of soils derived from a

variety of r ocks. The species appears to prefer coarse sandy soils, riverain soils and

vert i sols. It is typically found growing on termite mounds.

- 60 -

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. mochisia is common

throughout central thornbush area, especially in riverain forests and thickets near ponds.

Hemsley (1968) reports that the species grows naturally in deciduous bushland, thickets and

dry scrub with trees. The common associate tree species include Afzelia quanzensis,

Albizia anthelmintica, A. harveyi, Azanza garckeana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Berchemia

discolor, Boscia mossambicensis, Cassia abbreviata, C. singueana, Combretum apiculatum,

C. molle, C. zeyheri, Commiphora africana, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Diospyros kirkii,

Grewia platyclada, Mystroxylon aethiopicum, Strychnos potatorum, Sterculia rhynchocarpa,

etc.


There are no records of inventory data of M. mochisia. A field observation carried

out recently showed that its stocking is very low. Moreover, the species is most abundant

in riverain forests, decreasing in abundance through bushland to thickets and scrub.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

M. mochisia is a small or medium-sized termitarian tree with low branching habit

and spreading crown up to 20 m high. Bark brownish grey or black with close and deep

fissures, browish-red slash and white latex. Branching usually very irregular with

leaves clustered mainly at the end of twigs. Branchlets glabrescent or pubescent with

evanescent ferruginous indumentum. Leaves usually coriaceous and glabrous, 1.5-6.5 cm

long, 0.8-3 cm wide, elliptic-obovate to obovate, rounded, usually emarginate at the

apex, broadly to narrowly cuneate at base; the lower surface minutely pubescent,

especially in young leaves, lateral nerves, 10-14 on each side and not prominent on

both surfaces; midrib impressed above, slightly prominent beneath. Leaf stalks short,

1.5-12 mm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent when mature. Flowers white or pale

yellow, pedicellate and clustered in leaf axils. Pedicels short, 6-13 mm long, glabrous

or pubescent. Fruits small, greenish when young, yellowish when ripe, up to 2.5 cm long,

1.3 cm in diameter, subglobose to ellipsoid, glabrous, containing 1-3 seeds and a soft

edible pulp. Seeds are dark brown, ellipsoid and compressed, up to 1.3 cm long, 8 mm

wide. Illustrations are shown in Figure 15 and Plate XV.

5.0 MAIN USES:



Ripe fruits are picked from the tree or collected from the ground.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. mochisia flowers in November. White

(1962) reported that in Zambia the species flowers in October and November, while fruit

ripening takes place between March and June. A survey of the specimens in Lushoto

herbarium shows that the species flowers in December, while fruiting is between December

and March. A field survey carried out recently shows that flowering occurs between

October and December, while fruit ripening takes place between March and June. The

above observations show that flowering takes place during the rainy season, while fruit

ripening occurs towards the end of the rainy season, extending into the dry season.

Moreover, it takes about five to six months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known to the best of our knowledge,

- 60 -

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greem.,,-ay (1949) observed that !!.. mochis i a is cOTIUllon

throughout cen t ral thornbush area. especially in riverain forests and thickets near ponds. Hemsley (1968) reports that the species grows naturally in deciduous bushland, thickets and dry scrub ,,,ith trees. The connnan associate tree species include Afzelia quanzensi!3.

Albizia anthelmintica, ~ . harveyi , Azanza ga rckeana, Balanites aegypt i aca, Berchemia d i scolor, Boscia mossambicensis, Cassia abbreviata, ~. singueana, Combretum apiculatum, ~. molle, ~. zeyher i, Comrniphora afr i cana, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Di ospyros kirkii, Grewi a platyclada, Mystroxylon aethiopicurn, Strychnos potato r um, Sterculia rhynchocarpa, etc.

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

There are no records of inventory data of M. mochisia . A field observati on carried out recently showed that its stock i ng i s very low. Moreover, the species is most abundant in r iverain forests, decreas ing i n abundance through bushland to thickets and scrub.

4.0 DESCRIPTION :

M. moch i s i a is a small or medium- sized termitarian tree 'vith Imv branching hab i t and spreading cr own up to 20 m h i gh. Bark browni sh grey or black wi th c lose and deep fissures, browish-red slash and white la t ex . Branch i ng usually very irregula r with leaves cl ustered ma inly at the end of twi gs. Branchlets glabrescen t or pubescent with evanescent ferrug inous i ndumentum . Leaves usually cori aceous and glabrous, 1.5- 6.5 cm long, 0.8-3 em 'vide, el l iptic-obovate to obova te, rounded, usually emarginate at the apex , broadly to narrowly cuneate at base ; the lower surface minutely pubescent, espec i a lly i n yo un g leaves, lateral nerves, 10-1 4 on each side and not prominent on both surfaces; midrib i mpressed above, slightly prominent beneath . Leaf sta l ks short, 1. 5-1 2 mm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent when mature . Flowers \vhite or pale yellow, pedice llate and clustered in leaf axils . Pedi cels short, 6-\ 3 mm long, glabrous or pubescent. Fruits small, greenish when young, yellowish when ripe, up to 2 . 5 cm long, 1. 3 cm in diameter, subglobose to ellipsoid, glabrous, containing 1·-3 seeds and a soft edible pulp. Seeds a r e dark brown, e llipsoi d and compressed , up to 1. 3 cm long, 8 mm wide. Illustrations are shown in Figure 15 and Plate xv .

5.0 MAIN USE S:

The ripe fruit pu l p i s ed i ble .

6.0 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDI BLE PART:

Ripe fruits are p i cked from the tree or collected from the ground.


Br enan and Greenway (1949) observed t ha t ~ . mochisi~ flowers i n November . White (1962) reported that in Zambia the species f lowers in October and November , while fruit ripening takes place be t ween March and June . A survey of the spec i mens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species f l owers in December , while fruitin g is between December and March. A field survey car ried out recently shows that flO\vering occurs between October and December, while fru it ripening takes place between March and June, The above observation s show that flowering takes p l ace during th e rainy season, while fruit ripening occurs towards the end of the rainy season, extending i n t o the dry season. Moreover, it takes about f i ve to six months from flower fertilization to fruit ripeni ng.


Not known to the best of our know l edge.

- 61 -


9.1 Natural regeneration: M. mochisia regenerates naturally from seed and coppice. The

seed germination behaviour has not been studied. Field observation revealed that in

natural forests seedlings are rare and mature trees are very few. This implies that the

seeds do not germinate readily. This might be due to its water repellant seed coat or

other forms of seed dormancy. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of the trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species

artificially. However, with seed germination improved by pretreatment, it may be

possible to raise potted seedlings and to plant them out in the field. The planting

site should be partly cleared and intensive weeding is essential during the first few

years, as the tree is a light demander.


The fruit is edible, while the wood can be used as fuel.

- 61 -


9.1 Natural regenerat i on: .!:!. rnochisia regenerates naturally f r om seed and co pp i ce. The

seed ge r mination behaviour has not been studied. Fi eld observation r evealed that in

natural fores ts seedlings are rare and mature trees are very few. This implies that the

seeds do not ge rminate readily. This might be due to its water repe l lant seed coat or

other f orms of seed dormancy. Copp i ce shoots are produced on felling of the t r ees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration : There have been no efforts to regenerate the species artificially . However , \"ith seed germination improved by pretreatment, it may be possible to rai se potted seedlings and to plant them out in the fie l d . The planting

site should be partly cleared and intens i ve weeding is essential dur i ng the first few

years, as th e tree is a light demander .

l O.O POT ENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :

The fruit is ed i ble, while the wood can be used as fue l .

PLATE XV. Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

Plate XV. Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

a - branehlet

b - fruit

c - fruit part section showing seed

- 62 -

Plate XV1 - tree at Rungwa, Manyoni,

May 1982. Note that it

is on termite mound in

the maize farm

Plate XV2 - branchlet, and ripe fruits,

at Rungwa, Manyoni, May, 1982

- 62 -

PLATE XV. Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

a 9 a

Plate XV. Manilkara mochisia (Baker) Dubard

a - branchlet b fruit c - fruit part section showing seed

40mm I

/

0.6

0LI __ ~_--,2pmm b & c

I Plate XV

2 - branchlet, and ripe fruits,

at Rungwa, Manyoni, May, 1982

Plate XV 1 - tree at Rung\va, Manyoni,

May 1982. Note that it is on termite mound in the maize farm

- 63-

16. MANILKARA OBOVATA

1.0 NAMES: Family Sapotaceae

Botanical Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H. Hemsl.

Syn. Chrysophyllum obovatum Sabine & G. Don

Mimusops cuneifolia Baker

M. lacera Baker

M. welwitschii Engl

M. propinqua S. Moore

Chrysophylium holtzii Engl

Manilkara cuneifolia (Baker) Dubard

M. lacera (Baker) Dubard

M. propinqua (S. Moore) H.J. Lam

Vernacular mumbulu, mmumbulu (Kigogo); mukuaya (Kihaya);

mmenge, mumenge (Kinyamwezi)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: M. obovata occurs naturally in Dodoma (i.e. Illangali south-west of Dodoma,

along the Kizigo river); Bukoba (i.e. Minziro Forest Reserve); Tabora (i.e. Kiwere, along

the Mkombizi river); Manyoni (along the Rungwa and Musa rivers) Districts.

2.2 Altitude: Hemsley (1968) observed that the species occurs between 1100 and 1300 m

above sea level. However, during the recent field survey it was noted that the species

grows naturally at about 1000 m above sea level at Ilangali along the Kizigo river. Thus,

the species' altitudinal range may be taken to vary from 1000 m to 1300 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The rainfall data for Ilangali have been covered under Cordyla densiflora.

There is no meteorological station in Minziro forest (Bukoba). However, the rainfall data

for Kabwoba rainfall station (near Minziro forest) show that the mean annual rainfall is

952 mm with 67 rain days per year (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). According to Morgan (1972),

Rungwa and Kiwere areas receive between 508 mm and 762 mm mean annual rainfall in four

years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures where M. obovata

occurs naturally are 170 C and 280 C, respectively. However, the exception is Minziro

Forest Reserve with a mean annual temperature of 250 C (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Ilangali are described under Cordyla

densiflora. Rungwa and Kiwere areas are dominated by light yellowish-brown to reddish-

yellow, gritty, sandy clay loam soils derived from acid gneisses, migmatites and associ-

ated granites and granodiorite rocks. Minziro is dominated by Bukoban rocks (Morgan, 1972).

The soils in Minziro are mainly poorly drained swampy soils.

2.5 Vegetation type: The vegetation of Ilangali area has been described under Cordyla

densiflora. In Rungwa and Kiwere areas, M. obovata occurs naturally in riverain forest

occurring within Brachystegia woodland (Morgan, 1972). Minziro forest is composed of low-

land rain forest, swampy and riverain forests (Hemsley, 1968). The dominant tree species

in the riverain forest within Brachystegia woodland are Acacia tanganyikensis, Adansonia

digitata, Albizia amara, A. harveyi, Azanza garckeana, Brackenridgea zanguebarica, Cordia

ovalis, Diospyros mespiliformis, Grewia bicolor, G. platyclada, Lonchocarpus capassa,

Manilkara mochisia, etc. In Minziro forest the dominant tree species are Baikiaea insignis,

Cassipourea ruwenzorensis, Citropsis schweinfurthii, Heywoodia lucens, Mussaenda erythro-

phylla, Phoenix reclinata, Podocarpus usambarensis var dawei, etc.


M. obovata seems to grow on the banks of rivers and on ridges of swampy forests.

The stocking is extremely low.

16. flANILKARA OBOVATA

1. a NAt1ES : Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION :

- 63 -

sapotaceae Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don) J.H . Hemsl. Chrysophyllum obovatum Sabine & G. Don Mimusaps cunei folia Baker M. lacera Baker ~ . welwitschii Engl ~. propinqua S. Moore Chrysophyllum holtzii Eng l Manilkara cuneifolia (Baker) Dubard M. 1acera (Baker) Dubard ~ . propinqua (S. Moore) H.J. Lam mumbulu, mmumbulu (Kigogo); mukuaya (Kihaya); mmenge, mumenge (Kinyamwezi)

2 . 1 Locality : M. obovata occurs naturally in Oodoma (i.e. Illangali south-west of Oodoma,

alo ng the Kizigo river); Bukoba ( i. e . Minziro Forest Reserve); Tabora (i . e . Kiwere, along the Mkombizi river); Manyoni (along the Rungwa and Musa rivers) Districts .

2 . 2 Altitude: Hemsley (1968) observed that the species occurs between 1100 and 1300 m above sea level. However, during the recent field survey it was noted that the species grows natural l y at about 1000 m above sea level at Ilangali along the Kizigo river. Thus, the species· altitudinal ran ge may be taken to vary from 1000 m to 1300 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate : The rainfall data for Ilangali have been covered under Cordyla densiflora. There is no meteorological station in Minziro forest (Bukoba). However, the rainfall data for Kabwoba rainfall station (near Hinziro forest) show that the mean annual rainfall is 952 rom with 67 rain days per year (Nshubemuki, ~. ~., 1978). According to Morgan ( 1972) , Rungwa and Kiwere areas receive between 508 rom and 762 rom mean annual rainfall in four years out of five. The mean minimum and mean maximum annual temperatures where M. obovata occurs naturally are 17 0 C and 280 C, respectively. However, the exception is Minziro Forest Reserve with a mean annual temperature of 25 0 C (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geo l ogy and soils of Ilangali are described under Cordyla densiflora. Rungwa and Khlere areas are dominated by light yellowish- brown to reddishyellow, gritty, sandy clay l oam soils derived from acid gneisses, migmatites and associ ated grani t es and granodio rite r ocks. Minziro is domi nated by Bukoban rocks (Morgan, 1972). The soils in Minziro are mainly poor ly drained swampy soils.

2.5 Vegetation type: The vegetation of 11angali a r ea has been described under Cordyla densiflora. In Rungwa and Ki we r e areas, ~. obovata occu r s naturally in riverain forest occurring within Brachystegia woodland (Morgan, 1972). Ninziro forest is composed of lowl and rain forest, swampy and riverain forests (Hemsley, 1968). The dominant tree species in the riverain forest \"ithin Brachystegia woodland are Acacia tanganyikensis, Adanson i a digitata, Albizia amara, ~. harveyi, Azanza garckeana, Brackenridgea zanguebarica, Co rdia ovalis, Diospyros mespiliformis, Grewia bicolor , ~. platyclada, Lonchocarpus capassa, Manilkara mochisia, etc . In Minziro forest the dominant tree s~ecies are Baikiaea insignis, Cassipourea ruwenzorensis, Citropsis schweinfurthii, Heywoodia lucens, Mussaenda erythrophyll a , Phoenix r ec linata, Podocarpus usambarensis var dawei, etc.

3. 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

M. obovata seems to gr ow on the banks of rivers and on ridges of swampy forests . The stocking is extremely low.

- 64 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

M. obovata is a small, many-branched evergreen tree up to 15 m high with dense crown,

dark brown to brownish-grey, fissured and rough hark which is reddish with white latex

when slashed. Leaves alternate, 4.5-13 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, glabrous, obovate or

obovate-oblong, olive-green above, paler on the lower surface, rounded, emarginate or

shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base. Leaf stalks slender, 1-3 cm long.

Flowers white or cream, solitary or axillary. Fruits globose or subglobose, 2.5-3 cm long,

1.5-2 cm in diameter, glabrous, greenish with milky pulp when young, yellowish when ripe.

Seeds hard, shiny brown, smooth and somewhat flattened, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm wide.

Illustrations are shown in Figure 16 and Plate XVI.

5.0 MAIN USES:

M. obovata ripe fruit pulp is edible and it has a sweet taste and pleasant aroma.


M. obovata ripe fruits are picked from the tree or from the ground,while unripe

fruits may be picked and stored for ripening.


Hemsley (1968) observed that at Minziro Forest Reserve, M. obovata was flowering in

February, and that in August there were young fruits. It was observed that in Malabigambo

Forest near Katera in Masaka District (Uganda) the species was flowering in August.

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. obovata was fruiting in July in the evergreen

forest of Minziro Forest. A survey of the botanical specimens at Lushoto herbarium shows

that M. obovata flowers in August and September, while fruiting is in April in Minziro

Forest. At Kiwere (Tabora) flowering is in November, while fruiting is in February and

March. During the recent field survey it was noted that flowering is between November

and December, while fruit ripening is from March to June. From the above observation it

can be concluded that flowering takes about six months, starting towards the end of the

dry season, and extending to the rainy season, while fruit ripening takes about five

months, starting during the rainy season and extending into the onset of the dry season.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. The

seed can be dispersed by water. Natural regeneration is inadequate; in most cases only

pole sized and mature trees can be seen. This is probably because most of the seeds and

young seedlings are washed away by water when rivers are in flood. The hard seed coat

may also reduce the germination capacity.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. But it is

possible to raise the species from seed in the nursery. Owing to the hard seed coat,

it is imperative that the seed should be pretreated before sowing. Being a light

demander, M. obovata is one of the dominant tree species in the forests where it occurs

naturally. The species prefers sites with high ground water table. Thus, it should be

planted on alluvial riverine sites where the woody vegetation has been partially cleared

and tending should include slashing of the herbaceous vegetation until the trees are

well established.

- 64 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

M. obovata is a smal l , many-branched eve r gree n tree up to 15 m high wi th dense erm"n,

dark brown to brownish - grey , fissured and rough bark which is reddish with white latex when slashed. Leaves alternate , 4.5-\3 em long. 1.5-4 em wide, glabrous, obovate or obovate - oblong , olive - gr een above, paler on the ImY'er surface, rounded, ema r ginate or

shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base. Leaf stalks slender. 1-3 em long . Flowers white or cream, solitary or axillary. Fruits globose or subglobose, 2 . 5-3 em long. 1. 5-2 em in diameter, glabrous, greenish wi th mi lky pulp \-lhen young , ye llowish \.;rhen ripe .

Seeds hard, shiny br own , smooth and somewhat flattened . 1.5- 2 em long. 0.7-1 . 2 em Hide . Illustrations are shown in Figure 16 and Plate XVI .

5.0 MAIN USES :

M. obovata ripe fruit pulp is edible and it has a sweet taste and pleasant aroma .


~ . obovata ripe fruits are picked from the tree or from the gro und, while unripe fruits may be piCked and stored for ripening.


Hemsley (1968) obse rved that at Minziro Forest Reserve, ~. obovata was flowering in February, and that in August there wer e young fruits. It was observed that in Malabigambo Forest near Katera in Masaka Di strict (Uganda) the species was flowering in August. Brenan and Gree nway (1949) observed that ~ . obovata was fruitin g in July in the evergreen forest of Minziro Forest. A survey of the botanical specimens at Lushoto herbarium shows that M. obovata flowers in August and September. while fruiting is in April in Minziro Forest . At Kiwere (Tabora) flowering is in November, whi Ie fruiting i s in February and Narch. During the recent field survey it was noted that flm"ering is between November and December, while fruit ripenin g is from March to June. From the above observat i on it can be concluded that flowering takes about six months, starting towards the end of the dry season, and extending to the rainy season , \"hile f ruit ripenin g takes about five months, starting during the rainy season and ex t end ing into the onse t of the dry season.

B.O NUTRITIONAL VALUE :

Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The seed can be dispersed by water . pole s i zed and mature t ree s can young seedlings are washed away

species regenerates naturally by seed and coppice . The Natural r egenerat ion is inadequate ; in most cases only

be seen. This is probably because most of the seeds and by water when rivers are in flo od. The hard seed coat

may also reduce the germination capacity .

9.2 Artific i al regeneration : Artificial regeneration has not been tried . But it is possible to raise the spec i es from seed in the nursery . Owing to the hard seed coat , it is imperative that t he seed should be pretreated before sowing . Being a light demander, ~ . obovata i s one of the dominant tree species in the forests where it occu rs naturally. The s pec i es prefers sites ~"ith high ground wate r table. Thus, it should be planted on al luvial riverine s ites where the woody vegetation has been partially c l eared and t end ing should include slashing of the herqaceous vegetation until the trees are well establ ished .

- 65 -


The species seeds profusely in most years; the seed is sweet and has a

pleasant aroma; the wood can be used as fuel, tool handles, bows, and carriage beams;

being evergreen, the tree is suitable for shade.

- 65 -

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC I MPORTANCE :

The species seed s profusely in most years; the seed is S\.Jeet and has a

pleasant aroma ; the wood can be used as fuel, tool handles, bows, and carri age beams; being evergreen , the t r ee is s uit able for shade .

- 66 -

PLATE XVI. Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don.) J.H. Hemsl

Plate XVI. Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don.) J.H. 1-lems1

a - branchlet

b - portion of branch bearing flowers

c - branchlet bearing fruits

d - fruit part section showing seeds

e - seeds

_Plate XVI1 - tree - at Ilangali, Plate XVI2 - branchlet bearing mature fruits

Dadoma, April, 1982 at Ilangali, Dodoma, April, 1982

- 66 -

PLATE XVI . Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don.) J.H. Hemsl

~ r ;'. . ~ ~ t,'~

"~':~'

a o L.Omm LI __ '-_-.ll

0 I

a c,

Plate XVI. Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G. Don.) J.H. Hemsl a - branchlet b - portion of branch bearing flowers c - branch let bearing fruits d - fruit part section showing seeds e - seeds

b

d 8.

-,

20mm I

30mm I

e

Plate XVI -1

tree - at Ilangali, Dadoma , April, 1982

Plate XVI2

- branchlet bear i ng mature fruits at I l angali, Dodoma, Apr i l , 1982

17. MYRIANTHUS ARBOREUS

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: M. arboreus occurs naturally in east Usambara and on the eastern parts

of west Usambara, Uluguru and Nguru Mountains, Southern Highlands (Iringa and Tukuyu),

Songea (Liwili"Kiteza Forest Reserve).

2.2 Altitude: The species grows naturally between 600 m above sea level on the south-

east Nguru Mountains to about 1530 m above sea level in Shikurufuni Forest Reserve in

Morogoro. Dale and Greenway (1961) observed that in Kenya it grows from 1220 m to

1830 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The species is known to grow in areas of high annual rainfall, ranging

from 1250 mm to 2340 mm for Liwili'-Kiteza Forest Reserves and Tukuyu district office,

respectively (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). The temperature and relative humidity data

are available for Amani Meteorological stations. The mean maximum and mean minimum

temperatures are 24.90 C and 16.30 C, respectively; the mean range is 8.6° C. The mean

relative humidity is reported to be 87 percent at 0600 GMT and 75 percent at 1200 GMT

(E.A. Met. Dept., 1975).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of east Usambara and south-east parts of

west Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Mountains have been described above (see A. stuhlmannii).

In Tukuyu Mountains, soils are derived from tertiary and recent volcanic rocks while in

Songea soils are delivered from tertiary sediments (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. arboreus is a rain forest

species. Dale and Greenway (1961) report that in Kenya the species occurs naturally

on the edge of montane rain forest and in damp localities. The common associate species

include Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Caloncoba welwitsohii, Cephalosphaera usambarensis,

Macaranga kilimandscharica, Myrianthus holstii, Newtonia buchananii, Ochma holstii,

Strombosia scheffleri. M. arboreus is a shade-tolerant species.

- 67 -

Family Moraceae (Urticaceae)

Botanical Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

Common English

Names Giant Yellow Mulberry

Vernacular mkonde (Kishambaa, Kibondei, Kizigua); mhunsa

(Kimatengo), mkwayaga, mdewerere, mlowelowe

(Kiluguru); mfuza (Kisagara)


M. arboreus is of relatively low abundance in natural forests. It is usually a

riverain species.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

M. arboreus is a small or large evergreen tree, 15 to 25 m (rarely up to 30 m) high

with smooth, light or reddish-grey bark. Leaves large and digitate, obovate or obovate-

elliptic with long leaf stalks. The length of leaf stalks varies from 7 to 30 cm. The

number of leaflets is usually 5 to 7, being smooth, dark green or greenish on upper

surface and densely grey, tomentose with somewhat parallel and prominent venation

beneath. Their sizes vary from 15 to 35 cm long and 6 to 13 cm wide. Leaf margins

serrate, leaf tips acute or acuminate and leaf bases attenuate. M. arboreus is dioecious,

- 67 -

17. MYRIANTHUS ARBOREUS

I. 0 NANES : Fami 1y Moraceae (Urticaceae)

Botanical Hyrianthu s a rboreus P. Beauv . Common English

Giant Yellow Mulberry Names Vernacular mkonde (Kishamhaa, Kibondei, Kizigua); mhunsa

(Kimatengo), mkwayaga. mdewe r ere, mlowelowe (Kiluguru): mfuza (Kisagara)

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

2 .1 Locality : M. arboreus occurs naturally in east Usamba r a and on the eastern parts of \o]est Usambara. Uluguru and Ngur u Mountains, Southern Highlands (Iringa and Tukuyu),

Songea (Liwili~Kiteza Forest Reserve).

2 . 2 Altitude: The species grows noturally between 600 m above sea level on the southeast Nguru Mountains to about 1530 m above sea level in Shikurufuni Forest Reserve in Marogorc. Dale and Greenway (1961) observed that in Kenya it gr ows from 1220 m to 1830 m above sea l eve l.

2 . 3 Climate : The species 1S known t o grow in areas of high annual rainfall, ranging f r om 1250 mm to 2340 mm fo r Liwili~K i teza Forest Reserves and Tukuyu distri ct office, respectively (Nshubemuki, ~. ~., 1978). The temperature and relative humidity data are availab l e for Amani Heteorologica l stations. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures are 24 . 90 C and 16.30 C, r espectively; the mean range is 8 . 60 C. The mean relative humidity is reported to be 87 percent at 0600 GMT and 75 percent at 1200 GMT (LA. Met. Dept .• 1975).

2.4 Geology and soils : The geology and soi l s of east Usambara and south-east parts of west Usambara, Nguru and Uluguru Hountains have been described above (see ~. stuhlmannii). In Tukuyu Hountains, soils are derived from tertiary and recent volcanic rocks while in Songea soils a r e delivered from tertiary sediments (Morgan, 1972) .

2.5 Forest type : Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that M. arboreus is a rain forest species. Dale and Gr eenway (1961) report that in Kenya the on the edge of montane rain forest and in damp localities .

species occur s naturally The common associate species

include Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Caloncoba welwi tsohii, Cephalosphaera usambarensis, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Myrianthus holsti i, Newtonia buchananii, Ochma ho l sti i, Strombosia scheffleri . M. arboreus is a shade-tolerant species.

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

M. arboreus is of relatively l ow abundance in natural forests. It 1S usually a riverain spec i es .

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

~. arboreus is a small or large evergreen tree , 15 to 25' m (rarely up to 30 m) high with smooth , light or reddish-grey bark. Leaves large and digitate . obovate or obovateelliptic with long leaf stalks . The length of leaf stalks var i es from 7 to 30 cm. The number of l eaflets is us ually 5 to 7 , being smoo th, dark green or greenish on upp er surface and densely grey , tomentose with somewhat parallel and prominent venation beneath. Their sizes vary from 15 to 35 em lon g and 6 to 13 em wide. Leaf mar gins serrate, leaf tips acute or acuminate and leaf bases attenuate. M. a rb oreus i s dioecious,

- 68-

male and female flowers usually paired and borne in axils of the leaves. Male inflor-escences of yellowish catkins borne on panicle cymes. Female inflorescences small,globose, light and yellowish. Fruit compound and yellowish after ripening. It

resembles a small pineapple and is sweet and edible. Illustrations are given in Figure 17and Plate XVII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp is slightly acid and edible.


M. arboreus ripe fruits are picked from the tree and eaten. Alternatively, green

mature fruit can be picked from the tree and stored for ripening. Usually, fruits fallenon the ground are rotten and therefore unsuitable for eating.


A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species

flowers from October to November, while fruit maturing is in April. During the field

survey carried out recently, it was noted that flowering takes place from November to

December and fruit matures from January to March. From the above it can be concluded

that flowering is from October to December, and fruit maturing is from January to April.


Not known to the best of our knowledge, but see Appendix 2 for constituents.


9.1 Natural regeneration: On the basis of its low abundance in natural forests, and the

absence of smaller size classes, it can be concluded that M. arboreus is not regenerating

adequately. For the seed to germinate, the fruit should fall on damp places where it

decomposes, releasing the seed. However, it appears that the seed has low germination

capacity.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC VALUE:

M. arboreus fruits may play an important role as a source of edible fruit irit is planted on a large scale; where there is a shortage of other tree species, M.

arboreus could be a source of fuel wood; the wood is used for making wooden pots.

- 68 -

male and female flowers usually paired and borne in axils o f the leaves. Hale inflor

escences of yellO\.)' ish catkins borne on panicle cymes . Female inflorescences small , g l obose, light and yellowish. Fruit compo un d and yellO\vish after ripening. It

resembles a small pineapple and is sweet and edible . Illustrations are given in Figure 17 and Plate XVII.

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The fruit pulp is slightly acid and edible .

6 . 0 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

~. arboreus ripe fruits are picked from the tree and eaten . Alte rnatively . gree n mature fruit can be picked from the tree and sto red f o r ripenin g . Usua l ly , fruits bllen

on the ground are rotten and therefore unsuitable for eating .

7 . 0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

A survey of botan ical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species flowers from October to November, while fruit matur ing is in April. During the field survey carried out recently, it was noted that flO\.Jering takes place from November to December and fruit matures from January to Harch. From the above it can be concluded that flowering is from October to December, and fruit maturing is from January to April.


Not known to the best of our knowledge, but see Appendix 2 for constituents .


9 .1 Natural regenera tion: On the basis of its low abundance in natural forests, and the absence of smaller size classes, it can be concluded that ~ . arboreus is not regenerating adequately. For the seed to germinate, the fruit should fallon damp places where it decomposes, r eleasing the seed. However, it appears that the seed has low germination capacity .

9 . 2 Artificial regenera tion: Artificial regeneration has not been tried.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC VALUE:

M. arboreus fruits may play an important role as a source of ed ibl e fruit if it is planted on a large scale; where there is a shortag~ of other tree spec i es , ~ .

arb are us could be a source of fuel woodj the wood is used for making wooden pots.

Plate XVII -1

- 69 -

PLATE XVII. Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

Plate XVII. Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

a - leaf with seven leaflets

b - leaf with five leafletsc - male inflorescenced - branchlet bearing young fruit, leaves removed

tree at the left Plate XVII2 - branchlet bearing leaves and

side of Amani stream youro4 Fruits at Amani, Tanga,

Amani Montane forest January 1982

January, 1982

- 69 -

PLATE XVII. Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.

0, l00mm L. _~-"

, , b

0 40mm , ,

0 20mm , ,

"'~---

Plate XVII. Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. a - leaf \ ... ith seven leaflets

b - leaf with f ive leaflets c - male inflorescence d - branchlet bearing young fruit, leaves removed

Plat e XVIIl

- tree at the left side of Amani stream Amani Montane forest January, 1982

Pla te XVII2

- branchlet bearing leaves and young fruits at Amani, Tanga,

January 1982

1.0 NAMES: Family Euphorbiaceae

Botanical Oldifieldia dactylophylla J. Leonard.

Syn. Paivaeusa dactylophylla Welw. ex Oliv.

Vernacular muliwanfwengi, mliwanfwengi, mkalanga (Kinyamwezi)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally in

Mwanza on the shores of Lake Victoria. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto

herbarium shows that the species grows naturally at Kipili (Manyoni District); Kipembawe

(Chunya District), Simbo, Tabora Beekeeping School (Tabora District). These observations

show that the species is restricted to Singida, Tabora and Mwanza regions.

2.2 Altitude: O. dactylophylla's altitudinal range is about 1100 to 1500 m above sea

level.

2.3 Climate: Climatic data for Tabora and Mwanza, where O. dactylophylla grows natural-

ly, are given under Manilkara mochysia. However, it should be noted that its water re-

quirement is supplemented by ground water as it prefers areas with high ground watertable.

2.4 Geology and soils: O. dacrylciphylla grows naturally on light yellow friable clays

with latente horizon. The soils of Tabora and Singida are derived from acid gneisses,

magmatites and associated granites and granodiorites: while the soils of Mwanza region

are derived from granites and granodiorites (Morgan, 1972),

2.5 Vegetation types: O. dactylophylla grows naturally in Brachystegia-Julbernardia

woodland. The common associated tree species are Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia antunesiana,

Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. zeyheri, Flacourtia indica,

Hexalobus monopetalus, Julbernardia globiflora, Lannea schimperi, Parinari curatellifolia,

Strychnos pungens, S. spinosa, Terminalia sericae, Vangueriopsis lanciflora, Vitex

mombassae, etc.

- 71 -

18. OLDFIELDIA DACTYLOPHYLLA


There are no records of inventory data for 0. dactylophylla. However, it occurs in

isolated patches in the Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland, especially on sandy soils

with high watertable. A rough sampling made near the Beekeeping School at Tabora showed

that two plots measuring 52 m2 and 11 m2 each had 10 plants, i.e. seedlings or saplings.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

O. dactylophylla is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree up t4 17 m high with

compact and rounded crown. Bark rough, black with deep longitudinal fissures, trans-

verse cracks, brownish and resinous when slashed. Branchlets stout, short, ferrugineous-

tomentose when young, rough with prominent leaf-scars and dormant buds when old. Leaves

alternate or in fascicles, digitate, usually with 3-5 leaflets, sometimes up to 7'leaf-

lets, leaf stalks 0,5-4 cm long, leaflets subsessile or shortly stalked, elliptic or

oblanceolate-elliptic, 7-16 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, margin

entire, glabrous and shiny above, grey tomentose with prominent midrib beneath. Flowers

dioecious, yellowish or rusty-yellow, dense, produced in leaf axils. Male flowers very

shortly stalked. Female flowers have longer and branched peduncles, 1-2 cm long. Fruits

subglobose, fulvous-tomentose, about 2.5 cm in diameter, greenish when young, yellowish

when ripe, tardily dehiscent, containing 3 seeds. Seeds are flattish, up to 1.3 x 0.9 cm,

cone-shaped, yellowish with edible pulp. Illustrations are shown in Figure 18 and

Plate XVIII.

18. OLDFIELDIA DACTYLOPHYLLA

1.0 NAJ>IES: Family Botanical Syn . Ve rnacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 71 -

Euph o rbiaceae

Oldifiel~ia dactylophylla J. Leonard. !~ivaeusa dactylophylla t.Jelw. ex Oliv o muliwanhlengi, m1 iwan fwengi. mkalan ga (Ki nyann..Jez i)

2 .1 Locality : Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species g rm<ls naturally in

Mwanza on the sho r es of Lake Vi ctoria . A survey of the botani ca l specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species grOt"s naturally at Kipi Ii (Hanyoni District); Kipemba,,,e

(Chunya District), Simbo . Tabora Beekeeping School (Tabora District). These observa ti ons 5hm., that the species is restri cted to Singida. Tabora and M\o]anza regions .

2.2 Alt i tude: O. dactylophylla's altitudinal range is about 1100 to 1500 m above sea leve 1.

2.3 Climate: Climatic data for Tabora and Mwanza, where ~. da c tylop hy11a_ grmvs na turally, are given under Manilkara mochysia. However. it shou ld be not ed that its wate r r equirement is supplemented by ground water as it prefers areas with high ground wate rt ab le.

2.4 Geology and soils: Q.. da c tyl d phyll~ grows naturally on li ght yellmv friable c l ays with laterite horizon. The soi l s of Tabora and Singida are derived from ac id gneisses. magmati tes and associated grani t es and granodiori tes ; whi Ie th e so i I s of M\vanza regi on are derived from gran ites and granodiorites (Mor gan, 1972) ,

2.5 Vegeta tion types: Q. dactylophylia grows naturally in Brachystegia-Julbernardia

woodland. The common associated tree species are Afzelia quanzensi s , Alb i zia antunes i an~,

Brachystegia boehmii, ~. spiciformis, Combretu~ collinum, ~. zeyheri. Flacourtia indica. Hexalobus monopetalus, Julbernardi ~ g lobiflora, Lanne~ schimperi, Parinari curatellifo lia, Strychnos pungens, S. spinosa, Te rminalia serica~, Vangueriopsis lanciflora, Vitex mombassae, etc.


There are no r ecords of inventory data for 2. dacty l ophyll~. However, it occ urs in isolated patches in the Brachystegia-Julbernardi a woodland . espec i ally on sandy soils with high watertable . A rough sampling made near the Beekeeping Schoo l at Tabora showed that two plots measuring 52 m2 and 11 m2 each had 10 plants, i.e. seedlings or saplings .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

Q. dactylophylla is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree up tJ -17 m high with compact and rounded crown. Bark rough, black with deep longitudinal fissures, trans verse cracks~ brownish and resinous when slashed. Branchlets stout, short , f errugineoustomentose when young, rough with prominent leaf-scars and dormant buds when old. Leaves alternate or in fascicles, digitate, usually with 3-5 leaflets, sometimes up to 7' leaflets, leaf stalks 0.5-4 cm long, leaflets subsessile or shortly stalked . elliptic or ob laneeo late - el liptic, 7-16 cm long, 3-6 em wide, obtuse at apex. cuneate at base. margin entire, g labrous and shiny above, grey tomentose with prominent midrib beneath. Flowers dioeeious, yellowish or rusty-yellow, dense, produced in leaf axils. Male flowers very shortly stalked. Female flowers have longer and branched peduncles . 1-2 em long . Fruits

subgl obose, fulvous-tomentose, about 2.5 em in diameter, greenish when young, yellowish when ripe, tardily dehiscent, containing 3 seeds. ·Seeds are flattish, up to 1. 3 x 0.9 em, cone- shaped, yellowish with edible pulp. Illustrati ons are shown in Figure 18 and

Plate XVIII.

- 72 -

5.0 MAIN USES:



O. dactylophylla fruits are persistent; they are picked on ripening.


A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that flowering takes

place between September and October, while fruit ripening occurs in September and October.

White (1962) observed that in Zambia the species flowers in May, while fruiting occurs in

March and September. During the course of this study the species was noted flowering

and ripening fruit in May. The above observations show that the species flowers and

fruits twice per year. Flowering and fruit ripening occurs concurrently at the onset and

towards the end of long rains. Moreover, it takes about five to seven months from flower

fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: O. dactylophylla regenerates naturally from seed, coppice

and suckers. The seed appears to be germinating well because during the field observation

we noted profuse natural regeneration around mother trees. These seedlings rapidly develop

a deep root system which helps to sustain the plant during the long dry season. Coppice

shoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after wounding of

roots by any means already mentioned in preceding chapters. In general, this species

regenerates adequately in natural forests where it grows naturally.


artificially. However, owing to the observed good germination capacity, there is a

possibility of raising the species in the nursery and planting it in the field where there

has been partial clearing of vegetation.


Fruits are edible; wood for fuel.

- 72 -

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp i s edible.

6 . 0 HETHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Q. dactylophylla fruits are persistent ; they are pi cked on ripen i ng .

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDI BLE PART :

A survey of the botanical specimens i n Lushoto herbari um shows that flowe ring takes place between September and October, while fruit ripening occurs in Septembe r a nd Oc t ober. \.Jhite (1962) observed that in Zambia the species flowers in May, while fr ui ting occurs in

March and September. During the course of this study the species was no t ed flower i ng and ripening fru i t in May . The above observations show that t he species flower s and fruits t wi ce per year . Flowering and fruit ripening occurs concu r rently at the ons e t and towards the end of long rains. Moreover , i t takes about five to seven months from flowe r fertilization t o fruit ripening.

8 . 0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE :

Not known.

9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 . I Natural regeneration : Q. dactylophylla regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and suckers. The seed appears to be germinating well because during the fie l d observati on we noted profuse natural regeneration around mother trees. These seedlings rap i d l y deve l o p a deep root system whi ch helps to sustain the plant during the long dry season . Coppi ce shoots a r e produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced afte r wound i ng of r oots by any means a l ready mentioned in preceding chap t e r s . I n gene r al, th i s spec i es regener ates adequately i n natural forests where it grows natural l y .

9.2 Artificial regeneration : There have been no efforts to r egenerate t he species artif i cially . Hmvever, owing to the observed good germination capacity, there is a poss i bility of raising the species in the nursery and planting it in the fie l d where the r e has been partial clearing of vegetation .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMI C IMPORTANCE:

Fr uits are edible ; \<Jood for fue l.

PLATE XVIII. Oldfie/dia dactylophylla J. Leonard

Plate XVIII. Oldfieldia dactylophylla J. Leonard

a - branchlet bearing flower buds c - fruit part section showing seedsb - fruiting branchlet

Plate XVIII1 - tree, at BeekeepingSchool, Tabora,May, 1982

- 73 -

Plate XVIII2 - branchlet bearing flowers,at Beekeeping School,Tabora, May, 1982

Plate XVIII3 - branchlet bearing ripefruits at Beekeeping School,Tabora, May, 1982

- 73 -

PLATE XVIII . Oldfieldia dactylophylla J. Leonard

a QL_--,-_...J2pm m a C

Plate XVIII. Oldfieldia _dactylophylla J. Leonard

Plate XVIII1

-

a - branchlet bearing flower buds c - fruit part section showing seeds b - fruiting branch let

tree, at Beekeeping School A Tabora, May, b82

Plate XVIII2

- branchlet bearing flowers, at Beekeep ing School, Tabora, May , 1982

P l ate XVIII3 - branch let bear i ng ripe fru it s a t Beekeeping School, Tabora, May, 1982

19. PACHYSTELA BREVIPES


Botanical Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

Syn. Sideroxylon brevipes Baker

Sideroxylon sacleuxii Baill.

Pachystela sacleuxii (Baill.) Baill.

Sersalisia brevipes (Baker) Baill.

Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Baill.

Chrysophyllum stuhlmannii Engl.

Pachystela cinerea (Engl.) Engl.

Bakeriella brevipes (Baker) Dubard

Buteria brevipes (Baker) Baehni

Vernacular msavia, mchocho, mchanvya, msamvia (Kiswahili); mgelezi

(Kizaramo); msambia (Kipare, Kinguru); mkarati (Kizinza);

ndobilobe (Kinyakyusa); msambwa (Kiluguru); mdu (Kipare)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: P. brevipes occurs naturally in lowland rain forests of Zanzibar (Mchocha),

Pemba (Ngezi Forest Reserve) and Mafia Islands. The species is also known to occur in

Kibaha (Bana); Korogwe (Rwengera River); Muheza Morogoro (Mtibwa), and Kilosa (Kidodi).

It is also found in Iringa (Vigola Forest Reserve) and Tujuyu (Karoro Forest Reserve).

It is also known to occuraround Lake Victoria. It is found on Kome Island (Chigara

Forest Reserve), Bukoba (Rubare Forest Reserve and Myakato) and Mgara (Muwendo Ferry).

2.2 Altitude: Hemsley (1968) reported that P. brevipes occurs from 0-1500 m above sea

level. However, botanical specimens found in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species

occurs up to 1600 m above sea level at Muwendo Ferry (Ngara).

2.3 Climate: P. brevipes appears to occur naturally in areas with varying rainfall

regimes. The minimum and maximum annual rainfall figures are 978 mm and 2029 mm for

Ruvu near Dar-es-Salaam and Mkoani meteorological station on Zanzibar Island, respec-

tively (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978; E.A. Met. Dept., 1975). The temperature and relative

humidity for selected areas where P. brevipes occurs naturally are given in Table 7.

Table 7 Annual temperature and relative humidity for the selected stations

in Tanzania where Pachystela brevipes Engl. occurs naturally

Stat ion

(Period)

Bukoba Met. Station

- 75 -

Temperature °C Relative humidity %


(1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Mlingano

(1947-70) 30.1 20.4 9.7 - 80 66

Morogoro Met. Station

(1940-60) 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 50

Zanzibar-Kisauni Airport

(1952-70) 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64

Zanzibar-Wete

(1939-70) 29.9 21.1 8.8 _ 78

Source: E.A. Meteorological Dept., 1975

19. PACHYSTELA BREVIPES

1.0 NAMES: Family Botanical

5yll.

Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 75 -

Sapotaceae

Pachystela brevi pes (Baker) Engl. Sideroxylon brevi pes Baker Sideroxylon sacleuxii Ba i ll. Pachyste l a sacleuxii (BailI.) Baill. Sersalisia brevipes (Baker) Baill. Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Baill. Chrysophyllum stuhlmannii Engl. Pachystela c i nerea (Engl.) Engl. Bakeriella brevi pes (Baker) Dubard Buteri a brevi pes (Baker) Baehni msavia, mchocho, mchanvya, msamvia {Kiswahili)j mgelezi (Kizaramo); msambia (Kipare, Kinguru); mkarati (Kizinza); ndobilobe CKinyakyusa); msambwa (Kiluguru); mdu (Kipare)

2 . I Locality : P. brevi pes occurs naturally in lowland rain forests of Zanzibar (Mchocha), Pemba (Ngez i Forest Reserve) and Mafia Is lands. The species is a lso known to occur in Kibah a (Balla); Korogwe (Rwengera River); Muheza Morogoro (Mtibwa), and Kilosa (Kidodi). I t is also found in Iringa (Vigo l a Forest Reserve) and Tujuyu (Karoro Forest Reserve). It is also knm-ln t o oc.cur a r ound Lake Victoria. It is found on Kame Island (Chigara Fores t Reserve), Bukoba (Rubare Forest Reserve and Myakato) and Mgara (Muwendo Ferry) .

2.2 Altitude: Hemsley (1968) reported that P . brevipes occurs from 0-1500 m above sea level. However, botanical specimens found in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species occurs up to 1600 m above sea level at Muwendo Ferry (Ngara) .

2.3 Climate: P. brevi pes appears to occur naturally in areas with varying r ainfall regimes . The minimum and maximum annual r ainfall figures are 978 mm and 2029 nun for Ruvu near Dar-es-Salaam and Mkoani meteorological station on Zanzibar Island, respectively (Nshubemuk i , ~. ~., 1978; E.A . Met. Dept., 1975). The temperature and relative humidity for selected areas where !. brevipes occurs naturally are given in Table 7.

Table 7 Annual temp erature and relative humidity for the selected stations in Tanzania where Pacbystela brev i pes Engl. occurs naturally

Stat i on Temperature °c Relative humidity % (Per i od)

Hax Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200

Bukoba Met. Station (1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Ml ingano (1947 - 70) 30. I 20.4 9.7 80 66

Hor ogoro He t. Station (1940-60) 30.0 18 . 6 11.4 90 84 50

Zanz ibar-Ki sauni Airport (1952-70) 30 . 3 2 1. 6 8.7 93 81 64

Zanz i bar- \.Jete

(1939-70) 29 . 9 2 1.1 8.8 78

Source: E . A. Meteorologi cal Dept. , 1975

GMT

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2.4 Geology and soil: P. brevipes grows naturally on dark red to red loamy sands, red

to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and yellow-red loamy sands. On

Lake Victoria Island the species grows on coastal sands and soils derived from granites

and granodiorite rocks. Soils in Bukoba are derived frum Bukoban rocks; those in Ngara

are derived from Karagwe-Ankolean rocks. Along Tanzanian coast and on Zanzibar, Pemba

and Mafia Islands, soils are derived from quaternary sediments. In Morogoro and some

parts of Tanga, soils are of Mozambican belt rock origin (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: The species occurs naturally in moist lowland rain forests and

riverain forests, and between moist lowland and montane rain forests. Its common

associate tree species include Afrosersalísia cerasifera, Antiarís usambarensis,

Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Malacantha alnifolia, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Chlorophora

excelsa, Chrysophyllum albidum, Khaya nyasica, Pachystela msolo, Sorindeía madagascariensis,

Sterculía appendiculata, Trema orientalis. P. brevipes is commonly found on river banks

and margins or other such sites with a permanent watertable.


There have been no inventory data taken. However, from field observations, Che

species is scattered in natural forests.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

P. brevipes is a small or large evergreen tree up to 35 m high with dense crown and

much fluted or ribbed bole. Leaves dark green, alternate, obovate, acuminate, obtuse or

emarginate at apex, cuneate at base; glabrous and shining on the upper surfaces, while

the lower surfaces are slightly pubescent and greyish. Primary lateral nerves prominent

and 8 to 14 on each side, secondary nerves absent, ultimate veins oblique and inconspic-

uous. The sizes of the leaves vary from 9 to 20 cm long and 3.5 to 8 cm wide (or rarely

more). The length of the stalks varies from 0.5 to 1 cm. Hemsley (1968) observed that

flowers are either yellowish green, yellowish white or cream, and f/agrant. Pedicels up

to 2 mm long. Sepals connate at base, ovate to elliptic-oblong, up to 4 mm long, 3 mm

wide, pubescent externally. Corolla yellowish green or cream; tube up to 2 mm long:

lobes about elliptic to narrowly ovate, up to 4.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Free part of

filament up to 5 mm long; anthers narrowly obcordate, dehiscence. Small membraneous

ovate-lanceolate or minute triangular staminodes sometimes present. Ovary subconical,

up to 2 mm long; style up to 5 mm long.

The flowers are crowded in thick clusters below the leaves on young branchlets and

also on older branches. The fruits are small, rusty-green, hairy berries about 3 cm

long and 2.4 cm wide, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, prominently beaked at one end and

yellowish after ripening. The fruit has a soft, milky pulp-with an acid-sweet taste

and edible. Illustrations are shown in Figure 19 and Plate XIX.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit contains a milky juice and a white mucilaginous acid-sweet edible pulp

(Dale and Greenway, 1961).


Ripe fruits are collected from standing trees. Fruits falling on the ground are

normally unripe or overmature and thus unsuitable for eating.

- 76 -

2.4 Geology and soil: P. brevipes grows naturally on dark red to red loamy sands, red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and yellow-red loamy sands. On Lake Victoria Island the species grows on coastal sands and soils derived from granites and granodiorite rocks. Soils in Bukoba are derived frum Bukoban rocks; those in Ngara are derived from Karagwe- Ankolean rocks . Along Tanzanian coast and on Zanzibar, Pemba and Mafia Islands, soils are derived from quaternary sediments. In Morogoro and some parts of Tanga, soi l s are of Mozambican belt rock origin (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type : The species occurs naturally in moist lowland rain forests and riverain forests, and between moist lowland and montane rain forests. Its corrunon associate tree species include Afrosersalisia cerasifera, Antiaris usambarensis, Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Malacantha alnifolia, Bombax rhodognaphalon. Chlorophora excelsa, Chrysophyll um albidum, Khaya nyasica . Pachystela msol o , Sorindeia madagascariensis, Stercul i a appendiculata, Trema orientalis. f. brevi pes is commonly found on river banks and margins or other such sites with a permanent watertable.


There have been no inventory data taken. However , from field Observations, the species is scattered in natura l forests.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

~. brevipes is a small or large evergreen tree up to 35 m high with dense c rown and much fluted or ribbed bole. Leaves dark green, alternate, obovate , acuminate, obtuse or emarginate at apex, cuneate at base; glabrous and shining on the uppe r surfaces, whi le the lower surfaces are slightly pubescent and greyish. Primary lateral nerves prominent and 8 to 14 on each side , secondary nerves absent, ultimate veins oblique and inconspicuous . The sizes of the leaves vary from 9 to 20 cm long and 3.5 to 8 cm wid e (or rarely more). The length of the stalks varies from 0.5 to 1 cm. Hemsley (1968) observed that flowers are either yellowish green, yellowish white or cream, and fr-agrant . Pedicels up to 2 mm long. Sepa l s connate at base, ovate to elliptic-oblong, up to 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, pubescent externally. Corolla yellowish green or cream; tube up to 2 mm long; lobes about elliptic to narrowly ovate, up to 4 . 5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Free part of filament up to 5 mm long; anthers narrowly obcordate, dehiscence. Small memb r aneous ovate- lanceolate or minute triangular staminodes sometimes present . Ovary subconical, up to 2 mm long; style up to 5 mm long.

The flowers are c rowded in thick clusters below the leaves on young branch lets and a l so on older branches . The fruits are small, rusty-green, hairy berries about 3 em long and 2.4 cm wide, e l lipsoid o r oblong- ellipsoid, promi nently beaked a t one end and yellowi sh after ripening. The fruit has a soft, mi l ky pulp-with an acid-sweet taste and edible. Illustrations are shown in Figure 19 and Plate XIX.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The frui t contains a milky juice and a white muci l aginous acid-sweet edible pulp

(Dale and Greenway, 1961).


Ri pe fruits are col l ected from standing trees. Frui ts falling on the ground are norma lly unr i pe or overmature and thus unsuitable for eating.

- 77 -


Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that flowering takes place in May, August and

December, and trees are fruiting in October. Recent field observations at Muheza

(Tanga) and Kalundwa Morogoro revealed that flowering is in June and December, while

fruit ripening is from October to February. This implies that there are long floweringand fruiting periods.


Not known.


9.1 Natural regeneration: P. brevipes regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. The

species seeds heavily in most years. On overmaturing, the fruit falls to the ground.

During the rainy season, or towards the end of the rainy season, there is profuse natural

regeneration of the species. However, few seedlings advance to sapling or pole sized

trees. This is mainly because most of the seeds which germinate towards the beginning

of the dry season die. Moreover, a few pole sized or mature stocks which survive are

frequently cut because the tree is reputed to produce good quality poles for construction.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, owing to good germination capacity, it would be possible to raise

it in pots in the nursery or by direct sowing on cultivated soils. Field observations

carried out in Morogoro revealed that pollarding could increase the quantity of fruits

produced by trees.


Although the species seems to be slow growing, it has high potential for its edible

fruits, construction poles, firewood and pestles.

- 77 -


Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that flowering takes place in May, August and December, and trees are fruiting in O~tober. Recent field observations at Muheza (Tanga) and Kaillodwa Morogoro revealed that flowering is in June and December, while

fru i t ripening is from October to February. Th i s implies that there are long flowering and fruiting periods.


Not known.


9 .1 Natural regeneration: .~. br.evipe~ regenerates natura l ly by seed and coppice. The

species seeds heavily in most years . On overmat uring, the fruit falls to the ground. During the rainy season, or towards the end of the rainy season, there is profuse natural regeneration of the species. However, fe\v seedlings advance to sapling or pole sized trees. This is mainly because most of the seeds which germinate towards the beginning of the dry season die. Moreover. a few pole s i zed or mature stocks which survive are frequently cut because the tree is reputed to produce good quality poles for construction.

9.2 Artificial re ge neration: No efforts have been made to r egenerate the species artificially. However, owing to good germinat i on capacity, it would be possible to raise it in pots in the nursery or by direc t sowing on cultivated soils. _Field observations carried out in Morogoro revealed that pollarding could increase the quantity of fruits produced by trees .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOfnC IMPORTANCE:

Although the species seems to be slow growing, it has high potential for its edible fruits. construction po l es. firewood and pestles.

PLATE XIX. Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

Plate XIX1 - tree at Kalundwa

Morogoro,

February, 1982

Plate XIX. Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

a - treeb - branchletc - cluster of fruits on an old branchd - fruit in part section showing pulp and seede - seed

Plate XIX2 - branchlets showing leaves

and ripe fruits

- 7R -

PLATE XIX. Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl.

0 ,,~

" ' , '1 e, ! !

b

40mm ! . ,

WQ 0 'Omm ! !

. /

G · ' .. -, .

Plate XIX . Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl .

Pl ate XI\

a - tree b - branch let c - cluster of fruits on an old branch d - fruit in part section shmving pulp and seed e - seed

tree at Kalundwa

Morogoro, February, 1982

Plate XIX2

- branchlets showi ng leaves and r i pe fruits

20. PACHYSTELA MSOLO


Botanical Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl.

Syn. Chrysophyllum msolo Engl.

Pachystela ulugurensis Engl.

Pouteria msolo (Engl.) Mceuse

Amorphospermum msolo (Engl.) Baehni

Vernacular msavia, mohocho, mchanvya, msambia (Kiswahili);

mgelezi (Kizaramo); msambia (Kinguru, Kizigua);

mkarati (Kizinza); ndobilobe (Kinyakyusa) ; msambwa

(Kiluguru); mdu, msambia (Kipare); mnyohoyo (Kizigua).

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally at Korogwe (Mambo and Mashewa); Muheza

(Amani, Kwamkoro); Morogoro-(east Uluguru and south-east Mguru(at Manyangu ForestReserve); Handeni (along the Msiri River); eastern South Pare Mountains and Bukoba

(Rubare Forest Reserve). Hemsley (1968) reported that the species is also found in the

southern highlands.

2.2 Altitude: The species occurs between 80 m and 1400 m above sea level (Hemsley, 1968).

According to the botanical specimens found in Lushoto herbarium, the species is found

up to 1524 m above sea level at Maskati in the south-east Nguru Mountains.

2.3 Climate: P. msolo is found to grow in areas with great variations in rainfall

regimes. The minimum annual rainfall is 642 mm (Mombo) and the maximum annual rainfall

is 1753 mm (Amani) (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). It should be borne in mind that the low

rainfall at Mombo is supplemented by the permanent high ground watertable. The tempera-

ture and relative humidity for selected areas where P. msolo occurs naturally are given

in Table 8.

Table 8 Annual temperature and relative humidity for the selected stations in Tanzania

where P. msolo occurs naturally

0C %Relative humidity

- 79 -

2.4 Geology and soils: P. msolo occurs naturally on laterized red earths with a shallow

organic topsoil derived from gneisses with varying amounts of pyroxene, hornblende and

biotite rocks in the east Usambara. In Korogwe, Muheza, Handeni and Morogoro, the species

grows naturally on red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and

yellow-red loam soils derived from rocks of the Mozambican belt. In the Uluguru and

Nguru Mountains, these soils are derived from coarse grained siliceous rocks and usually

associated with "Inselbergs" at lower altitudes. The soils in Bukoba District are

highly leached (dark greyish to brown) with low humus. The "A" horizon overlies yellow-

red loamy sands on quartz-rich Bukoban sandstone (Mq3rberg, 1972; Morgan, 1972).

Station Temperature

(period)Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1201-' GMT

Amani (1931-73) 24.9 16.3 8.6 - 87 75

Mombo (1959-70) 31.0 18.9 12.1 92 78 50

Morogoro (1946-60) 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 50

Bukoba (1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69


20. PACHYSTELA MSOLO

1.0 NAMES : Family Botanical Syn .

Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 79 -

Sapotaceae

Pachystela msolo (Engl .) Engl. Chrysophyllum rosalo Engl. Pachystela ulugurensis Engl . Pouteria msolo (Engl.) Mceuse Amorphospermum msalo (Engl.) Baehni msavia, mahacha . mchanvya, msambia (Kis\.,:rahili) ;

mgelezi (Kizaramo); msamb ia (Kinguru, Kizigua); mkarati (Ki zinza); ndobilobe (Kinyakyusa) ; msambwa (Kiluguru); mclu, msambia (Kipare); mnyohoyo (Ki z i gua) .

2 . I Locality : The species occurs naturally at Korogwe (Mambo and Mashewa); Muheza (Amani, K\.Jamkoro); Morogoro · (east Uluguru and south-east Mguru(at Manyangu Forest

Reserve); Handctli (along the Msiri River) j eastern South Pa re Mountains and Bukoba

(Rubare Forest Reserve). Hemsley (1968) reported that the species is also found in the southern highlands.

2 . 2 Altitude: The species occurs between 80 m and 1400 m above sea level (Hemsley. 1968) . According to the botanical specimens found in Lushoto herbarium, the species is found up t o 1524 m abovl'" sea level at Maskat i in the south-east Nguru Mountains.

2.3 Climate: f. msolo is found to grO\.J in areas with gr ea t var iati ons in rainfall r eg imes . The minimum annual rainfall i s 642 nun (Mambo) and the maximum annual rainfall i s 1753 rom (Amani) (Nshubemuki. ~. ~ .• 1978) . It should be borne in mind that the l ow r a infall at t-lombo is supplemented by the permanent high ground watertable . The temperatur e a nd relative humidity for selected ar eas wher e f. msolo occurs naturally are given in Table 8 .


where P. msolo occurs naturally

St at i on Temperature DC Relative humidity % (period)

Max Hin Range 0300 GMT 0600 GHT 120" GMT

Amani (1931-73) 24 .9 16 . 3 8 .6 87 75

Mombo (1959-70) 31.0 18.9 12. I 92 78 50

Morogoro ( 1946-60) 30 . 0 18 . 6 11.4 90 84 50

Bukoba ( 1936- 70) 26 . 0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Source : LA. Me t. Dept. , 197 5 .

2 . 4 Geology and soils: P. msolo occu r s naturally on laterized red earths with a shallow organic topsoil derived from gneisses with varying amounts of pyroxene , hornblende and biot ite r ocks in th e east Usambara . In Kor ogwe, Muheza, Handeni and Morogoro, the spec i es gr ows na turally on red to yellO\ .... - red, gri t t y sandy c l ay loarns {latosolic so ils} and y"ellow-red l oam soils deri ved from rocks of the Mozambican belt. In the Uluguru and Nguru Houn tains , these soils are derived from coarse grained siliceous rocks and usua lly assoc i a t ed \ ..... i th "Inse Ibe r gs " at lower a It i tudes. The so i 15 in Bukoba Di strict are highly leached (dark grey ish to brown) with 10\ ..... humus. The "A" horizon overlies yel l owr ed loamy sands on quartz-r ich Bukoban sandstone (M0rberg. 1972; Morgan , 1972).

- 80 -

2.5 Forest type: The species occurs naturally in lowland rain forests extending into

the lower fringes of upland rain forests, and in riverain forests, At lower altitudes

the species occurs in association with Afrosersalisia cerasifera, Antiaris usambarensis,

Bombax rhodognaphalon, Chlorophora excelsa, Chrysophyllum albidum, Sorindeia madagas-

cariensis, Sterculia appendiculata and Trema orientalis, At higher altitudes, the

species occurs in association with Allanblackia stulalmannii, A, ulugurensis, Cephalosphaera

usambarensis, Isoberlinia scheffleri, Myrianthus arboreus, Newtonia buchananii,

Parinari excelsa, P. goetzeniana, Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense, etc.


The species is abundant in forests at lower altitudes, but its frequency in

occurence decreases with rise in altitude.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

P. msolo is a medium or tall evergreen and many-branched tree, 20 to 50 m high, with

dense crown and deeply fluted and pillared bole to about 3 m. Leaves alternate, medium

to large, 8 to 35 cm long, 3 to 14 cm wide (or rarely larger than this), dark green,

coriaceous, glabrous and shining on upper surfaces, while the lower surfaces are slightly

silvery, hairy or glaucous with prominent venation. Their shapes vary from obovate-oblong

to oblanceolate with rounded or shortly acuminate tips and cuneate, obtuse or sub-

auriculate leaf bases. Lateral nerves 10 to 16 on each side of the leaf. Leaf stalks

short, 0.3 to 1.0 cm long. Flowers small, greenish-white and fragrant, clustered below

the leaves on young branchlets and older branches. Pedicels short, usually from 0.3 to

0.6 cm long, Fruits small, green, subglobose berries about 3 cm long, 2.5 cm wide and

beaked. The fruits become yellowish after ripening and have a juicy pulp. Illustrations

are shown in Figure 20 and Plate XX.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp is edible.


Ripe fruits are collected from standing trees. Fruits falling on the ground are

usually not ripe or overmature and unsuitable for eating.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that P, msolo flowers in July, October and

December, while fruits mature in July. A survey of the specimens in the Lushoto herbarium

revealed that the species flowers in October and December. During recent field survey,

it was noted that the species flowers in October, while fruit ripens in December,

February, March and April. This suggests that it takes about six months from flowering

to fruit maturing.


Not known.

- 80 -

2.5 Forest type: The species occurs naturally in lowland rain forests extending into the lower fringes of upland rain forests. and in riverain forests. At lower altitudes the species occurs in association with Afrosersalisi~ cerasifera , Antiaris usambarensi~, Bombax rhodognaphalon, Chlorophora excelsa, Chrysophyll um albid~, Sorindeia madagascariensis, Sterculia appendi culata and ~ orient alis. At higher a ltitudes, the species occurs in assoc i ation with ~!lanblack~~ stuhlmannii, ~I ulugurensis, Cephalosphaera

usambarensis, Isoberlinia scheffleri, Myrianthus arboreus, Newt~ia buchananii, Parinari excelsa, ~. goetzeniana. Strombosia scheffleri, Syzygium guineense. etc.


The species is abundant in forests at lower altitudes, but its frequency in occurence decreases with rise in altitude.

4. 0 DESCRIPTION:

P. msolo is a medium or tall evergreen and many-branched tree, 20 to 50 m high. with

dense crown and deeply fluted and pillared bole to about 3 m. Leaves "alternatl' . medium to large, 8 to 35 em long, 3 to 14 em wide (or rarely larger than this), dark green, coriaceous, glabrous arid shining on upper surfaces. while the lower surfaces are slightly silvery, hairy or glaucous with prominent venation, Their shapes vary from obovate - oblong to oblanceolate with rounded or shortly acuminate tips and cuneate, obt use or subauricu l ate leaf bases. Lateral nerves 10 to 16 on each side of the leaf. Leaf stalks short, 0.3 to 1.0 cm long. Flowers small. greenish-white and fragrant, clustered below the leaves on young branchlets and older branches. Pedicels !'>hort. usua lly from 0.3 to 0.6 cm long, Fruits small, green, subglobose berries about 3 em long. 2.5 cm wide and beaked. The fruits become yellmvish after ripening and have a juicy pulp. Illustrations are shown in Figure 20 and Plate XX .

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp is edible.


Ripe fruits are collected from standing trees. Fruits falling on the ground are usually not ripe or overmature and unsu i table for eat ing.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that ~. msolo flowers in July. October and December, while fruits mature in July. A survey of the specimens in the Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species flowers in October and December. During r ecent fi eld survey, it was noted that the species flowers in October, while fruit ripen!'> in December. February, March and April. This suggests that it takes about six months from flowering to fruit maturing.


Not known.

- 81 -


9.1 Natural regeneration: P. msolo regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. The

species seeds heavily every year. On overmaturing, the fruit falls to the ground. Duringthe rainy season or towards the end of the rainy season, there is profuse natural regenera-tion of the species. However, few seedlings advance to sapling or pole sized stages.

The species suffers a fate similar to that suffered by P. brevipes (see previous species).

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate the species

artificially. However, owing to observed good germination capacity in natural forests,

it would be possible to raise it in pots in the nursery or by direct sowing on well-

prepared ground. Pollarding seems to increase the quantity of fruit produced by trees.


Despite the fact that the species is very slow growing, it has high potential for

its edible fruir pulp, construction poles, fire wood and pestles.

- 81 -

9 .0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9. 1 Na tural r egeneration: ~. rosolo regenerates naturally by seed and coppi ce . The s pecies seeds heavily eve r y year. On Qvermaturing, the fruit falls t o the ground. During the rainy season or towards the end of th e rainy season, there is profuse natural regeneration of the species . However, few seedlings advance to sapling or pole sized stages. The s pecies suffers a fate similar t o that suffe red by ~. brevipes (see previous species).

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration: No ef fort s have been made to regenerate the species artificially. However, owing to observed goo d germination capacity in natural forests, i t would be poss ible to raise it in pots in the nursery or by direct sowing on wellprepared gro und. Pol larding seems to increase the quantity of fruit produced by trees.


Despite the fact that the species is very slow growing, it has high potential for its ed ible fruit pulp, construction poles, fire wood and pestles .

Plate XX2 - tree at Longuza -

Tanga, February 1982

- 82 -

PLATE XX. Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl.

100mrn 20mmb

Plate XX. Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl.

a - branchlet bearing leaves and terminal buds

b - cluster of flowers on a branchletc - cluster of young fruits on a branchletd - mature fruitse - fruit in part section showingf - seeds

Plate XX3 - branchlet bearing leaves and

fruits

- heavily fluted bole

at Mombo arboretum-

Tanga, February,

1982

PlateXX1

- 82 -

PLATE XX. Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl.

~ .. '

., '.:~;; . .

•

100mm '-------;:,----"

U'~ .' d

o " 20mm L, -:--,-;---"

Plate XXI - heavily fluted bole

at Mambo arboretum- Plate Tanga, February,

Plate XX2

-

1982

tree at Longuza -

Tanga, February 1982

r

XX. Pachystela msolo (Engl.) Engl. a - branch let bearing leaves and terminal buds b - cluster of flowers on a branch let c - cluster of young fru i ts on a branch let d - mature fruits e - fruit in part section showing f - seeds

. \

Plate XX3 - branchlet bear i ng leaves and fruits

21. PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that P. curatellifolia is tare incentral Tanzania regions but abundant in the great west Brachystegia forcst from Uvinza toUfipa. Graham (1960) reports that the species grows naturally in Mwanza Region (i.e.Celta, Karumo, Chamabanda), Mpanda and Kisarawe (i.e. Mongo Forest Reserve) Districts.A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species occursnaturally in Kagera (Bukoba-Rubya); Mwanza (i.e. Celta, Kome and Ukerewe), Tabora (i.e.Urumwa, Kigwa, Simbo, Sikonge, Kiwere); Singida (i.e. Manyoni, Kipiri, Mwamagembe,Rungwa); Dodoma (i.e. Massawi, Chenene, Kola); Iringa (i.e. Iringa and Mufindi Districts)Mbeya (i.e. Mheya, Tukuyu and Mbozi Districts); Rukwa (i.e. Mpanda); Kigoma (Kibondo);Coast (i.e. Kongowe, Fungoni, Odongo, Mogo) Regions and Zanzibar and Pemba Islands.Generally, it can be concluded that P. curatellifolia is widely distributed in Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: Graham (1960) observed that the species grows naturally from sea levelto about 1800 m above sea level. During the course of this study the species was foundgrowing naturally at about 1880 m at Sao Hill, in Mufindi District. This shows thatthe species' altitudinal range is between 0 and 1900 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: P. curatellifolia grows naturally in areas with varying climatic regimes.The rainfall, temperature and relative humidity statistics for selected stations whereP. curatellifolia grows naturally are shown in Table 9.

Table 9 Rainfall, temperature and relative humidity for selected stations in Tanzania

where P. curatellifolia grows naturally

- 83 -

Family RosaceaeBotanical Parinari curatellifolia (Planch.ex) BenthSub-species curatellifoliaSyn. P. curatellifolia Benth; sensu strictoSub-species mobola (Oliv.) R. Grah.Syn. P. mobola OliveVernacular mumura (Kirangi); mbula muvula (Kinyamwezi); mbula

(Kizaramo); munazi (Kihaya, Kikerewe); mnazi(Kisukuma, Kilongo); msaula (Kihehe); umbula(Kinyakyusa); ikusu, ibula (Kinyiha); mbura(Kiswahili).

Iringa(1919-59) 743 1100 401 24.7 13.5 11.2 88 72 52

Mbeya(1932-70 905 1287 564 23.9 10.1 13.2 91 73 56

Njombe(1951-70 1151 1438 758 21.9 10.2 11.7 93 63

Ukiriguru(1963-70) 1025 1343 854 28.5 17.1 11.4 71 49

Zanzibar(1952-70) 1565 2373 807 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64

Source: E.A. Met. Dept., 1975

Station Rainfall mm Mean temperature °C Relative humidity %(Period)

Mean Highest Lowest Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 CNT

21. PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA

1 . 0 NAi'lES: Fami l y Botanical Sub-species Syn . Sub-species Syn. Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION :

- 83 -

Rosaceae Parinari curatellifolia (Planch.ex) Benth curatellifolia P . curatellifolia Benth; sensu stricto ~obola (Oliv.) R. Grah. P. mobala Olive mumura (Kirangi); mbula muvula (Kinyarmvezi) ; mbula (Kizaramo); munazi (Kihaya, KikereHe); mnazi (KislJkuma~ Kilongo); rusaula (Kihehe); umbula (Kinyakyusa); ikusu, i bula (Kinyiha); mbura (Kiswahili).

2 . 1 Locality : Bre nan and Greenway (1949) observed that P . curatellifolia is rare in central Tanzania re g ions but abundant in the great \Vest Brachystegia forest from Uvinza to llfipa. Graham (1960) r eports that the species grows naturally in l''t\,;ranza Region (i . e . Geita. Karurno . Charnabanda), t-lpanda and Kisarawe ( i. e. Hongo Forest Rese rve ) Districts. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species occurs l1?,turally in Kagera (Bukoba-Rubya) ; M!..,ranza (i.e . Geita , Kome and Ukerewe), Tabora (i.e. llrul1'l\.,ra, Kigwa , Sirnbo. Sikonge, Kiwere); Singida (i . e . Hanyoni, Kipiri, Hwamagembe, Rungwa); Dodoma (i. e . ~1assaw i, Chenene , Kola); Iringa (i. e . Iringa and t>lu Eindi Dis tricts) Hbeya (i.e. l'1heya, Tukuyu and Mbozi Districts); Rukwa (i.e. Hpanda); Kigoma (Kibondo); Coast (i . e . Kongm.,re , Fungoni, Odongo , Mego) Regions and Zanzibar and Pemba Islands. Generally. it can be concluded that K. curatellifolia is widely distributed in Tanzania .

2 . 2 Altitude : Graham (1960) observed that the species grm.,rs naturally from sea level to about 1800 m above sea level . During the cou r se of this study the species \V'as found growing naturally at about 1880 rn at Sao Hi l l , in Mufindi District. This shows that the species' altitudinal range is between 0 and 1900 m above sea leve l.

2.3 Climate : P. curatellifolia g rows naturally in areas with varying cl imati c regimes. The rainfall, t emperature and re l ative humidity statistics for selected stat i ons where ~ . curatellifolia grows naturally are shown i n Table 9 .

Table 9 Rainfall, temperature and relative humid i ty for selected stations in Tanzani a

where P. cu r atellifolia grows naturally

Station (Period)

Iringa (1919-59)

Mbeya (1932-70

Nj ombe (1951-70

Ukirigu ru (1963-70)

Zanzibar (1952-70)

Rainfall nun

Mean Highes t Lm.,res t

743 llOO 401

905 1287 564

ll51 1438 758

1025 1343 854

1565 2373 807

Source: E.A. ~t. Dept., 1975

Mean temperature °c Relative humidity %

Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 Ci'IT 1200 CHI

24.7 13.5 ll.2 88 72 52

23.9 10.1 13.2 91 73 56

21.9 10.2 11.7 93 63

28.5 17.1 11. 4 71 49

30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64


P. curatellifolia is often one of the dominant species in the Brachystegia forestsof Kibondo, Iringa and Mbeya. A rough sampling carried out at Nyololo (Mufindi) andUrumwa (Tabora) shows that plots measuring 144 m2 and 296 m2 had 20 and 27 stems,respectively.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

P. curatellifolia is an evergreen tree, up to 15 m high, with rounded crown. Bark

corky, grey-black, longitudinally fissured with red to pink slash. Leaves alternate,petiolate, variable in shape, usually oblong or oblong-elliptic, 6.5-12 cm or sometimesup to 17 cm long, 3.5-6 cm or rarely up to 9 cm wide, round or obtuse, sometimes emargin-ate at the apex, cuneate or cordate at base, coriaceous, green and glabrous above or withtomentose midrib, silvery-grey to fulvous-brown-tomentose beneath, sometimes very thicklyso, with prominent midrib and close subparallel primary nerves. Flowers pale mauve,produced in open or dense terminal or axillary panicles with dense silvery to fulvoushairs; cymes 2-3 flowered and sweet scented. Calyx rather asymmetrically cup-shaped.Fruits ellipsoid-ovoid up to 3-5 cm long, 2.5-4 cm in diameter, glabrous, greenish withpaler specks when mature, becoming yellowish when ripe and dark brown when dry. Seed

hard and woody, 2.1-4 cm long, 1.1-2.5 cm in diameter containing two fatty kernels.Illustrations are shown in Figure 21 and Plate XXI.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible. Moreover, the seed is pounded and used for makingsoup.


P. curatellifolia fruits on ripening fall onto the ground from where they arecollected.

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The data in Table 9 show that maximum and minimum annual rainfall is 2373 mm and401 mm, respectively, while the highest mean maximum temperature is 300 C and the lowestmean minimum is 100 C.

2.4 Geology and soils: P. curatellifolia grows naturally on a variety of soils derivedfrom different parent materials. It grows on light yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow,gritty, sandy clay loams and red to dark red, friable clays with latente horizon. InMwanza these soils are derived from granites and granodiorites. In Tabora, Singida andIringa Regions, these soils are derived from acid gneisses, migmatites and associatedgranites and granodiorites. In Coast and Kagera it grows on yellow-red loamy sandsderived from tertiary sediments and Bukoban rocks, respectively (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Graham (1960) observed that P. curatellifolia grows naturallyin deciduous woodland, especially Brachystegia woodland, extending to its upper limits,and then scattered in upland grassland; often persisting in cultivated land and presentin secondary bushland. The common associate tree species are Albizia antunesiana, A.versicolor, Antidesma venosum, Apodytes dimidiata, Brachystegia longifolia, B. spiciformis,Combretum collinum, C. molle, Faurea saligna, Julbernardia globiflora, Piliostigmathonningii, Psorospermum febrifugum, Pericopsis angolensis, Rhunatalensis, Securidacalongipedunculata, Syzygium guineense, Uapaca kirkiana, Vitex doniana, V. mombassae, etc.

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The data in Table 9 show that maximum and m~nimum annual rainfall is 2373 rrun and 401 mm, respectively, while the highest mean maximum temperature is 300 C and the lowest mean minimum is 100 C.

2.4 Geology and soils: P. curatellifolia grows naturally on a variety of soils derived from different parent materials . It g rows on light yellO\vish-brown t o reddish-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams and red to dark red, friable cl a ys with laterite horizon. In Mwanza these soils are derived from granites and granodiorites . In Tabora, Singida and Iringa Regions, these soils are derived from acid gneisses , migmatites and associated granites and granodiorites. In Coast and Kagera it grows on yellow- r ed loamy sands derived from tert iary sed i ments and Bukoban rocks, respectively (Horgan, 1972) .

2 . 5 Vegetation types: Grah am (1960) observed that P. curatellifolia grows naturally in deciduous woodland, especially Brachystegia woodland, extending to its upper limits , and then scattered in upland grassland; often persisting in cultiva t ed land and present in secondary bushland. The common associate tree species are Albizia antunesiana , A. versicolor, Antidesma venosum, Apodytes dimidiata, Brachystegia~forra;-~icrformis, Combretum collinum , C. molle , Faurea saligna . Julbe rnardia glob iflora, Piliostigma thonningii, Psorospermum-1ebrifugum, Pericopsis angolensis, Rhu :, nat a Lensis, Securidaca longipedunculata , Syzygi um guineense, Uapaca kirkiana, Vitex doniana, V. mombassae, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY I N VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

P. curatellifolia is often one of the dominan t species ~n the Brachystegia forests of Kibondo , Iringa and Mbeya. A rough sampling carr ied out at Nyololo (Mu£indi) and Urumwa (Tabora) shows that plots measuring 144 m2 and 296 m2 had 20 and 27 stems . respectively.

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

P . curatellifol i a is an evergreen tree, up to 15 m high , with rounded crown. Bark corky~ grey-black, longitudinally fissured with red to pink slash. Leaves alternate , petiolate, variable in shape, usually oblong or oblong-ell ipti c, 6.5 - 12 em or sometimes up to 17 cm long, 3.5-6 em or rarely up to 9 em Hide, round or obtuse, sometimes emarginate at the apex , cuneate or cordate at base, coriaceous , green and gl abrous above or with tomentose midr i b . silvery- grey to fulvous-brown-tomentose beneath, sometimes very thickly so, with prominent midrib and close subparallel primary nerves. Flowers pale mauve, produced in open or dense terminal or axillary panicles with dense silvery to fulvous hairs; cymes 2-3 flowered and sweet scented. Calyx rather asymmetrically cup-shaped . Fruits ellipsoid-ovoid up t o 3-5 em long, 2 . 5- 4 em in diameter, glabrous , green ish with paler specks when mature . becoming yellowish when ripe and dark brown when dry . Seed hard and woody, 2.1 - 4 em long , 1.1- 2.5 em i n diameter containing two fatty kernels. Illustrations are shown in Figure 21 and Plate XXI.

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp is edible. f'1oreover , the seed ~s pounded and used fo r making soup.


P. curatell i folia fruits on ripening fall onto t he ground from where th ey are collected.

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Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that P. curatellifolia flowers between Augustand November. White (1962) observed that in Zambia flowering and fruit ripening occurconcurrently in July and August. Chingaipe (Pers Comm.) observed that in Zambia, P.curatellifolia fruit ripening occurs between September and November. A survey of Thebotanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that flowering takes place between Juneand January, while fruit ripening occurs between August and May. The field surveycarried out during the course of this study showed that P. curatellifolia flowers fromOctober Lo December, while fruit ripening occurs between October and May. The aboveobservations show that P. curatellifolia has long flowering and fruit ripening periods.The species flowering and fruit ripening often occur concurrently during the rainy anddry seasons. It takes about nine to ten months from flower fertilization to fruitripening.


The kernel has a high oil content. See Appendix 2 for main constituents.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally from seed, coppice andsuckers. The behaviour of the seed as regards its germination has not been studied.However, owing to its hard seed coat, it is considered likely that its germination ispoor. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced afterroot wounding. It is important to note that most of the trees and young regenerationseen in the field originated from root suckers. The species has been seen to be growingnaturally in almost pure dense stands in most parts of Iringa and Mbeya Regions. Thisimplies that the species regenerates adequately there.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, there is a possibility of regenerating it naturally. Seed

germination capacity could be improved by pretreatment. Potted stock raised in thenursery could be planted in the field where partial clearing has been carried out.

However, it is suggested that regeneration inducement from root suckers could bea feasible technique in areas where the species is semi-cultivated on farm land.


The fruit pulp is edible and sold on the market; seed kernel has a high oil contentwhich is edible and it could be extracted; its wood is reddish, hard and heavy and isvery hard on saws - used for making railway sleepers, mining timber, and canoes.

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7 . 0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECT I ON OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Brenan and Gr ee nway (1 949) obs erved that P. c urate llifolia flowers between August and November . Wh i te (1962) observed that in Zambia flowering and fruit ripening occur con curr ent ly i n Ju l y a nd August. Chingaipe (Pers Camm . ) observed that in Zambia, P. curat e lli fol ia fruit ripening occurs be tween Septembe r and Novembe r . A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that flower ing take s place between June and January, whil e fruit rip enin g occurs between Au gus t and May. The field s urvey carri ed out during th e course of this study s howed t ha t P. curatellifo lia flowers from October to December , while fruit ripening occurs between-October and May. The above ob s ervations show that P . curatell ifolia has long flowe ring and fruit ripening periods . The spec i es ' flowering and f rui t ripenin g often occur concurren t ly during t he rainy and dry seasons . It takes about nine to ten months from flower fertilizat i on t o fruit ripenin g .


The ke rne l has a h i gh oil con tent. See Appendix 2 for main cons tituent s .

9 . 0 CULTI VATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 .1 Natura l re generat i on : The s pec ies regenerates naturally from seed , coppice and suckers. The beh av i our o f the seed as regards its germination has not been stud ied. However , ow in g t o its hard seed coat, it is considered likely that its germination is poor. Co pp i ce shoots are produced on f el ling of trees . Root s ucke rs are produced aft er root wounding . It is important t o not e that most of the trees and youn g regeneration seen in the field originated from r oo t s uckers . The species ha s been seen to be gr owing naturally in almost pure dense s t a nd s in mos t parts of Ir inga and Mbeya Regions. This implies that th e species r egenerates adequately there .

9 .2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no e f forts to r egenerate the species artificially . However, there is a possibil ity of regenerat i ng it naturally. Seed ge r minat i on capacity could be improved by pretreatment . Potted stock rai sed in th e nursery cou ld be planted in the field where par tial clearing has been carried out .

Howeve r, it i s s ugges ted that regen era tion inducement from root suckers cou ld be a feasib l e technique in area s wh e re th e s pecies i s semi - cultivat ed on farm land .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC I MPORTANCE :

The fru it pulp is edible and so l d on the market ; seed kerne l has a hi gh oil content which is ed i.ble and it could be ex tracted; its wood i s reddish, hard and heavy and is very hard on saws - used for making railway s leepers , min ing timber, and canoe s .

PLATE XXI. Parinari curatellifolia (Planch.ex) Benth

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Plate XXI. Parinari curatellifolia (Planch.ex) Benth

a - b,ranch bearing inflorescenceb - fruiting branchletc - fruit part section showing seedd - longitudinal section through seed

Plate XXI1 - Tree, at Isangu Village,

Mbozi District, Mbeya,

June, 1982. Note that it

is a shade tree in Coffee &

banana plantations

Plate XXI2 - Young regeneration at Nyololo,

Mufindi District, Iringa,

June, 1982

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PLATE XXI Parinari curatel l' f .

~ __ ~___________________________ 1 olla

. ex Benth (P lanch )

9 2 ~_--,-_~Iomm 0, c

o 1 ___ L-_--.J4o mm 1

b

- -" ",

',,' , .,~~:

d

Parinari cura t ellifo . a _ b.ranch bear ' 11.a (Planch e ) b _ fruit' .ng infl ,x Benth c _ fruit· ng branchlet orescence

Plate XXI ,

d _ 1 part s ' ongitud' ectlon sho . lna1 secti wing seed on through seed

Plate XXI 1

Plate XXI 2

a~ lsangu Villa e Dl s tr ict g ,

June, 1982 ' Mbeya, . . Note 1 is a shad tlat it

- Tree, Nbozi

e tree . banana pi . in Coffee &

antat l ons

- Young regenerat' M f " 1 0n U lndi D" . at Nyolol lstrlct I . 0, June , 1982 rlnga,

22. PARINART EXCELSA

1.0 NAMES Family RosaceaeBotanical Parinari excelsa SabineSub-species holstii (Engl.) R. Grah.Syn. P. holstii Engl.

P. salicifolia Engl.P. mildbraedii Engl.P. excelsa Sabine var fulvescens Engl.

Vernacular mbura (Kiswahili);Mhula , mbula, muuwa, muula(Kishambaa); mula (Kizigua); msaula (Kihehe);muganda (Kipare)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally in Bukoba (Rubare); it is widely distributedin the montane rain forest of west Usambara (e.g. Baga-Bumbuli road, in Kitivo, ShagayuForest Reserves); east Usambara Mountains (Amani and Kwamkoro), Southern Highlands(Njombe, Mufindi and Rungwe Districts) and South Pare Mountains. According to Graham(1960) the species is also said to occur in Morogoro Region. The specimens in Lushotoherbarium show that the species is also found along the Mukula River near Sanje inMahenge District.

2.2 Altitude: The species occurs naturally between 1000 m and 2100 m above sea level(Graham, 1960).

2.3 Climate: P. excelsa grows naturally in areas receiving an annual rainfall of about955 mm (Bukoba Meteorological Station) to 1992 mm (Mufindi Meteorological Station)(Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978). The temperature and relative humidity for selected areas

where P. excelsa occurs naturally are given in Table 10.

Table 10 Annual temperature and relative humidity for the selected stations where

P. excelsa occurs naturally

Station(Period)

Source: E.A. Met. Dept. 1975.

2.4 Geology and soils: P. excelsa grows naturally on dark red to red loamy sands(latosolic soils) derived from rocks of Mozambican belt origin. The species is alsoknown to occur on yellow-red sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and dark greyish-browncalcareous clay loams (rendzinic soils) derived from acid gneisses, migmatites andassociated granites and granodiorites (Morgan, 1972). The geology and soils in Bukobaare described by Wrberg (1972), see under Pachystela msolo.

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Temperature °C Relative humidity %


Amani (1941-70) 24.9 16.3 8.6 87 75

Bukoba (1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Njombe (1951-70) 21.9 10.2 11.7 93 63

22 . PARINARI EXCELSA

1. 0 NAMES ~ Family Botanical Sub-species Syn.

Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION :

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Rosaceae Parinari excelsa Sabine holsti i (Engl.) R. Grah. P . holstii Engl. P . salici folia Engl. P. mildbraedii Engl . P. excelsa Sabine var fulvescens Engl . mbura (Kis\vahili); mbula , mbula , muU\va, muula (Kishambaa); mula (Kizigua); msaula (Kihehe); muganda (Kipare)

2.1 Locality : The spec i es occurs naturally in Bukoba (Rubare); it is widely distributed in the montane rain forest of \Vest Usambara (e . g. Baga-Bumbul i road, in Kitivo, Shagayu Forest Reserves); east Usambara Mountains (Amani and Kwamkoro) , Southern Highlands (Njombe, Mufindi and Rungwe Dist ri cts) and South Pare Mountains. According to Graham (1960) the species is also said to occur in Morogoro Region . The specimens in Lushoto herbarium ShOH that the species is also found along the Mukula River near Sanje in Mahenge District.

2.2 Altitude: The specles occurs naturally between 1000 m and 2100 m above sea level (Graham, 1960).

2.3 Climate : P. excelsa groHs naturally in areas receiving an annual rainfall of about 955 rrun (Bukoba Meteorological Station) to 1992 mm (Mufindi Heteorological Station) (Nshubemuki, ~. ~., 1978). The temperature and relative humidity fo r selected areas where P. e xcelsa occurs naturally are given i n Table 10 .

Table 10 Annual temperature and relative humidity for the selected stations \.;rhere

P. excelsa occurs naturally

Station Temperature °c Relative humidity %

(Period) Max Hin Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Amani (1941-70) 24.9 16.3 8.6 87 75

Bukoba (1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Njombe (1951-70) 21. 9 10.2 11. 7 93 63

Source : E.A. 1'1et . Dept. 1975.

2.4 Geology and soils : P. excelsa grows naturally on dark red to red loamy sands (latosolic so il s) derived-from rocks of Hozambican belt origin . The species is also known to occur on yellm.;r-red sandy clay l oams (latosolic soils) and dark grey ish-brown calcareous clay loarns (rendzinic soils) derived from acid gneisses , migmatites and associated granites and granodiorites (Norgan, 1972) . The geology and soils in Bukoba are described by M~rberg (1972), see under Pachystela fisolo.

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2.5 Forest type: P. excelsa is known to occur in montane rain forests and riverainforests in Brachystegia woodland (Graham, 1960). However, Brenan and Oreenway (1949)observed that P. excelsa occurs naturally in rain forest, fringing and mountain forests.Fanshawe (1968) reported that in Zambia, P. excelsa is the characteristic species ofmontane forests and dry evergreen forests on the copper belt. Dominant or at leastcharacteristic of riparian forest fringing small streams or the upper reaches of largestreams and occasionally found on the fringes of swamp forests. Its common associatespecies include Albina adianthifolia, A. gummifera, Entandrophragma excelsum, Isober-linia scheffleri, Newtonía buchananíi, Ochna holstii, Ocotea usambarensis, Oleahochstetteri, Podocarpus ensiculus, P. usambarensis, Prunus africana and Syzygiumguíneense.


The frequency of P. excelsa in forest reserves of the montane rain forest of westUsambara was assessed by the Inventory Section of the Forest Division and reported byMaagi, et. al. (1979). The number of trees per hectare on 27 642 ha in successive DBHclasses of 10 cm, starting with 25-34 cm were: 0.52, 0.65, 0.43, 0.47, 0.10, 0.19, 0.16,0.09, 0.06, 0.21, 0.05, 0.07, 0.04, 0.01, 0.03, 0.01, 0, 0, 0.03 trees, making a totalof 3.1 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

P. excelsa is a large evergreen tree, 20 to 45 m high, with dense spreading crown andbuttressed or unbuttressed bole up to 1 m DBH. The buttresses reach up to 3 m high.Its bark is greyish-brown, rough and flaking longitudinally. Leaves alternate lanceo-late, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, 3.5 to 15 cm long, 1.3 to 3.5 wide. On coppice shootsup to 17 cm long. They are dark-green, shiny and glabrous above; dull whitish, hairywith paralleled and prominent venation beneath. Leaft stalks 0.3 to 1.0 cm long. Leafmargins entire, leaf tips acuminate, acute or obtuse and leaf bases rounded or cuneate.Flowers white or yellowish-white, borne in thick terminal or axillary panicles. Fruitsare egg-shaped drupes, 3 to 5 cm long and 2.5 to 3.2 cm wide, brown with small whitishspots, with fleshy pulp surrounding hard seed. Illustrations are shown in Figure 22and Plate XXII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp and kernel are edible. Fanshawe (1968) observed that the fruit pulpis used in making beer and the kernels are oily and edible.


On ripening, the fruits fall to the ground from where they can be collected. The

perishability of the fruit depends very much on the weather. In dry conditions, thefruit may remain in good condition on the ground for about a week. But it perishesquickly under moist conditions.


Phenological observations carried out in Lushoto over four years, 1978 to 1981,revealed that P. excelsa flowers from August to March, while fruit ripening is fromAugust to February. Heavy fruit falling is from November to December.


Indications of range of constituents in Appendix 2.

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2 .5 Forest type: P. excelsa is known to occur In montane rain forests and riverain fo rests in Brachystegia woodland (Graham, 1960). Ho\.;rever, Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that P. excelsa occurs naturally in rain forest, fringing and mountain forests . Fans hawe (1968) reported that in Zambia, P. excelsa is t he characteristic species of montane f ores ts and dry evergreen forests-on the coppe r belt. Domi nant or at least characte ristic of ripari an forest .fringin g small streams or the upper reaches of large streams and occasionally found on the fringes of swamp forests . I t s common associate species include Al bi zi a adianthifolia, A. gummifera , Entandrophragma excelsum , Isoberlinia scheffleri, Newtonia buchananii, Ochna holst ii, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea ~tetteri, Podocarpus ensiculus, P . ~arens i s , Prunus africana and Sy~um guineense.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARI OUS FOREST TYPES :

The frequency of P . excelsa i n fo r est reserves of the montane rain for est of west Usambara was assessed by the Inventory Sect i on of the Fo r est Division and reported by Maagi, e t. al. (1979) . The number of trees per hecta r e on 27 642 ha in successive DBH classes-of TO em, starting with 25 - 34 c m were: 0.52 , 0 . 65 , 0 . 43 , 0.47, 0 . 10, 0 . 19 , 0 . 16 , 0 . 09 , 0.06, 0.21 , 0 .. 05, 0.07 , 0 . 04 , 0 . 01 , 0 . 03 , 0.01 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 03 trees , making a total of 3.1 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION :

~. excelsa is a large evergreen tree, 20 to 45 m high , with dens e spreadin g crm.Jn and buttressed or unbu t tressed bo l e up to I m DBH . The buttresses r each up to 3 m high . I ts bark is grey i sh - brown, rough and flaking longi tudinally . Leaves alternate lanceolate, elliptic, ovate-elliptic, 3 . 5 to 15 em long , 1.3 to 3.5 wide. On coppice shoots up to 17 cm long . They are da rk-green, shiny and glabrous above; dull \.Jhitish , hairy with paralleled and prominent venat ion beneath. Leaft stalks 0 . 3 to 1 . 0 em long. Leaf margins entire, leaf tips acuminate, acute or obtuse and leaf bases rounded or cuneate . Flmo)ers \o)hite or yellowish - to)hite, bo rne in thick terminal o r axillary panicles . Fruits are egg- shaped drupes , 3 to 5 cm long and 2.5 to 3 . 2 cm wide, brmm with small \o)hitish spo t s, with fleshy pulp sur roun ding ha rd seed. Illustrations are shown in Fi gure 22 and Plat e XXII .

5.0 MAIN USES :

The fruit pulp and kernel are edible . is used in mak ing beer and the kernels are

Fanshawe (1968) oi l y and edible.


observed that the fruit pulp

On ripen ing , the fruits fall to the ground from where they can be collec t ed . The perishability of th e fruit depends very much on the weather. In dry conditions, the fruit may remain in good condit i on on the ground for about a week. But it perishes qui ck ly under moist condi tions.


Phenological observations carried out in Lushoto over four years , 1978 to 1981, reveal ed that P. exce l sa f l owers from August to March , \.Jhi l e fruit ripening is from August to February . Heavy fruit fal ling is from Novembe r to December .


Indica tions of range of constituents in Appendix 2.

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9.1 Natural regeneration: From field observations in Lushoto, the species seems to beregenerating naturally by root suckers. P. excelsa has a spreading shallow root systemwhich becomes exposed very easily. On exposure and wounding by any means, roots produceprofuse root suckers. Some of these root suckers, if not eliminated by natural meansor human beings, advance to sapling and pole sized trees and finally form part of themature crop. The species also regenerates naturally by coppice.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Very little has been done to regenerate this speciesartificially. However, seed research carried out in Lushoto showed that of the seedsproduced annually, only a few are sound. Moreover, as most of the seed is eaten by manand animals, regeneration by seed is not as promising as root wounding.


Timber is suitable for heavy duty work such as flooring and railway sleepers. Thefruit and bark are used in the preparation of traditional medicine (Fanshawe, 1968). Theash of the bark and wood yields tannin, while the shell and pulp of the fruit yields adye. In West Africa these products are used in tanning and dyeing hides (Watt andBrayer-Brandwijk, 1962).

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9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 . 1 Natural regeneration : From field observation s in Lushoto, the species seems to be regenerating naturally by root suckers . P. excelsa has a spreading shallow root system which becomes exposed very easily. On exposure and wounding by any means , roots produce profuse root suckers . Some of these root suckers 1 if not eliminated by natural means or human beings , advance to sapling and pole sized trees and finally form part of the mature crop . The spec i es also regenerates naturally by coppice.

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration: Very little has been done to regenera te this spec ies artificially. However, seed research carried out in Lushoto showed that of the seeds produced annually , on l y a few are sound . Moreover, as most of the seed is ea ten by man and anima l s, regeneration by seed is not as promising as root wounding .

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONO~lIC UlPORTANCE :

Timber i s su i table for heavy duty work such as flooring and railway s l eepers . The fruit and bark are used in the preparation of traditional medicine (Fanshawe , 1968). The asl1 of the bark and wood yields tannin, while the shell and pulp of the f ruit yields a dye . In West Africa these products are used in tanning and dyeing hides (Watt and Brayer-Brandwijk. 1962).

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PLATE XXII._ Parinari excelsa Sabine subsp holstii (Engl) R. Grah

Plate XXII. Parinari excelsa Sabine subsp hoistii (Engl) R. Grah

a - coppice shootb - inflorescencec - branchlet bearing fruitsd - fruit in longitudinal section

Plate XXII1 - tree at Lushoto silviculture

nursery, January, 1982

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PLATE XXII. Parinar i excelsa Sabine subsp holstii (Engl) R. Grah

a

o 40mm·· LI __ -,--_...JI

a d I ! ~ .. ., ~ .• •

PJ a t e XXII. Parinari excelsa Sab i ne subsp holstii (Eng l) R. Grah

a - copp i c e shoot b - inflorescence c - branch let bearing fruits d - fruit in long i tudinal section

Plate XXIII - tree at Lu sho t o s ilvlc u l ture nurs e ry, January, 1982

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23. SABA FLORIDA

1.0 NAMES: Family ApocynaceaeBotanical Saba florida (Benth.) BullockSyn. Landolphia comorensis (Boj.) K. Schum

L. comorensis (Boj.) K. Schum. var florida(Benth.)K. Schum.L. florida Benth.

Common English Name Rubber vineVernacular mbungo, mpira (Kiswabili) mbungo (Kishambaa);

mubungu (Kizinza); mgombe (Kimbunga); omubungo(Kirongo, Kizinza); ngombe (Kirufiji); mtegeti(Mara)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: The species occurs on lowland rain forest areas. It is mainly foundalong the coast, extending from Tanga to Mtwara and up to Korogwe (Kwamdorwa) andMorogoro areas. It also occurs in districts around Lake Victoria, i.e. Bukoba, Bihara-mulo, Geita, Mwanza and Mara and on Lake Victoria Islands. The species is also abundantaround Lake Nyasa and Lake Tanganyika. It has also been observed to be growing naturallyat Tengeru (Arusha) and Rau Forest (Moshi). The species is also widely distributed onPemba (e.g. at Ngezi Forest Reserve) and Zanzibar Island (Jozani Forest Reserve).

2.2 Altitude: The species occurs naturally from sea level to about 1250 m above sealevel.

2.3 Climate: S. florida flourishes on a variety of sites receiving varying amounts ofrainfall. The minimum recorded mean annual rainfall is 885 mm (Moshi MeteorologicalStation) and the maximum recorded mean annual rainfall is 2029 mm (Mkoani MeteorologicalStation on Zanzibar Island). The temperature, evaporation and relative humidity forselected areas where S. Florida occurs naturally are given in Table 11.

Table 11 Annual temperature, evaporation and relative humidity for the selected

stations in Tanzania where Saha Florida occurs naturally

Station Temperature °C Relative humidity % Annual evaporationmm

(period)Max Min Range 0300 CNT 0600 CNT 1200 CNT Mean Highest Low

Mlingano(1947-70) 30.1 20.4 9.7 - 80 66 -

Morogoro Met.(1940-60) 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 50 -

Moshi Met.(1932-70) 29.6 17.3 12.3 87 78 49 2604 3003 2039

Zanzibar-Kisauni Airp.(1952-70) 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64

Zanzibar-Wete(1939-70) 29.9 21.1 8.8 78


23. SABA FLORIDA

1. 0 NAMES : Family Botani cal Syn .

Common English Name Vernacular


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Apocynaceae Saba flor ida (Benth.) Bullock Iandolphia comorensis (Boj . ) K. Schum L. co morensi s (Baj.) K. Schum. var florida (Benth . ) K. Schum. L. florida Benth. Rubber vine mbun go , mpira (Kiswahili) mbungo (Kishambaa) ; mubun gu (Ki zinza) j mgombe (Kimbun ga); omubungo (Kirongo , Kizinza) j ngombe (Kirufiji) ; mtegeti (Nara)

2 .1 Local it y : The s p ec i es occurs on lowland rai n fores t areas . It is mainly found along th e coast . ext end in g fro m Tanga to Htwara and up to Koro~"e (Kwamdorwa) and Horogo r o .J-re as . It also occu r s in districts a round Lake Vi ctoria, i . e . Bukoba, Biharamulo, Geita, t-Iwanza a n d Mara and o n Lak e Vic toria Islands . The species i s also abundant a round Lake i\Y;'~il and Lake Tan ganyika. It has also b een observed to be growing naturally at Tengeru (Arusha) and Rau Forest (Hoshi) . The s peci es i s also wid e ly distributed on Pemba (e . g . at N~ez i. Fo rest Reserve) and Zanzibar Island (Jozan i Forest Reserve).

2 . 2 Al titude : The s pec i es occurs natura ll y fr om sea level t o about 1250 m above sea l eve 1 .

2 .3 Cli.mate: S. flori.da flo urish es on a variety of si tes receiving varying amounts of rainfall . The minimum recorded mean annual rainfa ll is 885 mm (Hoshi Meteorologi ca l St ation ) a n d t he maximum reco rded mean annual rainfall is 20 29 mm (r-Ikoani Meteorological Sta ti on o n Zan z ibar Island) . The temp e r ature. evaporati on and relati.ve humidity for se l ec t ed areas wller e ~ . flor i da occurs naturall y are give n in Table 11.

Tab Ie 11 Annual t e mperature , eva po rati on and relative humidity for the selecte d

station s in Tanzania wh ere Saba f lorida occurs naturally

Station (pe rio d)

NI ingano (l947 - 70)

Horogoro Met. (1940-60)

N05hi Net . (1 932 - 70)

ZanzibarKisauni Ai r p . (1 95 2-70)

Zan zibar-\.Jet e (1939-70)

Temperature °c

Nax Min Ra n ge

30 .1 20 . 4 9 . 7

30 . 0 l8.6 11.4

29 . 6 17 . 3 12 . 3

30. 3 21.6 8.7

29 . 9 21.1 8 . 8

Source: E.A . Net. Dept ., 1975

Rela tive humidity % Annual evaporation mm

0300 GMT 0600 Gfff 1200 Gfff Nean Hi ghest Low

80 66

90 84 50

87 78 49 2604 3003 2039

93 81 64

78

- 92 -

2.4 Geology and soil: S. florida grows on a variety of soils of different origin. Thespecies grows naturally on red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils)and yellow-red loamy sands. The species is also known to occur naturally on dark grey togreyish-brown compacted loamy sands (solodized solonetzic soils). On Lake VictoriaIslands, the species grows on coastal sands and coral rag derived from granites andgranodiorite rocks. Soils around the north-eastern part of Lake Tanganyika and on thewestern parts of Lake Victoria are derived from Bukoban rocks. Along Tanzania coast andon Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, soils are derived from quaternary sediments. In Morogoroand some parts of Tanga, soils are of Mozambican belt rock origin (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 FOREST TYPE: S. florida is a lowland rain forest species. Its common associatetree species are Antiaris usambarensis, Chlorophora excelsa, Khaya nyasica, Pachystelabrevipes, P. msolo, Sterculia appendiculata, Sorindeia madagascarientis, Trema orientalis,etc.


The species is very abundant in undisturbed forests and very rare in open areas.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. florida is a strong forest liane up to 20 m on other trees with lenticellate stemcontaining white, sticky latex. It has opposite, dark green, thick and glabrous leaves,9 to 18 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide, of variable shapes; ovate elliptic or oblong withprominent venation beneath. Leaf stalks from 1 to 1.5 cm long, leaf margins entire,leaf apex obtuse, acute or shortly acuminate and leaf bases rounded. Flowers five-petalled, white, tnbular,sweet scented borne in many shortly stalked terminal or axillarycorymbs. Fruits greenish when young, turning to orange-yellow after ripening. Theirsizes vary from 4 to 8 cm long and 3.5 to 6 cm wide. The pulp obtained from ripe fruitis yellow. Illustrations are shown in Figure 23 and Plate XXIII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible. The pulp is mixed with water and sugar to make arefreshing drink.


On maturing, the fruits turn yellow and it is at this time that fruits are collectedfrom the climber. Mature fruits never fall to the ground; they dry and disintegrate withtime-releasing seeds.


S. florida does not fruit every year. Moreover, field observations show thatS. florida climbers do not flower or fruit at the same time. There is a lot of variationfrom place to place and from climber to climber. The species flowers between Februaryand November. Fruit maturing is from December to May. From these observations it canbe deduced that it takes about one year from flowering to fruit maturing.


Not known.

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2.4 Geology and soil : ~. florida grows on a variety of soils of different or i gin. The species grows naturally on red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loarns (latosolic soils) and yellow-red loamy sands. The species is also known to occur naturally on dark grey t o greyish- brown compacted loamy sands (so Iodized solonetzic soils) . On Lake Vic toria Islands , the species grows on coasta l sands and coral rag deri ved from granites and granodiorite rocks. Soi ls around the north-eastern part of Lake Tanganyika and on th e western parts of Lake Victoria are derived from Bukoban rocks. Along Tanzania coast and on Zanzibar and Pemba Islands, soils are derived from quaternary sediments . In Morogoro and some parts of Tanga. soils are of Hozarnbican belt rock origin (Horgan . 1972) .

2.5 FOREST TYP E: S . florida is a low land rain fores t species . Its cornman assoc iate tree species are Antiaris usarnbarensis, Chlorophora exce lsa, Khaya nyasica, Pachystela brevipes, P. msolo, Sterculia appendiculata, Sorindeia madagascarlentis, Irema orientalis , etc .

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARI OUS FOREST TYPES :

The species is very abundant in undisturbed for es ts and very rare 1n open areas.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. florida is a strong forest liane up to 20 m on other trees with lenticellate stem contaIning white, sticky latex. It has opposite , dark green , thick a nd g labrous leaves , 9 to 18 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide, of variable shapes ; ovate elliptic or oblong with pr ominent venation beneath. Leaf stalks from 1 to 1 . 5 cm long, leaf mar gins entire , leaf apex obtuse, acute or shortly acuminat e and leaf bases rounded . Flowers fivepetalled, whi te, tubular , 5·\" ee t scented borne in many s hortly stalked termina I or axi 1lary corymbs . Fruits greenish when young , turning to orange-yellow after ripenin g . Their sizes vary f rom 4 to 8 cm long and 3 . 5 to 6 cm wide. The pulp obta ined from ri.pe fruit is yellow. Illustrations are shown in Figure 23 and Plate XXIII.

5.0 HAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp is edible. The pulp is mixed with water and sugar to make a refresh ing drink.


On maturing, the fruits turn ye llow and it i s at th is time that fruits are collected from the climber . Hature fruits never fall to the ground; th ey dry and disintegrat e with time-releas i ng seeds.


S. florida does not fruit eve r y year . Horeover , fie ld observa tion s show that S. florida cl i mbers do not flower or fruit at the same time . There is a lot of variation from place to place and from c limber to climber . The spec i es flowers between February and November. Fruit maturing i s from December to May . From these observations it can be deduced that it takes about one year from flowerin g to fruit maturi ng .


Not known.

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9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. Forestablishment the seed needs fertile moist soils under partial or full shade. The seedis easily spread by birds and monkeys. Coppices are produced after cutting the main stem.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Little effort has been made to regenerate S. floridaartificially. For easy and quick germination, the seed needs squashing by hand and clean-ing in water to remove the pulp. The germination capacity of freshly collected seed isover 90 percent. Germination starts usually 12 days after sowing and is completed afterone month; it is uniform and hypogeal. The species can also be regenerated by usingcuttings.


Currently, very little importance is attached to S. florida as a potential incomesource. In Dar-es-Salaam an average fruit is selling at T Shs 4, while in Zanzibarand Pemba it sells at an average price of T Sh. 2. If large quantities of fruits couldbe collected, there is an export potential as the fruit does not rot easily. The stemyields latex which is used as an inferior rubber.

- 93 -


9 .1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. For establ ishment the seed needs fertile mois t soils under partial or full shade. The seed i s eas ily spread by birds and monkeys . Copp i ces are produced after cu tting th e main stem .

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration : Little effort has been made t o re generate S. florida artif i c ially. For easy and quick germination, the seed needs squash ing by hand and cleaning in wa t er to remove the pulp. The ge rmination capacity of freshly collec ted seed i s over 90 percent . Ge rmination starts usually 12 days after sowing and is completed after one mont h ; it is uniform and hypogeal . The species can also be regenerated by using cuttings.

10 .0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :

Cur r ently , ver:y li ttl e importance is attach ed to S. florida as a potential income source . In Dar-es - Salaam an average fru it is selling at T Shs 4, while in Zanzibar and Pemba it sell s at an avera ge price of T Sh . 2 . If l arge quantities of fruits could be collected , there is an export potential as the fruit does not rot easily . The s tem yi elds latex which is used as an inferior rubber .

PLATE XXIII. Saba florida (Benth.0 Bullock

0 40mm 0 Nmm 0 lOmm

a .,h,e,f g g C, & h

Plate XXIII. Saba florida (Benth.) Bullock

a - branchletb - branchlet bearing young fruitc - cluster of flower budsd - flower buds

- 94 -

PlateXXIII1-

Investigators pullingclimbers at LonguzaForest Reserve - Tanga,February, 1982

e - flowersf - fruitg - fruit in part section showing

seeds in situh - cleaned seeds

Plate XXIII - Fruit vending in a street2 ln Wete - Pemba Island,

May, 1981

- 94 -

PLATE XXIII . Saba florida (Benth.O Bullock

o 40mm o 20mrn o 10mm ! I

C, & h LI_-;-_JI

d I J I

(1,~(,f & 9

Plate XXIII. Saba florida (Benth.) Bullock

a - branchlet b - branchlet bearing young f r uit c - cluster of flower buds d - flower buds

Plate XXIlIl

- Investigators pulling climbers at Longuza For est Reser ve - Tanga , Februar y, 1982

e - flmvers f - frui t g - fruit in part section showing

seeds jn S1tu h cleaned seeds

.. Fruit vending in a street in Wete - Pemba I sland , May, 1981

24. SORINDEIA MADAGASCARIENSIS

1.0 NAMES: Family AnacardiaceaeBotanical Sorindeia madagascariensis ThonSyn. S. obtusifoliolata EnglVernacular Msugwe (Kigoro); mpilipili (Kihehe); mgoda, mgweda

(Kichagga); mhirihiri, mhilihili, mkungwina, mkunguina(Kiluguru) mkwingwina (Kizigua, Kibondei); mkunguma(Kipare, Kiswahili); msurupi (Kividunda); mpilipili(Kizaramo, Kimbunga); mpiripiri (Kiswahili);luhagalanguku (Kishambaa); msungwi (Kizigua).

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturallynear Dar-es-Salaam, the Uluguru Mountains, Usambara Mountains, Kilimanjaro, Masai Highlandand Tukuyu. A field survey carried out during the course of this study confirmed thatthe species grows naturally in the above-mentioned areas. Also, it is known to grownaturally on Zanzibar Island.

2.2 Altitude: 0-1500 m.

2.3 Climate: S. madagascariensis grows naturally in humid areas. Climatic statisticsfor selected meteorological stations where the species grows naturally are given inTable 12.

Table 12 Selected meteorological stations where S. madagascariensis grows naturally

Arusha

- 95 -

It can be inferred from the above table that the lowest and highest recorded annualrainfalls are 462mm and 2375 mm,respectively; while the lowest mean minimum temperatureis 14° C and the highest mean maximum is 310 C.

(1960-70) 927 1543 514 25.2 13.9 11.3 94 85 59

Dar-es-Salaam(1938-53) 1075 1361 553 29.7 21.9 7.8 85 69

Mlingano(1936-70) 1170 1827 590 30.1 20.4 9.7 80 86

Mombo(1958-70) 675 1010 462 31.0 18.9 12.1 92 78 50

Morogoro(1906-70) 908 1536 564 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55

Moshi(1898-1970) 856 1677 468 29.6 17.3 12.3 87 78 49

Zanzibar(1952-70) 1565 2373 807 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64


Station Rainfall mm Temperature °C Relative humidity %(period)

Mean High Low Max Min Range 0300 CNT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

24. SORINDEIA ~~DAGASCARIENSIS

1 . 0 NMIES : Family Botanical Syn . Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRl BUTION :

- 95 -

A!1acardiaceae Sor indeia madagascariensis Thon S. obtusifoliolata Eng! 'Msugwe (Kigoro); mp ilipili (Kihehe); mgoda , mgweda (Kichagga) ; mhirihiri, mhilihili, mkuDg\yina , mkunguina (Kiluguru ) mkwingwina (Kizi gua , Kibondei) j mkun guma (Kipare, Kiswahili) ; msurupi (Kividunda) ; mpilipili {Ki zaramo , Kimbunga)j mpiripiri (Kiswahili) ; luhagalanguku (Kishamb aa ) ; msungwi (Kizigua) .

2 . 1 Locality : Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed t ha t the species grows naturally near Dar- es-Salaam , the Ulu guru Mountains , Us ambara Mounta i ns, Kilimanjaro , Masai Highland and Tukuyu. A f i eld s urvey carried ou t dur i n g the cou rse of thi s s tudy confirmed that the spec ie s gro\vs naturally in the above-mentioned area s . Also, it is known to grow naturally on Zanzibar Is land .

2 . 2 Alti tu de : 0 - 1500 m.

2 . 3 Climate : S . madagascariensis grows naturally in humi d areas. Climat ic statistics for selected meteorological sta tions where the species grows naturally are given in Table 12 .

Table 12 Selec ted meteorological stat i ons where S . madagasca riensis gr O\vs naturally

Station (pe r iod)

Arusha (1960- 70 )

Dar-es - Sa iaam (1938-53)

~llin gano (1936- 70)

~lombo

(1958-70)

Horogora (1906-70)

Nosh i (1898- 1970)

Zan zibar (1 952- 70)

Rai n fa l l mm

Hean High Low

927 1543 514

1075 1361 553

ll70 1827 590

675 1010 462

908 1536 564

856 16 77 468

1565 2373 807

Source : E. A. Met . Dept ., 1975.

Temperature DC

Hax Min Range

25 . 2 13.9 ll . 3

29 . 7 21.9 7 . 8

30 .1 20 . 4 9.7

31. 0 18.9 12.1

30 . 0 18 . 6 11. 4

29 .6 1 7 . 3 1 2.3

30.3 21.6 8 . 7

Relative humi di t y %

0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

94 B5 59

85 69

80 86

92 78 50

90 84 55

87 78 49

93 81 64

It can be inferred from the above table that the lOtvest and highest record ed annua l rain f alls are 462ml11 and 2375 nun ,respect i vel y ; whil e th e 10\ves t mean minimum tempe rat ure i s 14 0 C and the highest mean maximum is 31 0 C.

- 96 -

2.4 Geology and soils: In Kilimanjaro, Meru and Tukuyu, S. madagascariensis growsnaturally on volcanic soils. In the Usambara and the rest of Tanga and Morogoro regions,the species grows on red to yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils). OnZanzibar Island it grows on yellow-red loamy sands. The soils in Kilimanjaro and Meruand Tukuyu are derived from tertiary-recent volcanics. Those of Morogoro are derivedfrom rocks of the Mozambique belt. On Zanzibar Island soils are derived from tertiarysediments (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: S. madagascariensís grows naturally in lowland rain forests andriverain forests. The common associate tree species are given under Diospyros mespiliformis.The common associate tree species in riverain forests are Albízia gummifera, A. glaberrima,A. versicolor, Khaya nyasica, K. grandifoliola, Parinari curatellifolia, Parkia fili-coidea, Syzygium cordatum, S. guineense, Tamarindus indica, Trema orientalis, Trichiliaroka, Voacanga lutescens, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION:

Field observations carried out during the course of this study show that the speciesis more abundant in lowland rain forests than in riverain forests. The inventory ofthe species was studied by Schultz,C. D. & Company, Ltd. (1973). It was found that inthe Kilombero the number of trees per hectare on 23 086 ha in DBH classes of 15-29 cmand 30-44 cm were 4.43 and 0.25 trees, respectively, making a total of 4.68 stems/ha.In Tanga, on 203 ha, the number of trees per ha in 15-29 cm and 30-44 cm were 16.23 and2.9 trees, respectively, making a total of 19.13 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. madagascariensis is a small or medium-sized evergreen tree, 7-20 m high, withdense rounded crown, rough dark grey bark which gives off small longitudinal flakes andpink slash. Branchlets smooth or slightly pubescent and marked with leaf scars. Leaveslarge, alternate, imparipinnate, petiole and rhachis, 10-45 cm long, terete, striate, thepetiole being rather swollen at the base. Leaflets 7-13 in number, light green, up to34 cm long, 13 cm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, alternate or subopposite, oblong,elliptic or obovate-oblong, asymmetric, rounded or cuneate at the base, rounded orobtuse to acuminate at the apex. Venation parallel and curvedtowards the leaf margin,alternate or subopposite, prominent beneath. Flower buds globose, not apiculate.Flowers dull yellow, fragrant, produced in pendulous panicles which are borne on olderbranches below the leafy region. Fruits drupaceous, up to 2.5 cm long, 1.5 cm indiameter, smooth, greenish when young, yellowish after ripening, ellipsoid and apiculate.Illustrations are shown in Figure 24 and Plate XXIV.

5.0 MAIN USES:



Fruits are picked from the tree or collected from the ground.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers between July andOctober on the coast, and in the Uluguru and east Usambaras. A survey of the botanicalspecimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that S. madagascariensis flowers between July andJanuary, while fruit ripening occurs between October and January. Field survey carriedout in Kilimanjaro revealed that the species flowers in August, while fruit ripeningis in October. The above observations show that flowering takes place during the dryseason extending into the rainy season, while fruit ripening occurs during the rainyseason. Furthermore, it takes about three to four months from flower fertilization tofruit ripening. It is also most likely that flowers formed in December and Januaryare abortive.

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2.4 Geology and soils : In Ki limanjaro , Meru and Tukuy u, S . madagascariensis grows naturally on vo l canic soils . In the Usamba ra and the rest-of Tanga and Morogoro regions , the species grows on red t o yellow- red , gritty sandy clay l cams (latosolic soils) . On Zanzibar Island it gr ows on yellow- red loamy sands . The soils in Kil i manjaro and t-leru and Tukuyu are d~rived from tertiary- recent volcanics . Those of Morogoro are derived from rocks of the Mozambique be lt. On Zanzibar Island soils are derived from tertiary sediments (Morgan, 19 72 ) .

2 . 5 Vegeta tion t ypes: S. madagascarien s is grows naturally in lowland rain forests and riverain forests . The corrnnon associate tree spec i es are given LInder Di.ospyros mespil iformis . The common assoc iat e tree species in riverain forests are Albizia gummifera , A. glabe rrima , A. ve r sicolo r, Khaya nyasica, K. grandifoliola , Parinari cu rat ellifolia, Parkla fili-coidea , SyzygiuITl(;)Tdatum, ~ . guineense , Tamarindus indica, Trema ori ental i s , TrIChIlia r oka , Voacanga lutescens, etc .

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIB UT ION:

Field observat i ons car ri ed out during the course of this study show that the species is mo r e abundant in l ow l and rain forests than in riverain forests. The inventory of the species was s tudied by Schultz, C. D. & Company , Ltd. (1973) . It was fou nd that in th e Kilombero the number of trees per hectare on 23 086 ha in DBH classes of 15-29 em and 30- 44 cm were 4 . 43 and 0 . 25 trees , respectively , making a total of 4 . 68 stems/ha . In Tanga , on 203 ha , the number of trees per ha in 15- 29 cm and 30- 44 cm were 16 . 23 and 2 . 9 trees , respectively, making a total of 19.13 stems/ha .

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION :

S . madagascariensis i s a small or medium- sized evergreen tree , 7-20 m high , with dense-rounded crown , r ough dark grey bark which gives off small longitudinal flakes and pink slash. Branchlets smooth or slightly pubescent and ma r ked with leaf sca r s . Leaves large, a lterna t e, i mpari pinnate , pe tio le and rhachis . 10-45 cm lon g , terete, striate , th e petiole being rather swollen at the base . Leaflets 7- 13 i n number , light green . up to 34 cm l ong , 13 cm wide, glab r ous on both surfaces, alternate or suboppos ite , oblong , e l l i p ti c or obovate- oblong , asymmetric , rounded or cuneate at the base , rounded or ob tuse to acumi nate at t he apex . Venation parallel and curved towards the l eaf margin, alternate or subopposite , pr ominent beneath . Flower buds globose . not apiculate . Flowe r s dull yellow , fra grant, produced in pendulous panicles which are borne on older branches below t he leafy r egion . Fruits drupaceous , up t o 2 . 5 cm long , 1 . 5 cm in diameter, smoo th, greenish when young , yellowish afte r ripenin g , e llip so id and ap i culate . Ill ustrations are shown in Figure 24 and Plate XXIV.

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp i s edible .

6.0 METHOD OF COLLECTION :

Fruits are picked from the tree or co llected from the ground .

7 . 0 TI~lli (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDiBLE PART :

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the s pecies flowers be tween July and October on th e coas t, and in the Uluguru and eas t Usambaras . A survey of the botanica l specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that S . madagascariensis flowers between July and January , while fruit r i pening occurs between October and January. Field survey carried out i n Kil i man jaro revealed t hat the species flowers in August, wh il e fru it ripening is in October . The above observations show that flowering takes place during the dry season ext endin g into the r ainy season , \oJhile fruit ripening occurs during t he rainy season. Furthe rmore, it takes abou t th r ee to fo u r months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. It is also mo s t l ikely that flowers formed in December and January are abo rtive .

- 97 -




9.1 Natural regeneration: S. madagascariensis regenerates naturally from seed andcoppice. The seed germinates readily in natural forests. Coppice shoots are producedon felling of the tree. The tree regenerates adequately in natural forests, where alldevelopment stages can be seen. The species is a shade bearer when young but becomesa light demander at later stages. Thus, crop refining could help in promoting growth ofold trees, thus increasing fruit yield.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the speciesartificially. However, owing to its excellent seed germination capacity, it should bepossible to raise it in the nursery and plant it in the field. Because it is a shadebearer when young, it is suggested that it should be planted along strips or "lanes" innatural forests.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMTC IMPORTANCE:

Fruits are edible and sold on the market; fruits are used in making intoxicatingliquor; wood is white, heavy and hard, and is used for various purposes.

- 97 -


Not known to the best of our know l edge .

9 . 0 CULT I VATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECI ES :

9 . 1 Nat ural regeneration : S . madagascariensis regenerates naturally from seed and copp i ce . The seed ge rminat es r eadily in natural forests. Coppice shoo ts are produced on fel ling of the tree . The tree regenerat es adequat e ly in natural forests, where all deve l opment stages can be seen. The s pecies is a shade bearer when young but becomes a l ight demande r at later s tages . Thus, crop refining could help in p romot ing growth of old t rees , th us increas ing f ruit yield .

9 . 2 Artificial r egeneration : The re have been no efforts to re gene rate the spec ies artifi cially . However , owin g t o its excellent seed ge rmination capacity, it should be possibl e t o rai se it in the nurse ry and pl ant it in th e field. Because it i s a shade bearer whe n young , it is s ugges t ed that it s hould be plan t ed along s trips or "lanes" in natural forests .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMI C IMPORTANCE :

Fru its are edibl e and sold on the mark e t; fruits are used in making intoxicat i ng liquor; wood i s wh i te, heavy and hard , and i s used for var ious purposes.

PLATE XXIV. Sorindeia madagascariensis Thon

210mm(? GOmm

a c

Plate XXIV. Sorindeia madagascariensis Thon

a - four-month old seedlingb - branchletc - inflorescence bearing flower budsd - clustor of fruits

Plate XXIV - tree at Koroo-we 91

Tanga, February

1982

- 98 -

Plate XXIV2 - Branchlet bearing

flower buds at Mombo,

Korogwe, August 1982

- 98 -

d

q 2,omm

a U. c

,L

qL __ ~ __ ~'"~ b

PIa te XXIV. Sorindeia madagascarien sis Thon

a - four-month old seedling b - branch let c - inf l orescence bearing f lQ\ .... E'r hu rls d - (" 111st Pl- C' f fr u l ts

Plate XXIV 1

'. - tree at KorogHe,

1anga , February

1982

Plate x...XIV 2

, , \

qL_~~_4..J,omm

d

- Branchlet bearing flowe r buds at Nombo , Korogtve J Augus t 1982

25. STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S. cocculoides grows naturallyin the Uzungwa Mountains, Iringa and Songea Districts. According to Bruce and Lewis(1960), S. cocculoides grows naturally at Manyanga near Lindi, Kazikazi in Manyoni, atTanangozi in Iringa and in Mbozi. During the course of this study, the species was foundto be growing naturally in Tabora (Simbo, Urumwa and Tabora Beekeeping Forest Reserves),Iringa (Mkimbizi, Kitapilimwa, Kalenga, Kitelewasi) and Mbozi Districts. The species isalso known to occur naturally at Kigwa, Ulyankulu, Goweko, Sikonge, Kiwele, Rungwa andKipili in Tabora District and Rondo plateau in Lindi District.

2.2 Altitude: Bruce and Lewis (1960) observed that S. cocculoides occurs naturallybetween 400 m and 2000 m above sea level. The survey carried out recently in someregions shows that the species grows naturally between 760 m and 1700 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for some meteorological stations in Tabora and Manyoniare given under Canthium burtii. The climatic statistics for Iringa meteorologicalstation (about 20 km from Tanangozi) shows that the mean annual rainfall for the period1931 to 1975 was 674 163 mm and the mean number of raindays was 84 ! 20 per year(Nshubemuki, et. al, 1978). The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures are250 C and 140 C, respectively. The range in mean temperature is 110 C. The relativehumidity was 88 percent at 0300 CNT, 72 percent at 0600 CNT and 52 percent at 1200 CNT(E.A. Met. Dept., 1975). Mbozi District receives between 1250 and 1500 mm annual rain-fall. The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures are 250 C and 140 C,respectively (United Rep. of Tanzania, 1967). According to Mugasha (1980) Rondoreceives 1020-1190 mm mean annual rainfall.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora and Manyoni have already beendescribed under Parinari curatellifolia and Bussea massaiensis. In Tringa,S. cocculoidesgrows in black to dark-grey clays (grumosolic soils) derived from rocks of acid gneisses,magmatites and associated granites and granodiorites. In Mbozi the species grows on darkred to red loamy sands (latosolic soils) derived from Ubendian rocks. On the Rondoplateau the species grows on yellow-red loamy sands derived from tertiary sediments(Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S. cocculoides growsnaturally in Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland and Brachystegia mixed forests. Bruceand Lewis (1960) report that S. cocculoides grows naturally in deciduous woodland. Thecommon associated species include Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia boehmii, B.spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. molle, C. zeyheri, Julbernardia globiflora,Pericopsis angolensis, Strychnos innocua, S. spinosa, Terminalia sericea, Vitexferruginea, V. mombassae, etc.


The inventory of S. cocculoides in Mtwara was carried out by Schultz and Company,Ltd. (1973). It was found that there was an average of 4.28 stems per hectare indiameter classes of 15-29 cm. The total number of stems on 40 128 ha was 171 563.However, it should be borne in mind that most of S. cocculoides trees are below 15 cmin breast height diameter. Thus, inclusion of smaller trees could raise the stockingto about 15 to 20 stems per hectare.

- 99 -

LoganiaceaeStrychos cocculoides BakerS. goetzei GilgS. suberifera Gilg & BusseS. schumanniana sensu Brenanmfmilwa, mtonga, mumilwa (Kinyamwezi); mpera-mwitu,mtonga (Kiswahili); mnywewa (Kihehe)

1.0 NAMES: FamilyBotanicalSyn.

Vernacular

25 . STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES


Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 99 -

Loganiaceae Strychos cocculoides Baker ~ . goe tzei Gilg S. suberifera Gilg & Busse S . schumanniana sensu Brenan m'milwa, mtonga, mumilwa (Kinyamwezi); mpera-mwitu, mtonga (Kiswahili); mnywewa (Kihehe)

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S . cocculoides grows naturally in the Uzungwa Mountains, Iringa and Songea Districts. According to Bruce and Lewis (1 960) , S. cocculoides grows naturally at Manyanga near Lindi . Kazikazi in Nanyoni , at Tanangozl in Iringa and in Mbozi. During the course of this study . the spec ies was found to be growing naturally in Tabora (Simba, Urumwa and Tabo ra Beekeeping Fores t Reserves), Iringa (Mkimbizi, Kitapilimwa , Kalenga, Kitelewasi) and Mbozi Districts . The species is als o known to occur naturally at Kigwa, Ulyankulu, Goweko, Sikonge , Ki wele, Rungwa and Kipili in Tabora District and Rondo plateau in Lindi District.

2.2 Altitude : Bruce and Lewi s (1960) observed that S. cocculoides occurs naturally between 400 m and 2000 m above sea level. The survey-carried out recently in some regions shows that the species grows naturally bet\.;reen 760 m and 1700 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climat ic data for some meteorological stations in Tabora and Hanyoni are given under Canthium burtii. Th e climatic statistics for Iringa meteoro l ogical station (about 20 km from Tanangoz i ) shows that the mean annual rainfall for the period 1931 to 1975 was 674 ~ 163 mm and the mean number of raindays was 84 ~ 20 per year (Nshubemuki, et . aI, 1978) . The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures are 250 C and 14°-C, respectively. The range in mean temperature is 110 C. The relative humidity was 88 percent at 0300 GMT , 72 percent a t 0600 GMT and 52 percent at 1200 GMT (E . A. Het. Dept., 1975) . Mbozi Di strict receives between 1250 and 1500 rrrn annual rainfall . The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures are 250 C and 140 C, respectively (United Rep . of Tanzania, 1967). According t o Mugasha (1980) Rondo receives 1020-1 190 mm mean annual rainfall .

2.4 Geol ogy and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora and Hanyon i have already been des cribed under Parinari curatellifolia and Bussea massaiensis. In Iringa, S . cocculoides grows in black to dark-grey clays (grumosolic soils) derived from rocks of acid gneisses , magmatites and associated granites and granodiorites . In Hbozi the species grows on dark red to red loamy sands ( latosolic soils) derived from Ubend ian rocks . On the Rondo plateau the s pecies grows on yellow-red loamy sands derived from tertiary sediments (Morgan , 1972).

2 . 5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S . coccu10ides grows naturally in Brachystegia-Isob e rlinia woodland and Brachystegia mIxed forests . Bruce and Lewis (1960) report that S . cocculoides grows natu rally in deciduous woodland . The common associated species include Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformi s, Combretum co l linum, C. molle, C. zeyheri , Julbernardia globiflora, Pericopsis ango l ensis, Strychnos Inn~ S-:- spinosa, Terminalia se ricea , Vitex ferruginea, ~. mombassae, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

The i nventory of S . cocculoides in Mtwara was carried out by Schultz and Company , Ltd. (1973). It was found that there was an average of 4 . 28 stems per hectare in diameter classes of 15- 29 cm. The total number of stems on 40 128 ha was 171 563 . However, it should be borne in breast height diameter. t o about 15 to 20 stems per

in mind that most of S. cocculoides trees are below 15 cm Thus , inclusion of smaller trees could raise the stocking hecta r e.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. cocculoides is a shrub or small tree, 3-8 m high, with thick, longitudinallyridged, brown and corky bark. Young branchlets reddish or blackish purple, denselyspreading-pubescent or rarely glabrous, usually longitudinally fissured. Spines stout,sharp, curved downwards, axillary and paired. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, oblong-elliptic to broadly ovate, usually broadest below the middle, 1.8-8 cm long, 1.4-6 cmwide, pubescent on both sides, rounded, acute or rarely emarginate at the apex andsometimes apiculate, rounded, subcordate or rarely cuneate at the base, 3-7 nerved at, orjust above, the base and matt or shining above. Venation compressed above, prominentand conspicuous beneath. Flowers greenish-white borne in dense terminal cymes. Fruitsglobose, 1.6-7 cm in diameter with a smooth woody shell which is dark green with palermottlings when young, turning to yellow after ripening. Seeds numerous, compressed, upto 2 cm in diameter and embedded in a fleshy pulp which is juicy and yellow when ripe.Illustrations are shown in Figure 25 and Plate XXV.

5.0 MAIN USES:

Ripe fruit pulp is edible and has a pleasant taste.


Ripe fruits may be picked from the tree or collected from the ground. Alternatively,green fruits can be picked from the tree and stored for ripening.


Brenan and Creenway (1949) observed that between May and February, S. cocculoídesbears young fruits. Bruce and Lewis (1960) observed that S. cocculoides was bearingyoung fruits at Manyoni in November. A field survey carried out shows that the fruitripening period is between July and December. An interview carried out in Tabora duringthe course of this study revealed that the species flowers between October to February.It appears therefore that S. cocculoides flowers during the rainy season, while fruitripening takes place during the dry season. Moreover, it takes about eight to ninemonths from the flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) observed that S. cocculoides yields 0.85 percentof a reddish fixed oil.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates by seed, coppice and root suckers.The seed has a hard seed coat. Thus, it does not germinate readily. However, annualforest fires help to soften the seed coat, thus promoting germination. Coppices areproduced on felling young or mature trees. Root suckers are produced after woundingof the root by any means, e.g. fire or trampling by grazing animals.

In its natural habitat, S. cocculoides prefers open growing conditions. Thus, croprefining in natural forests could help to promote growth of S. cocculoídes trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However,the species is semi-cultivated. On clearing agricultural land, S. cocculoides is sparedfor provision of fruits.

With suitable seed pretreatment, the species could be raised in pots in thenursery and planted in the field. The site should preferably be cleared of allherbaceous vegetation before planting, and tending should include slashing of weedsand climbers until the crop is well established.

- 100 -

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION :

S . cocculoides i s a shrub or small tree. 3- 8 m high, ,..rith thick , longitudinally ridged, brown and corky bark. Young branchlets reddish or blackish purple , densely spreadin g-pub escent or rarely glabrous, usually longitudinally fissured . Sp ines stout , sharp , curved downwards , axillary and paired. Leaves opposite, coriaceous , ohlongelliptic to broadly ovate, usually broadest below the middl e , 1 . 8- 8 em long, 1 . 4- 6 em wide, pubescent on both sides, rounded, acute or rarely emarginate at the apex and sometimes apiculate, rounded, subcordate or rarely cunea te at the base, 3- 7 nerved at, or just above, the base and matt or shining above . Venation compressed above, promi ne n t and cons pi cuous beneath. Flm.Jers greenish-white borne in dense terminal cymes. Fruits globose, 1.6-7 cm in diameter with a smooth woody shell wh i ch is dark green with paler mottlings when youn g , turning to yellow after ripening . Seeds numerous, compressed , up to 2 cm in diameter and embedded in a fleshy pulp which is j u i cy and yellow when ripe. I llustra tions are shown in Figure 25 and Plate XXV .

5 . 0 ~IAIN USES :

Ripe fruit pulp is edible and has a pleasant taste .


Ripe fru it s may be picked from the tree o r col lected from the ground . Al t ernat ive l y, green fruits can be picked from tile tree and stored for r ipening .

7 . 0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBL E PART:

Brenan and Gr eem..lay (1949) observed that between May and February, S. cocculoides bears young fruits . Bruce and Le'..Iis (1960) observed that S . cocculoides-was bearing young fruits at Manyoni in November . A field survey carried out shows that the fruit ripening period i s bet\veen July and December . An interview carried out in Tabora during the cou r se of this study r evealed that the species flowe r s be t ween October to February . It appears therefore that S . cocculoides flowers dur ing the rainy season, '..Ih i le fr u it ripening takes place dur i ng th e dry season . Moreove r, it takes about eight to nine months from the flower fertilization to fruit ripening.

8 . 0 NUTRITlONAL VALUE :

Watt and Breyer-B randwijk (1962) observed that S . cocculoides yields 0.85 pe r cent of a reddish fixed oil .

9 .0 CIILTlVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 . 1 Natural regenerat i on : The species regen erates by seed, coppice and root suckers . The seed has a hard seed coat . Thus , it does not germinate r eadily . However , annual forest fires help to soften the seed coa t , thus promoting germination . Coppices are produced on fe l l in g young or mature trees. Root s u ckers are p r oduced after wounding of the root by any means ~ e.g . fire o r trampling by grazing animal s .

In its natural hab i ta t, ~. cocculoides prefers open grow in g conditions . Thus , c rop refining in natural forests could help to promote growth of S . cocculoides trees.

9 . 2 the for

Artificial regeneration : Artificial regenerat i on has no t been tried . However , species is semi-cultivated . On c learing agricultural land, S . cocculoides i s spar ed provision of fruits.

With suitable seed pretreatment, the species could be rai sed in pots in the nursery and planted in the field. The site s h ould preferably be cleared of all herbaceous vegetat i on before planting, and tending sho uld i nclu de slashing of weeds and climbers until the c rop i s '..Iell established .

- 101 -


The wood is suitable for tool handles. Its timber is suitable for buildingconstruction. Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) observed that S. cocculoides root ischewed in the treatment of eczema. It is an alleged cure for gonorrhea.

- 101 -

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC UIPORTANCE:

The wood is suitable for tool handles. Its timber is suitable for building construction. Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk (1962) observed that S . cocculoides root is chewed in the treatment of eczema. It is an alleged cure for gonorrhea .

- 102 -

PLATE XXV. Strychnos cocculoides Baker

Plate XXV. Strychnos cocculoides Baker

a - branchlet bearing a fruit

b - flowering branchlet

- sectioned fruit

Plate XXV1 - tree at Goweko,

Tabora, December 1981

Plate XXV2 - fruit vending in Tabora Town,

December 1981. Note the price

per fruit is TSh.0.5.

- 102 -

PLATE XXV. Strychnos cocculoides Baker

Plate XXV. Strychnos cocculoides Baker

a - branchlet bearing a fruit b - flowering branch let c - sectioned fruit

o I

. , . ..... ~

20mm

b

Plate XXVI - tree at Goweko, Tabora , December 1981

Plate XXV2

- fruit vending in Tabora Town , December 1981 . Note the price per fruit is TSh.O.S.

- 103 -

26. STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

1.0 NAMES: Family LoganiaceaeBotanical Strychnos innocua Del.Vernacular munhulwa (Kigogo); bunkundu (Kibende);mtonga

(Kibondei, Kizigua, Kiswahili); mkome, mkwata(Kizinza); mpundu, mumundu, mkulwa (Kinyamwezi);mgulungungulu(Kimwera, Kiswahili); msungwe(Kizanaki); msege (Kikuria); mumirwa (Kisumhwe);mbaya (Kihehe); g erkegheke (Kisandawe); mukomu(Kirangi); mkwakwa (Kibondei, Kizigua)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S. innocua is widespreadthroughout Tanzania in Brachystegia woodland, in Combretum zeyheri - Xeroderris stuhl-manni - Terminalia sericea woodland and in the coastal belt. Bruce and Lewis (1960)report that the species grows naturally in Geita, Kigoma, Shinyanga, Tabora, Singida,Kondoa, Lindi and Tanga Districts, and on Zanzibar Island.

2.2 Altitude: Bruce and Lewis (1960) observed that the species" altitudinal range is0 to 1400 m above sea level. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbariumshowed that the species grows up to 1520 m above sea level at Lupa in Chunya.

2.3 Climate: The climatic statistics for the areas where the species grows naturallyhave been presented under Bussea massaiensis, Canthium burttii, C. crassum andFriesodielsia obovata.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of the areas where S. innocua growsnaturally have been described under the species mentioned in paragraph 2.3 above.

2.5 Vegetation types: S. innocua grows naturally in dry lowland forests and inBrachystegia-Combretum woodland. The common associate tree species in the dry lowlandforests are Albizia petersiana, A. versicolor, Antiaris usambarensis, Brachylaenahutchinsii, Chlorophora excelsa, Combretum molle, C. zeyheri, Dombeya spp., Harrisoniaabyssinica, Lannea stuhlmannii, Manilkara sulcata, Margaritaria discoidea, Pteleopsismyrtifolia, Sclerocarya caffra and Sterculia appendiculata, etc. in Brachystegia-Combretum woodland the common associate tree species are Albizia antunesiana, A. anthol-mintica, A. harveyi, Brachystegia spiciformis, Cassia ahbreviata, Combretum collinum, C. molle,C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, D. nitidula, Manilkara mochisia, Pterocarpusangolensis, P. tinctorius, Sclerocarya birrea, Strychnos potatorum, etc.


A field survey carried out during the course of this study showed that S. innocuais relatively more abundant in the dry lowland forests than in the Brachystegia-Combretum woodland. An inventory of S. innocua was carried out at Kilombero byC.D. Schultz and Company, Ltd. (1973). It was found that the number of trees perhectare on 18 190 ha in successive DBH classes of 14 cm, starting with 15-29 cm were12.91, 3.52, 0.92, 0.19 and 0.03 trees, making a total of 17-54 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. innocua is a small or medium-sized tree, up to 13 m high, with smooth green oryellowish-white and powdery bark. Branchlets stout, smooth and powdery. Leaves simple,alternate, subsessile or shortly petiolate, obovate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3-15 cmlong, 2-9 cm wide, coriaceous, rounded-emarginate or subacute at the apex, widely to verynarrowly cuneate or rarely rounded at the base, glabrous to pubescent beneath. Venationfinely reticulate on both surfaces with 3-7 nerves arising from leaf base, prominentbeneath. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, produced in axillary cymes. Fruits

26. STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

1.0 NAMES : Family Botanical Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 103 -

Loganiaceae Strychnos innocua Del . munhulwa CKigogo) ; bunkundu (Kibende) ; mtonga (Kibondei, Kizigua , Kist.]ahil i ) ; mkome , mkwa ta (Kizinza) ; mpundu, mumundu, mkulwa (Kinyamwezi); mg ul ungungulu(Kimt.Jera , Kis\.Jahili); msung\.;re (Kizanaki); msege (Kikuria); mumirwa (KislJmrn.Je) ; mbaya (Kihehe) ; get kegheke (Kisandm"e) ; mukorr.u (Kirangi) ; mkwak\.Ja (Kibondei , Kizi gua)

2.1 Locality : Brenan and Gr eemvay (1949) observed that S . innocua is \.;ridespre<ld t h roughout Tanzania in Brachysteg i~ woodland, in Combretum zeyheri Xeroderris stuhl-manni - Terminalia sericea woodland and in the coastal belt. Bruce and Lewis (lQGO) report that the species grows naturally in Geita, Kigoma, Shinyanga, Tabora, Sin gida, Kondoa, Lindi and Tanga Districts, and on Zanzibar Island .

2 . 2 Altitude: Bruce and Lewis (1960) observed that the species' altitudinal ran ge is o to 1400 m above sea level . A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto Ilerbarium showed that t he species grows up to 1520 m above sea level at Lupa in Chunya.

2.3 Climate: The climat i c statistics for the areas where the species g rm.J s naturally have been presented under Bussea massaiensis, Canthium burttii, C. crassum and Friesod i elsia obovata .

2 . 4 Geology and so i ls: The geology and soils of the areas where S. innocua g rows naturally have been described under the species mentioned in paragraph 2.3 above .

2.5 Vegetation types: S. inno c ua grows naturally in dry l O\.Jland forests and in Brachysteg i a-Comb r etum woodland. The common associate tree species in the dry lowland forests are Albizia petersiana, A. versicolor, Antiaris usamharens i s , Brachylaena hut chins i i, Ch Iorophora excelsa, -Comb return mot Ie. C. z eyheri, Dombeya spp . • Harrisonia abyssin i ca, Lannea stuhIrnannii , Manilkara sUTCata ,-Margaritaria-dis coidea , Pteleopsis myrt i folia , Sclerocarya caffra and Sterculia appendiculata, etc ,"InBrachys tegi a-Comb return woodland the common associate tree species are Albizia antunesiana, A . .1nthc>lrn~nt1ca, ~ . harveyi, BrachystegLa 5piciformis. Cass La nbbreviat.1 ,"' Comhretum coli inurn, C. molle, C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, D. nitiduIa,~Ifkara mo chisia, Pterocarpus angolensis, P . tinctorius, SClerocarya birrea , Strychnos potatorum, etc .

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

A field survey carried out dur i ng the course of this study showed that S . innocua is r elat ively more abundant in the dry lowland forests than in the Brachyste"g'ia Comb return woodland . An inventory of S. innocua was carried out at Ki lombero by C . D. Schultz and Company , Ltd . ( 1973)-:- It was found that the number of trees per hectare on 18 190 ha in successive DBH classes of 14 em, starting with 15-29 cm were 12 . 91, 3 . 52 . 0 . 92 . 0.19 and 0 . 03 trees, making a total of 17-54 stems/ha .

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

S . i nnocua is a small or medium- sized tree , up to 13 m hi gh , with smooth green or yello;ish-\"Ihite and pm"ldery bark. Branchlets stout , smooth and pm"rdery . Leaves simple, alternate , subsessile or shortly petiolate . obovate . elliptic or oblong-elliptic , 3- 15 em long , 2- 9 cm \"Iide , cor i aceous , rounded - emarginate or subacute at the apex. widely to very narrowly cuneate or rarely rounded at the base , glabrous to pubescent beneath . Venation f inely reticu l ate on both surfaces with 3- 7 nerves arising from leaf base , prominent beneath. Flm"lers greenish - \"rhite or yellowish , produced in axil l ary cymes . Fruits

- 104 -

globose, 6-10 cm in diameter, with hard rind, glabrous, bluish-green when young,yellowish or orange when ripe, containing many seeds embedded in a yellowish pulp.Seeds yellowish-white, tetrahedral, stony hard, 1.5-1.8 cm in diameter. Illustrationsare given in Figure 26 and Plate XXVI.

5.0 MAIN USES:



Fruits are persistant, thus are picked on ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S. innocua flowers in October, while fruitripening occurs in January. White (1962) observed that in Zambia S. innocua floweringand fruit ripening occur concurrently in September. A survey of the botanical specimensin Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering takes place between August and January,while fruit ripening occurs from May to November. A field survey carried out during thecourse of this study revealed that flowering occurs between August and January, whilefruit ripening takes place from July to December. The above observations show thatflowering and fruiting occur concurrently, starting in the dry season, extending into therainy season. Moreover, it takes about a year from flower fertilization to fruit ripen-ing.


S. innocua pulp and seed contain a reddish oil, the percentage in the pulp being3.8 percent. The seed also yields a bitter principle and a heteroside loganosic acid,caffeie and cyasurie and all have been isolated from the plant (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). See also Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: S. innocua regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and rootsuckers. The seed does not germinate readily owing to its hard seed coat. Coppiceshoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after root woundingby any means. Although the species is sparse in the forest, it can be concluded that theregeneration is moderate; trees in different stages of development can be seen. The

tree is fire tender, thus protection of its natural habitat from forest fires couldhelp in promoting natural regeneration.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate S. innocusartificially. However, with improvement of seed germination capacity by pretreatment,the species could be raised in the nursery and planted in the Field. The species is alight demander, thus it should be planted in areas where there has been partial clear-ing of herbaceous vegetation.


The fruit is edible and sold on the market. The wood is used for tool handlesand fuel.

- 1 04 -

globose, 6-10 em in diameter, with hard rind, glabrous, bluish- green when young, yellowish or orallge when ripe. containing many seeds embedded in a yellowish pulp. Seeds yellowish - white , tetrahedral. stony hard, 1.5-1.8 em in diameter. Illustrations are given in Figure 26 and Plate XXVI .

5 . 0 MAIN USES:


6.0 flliTHOD OF COLLECTION :

Fruits are persistant. thus are picked on ripening .

7.0 THlE (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S . innocua flowers in October, while fruit ripening occurs in January. Hhite (1962) observed that in Zambia S. innocua flowering and f ruit ripening occur concurrently in September. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that flmver ing takes place between August and January, while fruit ripening occurs from May to November. A field survey carried out during the course of this study revea l ed that flowering occurs between August and January, while fruit ripening takes place from July to December. The above observations show that flm.;rering and fruit ing occur concurrently, starting in the dry season, extend i ng into the rainy season. Moreover, it takes about a year from flower fertilization to fruit ripen-1n g .


s. innocua pulp and seed contain a reddish oil, the percentage in the pulp being 3 .8 percent. The seed also yields a bitter principle and a heteroside loganosic acid, caffeic and cyasuric and all have been isolated from the plant (Watt and BreyerBrand\vijk, 1962) . See also Append i x 2.

9 .0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9 . 1 Natural regenerat i on: S. innocu a regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and root suckers. The seed does not ger;-inate readily owing to its hard seed coat . Coppice Slloots aTe prod\lced 011 felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after root wounding by any means . Although the species is spa r se in the forest, it can be concluded that the regeneration is moderate; trees in different stages of development can be seen. The tree is fire tender, tilUS protection of its natural habitat f rom forest fires could help in promoting natural regenera tion.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate S. innocus artificially. However, with i mpr.ovement of seed germination capacity by-pretreatment, the species could be raised in the nursery and planted in the f ield. The species is a light demander. thus it should be planted in areas where there has been partial clearing of herbaceous vegetation.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :

The fruit is edible and sold on the market. The wood is used for tool handles and fuel.

Plate XXVI2 - branchlet bearing young

fruits at Urumwa, Tabora

May, 1982

- 105 -

PLATE XXVI. Strychnos innocua Del.

Plate XXVI1 - tree at Rungwa,Manyoni, December 1981

Plate XXVI3 - ripe fruits at Goweko, Tabora,

December, 1981

Plate XXVI. Strychnos innocua Del.

a - branchletb - flowering branchletc - fruitd - cross section through fruit

- 105 -

PLATE XXVI . Strychnos innocua Del .

'--~--:--.J4pm m o d

Plate XXVI . Strychnos innocua Del .

a - branch l et b - flower i ng branchlet c - fruit d - c ross sect i on through fruit

Plate ~I2 - branch let bearing young fruits at Urumwa, Tabora Nay, 1982

Plate XXVI)

Plate XXVI - tree at Rungwa, 1. Manyoni, Decembe r 1981

- ripe fruits at December, 1981

Goweko, Tahora ,

27. SYZYCIUM GUINEENSE

1.0 NAMES: Family MyrtaceaeBotanical Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DCVernacular mzuari, mzambarau mwitu (Kiswahili); muvengi

(Kikeho); muhula, mshiwi (Kishambaa); mulambo,mulalambo (Kifipa, Kibende); musu (Kifipa, Kirungu);mmasai (Chagga); mgege (Zinza); mbogonte (Kiha);msangura (Kizinza, Kiromgo); muhulo, muhuu (Kigogo);msabasaba (Kitongwe); muchwesi (Kihaya); mbajiru,musuaru, mkomati (Kirangi); mzambalawe, kashamongo(Kinyamwesi); irgatu (Kiiraqw); nguluka (Kigakonde);msarabo (Kirufiji); isasa (Kikerewe)

Common English Name Waterberry or waterboom or waterpear

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: S. guineense is widespread throughout Tanzania's mainland with theexception of the-dry mountain forests and the dry thicket belt of central Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: The species occurs naturally from coastal areas to about 1350 m above sealevel in Mbeya, Mjombe, Mpanda and Sumbawanga.

2.3 Climate: S. guineense grows naturally in areas receiving varying amounts of annualrainfall. The minimum and maximum annual rainfall figures are 743 mm and 2340 mm forIringa Town meteorological station and Tukuyu District Office, respectively (Nshubemuki,et. al., 1978). In areas receiving low annual rainfall, the species is being supple-mented by permanent high underground water as the species prefers water courses and swampyareas. The temperature and relative humidity for selected areas where S. guineenseoccurs naturally are given in Table 13.

Table 13 Mean annual temperature and mean relative humidity for the selected stations

in Tanzania where Syzygium guineense occurs naturally

- 107 -

°C Relative

(1952-70)


2.4 Geology and soils: S. guineense is known to occur on a yariety of soils of varyingorigin. The species seems to prefer permanently fresh moist soils. It does not occurin the dry belt of Dodoma thickets and Masailand.

2.5 Forest type: The species usually occurs in lowland rain forests, mountain rainforests, fringing and riverain and swampy forests. It is also known to grow in openBrachystegia-Faurea woodland. Its common associated species include Albízia gummifera,

(period)

Temperature humidity 7.

Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 CNT

Bukoba (1936-70) 26.0 16.0 10.0 89 82 69

Iringa (1935-55) 30.3 21.7 8.8 93 82 67

Morogoro (1965-60) 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55

Mjombe (1951-70) 21.9 10.1 11.7 - 93 63

Tabora Airport 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

27 . SYZYGIUH GUINEENSE

1.0 NM1ES : Family Botanical Vernacular

Common English Name


- 107 -

Myrtacei:le Syzygium guineense (\.Jilld.) DC mzuari , mzambarau mwitu (Kiswahili) j muvengi (Kikeho) ; muhula , mshiwi (Kishambaa) ; mulamho , mulalambo (KiEipa , Kibende) ; musu (Kifipa . Kirungu) ; mmasai (Chagga) ; mgege (Zinza); mbogonte (Kiha); msangu ra (Kizinza , Kiromgo) ; muhula , muhuu (Kigogo) ; msabasaba (Kitongwe) ; muchwesi (Kihaya); mbaj i ru , musuaru , mkomati (Kirangi); rnzambalawe , kashamongo {Kinyamwesi) j irga tu (Kiiraqw) ; nguluka (Kigakonde)j msarabo (Kirufiji) ; isasa (Kikerewe) \.Jaterb e rry or ~"aterboom or waterpear

2 . 1 Locality : S. gui neens e is widespread throughout Tanzania ' s mainland with th e exception of the -d ry mountain forests and the dry thicket belt of central Tanzania .

2 . 2 Altitude : TIl e s pecies occurs naturall y from coastal areas to abo u t 1350 m above sea level in Mbeya, Njombe , Mpanda and Sumbawanga.

2 . 3 Climate : S . gui neense g rows naturally in areas receiving varying amounts of annual rainfall. The minimum and maximum annual rainfal l figures are 743 mm and 2340 mm for Iri n ga Town meteorological s tation a n d Tukuyu District Office , respectively (Nshubemuki, et . a1., 1978) . [n areas receiving low annual rainfall, the species is being supple ment ed by permanent hi gh underground water as the species prefers water courses and swampy areas . The temperature and relative humidity for selected areas where S . guineense occu r s naturally are gi ven in 'J'ab le 13 .

Table 13 Nean annual temperatur.e and mean relat i ve humidity for the selected s tations

in Tanzan i a where Syzygium guineense occurs naturally

Station Temperature °c Relative humidity % (per i od)

Nax Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GflT

Bukoba (1 936-70) 26.0 16.0 10 . 0 89 82 69

Iri n ga (1935- 55) 30 . 3 21. 7 8 . 8 93 82 67

Moro go ro (196 )-60) 30 . 0 18.6 11 . 4 90 84 55

Mjombe (195 1-70) 21.9 10 . 1 11. 7 93 63

Tabora Airpo r t 29 . 4 16 . 7 12 . 7 83 72 44 (1 952-70)

Sour ce : E . A. Net . Dept ., 1975

2 . 4 Geology an d soils : S . guineense is knm.Jn t o occur on a variety of soils of varying or i g in. The species seems to prefer permanently fresh moist soils . I t does not occur in the dry bel t of Dodoma thi cke ts and Masailand .

2 . 5 Forest type : The species usually occurs in l owland ra1n forests , mounta i n ra i n fo r es t s , friJit; :ing and riverain and swampy fo r ests . It is a l so known to grow in open B rachystegi~- Fau re~ wood land . Its common associated spec i es i n c l ude Alb izia gummi fera ,

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A. adíathifolia, Aningeria adolfi-friedericii, Entandrophragma excelsum, Tsoberliniascheffleri, Macaranga kilimandscharica, Ocotea usambarensis, Ochoa holstii, Oleahochstetteri, Newtonía buchananii, Parinari excelsa, etc.


The species is most abundant in montane rain forests7 along river courses, onalluvial and swampy soils and there is a decrease in abundance on dry localities. Thefrequency distribution of S. guineense in the forest reserves of the montane rainforests of west Usambara was studied by Maagi, et. al. (1979). It is reported thatthe number of trees per hectare on 33 810 ha in succe.ssive DBH classes of 10 cm, startingfrom 25-34 cm were 1.50, 2.68, 1.89, 1.02, 0.56, 0.29, 0.32, 0.08, 0.10, 0.10, 0.06,0.08, 0, 0, 0.01 trees, making a total of 8.5 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. guineense is a mediumrsized or tall evergreen tree 15 to 30 m high, with roughgreyish-white flaking bark. Leaves simple, opposite, glabrous, shiny with entire margins.The length and width vary from 5.0 to 16.0 cm and 1.3 to 7.0 cm, respectively, while thelength of leaf stalks varies from 0.5 to 1.0 cm. Leaf shape also variable, eitherelliptic, lanceolate or ovate with acuminate or rounded apex and cuneate base. Flowerswhite and fragrant, usually profusely borne in terminal panicles. The calyx is 4-toothedand persistent, petals are 4 and there are numerous stamens. Fruits are ovoid orellipsoid drupes, 2 to 3 cm long, 1.5 to 2.3 cm wide, whitish-green when unripe, turningto purplish-black and juicy after ripening. Seeds yellowish to brownish, rounded, 1.3to 1.4 cm in diameter. Illustrations are given in Figure 27 and Plate XXVII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruits are sweet tasting and edible.


The ripe fruits are picked from the tree. However, freshly fallen fruits may becollected from the ground. The collection of the ripe fruit from the ground should becarried out soon after fruit falls since it is perishable.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S. guineense flowers in April and August.Analysis of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium showed that in north-east and north-west Tanzania, where there are two rainyseasons, the species flowers twice, i.e. duringthe short dry season (January to February) and towards the end of the long rains (May),extending to the dry season (June to September)and up to the onset of the short rains(October to December). In the rest of Tanzania, i.e. areas with one rainy season, thespecies flowers only once, starting towards the end of the dry season and extendinginto the rainy season, i.e. September to December. The species' fruit maturing wasnoted to be concentrated from February to May.


Not known, but apparently ascorbic acid is present (See Appendix 2).


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates adequately in natural forests. This

is because all tree development stages can be seen, i.e. seedlings, saplings, poles andmature trees. The species regenerates naturally by seed and coppice. For successfulgermination and seedling establishment, the seed should come in contact with mineral soil

- 108 -

A. adiathi£olia, Aninge r ia adolfi-frieclericii, Entandrophragma exce lsum, Isoberlinia scheff1eri , Macaranga kilimand scharica, Ocotea usambarensis. Ochna halstii. Olea hochstet teri , Newtonia buchananii, Parinari excelsa, etc .


The species is mos t abundant in mon tane rain fo r ests, along river courses , on alluvial and swampy so ils and there is a decrease in abund an ce on dry localities. The frequen cy distribution of S. guineense in the fore.st reserves of the montane rain forests of west Usambara was studied by ~1aagi I et. al . (1979). It is reported that the number of trees per hectare on 33 810 ha irtsucce'ssive DBH classes of 10 em , starting from 25-34 em were 1. 50 , 2.68, 1.89 , 1.02 , 0 . 56 , 0 . 29 , 0.32 , 0 . 08 , 0 .10 , 0.10, 0.06 , 0.08, 0 , 0, 0.01 trees, making a total of 8 . 5 stems/ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

S. gu ineense i s a medium-sized or tall evergreen tree 15 to 30 m high , wi t h rough greyish- white flaking bark. Leaves simple, opposit e , glab r ous . s hiny with entire margins . The length and width vary from 5 .0 to 16.0 em and 1.3 to 7 . 0 em , respectively . while the length of leaf sta l ks varies from 0.5 to 1 .0 ~m . Leaf shape also variable , e ither elliptic, lanceolate or ovate \.Jith acuminate or rounded apex and cuneate base . Flo~.Jers

white and fragrant, usually profusely borne in terminal panicles. The ca l yx is 4-toothed and persistent, petals are 4 and there are numerou s stamens. Fruits are ovoid or ellipsoid drupes, 2 to 3 cm long, 1. 5 to 2 . 3 cm wide, whitish-gree n when unripe , turning to purplish-black and juicy after ripening. Seeds yelJow i sh to brownish , rounded, 1 . 3 to 1.4 em in diameter. Il lustrations are given in Figure 27 and Plate XXVII.

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fruits are sweet tasting and edible.


The ripe fruits are picked from the tree . However, freshly fallen fruits may be collected from the ground. The collection of the ripe fruit f rom the ground shou ld be carried out soon after fruit falls since it is perishable.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that S . gu ineense flowers in Apr il and August . Analysis of botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium showed that in north-east and northwest Tanzania, where there are two rainy seJsons . the species flowers twice, i.e. durin g the short dry season (January to February) and toward s the end of the long rains (Hay) . extending to the dry season (June to September)and up to the onset of the short rain~ (October to December). In the rest of Tanzania, i. e . areas with one rainy season, the species flowers only once, start ing t owards the end of the dry season and ex tending into the rainy season , i . e. September to December. The species' fruit maturing was noted to be concentrated from February to May.


No t knm.Jn. but apparently ascorbic acid i s present (See Appendix 2).


9 . 1 Natural regeneration : The species regenerates adequately in natural forests. This i s because all tree deve l opment stages can be seen, i . e . seedlings, saplings, poles and mature trees. The spec ies regenerates naturally by seed and coppice . For successful germination and seedling establishment, the seed should come in con tact with mineral soil

- 109 -

and moisture. The species is sensitive to crown competition and a strong light demander.Thus, crop refining in natural forests could be necessary in order to distribute growthpotential to S. guineense trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: S. guineense seed requires no pretreatment. The germina-tion is very good and uniform, attaining 80 to 90 percent germination after 25 to 30 daysrespectively. Thus, direct sowing into pots is recommended. Potted planting stock couldbe raised and planted on cleared sites.


Poles are used for building, timber used for construction of local bridges and wood(smoke used for smoking milk containers (Brenan and Greenway, 1949)). The fruit is usedas a remedy for dysentry and a decoction of the bark is used as an anti-diarrhoeic drugBreyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

- 109 -

and moisture. The s pecies is sensitive to crown compet it i on and a strong l i ght demander. ThllS, c rop refining in natural forests could be necessary in order to distribute growth potential to £. guineens e trees.

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration: S. guineense seed requires no pretreatment . The germina tion is very good and uniform, attaining 80 to 90 percent germination after 25 to 30 days respectively. Thus , di rect sowing into pots is recommended . Potted planting stock could be raised and planted on cleared sites .

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOflIC IMPORTANCE :

Poles are used for building. timber used for construc t i on of local br i dges and wood (smoke used for smok in g milk contai ners (Brenan and Greenway , 1949)) . The fruit is used as a remedy for dysentry and a d~~ ('o('tion of the bark is used as an anti-diarrhoeic drug Breyer-Brandwijk. 1962).

- 110 -

PLATE XXVII. Syzygium guineense (Willd) D.C.

Plate XXVII. Syzygium guineense (Wind) D.C.

branchlet bearing leavesinflorescence with flower budsportion of inflorescence with flower buds and flowersfruitsfruit in part section, showing seedseedsseedling

a -b -c -d -e -f

Plate XXVII1 - tree at Dulc -Lushoto, Tanga,January, 1982

- forty days after sowing

Plate XXVII2 - branchlets bearing leaves,

flower buds and flowers

- 110 -

PLATE XXVII. Syzygium guineense (Wi11d) D. C.

a

. ~ i!J!fl'~'CA7h '" ,~

o I

a

40m m I

: ~:~ G<::'~ .'-" ?

.r,;,.; ,::\ ~ . ~ ~' .. ' I - I ~..: .,~ ... ~:-:~-_: ,:;;:." d . . .~ . c

b

o 20mm '--;---,,-::----.JI

b 9

P l ate XXVII. Syzygium gui neense (Willd) D.C . a - branch l e t bearing l eaves b - infloresce nce with flower buds c - portion of inflo r escence with flower bud s and flOtvers d - fruits e - fruit in part section , showing seed t - seeds r - seedl i ng - f o rt y days after sowing

Pla t e XXVlI I - tree at Oule -Lusho to , Tang a , Januar y , 1982

Pla te XXVI I2

- branchlets bearing leaves , f l ower buds and f l owers

28. TRICHILIA ROKA

1.0 NAMES: Family Meliaceae

Botanical Trichilia roka (Forsk.) Chiov.

Syn. Trichilia emetica Vahl

Vernacular mkungwina, mtimaji, mtimai (Kiswahili);

mgolimazi (Kizigua); mgolemazi (Kinguru,

Kishambaa): myembemwitu (Kigogo); mkongoni

(Kichaga); mtengotengo, mjagengo (Kiluguru);

mbangwe, mbwewe (Kishambaa): mgolemazi,

msukulilo (Kisagara); msanguti (Kinyakyusa);

mtandaruka (Kisubi), monko-ya-nyika (Kizigua,

Kishambaa)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: The species is widespread in Tanzania with the exception of miombo

woodland and dry thicket belts. It is most abundant in Tukuyu, Kyela, Ifakara, Muheza,

Korogwe and Morogoro Districts.

2.2 Altitude: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species occurs below 1800 m

above sea level. Wimbush (1950) observed that in Kenya it occurs from sea level to

1676 m above sea level. But it generally occurs up to 1830 m above sea level (Dale and

Creenway, 1961).

2.3 Climate: T. roka appears to be growing on different sites with varying rainfall

regimos. According to Nshubemuki, et. al. (1978) the maximum and minimum mean annual

rainfall are 2340mmfor Tukuyu and 643 mm for Mombo meteorological stations. For Mombo

meteorological station the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures are 310 C and 19° C,

respectively; the range is 12° C. Relative humidity varies between 92 percent and 50 per-

cent. For Morogoro meteorological station the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures

are 300 C and 19° C, respectively; the range is 11.4° C. The mean relative humidity

varies between 55 percent and 90 percent.

2.4 Geology and soils: T. roka grows best on deep moist heavy soils, although it will

also grow on many other soils, provided they are not infertile or too dry. According to

Morgan (1972) most of these soils are derived from Mozambican belt rock formations,

tertiary or recent volcanics, quaternary sediments and Bukoban rocks.

2.5 Forest type: The species is frequently found in open riverain or alluvial lowland

rain forests with high ground watertable. Its common associates include Acacia poly-

acantha, A. albida, Albizia glabrescens, A. versicolor, Antiaris usambarensis, Chlorophora

excelsa, Ficus sycomorus, Khaya nyasica, Parkia filicoideá, Sorindeia madagascariensis,

Trema orientalis, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN 7/1RIOUS FOREST TYPES:

T. roka is relatively more abundant on riverain-alluvial soils in lowland rain

forests, and it decreases in abundance at the upper limits of lowland rain forests. The

frequency in various forest types has not been studied to date.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

T. roka is a medium-sized or tall and many-branched tree, up to 20 m high, with

dense rounded crown. Bark pale or dark grey, smooth and flaking. Leaves are impari-

pinnate, villous-pubescent or sub-glabrous, varying in length from 10 to 40 cm. The

28 . TRICHILIA ROKA

1. 0 NAi'1ES : Family

Botanical

Syn . Vernacular


- 111 -

Hel i aceae

Trichilia raka (Forsk.) Chiov . Trichilia emetica Vahl mkungt.Jina, mtimaj i, mtimai (Kiswahili); mgo limazi (Kizigua); mgolemazi (Kinguru, Kishambaa): myembemw i tu CKigo go); mkongon i (Kicha ga)j mtengotengo, mjagengo (Kiluguru); mbangwe, mb\vewe (Kishambaa): mgolemazi,

msukulilo (Kisagar a) ; msanguti (Kinyakyusa); mtandaruka (Kisubi) . monko - ya-ny i ka (Kizigua, Ki shambaal

2 .1 Local it y : The spec i es 15 t<lidespread in Tanzania with the exception of miorobo

wood 1a nd and dr y til icke t be 1 t s . I t is mas t abun dan t in Tukuyu, Kye la, If aka ra, Mu heza,

Ko r ogwe and Morogo r o Districts.

2. 2 Altitude :

above sea l e ve l. 1676 m a bove sea Gre e nway , 1961) .

Brenan and Gr eenway (1949) observed that t he species occu r s below 1800 m Wimbush (1950) observed that in Kenya it occurs from sea l evel t o

level . But it generally occurs up t o 1830 m above sea level {Dale and

2 . 3 Clima te: T. Taka appears t o be g rowin g on diffe rent sites with varying rainfall

r eg imes . According to Nshubemuk i. et . al . (1978) the maximum and minimum mean annual r a infa ll a r e 2340 mOl for Tukuyu and 64 3 mm for Mambo meteorolog i cal stations . For Mambo met eoro l ogica l station the mean maximum a nd mea n mi nimum temperatures a r e 31° C and 190 C~

respec tive l y ; the r ange is 12° C. Relative hum i dity varies between 92 percent a nd 50 perce n t . For Mo ro go r o met eo r olog i cal sta tion the mea n maximum and mean minimum tempe r atures a r e 300 C a nd 19° C, respectively ; the ra nge is 11 . 4° C. The mean relative humidity varies betwee ll 55 pe r cent and 90 pe r ce nt.

2. 4 Geo l ogy and soils : ! . r oka grows best o n deep moist heavy so ils, although it will also grow o n many other soils, provided th ey are not infertile o r too dry. According to Nor gan ( L972) most of these soils are derived f r om Mozambican helt r ock f ormations , tertiary or re cent vo l canics , quat e rnary sed iments and Bllkoban ro cks .

2 . 5 Fo rest type : The species i s frequent l y f ound in open riverain or alluvial lowland r a 1n for es ts t."ith high ground wate rtable . It s common associates i nclude Acaci~ polyacantha . ~ . alb i d~, Albizia g l ab r esce ns . ~ . vers i rol0 r , Antiaris usambarensis . Chlorophora excelsa , Ficu~ sycomo rus . ~hay~ ~yasica , Parki~ filicoidea, Sorindeia madagascarieosis, Tr ema or i enta l i s, e tc.

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY Itl . I"R IaUS FOREST TYPS ~. :

T. roka 1 S r el atively more a bundant on riverain-a l luvial soils io lowland r a in forests , and it dec r eases in abundance a t the upper limits of lm."land r a in forests . The frequency in various forest types has not been studied to dat e .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

! . roka i s a medium-s i zed or tall a nd !Dany - branched t r ee. up to 20 m high, with dense rounded c rown . Bark pale o r dark gr ey , smooth and flaking . Leaves are imp aripinnate, villous-pubescent or sub-glabrous, varying in length from 10 to 40 em . The

- 112 -

number of leaflets varies from 3 to 13. They are oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, 4 to

23 cm long, 2 to 10 cm wide with prominent venation on the lower surfaces. Flowers

yellowish-green, yellowish-white or cream, produced on short, congested axillary

panicles. Fruits are pear-shaped capsules of four valves containing dark brown seeds

with a scarlet or orange-red aril. The aril contains a fatty white pulp which produces

edible oil. Illustrations are given in Figure 28 and Plate XXVIII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The seed aril is squashed into a fatty milky suspension which is used for cooking.

The cotyledons are crushed into powdery form and thereafter oil is extracted. The oil is

used for manufacturing soap and cosmetics.


Mature T. roka fruits on ripening split open and the seed falls to the ground where

it may be collected. Alternatively, mature fruits may be picked from the tree, and on

drying, they split open and the seed is extracted by shaking the open capsules. On

storage, the nut is attacked by mould and seed borers (not yet identified) and no efforts

have been made to alleviate the situation.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that T. roka flowers from July to December, while

fruits mature in February. An examination of botanical specimens at Lushoto herbarium

revealed that the species flowers from July to November, and fruit maturing is from

February to April - and sometimes in December and January. It should, however, he borne

in mind that there are some years when little seed is produced and in some years there

is abundant production of seed. The actual seeding cycle has not been studied.


It is reported that commercially pressed oil from the small factory in Mbeya had a

very high acid value equivalent to 23.3 percent of oleic acid. It is also reported that

samples of press cake from Tukuyu had a nitrogen content of 2.6 to 2.8 percent, so had a

limited manurial value. Laboratory samples of the extracted arils, fat-free and dry,

had N 2.4 percent; kernels, fat-free dry residue 4.79 percent (Child, 1961). It is also

reported that the yield of oil from the whole seed is 58.3 to 68 percent, and the seed

coat contains 14 to 51.2 percent and the kernel 68 percent oil (Watt and Breyer-

Brandwijk, 1962). See also Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally by root suckers, coppice

and seed. Root suckers are produced after wounding of the root by any means, e.g.

accidental wounding during land preparation, burrowing animals and fire. T. roka seed_falls to the ground by gravity and thereafter it is probably dispersed by water, as it

is too heavy to be spread by wind, and no animal or bird is known to spread it. Seed

germination in natural forests takes place on wet soils - alluvial and riverain soils.

Although all crop development stages can be seen in natural forests, regeneration

cannot be considered adequate. This is because only a few seed trees remain and it

is only under these trees that natural regeneration takes place.

- 112 -

number of leaflets varies from 3 to 13. They are oblong- elliptic. or oblanceolate , 4 to

23 em long, 2 to 10 em ~.,ide with prominent venation on the 10\ver surfaces . FIOl.;rers

yellmvish-green, yellowish-white or cream, produced on short, congested axillary

panicles. Fruits are pear- shaped capsules of four valves containing dark brmffi seeds with a scarlet or orange-red aril. The aril contains a fatty ,.,hite pulp which produces

edible oil. Illustrations are given in Figure 28 and Plate XXVIII .

5.0 MAIN USES :

The seed aril ~s squashed into a fat t y milky suspension which is used for cooking. The cotyledons are crushed into pm.;rdery form and thereafter oil is extracted. The oil is

used for manufacturing soap and cosmetics .


Mature !. r oka fruits on ripening sp l it open and the seed falls to the ground \.,rhere it may be collected. Alternatively, mature fruits may be picked from the tree, and on drying, they split open and the seed is extracted by shaking the open capsules . On storage, the nut is attacked by mould and seed borers (not yet identified) and no efforts have been made to alleviate the situation .


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that !. roka flowers from July t o December. whil e fruits mature in February . An examination of botanical specimens at Lushoto he rb arium revealed that the species flowers from July to November , and fruit maturing is from February to April - and sometimes in December and January. It should . however, be borne in mind that there are some years \.,rhen little seed is produced and in some years there is abundant production of seed. The actual seed ing cycle has not been studied .


I t is reported that commercially pressed oi l from the smal l factory in Mbeya had a very high ac i d value equivalent to 23.3 percent of ole i c acid. It is also reported that samples of press cake from Tukuyu had a nitrogen content of 2.6 to 2.8 percent, so had a limited manurial value . Laboratory samples of the extracted arils, fat-free and dry, had N 2 . 4 percent; kernels, fat-free dry residue 4.79 percent (Child, 1961). It i s also reported that the yield of oil from the whole seed is 58.3 to 68 percent, and the seed coat contains 14 to 51 . 2 percent and the kernel 68 percent oil (Watt and BreyerBrand\.]ijk , 1962). See also Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration : The species regenerates naturally by r oot suckers, coppice and seed. Root suckers are produced after \vounding of the root by any means . e . g. accidental wounding dur i ng land preparat i on, burrowing animals and fire. T . roka seed falls to the ground by grav ity and thereafte r it is probably di spersed by water, as it is too heavy to be spread by wi nd, and no animal or bird is known to spread it. Seed germination in natural forests takes place on wet soils ~ alluvial and riverain soils. Although all crop development stages can be seen in natural forests, regeneration cannot be considered adequate. This is because only a few seed trees remain and it is only under these trees that natural regeneration takes place.

- 113 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Owing to rapid loss in viability of T. roka seed

(Shehaghilo, 1978), it is advised that the seed should be sown soon after collection.

Direct sowing into pots is an economically viable technique, although it has not been

tested. Seeds showing signs of germination are transplanted into polythene pots before

che tap root goes deep into seed bed soils. After transplanting, the potted stock

needs to be lightly shaded and watered at least twice per day. After staying in the

nursery For 6 to 8 months the stock is ready for planting out (Mugasha, et. al., 1980).

The planting site should be cleared of all herbaceous vegetation, leaving 30 stems/ha

as shade trees. T. roka is sensitive to weeds. Observations carried out in the field

revealed that unweeded trees tend to be stunted. Thus, weeding is essential, especially

during the first few years after planting.


The Government of Tanzania is putting much emphasis on the planting of T. roka as a

source of oil used for soap manufacturing and cooking. Githens (1948) and Palgrave (1956)

report that T. roka is of medicinal value.

- 113 -

9 . 2 Artificial re generation: Ot.Jing to rapid loss in viability of .!. . raka seed

(Shehaghilo, 1978), it is advised that the seed should be sown scan after collect ion. Direct sowing into pots is an economically viable technique, although it has not been tested. Seeds showing signs of germination are transplanted into polythene pots before the tap root goes deep into seed bed soils . After transplanting, the potted stock needs to be lightly shaded and \.;ratered at least twice per day. After staying in the

nursery for 6 to 8 months the stock is ready for planting out (Mugasha, et. ~., 1980) .

The planting site should be cleared of all herbaceous vegetation , leaving 30 stems/ha

as shade trees . T. raka is sensitive to weeds. Observations carried out in the field revealed that unweeded trees tend to be stunted . Thus, weeding is essential, especially during the first fe\v yea rs after planting.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOHlC IMPORTANCE:

The Government of Tanzania is putting much emphas i s on the planting of !. roka as a source of oi 1. used for soap manufacturing and cooking. Githens (1948) and Palgrave (1956) report that T. raka is of medicinal value.

slkPlate XXVIII

1

PLATE XXVIII. Trichilia roka (Forsk.) Chiov.

- 114 -

Plate XXVIII. Trichilia roka (Forsk.) Chiov.

a - Leaves, showing all the leafletsb - branchlet with leaves removed, bearing young fruitsc - flowering hranchletd - fruiting branchlet

- ripened fruit (capsule) showing seeds in situf - seeds- seedling at fourty days after sowing

tree at Morogwe,Tanga, February, 1982

A

,e0 *0. t,.Plate XXVIII2 - branchlet bearing fruits

and partly burnt leaves

- 114 -

PLATE XXVI II . Tr ichilia roka (Forsk . ) Chiov .

,

Plate XXVIII. Trichilia roka (For sk .) Ch i ov . a - Leaves, showing all the leaflets b - branch l et with leaves removed . bear ing young fruit.s c - flowering branch l e t . d - fruiting branchlet e - ripened f ruit (capsule) showing seeds in situ f - seeds g - seedl ing at fcurty days aft e r sowing

Plate XXVIIIl

- tree at Morogwe , Tanga, February , 1982

Plate XXVIIIZ

- branchl et bea ring fru i ts and partly burnt leaves

1.0 NAMES: Family Euphorbiaceae

Botanical Uapaca kirkiana Mull Arg.

Syn. U. goetzei Pax.

Vernacular mkuhu (Kinyakyusa); mgullu (Kihehe, Kibena):

mkusu (Kiswahili, Kihehe, Kinyamwezi, Kibena,

Kibende, Kilongo)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the

species grows naturally in Mpanda, Kasulu, Kibondo, Ceita and Njombe. A field survey

carried out during the cou'rse of this study shows that the species also grows naturally

at Kiboliani Mountain and Mwanaota in Mpwapwa, Kipiri in Tabora; Mbozi, Tukuyu and

Chunya in Mbeya; Mafinga, Sao Hill, Nyororo and Mugororo in Iringa.

2.2 Altitude: U. Kirkiana grows naturally between 800 m and 1900 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for Tabora are given under Canthium burttii and that

of Chunya are given un der Canthium crassum. In general, the species grows naturally in

areas receiving between 508 and 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five

(Morgan,1972 ). Relative humidity and temperature for Tabora and Iringa are given under

Azanza garckeana.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology of the areas where U. kirkiana grows naturally have

been given under preceding species, e.g. Canthium burttii C. crassum Cordyla densi-

flora. The species prefers sandy loamy soils overlying murram.

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species is co-

dominant and dominant in Isoberlinia-Brachystegia-Parinari open to closed woodland in

mountainous areas. The common associate tree species are Annona senegalensis, Brachy-

stegia longifolia, B. spiciformis, Combretum molle, Faurea saligna, Flacourtia indica,

Harungana madagascariensis, Isoberlinia angolensis, Parinari curatellifolia, Pericopsis

angolensis, Protea rubrobracteata, Psorospermum febrifugum, Uapaca nitida, U. sansibarica,

etc.


There are no records of inventory data on U. kirkiana. However, field observations

carried out during the course of this study show that almost pure stands of U. kirkiana

covering several hundred hectares exist in Iringa and Mbeya Regions, Moreover, it is

one of the dominant species where it grows in association with Parinari curatellifolia,

other Uapaca spp., Brachystegia and Faurea saligna. A rough count carried out at Idetelo(Iringa) showed that over 256 m2 there were 49 young trees no to 2 m in height and

two old trees up to 7 m in height.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

U. kirkiana is a small to medium-sized evergreen or deciduous tree, up to 13 m

high, with many branches and a dense rounded crown. Its stem is short and stout with

rough dark grey or blackish, thick, deeply and closely reticulately fissured bark.Branchlets short, thick with prominent leaf scars. Leaves alternate, large concentrated

at the ends of branchlets, obovate or obovate-elliptic, 7-27 cm long, 4-16 cm wide,

rounded at the apex, cuneate at base, leather Y; secondary nerves parallel and quite

prominent beneath, in 12-16 pairs; floccose-pubescent with short curly hairs all over

- 115 -

29. UAPACA KIRKIANA29 . UAPACA KIRKIANA

1 . 0 NAMES : Family

Botanical Syn.

Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 115 -

Euphorbi 8C (O;::te Uap<'lca kirkiana Hull Arg . .!:!. . Boet zei Pax . rnkuhu CKinyakyusa) ; mguhu (Kihehe, Kibena)~ mkusu (Ki swahili, Kihehe, Kinyarnwezi, Kibena, Kibende, Kilongo)

2.1 Locality : A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the

spec i es g r ows naturally in Hpanda , Kas ulu, Kibondo, Ge ita and Njombe . A fie ld survey

carried out during the eou'rs e of th is study shows that the species also g rows naturally

at Kiboliani Mountain and Mwanaota in Mp\"ap\Va, Kipir-i i n Tabor-a; Mbozi, Tukuyu and

Chunya in Mbeya ; Mafinga , Sao Hi ll , Nyororo and Mugor-oro in Iringa.

2 . 2 Altitude : U. Kirkiana g rows na tur a lly between 800 m and 1900 m above sea leve1.

2 . 3 Cl i mate : The cl i matic data for Tabora are g iven under Canthium burttii and that

of Chunya ar-e given under Canthium c r ass um. In ge neral , the species grmoJs naturally in

areas r eceiving bet\veen 508 and 1270 mm annual ra infall in four years out of five

(Morgan, 1972 ) . Relative humi dity and temperature for Tabora and Iringa are given under

Azan za garckeana.

2 . 4 Geology and soils : The geology of the a r eas \oJhere ~ . kirkiana grows n at urally have

been given under preceding species, e . g . ~.~n th i um ~~tt i i , ~. crassum Cordyla densi

flora. The spec i es prefers sandy loamy soi ls overl y in g mu rr am .

2 . 5 Ve ge tation t ypes : Brenan and GreemoJay (1949) observed that the species is (:0 -

dominant and domi nant in Isoberlinia-Brachy~egi a-Par i na ri. open to closed woodland ~n

mountainous areas .

stegi a longi fol i a ,

The common associ a te tree spec i es are Annona senegalens is, Brachy-

~ . sp i c iformis, Combretum molle, Fa ur ea saligna, Flacourti a indica ,

Harungana madagascariensis, Isoberlinia angolensis, Par inari curatelli fo l i a, Pe ricopsis

angolensis , Protea rubrobracteata, Psorospermum febr i fugum, Uapaca nitida, U. sansibarica,

etc .

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIB UTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

There are no r ecords of inventory data on !:! . kirk~~~ .. ca rried out during the course o f this study shm-l that almost

However~ fi e ld observat i ons

pure stands of ~ . ki rk i ana covering severa l hundred hectares exist in Iringa and Mbeya Regions. Moreover, it i s

one of th e dominant species where i t grows in association with Parinari curatel l ifolia,

o t he r Uapaca spp., Brachystegia and Faurea saligna. A r ou gh co unt ca r r ied out at I detelo

(Iringa) showed that (1Ver 25 6 m2 tllere were 49 younR trees up to 2 m in height and

two old trees up to 7 m in height.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

U. kirkiana i s a smal l to medium- sized eve r green or dec.iduous tree, up t o 13 rn

hi gh , \o,/ith many branches and a dense rounded crown. Its stem i s short and stout wi th

rough dark g rey or blackish, th i ck , deeply and closely reticulately fissured bark.

Eranehlets sho r t , thick with prominent l eaf scars. Leaves alternate, large concentrat ed

at the ends of branchlets, obovate or obovate- ell i pt i c, 7- 27 cm long , 4-16 cm wide ,

rounded at the apex, cuneate at base, l e athery ; secondary nerves parallel and quite

prominent beneath, in 12-16 pairs; floccose - pubescent with short curly hairs allover

- 116 -

beneath when young, later becoming almost glabrescent; petioles short, 1-3 cm long.

Flower buds globose, flowers yellow, borne in short, slender fascicular and axillary

peduncles. Fruits subglobose, fleshy, up to 3.3 cm in diameter, dull-yellow when ripe,

containing up to 3 seeds. Seeds white, up to 2 cm long, 1.3 cm thick. Illustrationsare shown in Figure 29 and Plate XXIX.

5.0 MAIN USES:



U. kirkiana ripe fruits are picked or collected from the ground.


White (1962) reports that in Zambia the species flowers in January, while fruit .

ripening occurs between July and September. Chingaipe (Pers.Comm.) observed that U.

kirkiana fruit ripens between October and December. A survey of the botanical specimens

shows that the species was found flowering in February, while fruiting occurred between

May and October. A field survey revealed that the species flowers between December and

February, while fruit ripening occurs between September and December. This implies that

both flowering and fruit ripening occur during the rainy season and it takes about nine

to eleven months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) observed that the ripe edible part of the fruit

contains 1.8 mg/gm of ascorbic acid.


9.1 Natural regeneration: U. kirkiana regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and

root suckers. The seed has good germination capacity but it loses viability very quickly.

Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after wounding

of roots by any means, e.g. burrowing and trampling animals, cultivators, mild fires, etc.

It should be stressed here that most of the natural generation seen in natural forests

originated from root suckers. In general, it can be concluded that U. kirkiana natural.

regeneration is adequate. Thus, this might be the most reliable method for propagation

of U. kirkiana.


artificially. However, owing to good germination capacity, it is possible to raise the

species in the nursery and to plant potted stock in the field. However, there might be

no need to raise the species as natural regeneration is reliable,


Ripe fruits are edible and sold on the market. Moreover, it is an important famine

food. It is also used in making sweet beer. The wood is often a source of sawn timber

and fuel, as well as wooden spoons. It is also a shade provider.

- 116 -

beneath \.;rhen young, later becoming almost glabrescent; petioles short, 1-3 em long.

Ftlwer buds globose, flm.,rers yel lmv, borne in short, s lender fascicular and axillary

peduncles. Fruits subglobose, fleshy, up to 3.3 em in diameter, dull - yellow when ripe, containing up to 3 seeds. Seeds white, up to 2 em long, 1.3 em thick. Illustrations are shO\.,rtl in Figure 29 and Plate XXIX.

5.0 MAIN USES:



Q. kirkiana ripe fruits are picked or collected from the ground.


White (1962) reports that in Zambia the speci es flm.;rers in January, \,,-rhi Ie fruit

ripening occurs bet\.;reen July and September. Chingaipe (Pers.Comm . ) ob s erved that .!:!. . kirkiana fru i t ripens between October and December. A survey of the botanical specimens shows that the species was found flower ing in February, wh i le fruiting occurred bet\veen May and October. A field survey revealed that the species flowers bet\veen December and Februar y, while fruit ripening occurs between September and December, This implies that both flO\ver i ng and fruit ripening occur during the rainy season and it t akes about nine to eleven months from flO\ver fertilization to fruit ripening.


Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk (1962) observed that the ripe edible part of the fruit

contains 1.8 mg/gm of ascorbic acid .


9.1 Natural regeneration: ~ . kirkiana regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and r oot suckers. The seed has good germination capacity but it loses viability ve ry qu i ckly . Coppice shoots are produced on f elling of trees . Root suckers are produced after wounding of roots by any means, e . g. burrO\ving and trampling animals, cultivators, mild f ires , etc . It should be stressed here that most o f the natural generation seen in natural for ests originated from root suckers. In general, it can be concluded that ~. kirkiana natural regeneration is adequate. Thus, this might be the most r eliable method for propagation of U. k irkiana.

9 . 2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species artificially. Hmvever, owing to good ger mination capacity, it is possible t o raise the species 1n the nursery and to plant P?tted stock in the fi eld . However, there might be no need to raise the species as natural regeneration is r eliable .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC IHPORTANCE:

Ripe f r uit s are edible and sold on the market. Moreover, it is an important famine

food. It is also used in making sweet beer . The wood is often a source of sa\vn timber and fuel, as well as wooden spoons. I t is a lso a shade provider.

- 117 -

Plate XY1X1 - tree at Luingulo Village,Iringa, June, 1982

PLATE XXIX. Uapaca Kirkiana Mull. Arg.

Plate XXIX. Uapaca kirkiana Mull. Arg.

a - branchlet


Plate XXIX2 - young fruits, LuinguloVillage, Iringa, June, 1982

- 117 -

PLATE XXIX . Uapaca Kirkiana Mull . Arg .

o 40mm I I

a Zt b b

Plate XXI X. Uapaca kirki ana Mull. Arg .

a - branch l et b - fr uiti ng branch let

Plate XXIXl - tr ee at Luingulo Village, Iringa , June, 1982

Plate XXIX - young fr uit s, Luingulo 2 Village , Iringa , June, 1982

1.0 NAMES: Family Rubiaceae

Botanical Vangueria linearisepala K. Schum.

Vernacular mviru (Kiswahili); msada (Kinyamwezi, Kiluguru,

Kihehe, Kividunda); mvilu, mviu (Kishambaa);

mdaria (Kipare); msambarawe (Kihehe)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally in Lushoto (Kwemadaa on Lushoto-Mombo road,

Kitivo, Shume-Magamba Forest Reserves), Mufindi (Irundi Sao Hill), south and north PareMountains (Changweni and Chome Forest Reserves and Usangi), Tabora (Kiwere), Kilosa(Vigude, Kidodi).

2.2 Altitude: V. linearisepala grows naturally from 850 m (Kwemadaa) to about 1920 m

- 119 -

30. VANGUERIA LINEARISEPALA

above sea level (near Viti-Lushoto).

2.3 Climate: V. linearisepala grows on sites receiving varying amounts of annual rain-fall. The minimum and maximum annual rainfall is 749 mm (Sao Hill) and 1038 mm (Lushoto

Agriculture Meteorological Station) (Nshubemuki, et, al., 1978). Mykvist (1976) reports

that for Irunda Hill West, the mean annual temperature is 190 C, and the mean maximum and

mean minimum annual temperatures are 240 C and 120 C, respectively. Borota (1971)

observed that the mean annual temperature for Lushoto is 180 C.

2.4 Geology and soils: The hillsides of west Usambara Mountains are dominated by non-laterized red earths. These soils are normally deep and fertile. In general, these

mountains, except for valley bottoms (of mainly colluvial origin, although alluvial

soils may locally dominate in some valleys) and lithosols of escarpment, are latosols

which include humic ferrallitic soils and humic ferrisols. These soils are derived from

gneisses with varying amounts of pyroxene, hornblende and biotite. They are of late

Precambrian rocks of the Mozambican belt formation. Tabora is dominated by light

yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams derived from acid gneisses,

migmatites and associated granites and granodiorite rocks. In Iringa (e.g. at Irunda-

Sao Hill) V. linearisepala grows on fine-grained sandy, lateritic soils overlying

peneplains and pink to light red soils overlying granites (Mykvist, 1976; Morgan, 1972;

Lundgreen, 1978).

2.5 Forest type: V. linearisepala is widely distributed in Sclerocarya-Combretum andand miombo woodlands. The species also occurs on the margins of the mountain forests.

In the former Lwo types of forests the species occurs in association with Acacia

polyacantha, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum zeyheri, Cordia africana, Cussonia

holstii, C. spicata, Diospyros mespiliformis, Euclea divinorum, Sclerocarya caffra, etc.

In the mountain forests the species occurs in association with Albizia gummifera,

Bridelia micrantha, Cussonia spicata, Ficus vallis-choudae, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea

hochstetteri, Ochna holstii, Parinari excelsa.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES;

V. linearisepala is more abundant in Sclerocaryna-Combretum and miombo woodlands

than in mountain forests. This species decreases in abundance with increase in altitude.

During recent field survey it was estimated the stocking varies from 3 to 150

The frequency in various forest types has not been worked out.

30. VANGUERIA LINEARISEPALA

I. 0 NAMES: Family Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION :

- 119 -

Rubiaceae

Vangueria linearisepa la K. Schum. mviru (Kiswahili); msada (Kinyarnwezi, Kiluguru, Kihehe. Kividunda); mvi.lu, mviu (K i shambaa); mdaria (Kipare); msarnbarawe (Kihehe)

2.1 Locality: The species occurs naturally in Lushoto (Kwernadaa on Lushoto-Mombo road. KitivD, Shume-Magamba Forest Reserves), Mufindi (Irundi Sao Hill), south and north Pare Mountains (Changweni and Chorne Forest Rese rves and Usangi), Tabora (KiHere), Kilosa eVigude, Kidodi).

2.2 Alt i tude: V. linearisepala grows naturally from 850 ill (Kwemadaa) t o about 1920 m above sea level (near Viti-Lushoto) .

2.3 Climate: Y.... linearisepala grm.Js on s ites receiving varying amounts of annual rainfall. The minimum and maximum annual rainfall is 749 rom (Sao Hill) and 1038 rom (Lushoto Agriculture Meteorological Station) (Nshubemuki, et. al ., 1975). Nykvist (1976) reports that for Irunda Hill ~vest, the mean annual temperatur;-is 190 C, and the mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures a r e 240 C and 120 C, respectively. Borota (197 1) observed that the mean annual temperature for Lushoto is ISO C.

2.4 Geology and soils: The hillsides of west Usambara Mounta i ns are dominated by nonlaterized red earths . These soils are }normally deep and fertile, In general, these mountains, except for valley bottoms (of mainly colluvial origin , although alluvial soil s may locally dominate in some valleys) and 1 ithosols of escarpment .• are latosols which include humic ferrallitic soi ls and humic ferrisols. These soils a r e derived from gneisses with varying amounts of pyroxene, hornblende and biotite . They are of late Precambrian rocks of the Mozambican belt format i on . Tabor a i s dominated by light yellmvish-brm-lI1 to reddish-yellO\v, gritty, sandy clay loams der i ved from acid gneisses , migmatites and associated granites and granodiorite rocks. In Iringa (e.g, at IrundaSao Hill) Y.... . linearisepala grows on fine - grained sandy, lateritic soils overlying peneplains and pink to light red soils overlying granites (Mykvist, 1976; Morgan, 1972; Lundgreen, 1978).

2.5 Forest type: ~. linearisepala is widely di stributed in Sclerocarya-Combretum and and miombo woodlands . The species also occurs on the margins of the mountain f orests. I n the former two types of forests the spec ies occurs in association with Acacia polyacantha, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum zeyheri, Cordia africana , Cussonia holstii, ~. spicata, Diospyros mespiliformis, Euclea divi norum, Sclerocarya caffra, etc . In the mountain f orests the species occurs in association with Albi zi a guromifera, Bridelia micrantha, Cussonia spicata, Ficus vallis-choudae, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea hochstetteri, Ocnna holsti i , Parinari excelsa.


'i' linearisepala is more abundant in Sclerocaryna.-Combretum and miombo woodlands than in mountain forests. This species decreases in abundance with increase in altitude. During recent field survey i t was estimated the stocking varies from 3 to 150 The frequency in various forest types has not been worked out.

- 120 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. linearisepala is a deciduous shrub or small tree, 3 to 6 m high, with manyspreading branches. Bark brownish or dark grey. Leaves large, opposite, ovate-oblong,

elliptic or elliptic-oblong, 6 to 18 cm long, 3 to 9 cm wide, softly tomentose, especially

on lower surfaces, acuminate at the apex and cuneate or rounded at the base. Lateral

veins visible on both sides but more prominent beneath. Flowers greenish yellow or

greenish white, borne on axillary panicles. Fruits globose or sub-globose, 3 to 6 cm

wide, greenish when young, changing to brownish green when ripe. The fruits contain

a soft, chocolate-tastingedible pulp. Seeds are hard coated, 2.9 to 3.5 cm long, and

1.3 to 1.7 cm wide. Illustrations are given in Figure 30 and Plate XXX.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp has a weet, slightly sour taste and is edible.


Ripe fruits are picked from the tree. Alternatively, mature green fruits are

picked from the tree and stored for ripening.

7.0 SEASON (TIME) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

V. linearisepala has long flowering and fruiting periods. Moreover, these events

vary from one locality to another. For example, in the west Usambaras, flowering is

from December to March and often extends into June, while fruit maturing takes place

from August to January. In the Pare Mountains, flowering peak is from December to

January, and fruit maturing peak is from August to September. In Tabora, flowering takesplace in November and December, while fruit maturing takes place from June to July. From

the above observations [t can be concluded that flowering takes place at the onset of the

rainy season and fruit matt:ring occurs during the dry season. It takes about seven toeight months from flowering to fruit maturing.


Not known. Small amounts of ascorbic acid, see Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates in natural forests by suckers,

coppice and rarely by seed. Root suckers are produced when roots are wounded by any

means, e.g. cultivators, burrowing animals and fire. Natural regeneration from seed is

uncommon because the seed coat is very hard, requiring pretreatment, e.g. cracking by

slight hammering.

Natural regeneration has been noted to be induced by cultivation. This is

because cultivation reduces competition for light and also stimulates root sucker produc-

tion.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species by

artificial means. However, there are possibilities that with pretreatment of the seed,

the species could be raised in the nursery and planted on cleared sites. Moreover,

stake planting has some potential.


The fruits have a high demand on local markets and the stem is used for making

handles and digging tools,

- 120 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. linearisepala l5 a deciduous shrub or small tree, 3 to 6 rn h i gh, \"ith many

spreadin g branches. Bark brownish or dark grey. Leaves large, op p os it e , ovate - oblong,

elliptic or elliptic- oblong, 6 to 18 em long, 3 to 9 em wide, softly tomentose, especially on Imver surf aces , ac uminate at the apex and cuneate or rounded at the base. Lateral

ve,ins visible on both sides but Tore prominent beneath. Flm-lers greenish yellow or

greenish Hhite, borne on axillary panicles . Fruits globose or sub-globose, 3 to 6 em

\vide , g r eenish Hhen young, changing to

a soft, chocolate-tasting edible pulp.

1.3 t o 1.7 em wide. Illustrations are

5 . 0 MAIN USES:

brownish green when ripe. The fruits contain Seeds are hard coated, 2.9 to 3.5 em long, and given in Figure 30 and Plate XXX.

The fruit pulp has a sweet. slightly sour taste and ~s ed i ble.

6.0 ~mTHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Ripe fruits are picked from the tree. Alternatively. mature green fruits are picked from the tree and stored for ripening.

7.0 SEASON (THlE) OF COLLECTION OF TH E EDIBLE PART :

~. linearisepala has long flower in g and fruiting periods. Moreover, these events vary fr om one locality to another. For example, in the \.Jest Usambaras, flowering is from December to March and often extends into June, while fru i t maturing t akes place from August to January . In the Pare Mountains, f l owering peak is from December to

January. and fruit maturing peak is from August to September. In Tabora, flowering takes place in November and Decembe r, while fruit maturing takes place from June to Ju]y . From the above obs(,;rv~ltions it can be concluded that floHering takes place at th e onset of: the rainy :o; e;1son and fruit m.:1tl :rlng occur s during the dry season . It takes about seven t o eight months from flowering to fruit maturing.


Not known. Small amoonts of ascorbic acid, see Append i x 2.

9.0 CULTIVATI ON AND PROPAGATION ~mTHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9. I Natural regenerat i on : The species regener ates in natural forests by suckers, coppice and rarely by seed. Root suckers are produced when roots are wounded by any means, e.g. cultivators . burrO\.;ring animals and fire. Natural regeneration from seed is uncommon because the seed coat is very hard , requiring pretrea t ment, e.g. cracking by slight hammering.

Natural regeneration has been noted to be induced by cultivation. This is because cultivation r educ e s compet i tion for light and also st i mulates root sucker produc

tion.

9.2 Ar tificial regen eration : There have been no efforts to regenerate the species by ar tific i al means. HO\.;7ever, there are possibilities that Hith pretreatment of the seed, the species cou l d be ra i sed i n the nursery and planted on cleared sites. Moreover , stake plant i ng has some potential.


The fruits have a h i gh demand on l oca l markets and the stem is used for making hand l es and digging tools.

PLATE XXX. vangueria linearisepala M. Schum.

Plate XXX, - tree at Kwemadaa,Lushoto, Tanga,February, 1982

Plate XXX2 - branchlet bearingleaves, flower budsand flowers

- 121 -

Plate XXX. Vangueria linearisepala M. Schum.

a - young branchletb - leafc - branchlet bearing flower-budsd - flower - bude - flowerf - fruitg - part section of fruit showing seeds

in situh - seeds

Plate XXX3 - fruit vending at LushotoMarket, Tanga

- 121 -

PLATE XXX . Vangueria linearisepala M. Schum.

Plate XX\ - tree at Kwemadaa, Lushoto, Tanga, February, 1982

Plate XXX2

- branchlet bearing leaves, flo\.;rer buds and flowers

o "'mm

b, c, i .. 9

10mm

'---,d-t.~, ---"

Plate XXX. Vangueria linearisepala M. Schum.

a - young branch let b - leaf c - branch let bearing flmver-buds d - flower - bud e - flower f - fruit g -

h -

part section in si tu

seeds

of frui t showing seecs

Plate XXX) - fruit vending at Lushoto Market, Taoga

- 123 -

31. VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS


Botanical Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel

Syn. V. acutiloba Robyns

Vernacular engumi, olmadanyi (Kiarusha, Kimasai); loshoro

(Kiarusha), imumua (Kimeru); erakwtu (Iraqw);

karowo, kiworo, ndawiro, ndowo (Kichaga); mbiro,

mdaria (Kipare); mubilu (Kinyiramba); mulade

(Kinyaturu); mviru (Kirangi); msada (Kinyamwezi,

Kigog0; mviru (Kiwahili)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: V. madagascariensis is widespread in Tanzania. The species has been

fourid growing naturally in Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Dodoma, Singida and Tabora Regions.

2.2 Altitude: Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that the species was found growing

naturally at Kilema, Kilimanjaro at about 1500 m above sea level. A survey of the

botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species grows between 600 mand 2040m above sea level at Kahe and,Rongai, respectively. However, there is a

possibility of the species growing at a much lower altitude and at higher altitudes

than those shown.

2.3 Climate: The climatic statistics for Dodoma, Singida and Tabora have already been

described under Canthium burttii. The rainfall data for selected meteorological stations

in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions where the species occurs naturally are shown in Table 14.

Table 14 Selected meteorological stations in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions where the

species occurs naturally

Region Station Rainfall

(period) mean (mm) Raindays

Arusha Olmotonyi 930 4 214 91 1' 21

(1931-73)

Tengeru Coffee 1235 ' 382 94 24

(1931-73)

Kilimanjaro Kilema 1919 427 113 4- 28

(1931-73)

Moshi 855 ' 273 83 t 18

(1931-75)

Source: Mshubemuki, et. al., 1978.

- 123 -

31. VANGUERIA }~DAGASCARIENSIS

l. 0 NAMES: Family Botanical Syn . Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION :

Rubiaceae

Vangueria madagascariensis Grnel 'i. acutiloha Robyns

engurni, olmadanyi (Kiarusha , Kimasai); loshara (Kiarusha), imumua (Ki meru); erakwtu (Iraqw); karowa, kiworo, ndawiro, ndowD (Kichaga); mbi r o, rndaria (Kipare); mubilu (Kinyiramba); mu l ade (Kinyaturu); mviru (Kirangi); msada O<inyamHezi,

Ki gogQ ; mviru (Kiwah i li)

2.1 Locality: V. madagascariensis is widespread in Tanzania . The species has been

found growing naturally in Ki limanj arc, Arusha, Oodoma, Singida and Tabora Regions.

2.2 Altitude : Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that the species was found grm.Jing

naturally at Kilema, Kilimanjaro at about 1500 m above sea level. A survey of the

botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species grmvs between 600 m

and 204~m above sea level at Kahe and,Rongai, respectively. Hmvever, there i s a

possibility of the spe c ies growing at a much lmver altitude and at higher altitudes

than thos e shown.

2.3 Climate: The climatic stat i stics for Dodoma , Singida and Tabora have already been

described under Canthium burttii . The rainfall data for selected meteorological stations

l.n Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions where the species occurs naturally are shmvn in Table 14.

Table 14 Se l ected meteorological stations l.n Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions where the

species occurs naturally

Region Station Rai nfall (period) mean (mm) Raindays

Arusha Olmotonyi 930 ' 214 91 ~ 21 (1931-73)

Tengeru Coffee 1235 382 94 24 (1931-73)

Ki limanj aro Kilema 1919 .. 427 113 • 28

(1931-73)

Hoshi 855 T 273 83 t 18

(1931-75)

Source: Hshubemuki, et. a!. , 1978 .

- 194 -

The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures for Moshi meteorological

station are 290 C and 17° C, respectively. The range is 12° C. The relative humidity

is 87 percent at 0300 GMT, 78 percent at 0600 GMT and 49 percent at 1200 GMT (E.A. Met.

Dept., 1975).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Dodoma, Tabora and Singida where V.

madagascariensis occurs naturally have been described under Parinari curatellifolia and

Bussea massaiensis. In Kilimanjaro and Arusha, V. madagascariensis grows naturally on

volcanic ash soils derived from tertiary-recent volcanics (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: The species grows naturally in riverine-lowland forests and

Brachystegia-Combretum woodland. The common associate tree species in riverine-lowland

forests include Albizia schimperana, Cordia africana, Croton macrostachys, Diospyros

abyssinica, D. mespiliformis, Kigelia africana, Newtonia buchananii, Olea africana, O.

welwitschii, Trema orientalis and Trichilia roka. In the Brachystégia-Combretum woodland

the common associate species are Acacia tanganyikensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia

harveyi, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. molle, C. zeyheri, Commiphora

africana, Terminalia sericea, Vitex ferruginea and V. mombassae.


A detailed inventory on V. madagascariensis has not been taken. However, a field

survey shows that the species is more abundant in open areas (where original vegetation

has been cleared) than in closed forests. A rough count at Mtipa in Singida revealed

a stocking of about 150 stems per ha.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. madagascariensis is a profusely-branched shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high,

with smooth grey bark and whitish or cream slash. Leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate or

rotundate, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent, with

acuminate or rarely obtuse or acute apex and prominent venation below. Their sizes

vary from 7 to 20 cm long and 2 to 11 cm wide. Leaf stalks vary from 0.5 to 1 cm long.

Flowers greenish, fulvous-pubescent, borne in dense axillary cymes. Fruits globose,

3 to 4.5 cm long by 2.5 to 4.2 cm wide, containing hard-coated seeds. Illustrations

are given in Figure 31 and Plate XXXI.

5.0 MAIN USE:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible and has a pleasant chocolate-like taste.


The ripe fruits are persistent, thus they are necessarily picked from the tree.

Unripe fruits may be picked and stored for several days for ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers between October and

January. This observation is in agreement with the specimens in Lushoto herbarium,

except that the flowering period extends into February. A field survey carried out

during the course of this study showed that in Arusha and Kilimanjaro the flowering

period continues until March and April.

- 124 -

The mean maximum and mean minimum annual temperatures for l-loshi meteorological station are 29° C and 17° C, respectively. The range ~s 12° C . The relative humidity

is 87 percent at 0300 GMT, 78 percent at 0600 GNT and 49 percent at 1200 GHT (E . A. Met. Dept., 1975) .

2.4 Geology and soi Is : The geology and soils of Dodoma , Tabora and Singida Hher e '!..... rnadagascar i ensis occurs naturally have been described und er Parinari curatell ifolia and Bussea massaiens i s. In Ki l imanjaro and Arusha. Y...... madagascariensis grows naturally on volcanic ash soils derived from tertiary-recent volcanics (Horgan, 1972).

2 . 5 Vegetation types: The species grows naturally in riverille-lowland forests and

Br achystegia- Combretum woodland. The common associate tree species in riverine - lmoJland forests include Albizia schimperana , Cordia africana, Croton macrostachys, Diospyros ab,yss i n i ca, J2.. mespiliformis, Kigelia africana, Newtonia buchananii, Ol~ afr i cana, Q. welw i tschii, Trema orientalis and Trichilia raka. In the Brachyste'g i ~-Combretum \voodland the common associate species are Acacia tangany i kensis, Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia harveyi, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum. ~. ~olle. C. zeyheri , Commiphora africana, Terminalia ser i cea, Vitex ferruginea and V. mombassae.


A detailed inventory on V. madagascariensis has not been taken . HmoJever. a field survey shows that the species is more ab und an t in open a r eas (\"here or i ginal vegetation has been cleared) than in closed fores ts. A rough count a t Mtipa in Singida revealed a stocking of about 150 stems per ha .

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

':!... madagascar i ensis is a profusely-branched shrub or small tree. up to 5 m high, wi th smooth grey bark and whitish or c ream slash. Leaves opposite , elliptic-ovate or r otundate, dark green above, paler beneath, glab r ous o r rarely slightly pubescent, with acuminate or rarely obtuse or acute apex and promi nent venation below . The i r sizes vary from 7 to 20 cm long and 2 to 11 cm ,,,ide . Leaf stalks vary from 0.5 to 1 em long . Flm"ers greenish, fulvous-pubescent, borne in dense axillary cymes . Fruits globose , 3 to 4.5 em long by 2.5 to 4 . 2 cm wide, containing hard-coated seeds. Illustrations are given in Fi gure 31 and Plate XXXI.

5. 0 f!AIN US E :

The ripe fruit pulp is edible and has a pleasant chocolate- l i ke tast e .


The ripe fruits a r e persistent , thus they are necessarily picked from the tree. Unripe f r uits may be picked and stored for several days for ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species flowers between October and January. This observat i on is i n agreement with the speci mens in Lushoto herbarium, except that the flowering period extends i nto February. A field survey car ri e d out during the course of this study showed that in Arusha and Kilimanjaro the flmoJering per iod cont inu~s until March and April .

- 125 -

Fruit ripening varies according to locality. A survey of the specimens in Lushoto

herbarium and data collected during the course of this study show that fruit ripening

in Dodoma, Singida and Tabora regions is between April and July. In Kilimanjaro and

Arusha it takes place between August and December.

The above observations show that flowering takes place in the rainy season, while

fruit ripening occurs during the dry season. Moreover, it appears that it takes about

six to eight months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening, depending on the

locality.


Not known.See Appendix 2.

9.0 CULT L VATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: V. madagascariensis regenerates naturally by seed and coppice.

geed germination is difficult °Wing to its hard seed coat. However, the longer the seed

stays on the ground, the softer the seed coat becomes. Coppices are produced on felling

of young or old trees.

A survey of the species in natural forests revealed that the species is not

regenerating adequately. Mostly only mature trees were seen.

As it is usually found in open areas, it is anticipated that crop refining could

help in promoting regeneration and growth. Protection of the forest bearing V.

madagascariensis from late forest fires could be of benefit as the species appears to

be fire tender.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However,

with scarification of the seed, the species could be raised in pots in the nursery.

Because it is a light demander, the planting site should be cleared of most vegetation.

Weeding of the crop until it is well established is essential.

The crop is, however, semi-cultivated on farms. During the clearing of the farm

land, V. madagascariensis is left as a future source of edible fruits.


Ripe fruits are sold on the market, thus its cultivation on a large scale could

help boost the income of fruit collectors, if the marketing of fruits can be organized.

Its wood is used in building construction and as fuel.

- 125 -

Fruit r ipenin g varies according t o locality . A survey of the specimens in Lushoto he rbarium and data collec t ed during th e course of this study show that fruit r i pening in Oodoma, Singida and Tabora regions is ~etween April and July . In Ki limanja r o and Arus ha it t akes place be tween Augus t and December.

Th e ab ove observati ons show that flotve r ing takes place in th e rainy season , ,.,hile

fru i t ripening occurs during th e dry season. Moreover , it appear s that it takes about s i x to eight months f r om flower fertilization t o fruit ripening, depending on the l ocal ity .

8 . 0 NUTRI T I ONAL VALUE :

No t kn own . See Appendix 2 .

9 . 0 CULT [VATTON AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 . 1 Natural r egene r at i on : Y.... . madagascariensis r egenerates naturally by seed and coppi ce . Seed germina tion i s d i fficult owing t o its hard seed coa t . Hm.;rever, the longer the seed stays on the gr ound , the softer the seed coat becomes , Coppices a r e produced on felling of yo un g or old t r ees .

A survey of the species in na tura l f or ests r evealed that th e s pec ies 15 not r ege ne rating ade qua t e ly. Mostly only mature trees we r e seen .

As it i s usually f o und in open a r eas , it i s anticipated that c r op refini ng could he lp in promot ing regene rati on and growth. Pr o t ec tion of the forest bear i ng V. madagasca r i e nsis from l a te forest fi r es could be of benefit as the spec ies appears to

be fire tender.

9.2 Artific i al regeneration : Artificial re generat i on has not been tried. Howeve r, wi t h scar i fi cat i on of the seed, the species co uld be raised i n pot s in the nursery . Because it i s a li ght demander , the plant i ng site s ho uld be cleared of most veget a tion. Weedin g of the c r op until it i s we ll established is essential .

The crop is, howeve r, semi -C' O 1 t i va t ed on fa rms.

l and, ~ . madagasca rie ns i s i s l e ft as a future source

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOflIC I MPORTAN CE :

Duri ng the clearing of the farm of edible fruits .

Ri pe fruit s are sold on the market , thus its cultiva t i on on a large scale could help boost the in come of fru i t collec t or s, i f th e ma r keting of frui t s can be organized . Its wood is us ed in building const ru c tion and as fuel ,

Plate XXXI - tree - near Roman1 Catholic Miss ion

in Tabora -December, 1981

PLATE. XXXI. Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel

Plate XXXI2 - branchlets bearingflower buds andflowers, at Karangain Moshi - April, 1982

- 126 -

Plate XXXI. Vangueria madagascariensis Cmel

1mm

0

0 20mm

b. c d

a - branchletpart of inflorescence bearing flower

buds and flowersc - fruiting branchletd - seeds

Plate XXXI3 - branchlets bearing flowers andyoung fruits - near Roman CatholicMission in Tabora - December, 1981

Plate XXX\

- 126 -

PLATE XXXI. Vangueria madagascariensis Grnel

- tree - near Roman Catholic Mission in Tabora December, 1981

o 4.0mm I I

o

o 20mm [ I

0 , C 2. d

Plate XXXI_ Vangueria mad<3gascariensis Grnel a - branchlet b - part of inf lorescence bearing flower

buds and flowers c - fruiting branch let d - seeds

Plate XXXI3 - branchlets bearing flowers and young fruits - near Roman Cathol i c Mission in Tabora - December, 1981

Plate XXXI2

- branchlets bearing flower buds and flowers, at Karanga in Moshi - April, 1982

- 127 -

32. VANGUERIA ROTUNDATA


Botanical Vangueria rotundata Robyns

Vernacular engumi, olmadanyi (Kiarusha, Kimasai); loshoro

(Kiarusha); imumua (Kimeru); karowo, kiworo,

ndawiro, ndowo, mbowe (Kichaga): msada (Kizaramo,

Kirufiji); mviru (Kiswahili)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Drenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species occurs naturally in

Tukuyu (Kyimbila) mountains. During the course of this study it was noted that the

species is also widely distributed in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions. A survey of the

botanical spdcimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that the species also grows naturally

in Rufiji (Kibiti) and Kisarawe (Banda Forest Reserve).

2.2 Altitude: Drenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally

between 1000 m and 1400 m above sea level. The specimens in Lushoto herbarium show that

V. rotundata grows naturally at about 100 m above sea level at Kibiti and a field survey

carried out revealed that it grows at about 1830 m above sea level at Kibongoto (Kiliman-

jaro). Thus, the altitudinal range for V. rotundata varies between 100 m and 1830 m

above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic statistics for Arusha and Kilimanjaro have been described

under Vangueria madagascariensis. According to Morgan (1972), Kibiti and Banda Forest

Reserves receive between 762 and 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of five. The

mean minimum and maximum annual temperatures are 190 C and over 290 C, respectively

(United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Arusha and Kilimanjaro where V. rotundata

grows naturally are described under VangUeria madagascariensis. Rufiji (Kibiti) and

Kisarawe (Banda Forest Reserve) where the species is known to occur naturally have

yellow-red loamy sands derived from quaLermlry and tertiary sediments (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: V. rotundata grows naturally in lowland rain forests and riverine

forests. Drenan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally along

streams in mountain grassland. Its common associate tree species in Rufiji are Afzelia

quanzensis, Albizia versicolor, Antiaris usambarensis, Baphia kirkii, Brachystegia

spiciformis, Cassia petersiana, Chlorophora excelsa, Ptcleopsis myrtifolia, Pterocarpus

angolensis, Trachylobium verrucosum and Trema orientalis. Its common associate tree

species in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions are given under Vangueria madagascariensis.


There are no records of inventory data on V. rotundata in indigenous forests. How-

ever, a field survey carried out during the course of this study revealed that the species

is more abundant in mountain forests and riverine forests than in lowland rain forests.

Moreover, the species is more abundant in open areas than in closed forests, thus imply-

ing that it is a light demander.

32 . VANGUERIA ROTUNDATA

1.0 NAMES : Family Botanical Ve rnacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBlrrION:

- 127 -

Rubiaceae

Vangueria rotundata Robyns engumi, olmadanyi CKiarusha, Kimasai); loshara (K i a rush a) ; i mumua (Kimeru) ; karowa, kiworo, ndawir o , odowD, mbowe (Kichaga) : msada (Kizaramo, Kirufiji); mviru (KisHahili)

2 .1 Locality : Srellan and Greenway (1949) observed that the species occurs naturally i n Tukuyu (Kyimbila) mountains . During the course of this study it was noted that the species is also \.Jidely distributed in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions. A survey of the

botanical s p~cimen s in Lushoto herba rium revealed that the species also grows nat urally

in Rufiji (K i biti) and Kisarawe (Banda Forest Reserve) .

2 . 2 Altitude : Brenan and Gr eenway (1949) observed that the species grows naturally bet\.Jeen 1000 m and 1400 m above sea level . The specimens in Lushoto herbarium shOl.J that V. rotundata grow s naturally at about 100 m above sea level at Kibiti and a f i eld survey car r ied out revealed that it grows at about 1830 m above sea level at Kibongo to (Kilimanjaro) . Thu s , the altitud i nal range fo r V. rotundata varies between 100 m and 1830 m above sea level .

2 . 3 Climate: The climat i c statis tics for Arusha and Kilimanjaro have been described under Vanguer i a madagascariensis. According to Horgan (1972) , Kibiti and Banda Forest Reserves receive between 762 a nd 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of f i ve . The

mean min i mum and maximum annua l temper atures are 19° C and over 29° C, respect i vely (United Republic of 'ranzania . 1967) .

2 . 4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Arusha and Kilimanja r o where~ . rotundata grows naturally are descr ibed under Vangueria madagascariensis. Rufij i (Kibiti) and Kisarawe (Banda Forest Rese r ve) where th e species i s known to occur na t urally have yellmo/-red loamy sands de rived from qllRtcrnilry and tertia r y sediments (Mor ga n, 1972 ).

2 . 5 Vegetat i on types : 'i. rotundata grOlo/S naturally in lowland rain forests and riverine fo r ests . Brenan and Greemvay (1949) observed t hat the species grows naturally a l ong streams in moun tain grassland . Its common assoc i ate tree species in Rufij i a re Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia vers i color, Antiari s usambarens i s , Bapil i a kirkii , Brachystegia spiciformis, Cassia pete r siana , Ghlorophora exce lsa , Pteleopsis myrt i folia , Pterocarpus an golensis, Trachylob ium verrucos um and Trema or i entalis . Its common associate t re e spec i es in Ar usha and Ki limanjaro Regi ons are gi ven under Vangueria madagascariens i s .

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY I N VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

There a r e no r eco rds of inventory data on V. rotundata in indigenous forests . Hmo/ever , a field survey carried out durin g the course of this study r evealed that the species is more abundant i n mountain forests and riverine forests than in lowland rain forests . Moreover, the species i s more abundant in open areas than in c l osed fo r ests , thus impl ying that it is a li ght demander.

- 128 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. rotundata is a profusely branched shrub up to 3 m high, with smooth greyish

bark and cream slash. Leaves opposite, 7 to 17 cm long, 4 to 11 cm wide, elliptic,

elliptic-ovate or rotundate, hairy on both surfaces. Leaf stalks 0.5 cm to 1 cm long.

Leaf bases cuneate or rounded and leaf tips acuminate, acute or obtuse. Flowers

greenish with pubescence at throats, borne in dense axillary cymes. Sepals up to 0.5 cm

long, petals ovate, up to 0.4 cm long. Fruits globose, greenish when unripe, chocolate

when ripe, containing 5 hard-coated seeds. Illustrations are given in Figure 32 and

Plate XXXII.

5.0 MAIN USES:



As for V. madagascariensis.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. rotundata flowering and fruiting takes

place in November. The results obtained from the survey carried out during the course

of this study and from the specimens in Lushoto herbarium show that V. rotundata

flowering takes place between November and April. Fruit ripening takes place between

July and December.

It is inferred that flowering takes place during the rainy season, while fruiting

takes place in the dry season, although it extends into the rainy season. Moreover, it

takes about seven to eight months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


Not known. See Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: V. rotundata regenerates naturally by seed and coppice.

Natural regeneration from seed is rare because the seed coat is hard. However, the

longer the seed stays on the ground the softer the seed coat becomes. Thus, it takes a

long time for the seed to germinate under closed forest conditions. Coppice shoots are

produced on felling of trees.

It has been noted that V. rotundata prefers open areas. This implies that crop

refining could improve growth of the trees.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: No efforts have been made to regenerate V. rotundata

artificially. However, with suitable seed pretreatment, e.g. scarification, potted

stock could be raised in the nursery and planted out. The planting site should be

partly cleared of the vegetation in order to open up space. Weeding until the crop is

well established is essential.


The fruits are edible and sold on the market, thus its culitvation on a large scale

could ensure higher yields and consequently boost the income of fruit collections. Its

wood is also suitable as fuel and withes.

- 128 -

4 .0 DESCRIPTION:

V. rotundata is a profusely branched shrub up to 3 m high, with smooth gr ey ish bark and cream slash. Leaves opposite, 7 to 17 em long, 4 to 11 em wide, elliptic , el liptic-ovate or rotundate, hai ry on both surfaces . Leaf stalks 0.5 em t o 1 em long .

Leaf bases cuneate or rounded and leaf tips acuminate , acu te or obtuse . Flowe rs greenish with pubescence at throats, bornE"' in dense axillary cymes. Sepals up to 0.5 em

long, petals ovate , up to 0.4 em long. Fruits globose , greenish when unripe, chocolate when ripe, conta in i ng 5 hard-coated seeds . Illustrations are given in Figure 32 and Plate XXXII .

5.0 MAIN USES :

The ripe fruit pulp is edible .

6.0 HETHO D OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

As fo r V. madagascariensis.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that :1_, r otundata flm.,rering and fruitin g takes

place in November. The result s obtained from the survey carried out durin g the co urse

of this study and from the specimens in Lushoto herbarium show that ~ . rotund at a flm.,rering takes place between November and April. Fruit ripening takes place bet \,.,e e n

July and December.

It is inferred that flowering takes place during the rainy season, \.;hile fruiting

takes place in the dry season, although it extends into the rainy season . Moreover . it takes about seven to eight months from flO\v er fertilization to fruit ripe nin g .


Not knotvn. See Appendix 2 .

9.0 CULTI VATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9.1 Natural regeneration: ~ . rotundata regenerates naturally by seed and copp ice. Natural r egeneration from seed is rar e because the seed coat is hard. However, the l onger the seed stays on the ground the softer the seed coat becomes. Thus , it takes a long time for the seed to ge rminate under closed forest conditions. Coppice shoots are produced on felling of trees.

It has been noted that V. rotundata prefers open areas . Th i s implies that c r op refining could improve grmvth of the trees .

9.2 Artificial re gene ration : No efforts have been made to regenerate ~ . !otundata artificially . However, with suit able seed pretreatment , e.g. scarifi cat ion. po tted s t ock could be raised in the nursery and planted out . The planting s ite should be partly cleared of the vegetation in order to open up space. Weeding until the crop is well established is essential.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC U1PORTANCE :

The fruits are edible and sold on the market. thus its culitvation on a large scale could ensure higher yields and consequently boost the income of fruit collections. Its wood is also suitable as fuel and withes .

- 129 -

PLATE XXXII. Vangueria rotundata Robyn

Plate XXXII. Vanguería rotundata Robyn

a - branchlet

b - branchlet bearing flower buds

c - flower

d - young fruits

e - mature fruits

Plate XXXII1 - Shrub - at Ngaramutoni

Arusha, April, 1982

Plate XXXII2 - branchlet bearing

flowers and young

fruits, at Ngaramutoni,

Arusha April, 1982

- l29 -

PLATE XXXII. Vangueria rotundata Robyn

a , .' ,,' .. \::' .. . ", .

0 40mm d I I

a

0 20mm I

b-e

Plate XXXII. Vanguer i a rotundata Robyn

• "

a - branchlet b - branch l et bearing flmver buds

c - flm.Jer

d - young fruits e - mature fruits

Plate XXXIII - Shrub - at Ngaramuton i Arusha. Apr il, 1982

Plate XXXIIZ

- branchlet bearing flowers and young fruits, at Ngaramutoni, Arusha April, 1982

,

- 131 -

33. VANGUERIA TOMENTOSA

1.0 NANES: Family Rubiaceae

Botanical Vangueria tomentosa Hochst.

Vernacular mviru muiru (Kiswahili), msada (Kinyamwezi,

Kihehe, Kividunda); mvilu, mviu (Kishambaa,

Kibondei, Kizigua); msambalawe (Kihehe);

mnyabwita (Kizinza); mufitanda (Kikerewe)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: According to the available botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium,

V. tomentosa occurs naturally on shores (Pasiasi and Celta) and the islands of Lake

Victoria (Ukerewe) and Tanga Region (Handeni and Korogwe). However, Brenan and Greenway

(1949) report that the species occurs naturally in Kondoa and Manyoni Districts and

that it is probably generally widespread in Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: V. tomentosa grows naturally from about 350 m (Korogwe) to about 1220 mabove sea level (Geita).

2.3 Climate: The climatic elements of Kwamdulu Sisal Estate near Kwamarukanga in

Korogwe are given by Mushi (1978). The mean annual rainfall over a 10-year period is

about 1063 mm, but it varies between 730 and 1380 mm. The mean annual temperature is

about 16° C, with the range from 23° C in July to 28° C in March. Woodhead (1968)

estimated that the mean annual potential evaporation varies between 1400 and 1600 mm.

According to the E.A. Met. Dept. (1975), Mwanza Airport Meteorological Station has a

mean annual rainfall of 1083 mm, but it varies between 699 and 1543 mm. The mean maximumand mean minimum temperatures are 27.50 C and 17.70 C, respectively, with a range of

9.8° C. The mean relative humidity figures are as follows: 85 percent at 0300 CNT;

73 percent at 0600 CNT and 59 percent at 1200 CNT.

2.4 Geology and soils: In Tanga Region (i.e. Korogwe and Handeni), V. tomentosa grows

naturally on red or yellow-red, gritty sandy clay loams (latosolic soils) and on brown

clay loams to clays, derived from Mozambican belt rocks. On the shores of Lake Victoria

the species grows on red to dark red friable clays with latente horizon and on Ukerewe

Island, it grows on coral rag soils derived from granites and granodiorite rocks

(Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Forest type: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. tomentosa grows naturally

in Isoberlinia woodland. On Ukerewe Island and areas on the shores of Lake Victoria,

the vegetation is dominated by savanna-like communities derived from forest (including

forest remnants) (Morgan, 1972). Korogwe-Handeni areas are dominated by Brachystegia-

Combretum type vegetation. V. tomentosa associate species include Acacia polyacantha,

Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia versicolor, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum schumannii,

C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Markhamia obtusifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis,

Stereospermum kunthianum.


The species is more abundant on the margins of disturbed woodlands and decreases

in abundance as one goes deeper into undisturbed woodlands, The frequency in various

forest types has not been worked out.

33 . VANGUERIA TOMENTOSA

1. 0 NAMES : Fami ly

Botanical Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION :

- 131 -

Rubiaceae

Vangue ri a tomentosa Ho chst.

mviru muiru (Kiswahil i ), msada (Kinyam\.;rez i, Kihehe. Kividund a) ; mvi lu, mviu (K is hambaa ,

Kibondei , Ki z i gua) ; msambalawe (Kihehe): mnyabwita (Kizinza) ; mufitanda (Kikere\.;re)

2.1 Locality: Accord i ng to the available bo t ani cal specimens 10 Lushoto herbaritlm , ~. tornentosa occurs natur ally on shores (Pasiasi and Ce i ea) and the islands of Lake Victoria ( Ukerewe) a nd Tanga Region (Handeni and Korogwe) . However, Brenan and GreemoJay

( 1949) report that the species occurs naturally in Kondoa and Manyoni Districts and that it is probably generally wi despread in Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude : v. tomentosa grmvs naturally fr om about 350 m (KorogHe) to about 1220 m above sea level (Geita).

2.3 Cl i mate : The climatic elements of K\vamdulu Sisal Estate near K~.Jamarukanga in

Korogwe are given by Hushi (1978) . The mean annual r a i n f all over a 10- year per i od ~s

about 1063 mm , but i t var i es bet\.Jeen 730 and 1380 mm. The mean annual temperature ~ s

about 160 C, with t he range from 230 C in Jul y to 280 C in Harch . i.Joodhead (1968)

estimated that the mean annual potential evaporation varies bet\.Jeen 1400 and 1600 mrn. Accordi ng to the E.A . Met. Dep t . (1975), MHanza Airport Heteo r ological Station has a

mean annual rainfall of 1083 rnm, but i t varies bett.Jeen 699 and 1543 mm. The mean maximum

and mean minimum temperatures are 27 .50 C and 17 . 70 C, respectively. \.J i th a range of

9.8 0 C. The mean relative humi dity figures a r e as follm4s : 85 percen t at 0300 GMT ;

73 percent at 0600 G~IT and 59 percen t at 1200 GMT .

2 . 4 Geology and soils: In Tanga Region (i . e. Korogwe and Handeni), ~. t oment o sa grows

naturally on r e d or yellow-red, gr i tty sandy clay loams (latosolic soi ls) and on brm4n

c l ay loams to c l ays, derived from Mozambican belt rocks_ On th e shores of Lake Victor i a

the species gr ows on red to da rk red fr i ab l e clays Hith laterite horizon and on Ukerewe

I sland , it grows on coral r ag soils der i ved from granites and granodiori t e rocks

(Morgan, 1972) .

2 . 5 Forest type: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that '!.. . tomentosa g r ows naturally

i n Isoberl ini a woodland. On Ukerewe Is land and a r eas on the sho r es of Lake Vic t oria , the vegetation is domi nated by s avanna-like commun ities de rived from f o r est (including

fores t remnants) (Morgan, 1972) . Korogwe-Handeni a r eas are dominated by Brachys t egia

Combretum type ve ge tation. ~ . tomentosa associate species include Acacia polyacantha,

Afzel i a quanzensis, Al biz i a versicolor, Brachystegia spiciformis., Combretum schumannii,

~. zeyheri, Dalbergi a me l anoxy lon, Ma rkhamia obt us i fo 1 ia . Pterocarpl1s angolensi s •

Stereospermum kunthianum .

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

The species is more abundant on the marg ins of disturbed woodlands and decreases

1n abundance as one goes deeper into undisturbed woodlands. The frequency in va r iou s

forest typ e s has not been '<larked out .

- 132 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. tomentosa is a deciduous, many-branched shrub or small tree, 2 to 6 m high. The

branches are usually opposite with reddish tomentose young branchlets. Leaves opposite,

rusty tomentose, medium to large, usually from 5 to 30 cm long and 3 to 18 cm wide.

Their shapes vary from ovate or obovate to lanceolate or rounded. Their venation is

more prominent beneath. Leaf apexes either obtuse or subacuminate, leaf bases usually

rounded. Leaf stalks short, 0.5 to 1.0 cm long. Flowers greenish whiLe, 5-petalled,

small and hairy, profusely borne on opposite and axillary cymes. Fruits subglobose, 3

to 6.5 cm long and 3.5 to 6 cm wide, greenish when unripe, turning brownish after ripen-

ing and with a soft fleshy pulp. They contain 3-5 hard-coated seeds, 2.3 to 3 cm long,

1 to 1.5 cm wide. Illustrations are given in Figure 33 and Plate XXXIII.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The fruit pulp has a sweet, slightly sour taste and is edible.


The ripe fruits are picked from the tree. Alternatively, mature green fruits are

picked from the tree and stored for ripening.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. tomentosa flowers in October, December,

and February, while fruits mature in February. A survey of the botanical specimens in

Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering takes place from September to April, while

fruit maturing is from August to January. During a recent field survey at Korogwe in

January, trees were flowering and fruits maturing simultaneously. Moreover, it was

noted that flowering and fruiting is influenced by availability of soil moisture. This

is because during the dry season, trees far away from river courses were shedding leaves

and fruits were ripening, while those near river courses were green and bearing flowers.

From the above it can be concluded that flowering takes place during the rainy season,

while fruit maturing occurs in the dry season. It should also be borne in mind that the

phenological behaviour of the species is influenced by the availability of soil moisture,

local fruiting and flowering differences being caused by differences in the availability

of soil moisture.


Not known. See Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally in natural forests by

suckers, coppice and, rarely, by seed. Root suckers are produced when roots are wounded

by any means, e.g. cultivators, burrowing animals and fire. Field observations revealed

that in addition to inducement of sucker production, cultivation reduces competition

for light. The species is a light demander. Natural regeneration from seed is uncertain

because the seed coat is very hard, requiring pretreatment, e.g. cracking by hammering.

- 132 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION :

V. tomentosa ~s a deciduous, many-branched shrub or small tree, 2 to 6 m high . The

branches are usually opposite with reddish tomentose young branchlets. Leaves opposite,

rusty tomentase, medium to large, usually frem 5 t o 30 em long and 3 to 18 em wide. Their shapes vary from ovate o r obovate to lanceolate or rounded. Their venation is

more prominent beneath . Leaf apexes either obtuse or 5ubacuminate, leaf bases usually

rounded. Leaf stalks short, 0.5 to 1.0 em long . Flmvers greenish H11it : €, 5-petalled,

small and hairy , profusely borne on opposite and axillary cymes. Fruits subglobose, 3

to 6.S em long and 3 . 5 to 6 em wide, greenish \.Jhen un ripe, turning brown i sh af t er ripen

ing and with a soft fleshy pulp. They contain 3-5 ha rd-coated seeds, 2.3 to 3 em long ,

I to 1.5 em wide. Illustrations are given in Figure 33 and Plate XXXIII .

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The fruit pulp has a sweet, slightly sour taste and 1S ed ibl e .


The ripe fru its are picked from the tree . Alternatively , mature green fruits are

picked from the tree and stored for ripening .


Brenan and GreemJay (1949) obser ved that Y... . tomentosa f l owers in October, December,

and February, while fruits mature in February. A survey of the botanical spec imens in

Lushoto herbarium r evealed that flowering takes place from September to April, while

fruit maturing is from August to January. During a recent field survey at Ko r ogwe in

January, trees were flowering and fr uits maturing s imu ltaneously . Moreover, it was

noted that flowering and fruiting is influenced by availability of soil moisture. This

is because during the dry season. trees far away from r i ver courses were shedding leaves

and fruits \.Jer e r i pening. while those near river courses were green and bearing flowers.

From the above it can be concluded that flO\.Jering takes place during the rainy season,

while fruit maturing occurs in the dry season. It should also be borne 10 mind that the

phenological behaviour of the species is influenced by the availability of soil moisture,

local fruiting and flowering differences being caused by differences in the availab i l i ty

of soil moisture.


No t knO\.Jn. See Appendix 2.

9.0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATI ON METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally 10 natural forests by

suckers, copp i ce and. rarely, by seed . Root suckers are produced when roots are wounded

by any means, e.g. cultivators, burrO\ving animals and fire . Field observat ions revealed

that in addition to inducement of sucker produc tion, cult i vation reduces competition

for light. The species is a light demander. Natural regeneration from seed is uncertain

because the s eed coat is very hard, requiring pretreatment, e.g. cr~cking by hammering.

- 133 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the species by

artificial means. However, there are speculations that with pretreatment of the seed,

the species could be raised in the nursery and propagated, especially in view of the

fact that stake planting also has some potential.


A decoction of the root is used as an anthelmintic, especially for ascaris, and is

a snake-bite remedy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

- 133 -

9.2 Artificia l regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerat e the spe cies by

artificial means. However, there are speculations that \.;rith pretreatment of the seed ,

the species cou ld be raised in the nursery and propa gated, especially in viet,1 of the

fact that stake planting also has some potential.

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOf!IC IMPORTANCE:

A decoction of the root is used as an anthelmintic , especially for ascaris, and is a snake-bite remedy (~.Jatt and Breyer-Brand\vijk , 1962) .

Plate XXXIII -1

PLATE XXXIII. Vangueria tomentosa Hochst.

multistemed treewith leaves partlyshaded, at Korogwe,January, 1982

Plate XXXIII2- branchlet bearingleaves and maturefruits

Plate

- 134 -

Plate XXXII'3 - mature fruits

XXXIII. Vangueria tomentosa Hochst

leavesa - branchlet bearingb - terminal budc - branchlet bearing inflorescenced - branchlet bearing flower buds and

flowerse - branchlet bearing fruitsf - seeds

- 134 -

PLATE XXXIII . Vangueria ~ntosa Hochst.

Plate XXXlIIl

- multistemeu t r ee with leaves partly

o 30mm LI __ ~" __ --"

" 20 mm ~. --c'7-;--,'

b, c, " &, f

1 10mm '------0, ----"

©.:"~ t , , , . f

shaded , at Korogwe,L-____________________________________________ ~"~,.~~~

January, 1982

Plate XXXI I I2

- branch l et bearing l e aves and ma t u r e fru it s

Plate XXXII I . Vanglleria tomentosa Hochst

a - branchlet bearing leaves b - term i nal bud c - branchlet bear i ng inflorescence d branchlet bearing flower buds and

flowers e b ranchlet bearing fruits f seeds

Pla te XXX I II 3 - ma tur e f ru it s

- 135 -

34. VANGUERIOPSIS LANCIFLORA


Botanical Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns.

Vernacular mungelelya (Kinyamwezi); msambalawe-lulenga

(Kihehe)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality; Brenan and Greenway (1949) show that V. lanciflora grows naturally at

Kakoma in Tabora. A survey of botanical specimens shows that the species grows naturally

at Simbo in Tabora and at Masasi in Mtwara. During the survey carried out, it was found

to be growing naturally at Ichemba, Kiwere, Urumwa, Kigwa and Sikonge in Tabora; Rungwa,

Mwamagambe, Kipili and Kiyombo in Manyoni,; Lupa in Chunya; and Mkimbizi and Kiwere in

Iringa.

2.2 Altitude: V. lanciflora grows naturally from 250 m above sea level to about 1250 m

above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for Tabora is given under Canthium burttii, and that of

Iringa is given under Strychnos cocculoides. According to Morgan (1972) Chunya, Masasi

and Rungwa (Manyoni) receive between 508 and 762 mm annual rainfall in four years out of

five. The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures are 160 C and over 290 C, respec-

tively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Tabora are described under Ximenia

americana. Chunya and Rungwa are dominated by red to dark red friable clays with

latente horizon. The soils in Chunya are derived from granites and granodiorites, while

in Rungwa they are derived from Dodoman rocks. The soils in Masasi are brown clay loams

to clays derived from rocks of the Mozambique belt (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: V. lanciflora grows naturally in Brachystegia-Julbernardia wood-

land. The species prefers sandy soils with high watertable. The common associate tree

species are Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. molle,

C. zeyheri, Erythrophloeum africanum, Flacourtia indica, Hexalobus monopetalus,

Julbernardia globiflora, Oldfieldia dactylophylla, Pericopsis angolensis, Psorospermum

febrifugum, Pterocarpus angolensis, Schrebera trichoclada, Securidaca longipedunculata,

Strychnos cocculoides, Terminalia sericea, Vitex mombassae, etc.


V. lanciflora is a deciduous shrub or small, erect tree, up to 13 m high, 18 cm DBH,

with smooth, reddish, powdery bark, rounded crown and brownish slash. Branchlets short,

thick, with prominent leaf scars, and covered with reddish, powdery bark. Leaves

opposite, variable in shape and size, medium to large, 3-13 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, oblong,

oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, rounded or subacuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate

at the base, bluish-green and hispidulous above, densely greyish pubescent with prominent

venation beneath. Flower buds elongate-lanceolate, up to 3 cm long, densely tomentose

outside. Flowers greenish, tubular, sweet scented, borne in leaf axils towards the ends

of branchlets. Fruits globose when two-seeded or asymmetric when only one-seeded, up to

3 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter, greenish when young, brownish to reddish and juicy when

ripe. Illustrations are given in Figure 34 and Plate XXXIV.

34. VANGUERIOPSIS LANCIFLORA

1.0 NAMES : Fami ly Bo t an i cal Vernacula r

2. 0 DISTRIBUTION :

- 135 -

Rubiaceae

Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns. mungelelya (Kinyam\.,l'ezi); msamba l at.]e-Iulenga (Kihehe)

2 . 1 Local i ty : Brenan and Gr eemvay (1949) show that 'i. lanc i flora groHS natura l ly at

Kakoma in Taber a . A survey of botanical specimens shows that the species grows naturally

at Simbo in Tabora and a t Nasasi in Nttvara. During the su r vey carried out. it \-las found

to be g r o\vin g naturally at I chemba , Kitvere , UruTm.va, Ki gt.]a and Sikonge in Tabera ; Rungwa,

Mwamagambe, Kipil i and Ki yombo in Manyoni,; Lupa in Chunya; and Nkimbizi and Kiwe re in I r i nga .

2 . 2 Altitude : V. lanc i flora grows naturally from 250 m above sea level to about 1250 m above sea leve 1.

2.3 Climate : The climatic data for Tabora is gi ven under Canthium burttii . and that of Iringa is given under St r ychnos cocculoides . According to Morgan (1972) Chunya . Masas i and Rungwa (Manyoni) receive between 508 and 762 mm annual ra i nfall i n four years out of five . The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures ar e 16° C and over 29 0 C, respect i vely (United Republic of Tanzania, 1967).

2 . 4 Geology and soils : The geo l ogy and soils of Tabora are described under Ximen i a americana. Chunya and Rungw-a are dominated by red to dark r ed friable clays \"rith laterite horizon. The soils in Chunya are derived from granites and granodiorites. wh i le i n Rung\.;a they are derived from Dodoman rocks. The soils in Masasi are brm"rn c lay loams to clays derived ftom rocks of the Mozambique belt (Horgan , 1972) .

2.5 Vegetation types: ~. lanciflora grows naturally in Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland. The species prefers sandy soils with high watertable! The COmmon associate tree species are Afzelia quanzens i s , Brachystegia spiciformis , Combretum collinum, ~. molle , ~ . zeyheri , Erythrophloeum africanum , Flacourtia indica, Hexalobus monopetalus . Julbernardia glob i flo r a , Oldf i eldia dactylophylla. Pericopsis angolensis, Psorospermum febrifug um, Pterocar pus angolens i s, Schrebera trichoclada , Securidaca 1 ongipeciu ll cll lata, Strychnos cocculoides , Te r mi nal i a sericea , Vitex mombassae , etc ,

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND DI STR I BUTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

V. lanciflora is a dec i duo us shrub or small , erect tree, up to 13 m high, 18 em DBH, \.;ith smooth , r eddish , powde r y bark , rounded crown and brmmish slash. Branchlets short , thi ck , wi th promi nent leaf scar s , and covered with reddish , pm.;dery bark . Leaves opposi t e, variable i n shape and size , medium to large, 3-13 em long, 5- 9 cm wide, oblong , oblong-elliptic or oblanceola t e , r ounded or subacuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, bl uish- gr een and hispidulous above , densely greyish pubescent \ ... ith prominent venation beneath . Flm.;er buds elongate - lanceolate , up to 3 em long, densely tomentose outside . Flowers gr een i sh , tubular , sweet scented , borne i n leafaxils towards the ends of branehlets . Fru i ts globose \"rhen t\"ro- seeded or asymmetr i c t ... hen only one-seeded , up to 3 em long , 2 . 5 em in di ameter, greenish \.Jhen young, brownish to reddish and juicy when ripe . Illust r ations a r e gi ven in F i gure 34 and Plate XXXIV .

5.0 MAIN USES:



The ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree. Alternatively,

mature green fruits can be picked and stored for ripening.


Drenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. lanciflora flowers in September and

October. White (1962) observed that in Zambia the species flowers between June and

September, while fruit maturing occurs in September. A survey of the botanical specimens

in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species flowers in November. Field observation

carried out during the covse of this study revealed that the species flowers between

July and October, while fruit ripening takes place in November and December. The above

observations show that the species flowers during the dry season and that flowering

sometimes extends into the rainy season, while fruit ripening occurs during the rainy

season. Furthermore, it takes about four or five months from flower fertilization to

fruit ripening.




9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates from seed, coppice and root suckers.

The germination behaviour of the seed is not known. However, germination may be poor

owing to the hard seed coat. Moreover, the seed is attacked by insects. Coppice shoots

are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after wounding of roots by

any means. Although regeneration from coppice and rbot suckers is often profuse, most

coppice shoots and suckers succumb to drought and forest fires. In general, natural

regeneration is not adequate.


artificially. However, there are possibilities of raising it in the nursery provided

there is suitable seed pre-treatment. The species is a light demander, thus it should

be planted where partial clearing of vegetation has been carried out.


The ripe fruit pulp is edible and the wood is used in making wooden spoons and for

fuel.

- 136 -- l36 -

5 . 0 MAIN USES :

The ripe f ruit pulp is edible .


The ripe fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree. Alternatively ,

mature g r een fru i ts can be picked and stored for ripenin g .

7 . 0 TINE (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. lanciflora flowers in September and October . White (1962) ob served that in Zambia the species flowers betHeen June and

September, ~o/h i Ie fr ui t maturing occurs in September . A survey of the botanical specimens

in Lushoto herbarium shows that the spec i es f lowe r s in November . Field observation

carried out durin g the cO'-llrse of this study revealed t hat the species flmvers betwee n

July a nd October . ,,,hi Ie fruit ri pening takes place i n November and December. The above observations shm.J that the species flowers dur i ng the dry season and that flowerin g sometimes extends into the r ainy season, \-Jhile fruit ripening occurs during the rainy season. Furthermore, it takes about four or five months from flower fertilizat ion to fruit ri pening.


Not known to the bes t of ou r knowledge .

9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION N£THODS OF THE SPECIES:

9. 1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates f rom seed, copp i ce and root suckers. The germination behaviour of the seed is not knmm. Hm-Jever, germina ti on may be poor oHin g to the hard seed coat. Moreove r , the seed is attacked by insects . Coppice shoots a r e produced on fell ing of t r ees. Root suckers are produced after wounding of roots by any means. Al though regenerat i on from coppice and r"oot suckers is often profuse, most coppice shoots and suckers succumb to drought and forest fires . In general, natural r egene r at i on is not adequate.

9.2 Artific i al regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the spec i es artificially . HOHever, t here are possib i li ties of raising it in the nursery provided there is suitable seed pre-treatmen t. The species i s a l i ght demander, thus it should be planted \.Jhere pa r tial clearing of vegetation has been carri ed out.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONONI C IMPORTANCE:

The ripe fruit pulp is edible and the wood lS used in making wooden spoons and for fuel.

Plate XXXIV -1

- 137 -

PLATE XXXIV. Vangueriopsis lancif lora (Hiern) Robyns.

tree at Mwitikio,Kiwere, Tabora,December, 1981

Plate XXXIV. Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns.

a - branchlet


Plate XXXIV2 - ripe fruits at Mwitikio,Kiwere, Tabora, December 1981

- 137 -

PLATE XXXIV . Vangueriops i s l ancif l ora (Hiern) Robyns .

b

o 40mm I I

a II< b

a

Plate XXXIV . Vangueriopsis lanciflora (Hiern) Robyns. a - branchlet

Plate XXXI\


- tree at Hwitikio , Kh,'ere, Tabora , December , 1981

Plate XXXIV2 - r~_ IJ{~. fru i ts at M\.,rit i kio , Klwere , Tabora , Decembe r 1981

35. VITEX DONTANA

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: V. doniana is found locally throughout Tanzania with the exception of the

montane rain forests and the Dodoma thicket belt. The species also occurs naturally on

Zanzibar and Pemba Islands.

2.2 Altitude: The species occurs naturally from sea level to about 1829 m above sea

Level.

2.3 Climate: V. doniana occurs naturally in areas receiving varying amounts of annual

rainfall. The minimum and maximum recorded mean annual rainfall figures are 743 mm and

2029 mm for Iringa Town meteorological station and Mkoani meteorological station on

Zanzibar Island (Nshubemuki, et. al., 1978: E.A. Met. Dept. 1975). The temperatures and

relative humidity for selected areas where V. doniana occurs naturally are given in Table 15.


where Vitex doniana is found

- 139 -

Family Verbenaceae

Botanical Vitex doniana Sweet

Syn. Vitex cuneata Thonn.

V. cienkowskii kotschy & Peyr.

Vernacular mfuu, mfudu (Kiswahili); mgobe (Kisambaa, Kibondei,

Kizigua); mkoga (Kividunda); mfuru (Kizaramo,

Kiluguru, Kimbunga); mfulu, mfuzu, mpuru (Kinyamwezi);

kiputu (Kilungu); mufita (Kifipa); mukoronto

(Kikerewe); mpindimbi (Kimwera); mpuru (Kirangi);

mfulu (Kigogo)

Common English Name Black Plum

Station Temperature °C Relative humidity %

(period)(yrs inclusive) Max Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Zanzibar Kisauni

(1952-70) 30.3 21.6 8.7 93 81 64

Morogoro

(1946-70': 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55

Iringa 24.7 13.5 11.2 88 72 52

Njombe 21.9 10.2 11.7 - 93 63

Tabora 29.4 16.7 12.7 83 72 44

2.4 Geology and soils: V. doniana occurs on a variety of soils of varying origins, as

can be seen from the soil map of the world (FAO/Unesco, 1973).

- 139 -

35 . VI TEX DONIANA

1. 0 NAMES : Family Botanical Syn .

Ve rnacular

Verbenaceae Vi te x doniana S\.Jee t

Vitex c uneata Thonn . ~. c i e nkowskii kotschy & Peyr. mEuu, mfudu (Ki swahi Ii); mgobe (Kisambaa , Kib onde i,

Ki z i gua) ; mkoga (Kividund a) ; mfuru (Kizaramo, Kiluguru , Kimbunga) ; mfulu, mfuzu , mpuru (Kinyam\vezi);

kiputu (Kilun gu); muf ita (Kif ipa); muko ron t o (K ike rewe) ; mpindimbi (Kimwera); mpuru (Kirangi) ; mfu 1u (K i gogo)

Common English Name Black Plum


2 . I Locality : V. don iana is found locally throughout Tanzania with the exception of the Inontane rain forests and the Dodoma thicket belt . The species also occurs naturally on Zanzibar a nd remba Islands .

2 . 2 Al titude : The spec i es occurs naturally from sea level to about 1829 m above sea leve 1 .

2 . 3 Cl i mate :

rainfall. The Y... . doniana occurs natura lly in areas r ece iving varying amoun ts of minimum and maximum recorded mean annual ra infall figures a re 743

annual nun and

2029 nun for Iri..nga Town meteoro l ogical statio n and Hkoani meteorologica l station on Zanzihar Is l and (Ns hubemuki , ~. ~. , 1978 : E.A . flet . Dep t . 1975) . The t empera tur es and

relative humidity for selected areas l.Jhe r e Y... . doniana occur s naturally are given in Tab l e 15.

Table 15 Annual tempe r ature and re13tive humid i ty fe r the selected stat i on s in Tanzania

Stat i on (pe riod) (yrs i nc lusive)

Zanz i bar Kisauni ( 1952-70)

Horogoro ( 1946-70',

Iringa

Njombe

Tabo r a

\ .... here Vit e x doniana is found

Temperature

Hax Hin

30 . 3 2 1. 6

30.0 18.6

24.7 13.5

2 1.9 10 . 2

29 . 4 16 . 7

°c

Range

8 . 7

11 . 4

11. 2

11.7

12.7

Relative humidity %

0300 GMT

93

90

88

83

0600 GMT

81

84

72

93

72

1200 GMT

64

55

52

63

44

2.4 Geology a nd soils : V. doniRna occurs on a va riety of soils of vary1ng origins , as can be seen from the soil map of the world (FAD/Unesco , 1973) .

- 140 -

2.5 Forest type: V. doniana occurs naturally in coastal woodland, riverain and lowland

rain forests, deciduous woodland, especially Brachystegia woodland, extending to its

upper limits in upland grasslands. Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. doniana

occurs naturally in bush and savanna, usually on alluvial soils. Common associate species

include Afzelia quanzensis, Baphia kirkii, Brachystegía spiciformis, Erythrophleum

suaveolens, Parinari curatellifolia, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Trema orientalis, Syzygíum

guineense and S. cordatum.


V. doniana is more abundant on alluvial soils and near or along stream courses.

However, in some other parts where it is known to occur naturally its abundance is

relatively low.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. doniana is a small or large tree, 8 to 18 m high, with heavy rounded crown and a

clear bole up to 5 m. Bark rough, pale brown or greyish white. Leaves opposite, dark

green glabrous, 14 to 34 cm long, usually with 5 leaflets on long leaf stalks. Leaf

stalks 6 to 14 cm long. Leaflets distinctly stalked, ovate, obovate-elliptic or oblong,

entire, 8 to 22 cm long, 2 to 9 cm wide. Leaf tips rounded'or emarginate, leaf bases

cuneate. Flowers white-petalled except one largest lobe which is purple, densely borne

on opposite and axillary cymes. Fruits glabrous, oblong-ellipsoid drupes, 1.8 to 3.4 cm

long, 1.4 to 2.4 cm wide. Greenish when young, turning to blackish after ripening and

have a starchy black pulp. Seeds hard, conic, 1.5 to 2.0 cm long, 1.0 to 1.2 cm wide.

Illustrations are given in Figure 35 and Plate XXXV.

5.0 MAIN USES:

The ripe fruit is black, edible, sweet, mealy, somewhat resembling a prune in taste.


There are two methods by which fruits can be collected. Ripe fruits fall to the

ground from where they can be collected; alternatively, ripe fruits can be collected

from the tree by picking.


White (1962) observed that in Zambia, V. doniana flowers from August to September,

while fruit ripening occurs in April. A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto

herbarium revealed that in Tanzania the species flowers from August to November, while

fruit ripening is from January to April.


Details of nutritional constituents in Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration: The species regenerates naturally by seed, coppice and root

suckers. The seed germinates after a very long time in natural forests. However, it

is thought that forest fires help in inducing germination because they help break the

hard testa. The species coppices. Root suckers are produced after wounding of surface

roots by cultivators, burrowing animals or mild forest fires. It is, however, of

importance to note that trees in different development stages are found under or in the

vicinity of mother trees, although animals, such as monkeys, help spread the seed.

- 140 -

2.5 Forest type: :!..... doniana occurs naturally in coastal woodland, riverain and Imvland rain forests, deciduous \voodland, especially Brachystegia ,.;roodland, extending to its

upper limits in upland grasslands. Brenan and Greemvay (1949) observed that Y.... . doniana

occurs naturally in bush and savanna, usually on alluvial soils. Common associate species

include Afzelia qu;mzens i s, Baph i a ~irkii, Brachystegia sp i c i formis, Erythrophleum suaveolens, Par i nari curatell i folia. Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Trema ori entalis, Syzygium

guineense and~. cordatum.


V. doni ana is more abundant on alluvial soils and near or along stream courses.

However, i n some other parts where it is knm..-rn to occur naturally its abundance is relatively lo\..-r.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. doni ana is a small or large tree, 8 to 18 m h i gh, with heavy rounded c rm..-rn and a

clear bole up to 5 m. Bark rough, pale brm.,TTl or greyish white . Leaves opp osite, dark

green glabrous, 14 to 34 cm long, usually with 5 leaflets on long leaf stalks. Leaf

stalks 6 to 14 cm long . Leaflets distinctly stalked, ovate, nb()v~ltE' - elliptic or oblong,

entire, 8 to 22 cm long, 2 to 9 cm t.Jide. Leaf tips rounded ' or emarginate, leaf bases

cuneate . Flm.,rers \.,rhite-petalled except o ne largest lobe Hhich is purple, dt'nsL'ly borne

on opposite and axillary cymes. Fruits glabrous, oblong-ellipsoid drupes, 1.8 to 3.4 cm long, 1. 4 to 2 . 4 cm Hide .

have a starcllY black pulp.

Illustrations are given 1n

5.0 MAIN USES :

Greenish when youn g , turning to ]llackish after rip~11ing Dl1d

Seeds ha rd. conic . 1. 5 to L. n em l ong , 1. 0 to 1. 2 em \vidc.

Figure 35 and Plate xxxv .

The ripe fruit ~s black, edible, sweet, mealy, someHhat resembling a prune in tast e .


There are two methods by which fruits can be collected. Ripe fruits fall to the

ground from where they can be collected; alternat i vely, ripe fruits can be collected

from the tree by p i cking.


White (1962) observed that in Zambia, V. doniana flm..-rers from August to September,

while fruit ripening occurs in April . A survey of botanical specimens in Lushoto

herbarium revealed that in Tanzania the species flm..-rers from August to November , while

fruit ripening is from January to April .


Details of nutritional const ituents in Appendix 2.


9.1 Natural regeneration : The species regenerates naturally by seed, copp ice and root

suckers. The seed ge r minates after a very long time in natural forests. However, it

is thought that forest fires help in inducing germination because they help break the

hard testa. The species copp i ces. Root suckers are produced after \.JQunding of surface

roots by cuI t i va tors, burrmving anima Is or mi ld fares t fires. It is, however, of

importance to note that trees in different development stages are found under or in the

vicinity of mother trees , although animals, such as monkeys, help spread the seed.

- 141 -

9.2 Artificial regeneration: To d:Ite very little has been done to regenerate V. donianaartificially. However, it could be regenerated by seed. Potted seedlings could be

raised in the nursery. The seed should first be pretreated by breaking the hard seed coat.


The species yields a useful timber which has some resemblance to teak and can be used

for building, furniture and, in West Africa, for boat making. Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk

(1962) report that the species is used as a remedy for anaemia and the root is used for

gonorrhoea. In a well-organized market, V. doniana fruits could be a good source of

income to fruit collectors.

- 141 -

9 . 2 Ar t ificial regeneration : To date ve ry little has been done to regenera t e Y.... . doniana

artificially . However , it could be regener ated by seed . Potted seed lings could be raised in the nursery. The seed should first be pretreated by breaking the ha r d seed coa t.

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONONIC I HPORTANCE :

The s pecies yields a useful timber which has some r esemblance to teak and can be used Eor bui l ding, furnitu r e and, in i~est Africa, for boat mak in g . Hatt and Breye r -Brandwijk

(1962) report that the species is used as a r emedy for anaemia and the r oo t i s used for gonorrhoea . I n a well-o r gani zed market , V. doniana fru its could be a good sour ce of income to fruit collectors .

PLATE XXXV. Vitex doniana Sweet

Plate XXXV. Vitex doniana Sweet

a - leafb - branchlet with leaves removed, bearing

young inflorescencec - cluster of young fruits

d - mature fruite - part of skin removed to show fruit pulpf - seed

Plate XXXV1 - tree at Kibaha Dares Saldam,

February, 1982

- 142 -

Plate XXXV2 - branchlet bearing leaves

and fruits

- 142 -

PLATE XXXV . Vitex don i ana Sweet

Plate XXXV . Vi tex doniana S\o/eet

a - leaf

0 I

0 I

40mm I

a

20mm I

b f

"''''''f<

b - branch let with leaves removed, bear ing young inflorescence

c - cluster of young fruits d - mature fruit e - part of skin removed t o show fruit pulp f - seed

Plate XXXV - tree at Kibaha Dar 1

Plate XXXV2

- branchle t bearing l eaves and fruits es Salaam,

Fe bruary , 1982

1.0 NAMES: Family Verbenaceae

Botanical Vitex ferruginea Schum. & Thonn.Syn. V. amboniensis Gurke

Vernacular mfulu, mfulugenge (Kinyamwezi); mugobe (Kizigua,

Kibondei), mfulu (Kigogo, Kihehe); mupulu (Kinyiramba);

mufuu (Kinyaturu); mtalali (Kiswahili)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: V. ferruginea is widespread in Tanzania. The species is known to occurfrom Tanga to Lindi, Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Rukwa, Iringa and parts of Shinyangaand Mwanza regions.

2.2 Altitude: During the course of this study it was noted that the species occurs from

about 140 m above sea level at Kibaha to about 1500 m above sea level in Iringa.

2.3 Climate: The climatic statistics for some localities where V. ferruginea occurs

naturally have been described elsewhere: e.g. Dodoma under Bussea massaiensis; Mwanza

Singida and Tabora under Canthium burttii; Mpwapwa under Cordyla densiflora; Lindi under

Friesodielsia obovata and Iringa under Strychnos cocculoides. According to Morgan (1972)

Tanga and coastal areas receive about 762 to 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out offive. The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures for these areas are 190 C and 290 C,

respectively (United Republic of Tanzania, 1976). V. ferruginea grows in areas receivingvarying rainfall. It grows in semi-arid areas of central Tanzania and areas receiving

moderate rainfall in Tabora, Tringa and the coastal belt.

2.4 Geology and soils: V. ferruginea grows on different soils of varying origins. It

grows naturally on sandy soils of the coastal belt of Tanzania to sandy loam soils in

Tabora, Iringa and Singida. Details of the geology and soils for the localities where

the species grows naturally have already been described under the species listed in

paragraph 2.3 above.

2.5 Vegetation: V. ferruginea grows naturally in different forest vegetation. It grows

in dry lowland evergreen forests and Brachystegia woodland. The species is also abundant

in the thickets and bushland from Manyoni-Itigi to Singida. The common associate treespecies are as follows: In dry lowland evergreen forests they are Annona senegalensis,

Albizia glaberrima, A. petersiana, Baphia kirkii, Chlorophora excelsa, Lannea stuhlmannii,

Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Scierocarya caffra, Strychnos innocua, Vitex doniana, etc. In

Brachystegia woodland they are Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia petersiana, Azanza garckeana,

Brachystegia spiciformis, Burkea africana, Combretum collinum, C. molle, C. zeyheri,

Ozoroa reticulata, Pterocarpus angolensis, P. tinctorius, Strychnos cocculoides, S.

innocua, Terminalia sericea, etc. In thickets and bushland: Adansonia digitata, Afzelia

quanzensis, Albizia anthelmintica, Burttia prunoides, Bussea massaiensis, Combretum

apiculatum, C. molle, C. zeyheri, Commiphora ugogensis, Dalbergia arbutifolia, Entandro-

phragma bussei, Grewia burttii, G. platyclada, etc.

- 143 -

36. VITEX FERRUGINEA

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN FOREST TYPES:

There has been no inventory of V. ferruginea in its natural habitat. However,

during field observations made during the course of this study, it was found that V.

ferruginea is abundant in open areas in the thickets and bushland, extending from

36 . VITEX FERRUGINEA

1. 0 NAMES: Family

Botanical

Syn. Vernacular

2 . 0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 143 -

Verbenaceae

Vitex ferruginea Schum. & Thonn. V. ambon i ensis Gurke mfulu, mfulugenge (KinyaITl\vezi); mugobe (Kizigua,

Kibondei), mfulu (Kigogo, Kihehe); mupulu (Kinyiramba); mufuu (Kinyaturu); mtalali (Kiswahil i )

2 . 1 Locality : V. ferruginea i's widespread in Tanzania. The species i s known to occur

from Tanga to Lindi, Dodoma. Singida , Tabora, Rukwa, Ir i nga and parts of Shinyanga and Mwanza regions .

2 .2 Altitude: During the cours e of this study it was noted that the species occurs from

about 140 m above sea level at Kibaha to about 1500 m above sea level in Iringa.

2 .3 Climate : The climat i c statist i cs for some localities \\There 'i.. ferruginea occurs

natura]ly have be e n described el se\"he re: e . g . Oodoma under Bussea massaiensis; M\.Janza

Singida and Ta bora under Canthium burttii; Mp\.Jap\.Ja under Cordyla densiflora; Lind i under

Friesodielsia obovata and Iringa under Strychnos cocculoides . According to Morgan (1972) Tanga an d coastal areas receive about 762 to 1270 mm annual rainfall in four years out of

f i ve . The mean minimum and mean maximum temperatures for these areas are 190 C and 29 0 C,

respectively ( United Republic of Tanzania, 1976). Y .. : fe rruginea grO\.Js in areas receiving

varying rainfall. It grO\.Js i n semi-arid areas of central Tanzania a nd areas receiving

moderate rainfall in Tabora, Iringa and the coas tal belt.

2.4 Geology and soils: ~. £erruginea g rows on different soils of v ary i n g origins. It

grows naturally on sandy soi Is of the coastal belt of Tanzania to sandy loam soils in

Tabora. Iringa a nd S i ngida. Details of the geo logy and soils for the localities where

the species grows naturally have a lready been described under the species listed in paragraph 2.3 above.

2.5 VE:getation : V. f e rruginea grows naturally in different forest vegetation. It grows

in dry lowland ever gr een forests and Brachystegia wood land. The species is also abundant

in the thi cke ts and bushland from Manyoni-Itigi to Singida. The common associate tree

spe c ies are as fo l lows: In dry Imvla nd evergreen forests they are Annona senegalensis,

Albizia glaberrima . !:.. petersiana, Baphia ~irkii. Chlorophora excelsa, Lannea stuhlrnannii,

Pteleopsis rnyrtifolia, Sclerocarya caffra, Strychnos i nnocua, Vitex doniana, etc. In

Brachystegia woodland they are Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia petersiana, Azanza J?~~ k ea na.

Brachystegia spiciformis, Burkea africana, Combretum col1inum, .f.. molle, .f.. zeyheri,

Ozoroa reticulata, Pterocarpus angolensis. R. tinctorius , Strychnos cocculoides, ~.

innocua, Terminalia sericea . etc . In thickets and bushland : Adansonia digitata , Afzelia

quanzensis, Albizia anthelmintica , Burttia prunoides, Bussea massaiensis . Comb r etum

apiculatum, ~. molle, ~. zeyheri, Co mmi phora ugogens i s, Dalbergia arbutifolia, Entandro

phragma bussei, Gre\"ia burttii, ~ . platyclada, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN FOREST TYP ES :

There has been no i nven tory of ':!... fer rugi nea in i ts natural ha bi ta t . However.

during field observations made during the course of this study, it 1,,,as found that V.

fe.rruginea is abundant in open areas in the thickets and bushland, extend i ng from

- 144 -

Manyoni-Itigi to Singida. It decreases in abundance in the Brachystegia woodlands. V.

ferruginea's abundance in the dry lowland evergreen forests is relatively low.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V, ferruginea is a many-branched, small tree, 4-12 m high, with rough, grey fissured

bark and dense crown. Young branchlets fulvous-tomentose with raised leaf scars. Leaves

opposite, digitate with 3-5 leaflets. Leaf stalks long and pubescent, 6-18 cm long.

Leaflets lanceolate-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, the terminal one being largest, 4.5-

¡6 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, petiolulate or sessile, glabrous or pubescent above, densely

pubescent or tomentose beneath, rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the

base. Flowers white, except one largest lobe which is violet, in dense, axillary and

pubescent cymes. Fruits somewhat globose, 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2.4 cm in diameter, greenish

when young, then black when ripe. Seeds globose or conic and hard, 1.8-2 cm long, 1-1.5 cm

in diameter. Illustrations are shown in Figure 36 and Plate XXXVI.

5.0 MAIN USES:



On ripening, the fruits fall to the ground from where they are collected, or ripe

fruits may be picked from the tree.


V. ferruginea flowering varies from locality to locality. During the course of this

study, at Kibaha, V. ferruginea was found flowering towards the end of February, i.e. at

the onset of the long rains. On the other hand, in the Brachystegia woodland, thickets

and bushland in Singida, Tabora and Dodoma, the species flowers from September to

December, i.e. during the rainy season. Fruit ripening also varies from locality to

locality. In eastern Tanzania, i.e. Tanga, the coast and Lindi Regions, fruit ripening

takes place between July and September. In Dodoma, Singida and Tabora, it takes place

between April and July. This implies that fruit ripening takes place during the dry

season, and that it takes about 6 to 8 months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.




9.1 Natural regeneration: V. ferruginea regenerates naturally from seed and coppice.

Natural regeneration is often adequate. However, this depends on the type of vegetation

where the species grows naturally. In the thickets and bushland, the species' develop-

ment stages are all present in reasonable stockings. The regeneration in Brachystegia

woodland and dry lowland evergreen forest is relatively rare; only mature trees can be

seen, while seedlings and saplings are missing.

V. ferruginea seed germination is difficult and it takes place after a long time.

This is because of its hard seed coat. Annual forest fires help in softening the seed

coat.

- 144 -

Manyoni-Itigi to Singida. It decreases in abundance in the Brachystegia \yoodiands. V.

fer ruginea 's abund ance in the dry lowland evergreen forests is relat ively Iml1.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

:!., ferruginea is a many-branched, small tree , 4-12 m high, \>lith rough, grey fissured

bark and dense crown . Young branchlets ful vous-tomentose \vi th raised leaf scars . Leaves

oppos ite , digitate with 3-5 leaflets. Leaf stalks long and pubescent, 6-\8 em long . Leaflets lanceolate-elliptic to oblong- lanceolate, the termi nal one being largest, 4 . 5-16 em long , 2 . 5-8 em wide, petiolulate or sessile, glabrous or pubescent above , densely pubescent or tomentose beneath, rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base. Flowers 'vhite, except one l argest lobe which is violet , in dense, axillary and pubescent cymes. Fruits somewhat globose, 2-3 cm long, 1.5- 2.4 em in diameter, greenish when young , then black lvhen ripe. Seeds globose or conic and hard, 1.8-2 cm long, 1- 1 . 5 cm i n diame t er. Illustrations are shown in Figure 36 and Plate X~XVI .

5 . 0 HAIN USES :



On ripening, the f ruits fall to the ground from where they are collected, o r ripe fruits may be picked from the tree.

7.0 TI~ffi (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

~ . fe r ruginea flowering varies from locality to locality . During the course of this study, at Kibaha, ~. ferrug inea was found flowering towards the end of February, i . e . at the onset of the long rains. On the other hand, in the Brachystegia \vood1and, thickets and bushland in Singida , Tabora and Dodoma, the spec i es flowers from September to December, i.e. during the rainy s eason . Fru it ripening also varies from locality to locality. In easte rn Tanzania, i. e. Tanga, the coast and Lindi Regions, fruit ripening takes place between July and September . In Dodoma, Singida and Tabora, it takes place between April and July. This implies that fruit ripening takes place during the dry season, and that it takes about 6 to 8 months from flower fertilizati on to fruit ripening.


Not known to the best of our kno\vledge.

9 . 0 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9 . I Natural r egeneration: '!.. ferruginea r egenerates naturally from seed and co ppice. Na tural regeneration is o ften adequate. Ho\vever, this depends on the type of vegetation where the species gr ows naturally. In the thickets and bushland, the species ' development stages are all present in r easonable stockings . The regeneration in Brachystegia woodland and dry low l and evergreen forest is relative l y r are; only mature trees can be seen , wh i le seedlings and saplings are missing .

V. ferruginea seed ge rminati on is difficu l t and it takes place after a long time . This ~s because of its hard seed coat. Annual forest fires help in softening the seed coat .

- 145 -

The growth of the species in natural fore!ts could be improved by refining. This is

because trees seen growing in open areas in the thickets and bushland of Itigi-Manyoni

were healthier than those growing as understorey trees in the Brachvstegia woodland and

dry lowland evergreen forests.


artificially. However, there is a possibility of raising it in the nursery and planting

it in the field. The planting site should be of sandy loam soils.

The seed germination capacity could be improved by scarification. Potted seedlings

could be planted in the field. The planting site should have the natural vegetation

reduced in order to open up space as the species prefers open spaces. Tending should

include spot weeding and slashing until canopy closure.


The fruit is sold. The ash obtained from burning V. ferruginea wood is suspended

in water which dissolves some salts and is then filtered. The filtrate is used in

cooking vegetables. It is believed that this filtrate helps in hastening the cooking

process. The filtrate is also used in the preparation of tobacco snuff. The wood is

suitable for fuel.

- 145 -

The growth of the species in natural £o res:- s co uld be improved by r efining. This i s

because trees seen growi ng in open areas in the thickets and bushland of Itigi-Manyoni \ ... e r e healthier than those growi ng as understorey trees in the Brachystegia \.Jood land and dry ImoJland evergreen forests.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: There have been no efforts to regenerate the spec ies arti f i cially. However, there i s a possibility of raising i t in the nursery and planting it in the field . The planting site should be of sandy loam soils.

The seed ge rmination capacity could be improved by scarification. Potted seedlings

could be planted in the field. The planting site should have the natural vegetation reduced in order to open up space as the species prefers open spaces. Tending should inc lude spot weeding and slashil1g until canopy closure .

10.0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC UlPORTANCE:

The fruit is sold . in water which dissolves cooking vegetables . I t process . The filtrate suitable for fuel .

The ash obtained from bu rning~ . ferruginea wood is suspended some salts and is then filtered . Th~ fi l trat e is used in

is believed that this filtrat e helps in hastening the cooking 1S also us ed in the preparat i on of t obacco snuff. The wood is

PLATE XXXVI. Vitex ferruginea Sebum. & Thonn

Plate XXXVI. Vitex ferruginea Sebum. & Thonn.

a - fruit branchlet

Plate XXXVI1 - tree at Vikonje, Dodoma,

April 1982

- 146 -

Plate XXXVI2- branchlets bearing fruits

at Vikonje, Dodoma, April 1982

- 146 -

PLATE XXXVI . Vitex ferruginea Schum . & Thonn

Plat e XXXVI. Vit e x £erru ginea Sc hum. & Thonn .

a - f r uit branch let

Plate XXXVII - tree at Vikonje, Dodoma, Apr il 1982

Plate XXXVI2

- branchlets bearing fru its at Vikonje , Oodoma , Ap ri l 1982

- 147 -

37. VITEX MOMBASSAE


Botanical Vitex mombassae Vatke

Vernacular mtalali (Kinyamwezi, Kiswahili); mfundumaji

(Kiswahili); mgukubi, msungwi (Kinyamwezi,

Kisukuma); msungwa (Kikerewe, Kizinza); mkinka

(Kifipa); mgobe (Kizigua); mfudululenga (Kihehe);

mchumbau, mjumbau (Kirangi); msassi (Kinyiramba);

msasati (Kihehe, Kibena); mtaai, irwana (Kinyaturu);

msuungwi (Kikimbu)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: V. mombassae is widespread in Tanzania with the exception of Kilimanjaro

and Arusha Regions and Zanzibar Island. The species grows naturally from coast region to

Kigoma and from Ruvuma River to Biharamulo in Kagera Region.

2.2 Altitude: V. mombassae's altitudinal range varies between 500 m above sea level in

Handeni to about 1520 m above sea level in Iringa and Singida.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for some stations where V. mombassae grows naturally

have already been described elsewhere, e.g. Mwanza, Tabora and Singida under Canthium

burttii; Dodoma under Bussea massaiensis; Iringa under Strychnos cocculoides; Liadi and

Kigoma under Friesodielsia obovata. According to Nshubemuki, et. al. (1978) the mean

annual rainfall for Biharamulo is about 955 ! 143 mm with 106 ' 15 rain days; Celta

receives about 994 mm with 81 rain days and Newala receives about 1051 .1. 249 mm and

72 4._ 21 rain days. The United Republic of Tanzania (1967) observed that the mean maximum

and mean minimum temperatures for most of the areas where it grows naturally are 280 C

and 17° C, respectively.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils for some regions where V. mombassae

grows naturally have already been discussed elsewhere (see species listed in paragraph

2.3). In general, the species prefers well-drained sandy soils.

2.5 Vegetation types: The species grows naturally in Brachystegia woodland. Its

common associate tree species are Afzelia quanzensis, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum

collinum, C. psidioides, C. zeyheri, Ekebergia benguellensis, Flacourtia indica,

Hexalobus monopetalus, Julbernardia globiflora, Parinari curatellifolia, Pericopsis

angolensis, Pterocarpus angolensis, Strychnos cocculoides, S. pungensis, Swartzia

madagascariensis, Terminalia sericea, etc.

3,0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES:

V. mombassae is most abundant in Brachystegia woodland on sandy soils with high

ground watertable. The species is also abundant in open areas where the natural vegeta-

tion has been partly cleared.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. mombassae is a shrub or many branched small tree up to 8 m high with grey, rough

and fissured bark. Young branchlets usually fulvous-tomentellous, Leaf stalks pubescent,

4-8 cm or rarely up to 10 cm long. Leaflets 3-5 obovate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic.

2-12 cm long, 1.5-7 cm wide, sessile or shortly petiolulate, pubescent on both sides when

- 147 -

37. VITEX MOMBASSAE

J. 0 NAMES : Family Botanica 1

Ve rnacular

Verbenaceae Vitex mombassae Va tke mtalali (KinyaITlW'ezi, Kis\vahil i ) ; mfundumaji

(Kiswahili); mgukubi. msung1:.;ri (Kinyarmvezi,

Kisukuma ); msungwa (KikereloJe, Kizinza ); mkinka

(Kifipa) ; mgobe (Kizigua); mfudululenga (Kihehe) ; mchumbau, mjumbau (Kirangi); msassi (Kinyiramba); msasati (Kihehe, Kibena); mtaai, invan a (Kinyaturu) ; msuungwi (Kikimbu)

2 . 0 DISTRI BUTION:

2 .1 Locality : V. mombassae is widespread in Tanzania ,-lith the exception of Kiliman j aro

and Arusha Regi ons a nd Zanzibar Island . The spec i es gro\vs natur.ally from coas t r eg i on to

Kigorna and from Ruvuma River to Biharamulo in Kagera Reg ion.

2.2 Alt i tude : v . momba ssae's altitudinal range vari es betHeen 500 m above sea level ~n

Handeni to about 1520 m above sea level in Iringa and Singida.

2 . 3 Cl imate : The cli mat i c dat a for some stations where v. mombassae gr ows naturally have a lready been described elsewhere, e . g . Mwanza, Tabora and Singida und er Canthium burttii; Oodoma under Bussea massaiensis ; Iringa under St rychnos coccu10ides ; Lindi and Kigoma under Friesodielsia obovata . According to Nshub emuki, et. al . ( 1978) the mean annual rainfal l for Biharamu10 is abo ut 955 : 143 mrn with 106 ~ 15 rain days; Geita receives about 994 mm I<ith 8 1 r ain days and Nel<ala receives about 105 1 : 249 mm and 72 ~ 21 r ain days . The Un ited Repub li c of Tanzania ( 1967) observed that the mean maximum and mean min imum temperatures for most of the ar eas where it grows naturally are 280 C and 17 ° C, respectively.

2.4 grm ... s

2 .3) .

Geology and soils: The geo l ogy and so ils for some r eg i ons where V. mombassae nat urally have a lready been di sc ussed elsewhere (see species li sted in paragraph

In genera l, the species prefers well-drained sandy soils.

2 . 5 Vegetation types: The species gr ows nat ur ally in Brachystegia woodland. Its common associate tree species are Afze1ia quanzensis, Brachysteg i a sp i ciformis .• .s;ombre tum co llinum, ~ . psidioides, ~. zeyheri, Ekebergia benguellensis, Flacourtia indica , Hexa l obus monopeta lus, Julbernardia globiflora, Parinari curatellifo1ia, Pericopsi s angolensis, Pte r ocarpus angolensis, Strychnos coccu l o ides, S. pungensis, Swartzia madagascariens is, Terminalia seri cea , etc .

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY I N VARIO US FOREST TYPES :

V. mombassae is most abundant in Brachystegia wood land on sandy soils with high ground \vater t ab1e . The species 1S also abundant in open areas where t he na t ural vegetation has been partly cleared .

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

v. mombassae is and fissured bark . 4- 8 em or rarely up 2- 12 cm long , 1.5-7

a shrub or many branched small tree up t o 8 m Young branch1ets usually fulvous -tomentellous . to 10 crn long. Leaflets 3- 5 obovate , elliptic

high with grey, rough Leaf stalks pubescent~

or oblong- elliptic, em tvide, sessile or shortly petio1ulate, pubescent on both sides \vhen

- 148-

young, then becoming coriaceous and glabrous above, pubescent beneath after ripening,

rounded, acute or apiculate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base with reticulate and

prominent venation beneath. Flowers white, mauve, or white with one mauve corolla lobe,

borne in axillary cymes. Fruits almost globose, 1.8-3 cm long, 1.6-2,5 cm in diameter,

greenish with small dots when young, then becoming greenish white after ripening, never

black. Seeds are hard, hairy, ellipsoid or ovoid, 1.5-2,5 cm long, 1-15 cm in diameter.

Illustrations are shown in Figure 37 and Plate XXXVII,

5.0 MAIN USES:



On maturing and ripening, fruits drop on the ground from where they are collected,

Alternatively, ripe fruits are picked from the tree,

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:;

Brenan and Creenway (1949) observed that V. mombassae flowers between September and

January. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering

occurs between August and January, while fruit ripening occurs between April and June,

The above observation shows that flowering takes place during the rainy season, while

fruit ripening takes place towards the end of the rainy season and extends to the dry

season.


Not known to the best of our knowledge,

9.0 CULITVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: V. mombassae regenerates naturally from seed and coppice.

The germination from seed is difficult and takes place after a long time from seed fall

because of the hard seed coat. Annual forest fires help in seed scarification. Coppices

are produced after felling of young or mature trees.

Field observations carried out during the course of this study revealed that

natural regeneration is more abundant in Brachystegia woodland sandy soils with high

watertable than on alluvial soils, Forest refining may help in the natural regeneration

because the species is a light demander and prefers open areas,

9,2 Artificial regeneration: There has been no effort to regenerate V. mombassae

artificially. However, with improved seed germination capacity induced by scarification,

there are possibilities of raising it in the nursery and planting it out in the field,

In the selection of planting sites, preference should be given to Brachystegia

woodlands on sandy soils. There should be partial clearing of the vegetation, Tending

should include spot weeding and slashing until the crop is well established,

10,0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:

The ripe fruits are edible and sold at the market. The ash obtained from burning

the wood is suspended in water which dissolves some salts and is then filtered. The

filtrate is used to hasten cooking of vegetables. The wood is suitable for firewood.

- 148 -

young, then becoming coriaceous and glabrous above, pubescent beneath after ripening, rounded, acute or apiculate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at base \.Jith reticulate and

prominent venation beneath. FIO\~'ers white, mauve, or white \.Jith one mauve corolla lobe,

borne in axillary cymes. Fruits almost globose, 1.8-3 em long? 1.6-2,5 em in diameter, greenish with small dots when young, then becoming greenish white after ripening, never black. Seeds are hard, hairy, ell i psoid or ovoid 1 1.5-2.5 em long, \-15 em in diameter.

Illustrations are shown in Figure 37 and Plate XXXVII.

5.0 MAIN USES:



On maturing and ripening, fruits drop on the ground from where they are collected , Alternatively. ripe fruits are picked from th e tree,


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed tha t :!... mombassae flowers bet'l:veen September and January. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that flowering occurs between August and January. while fruit ripening occurs between April and June. The above observation shows that flowering takes place during the rainy season. while fruit ripening takes place towards the end of the rainy season and extends to the dry season.


Not known to the best of our knowledge ,

9.0 CULITVATION AND PROPAGATION HETHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natur al regeneration: ~. mombassae regenerates naturally from seed and coppice.

The germination from seed is difficult and takes place after. a long t i me from seed fall because of the hard seed coat. Annual forest fires help in seed scarification. Coppices are produced after fellin g of young or mature trees.

Field observations carried out during the course of this study revealed that natural regeneration is more abundant in Brachystegia , .... oodland sandy soils with high watertable than on alluvial soils. Forest refining may help in the natural regeneration because the species is a light demander and prefers open aFeaS I

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Ther e has been no effort to regenerate V. mombassae artificially. Hotvever, \.Jith i mproved seed germination capacity induced by scarification~ there are possibilities of raising it in the nursery and planting it out in the field.

In the selection of planting sites, preference should be given to Brachystegia woodlands on sandy soils. There should be partial clearing of the vegetation, Tending should include spot weeding and slashing un til the crop is well established,

10 .0 POTENTIAL ECONOHIC IHPORTANCE:

The ripe fruits are edible and sold at the market . The ash obtained from burning the 'vood 1S suspended in water which dissolves some salts and is then filtered l The f il trate is used to hasten cooking of vegetables. The wood is suitable for firewood.

Plate XXXVII. Vitex mombassae Vatke

Plate

PLATE XXXVII. Vitex mombassae Vatke

a - branchlet


c - branchlet bearing fruits

- 149 -

Ar9-:.;!

XXXVIII tree at Iduguta,

Nzega May, 1982.

Note a sorghum farmin the background

Plate XXXVII2 - branchlets bearing fruits,

at Iduguta, Nzega, May, 1982

- 149 -

PLATE XXXVII. Vitex mombassae Vatke

o 40mm l' __ --'-__ ,

a

0 , b

a

0 30mm I I

c

Plate XXXVII. Vitex mombassae Vatke

a - branch let b - branchlet bearing flower buds c - branch let bear ing fruits

b

..........

Plate XXXVIIZ

- branchl ets bearing fruits , at Iduguta, Nzega , May, 1982

Plate XXXVII1

tr ee at Iduguta,

Nzega Hay, 1982. Note a sorghum farm in the background

- 151 -

38. VITEX PAYOS


Botanical Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.

Syn. V. hildebrandtii Vatke

Vernacular mfulu (Kinyamwezi); mtombofa (Kizinza); mgobe

(Kizigua); mfuu, mfufu (Kiswahili); naaso (Sandawi)

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: V. payos grows naturally in Tabora (e.g. Urumwa, Beekeeping School, Kigwa,

Ichemba, Kipalapala); Mwanza (e.g. Mwanza Township, Bukindu Forest Reserve in Geita) and

Tanga (e.g. Kangata and Kwamarukanga in Handeni). Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed

that the species also occurs in the Coast, Morogoro, Singida (Manyoni) and Shinyanga

Regions.

2.2 Altitude: The altitudinal range for V. payos varies between 150 m above sea level

at Kibaha and about 1250 m above sea level in Tabora and Mwanza.

2.3 Climate: The climatic data for Tabora, Coast, Morogoro, Singida and Mwanza areas

where V. payos grows naturally are given under Parinari curatellifolia, Annona senega-

lensis, Canthium burttii and Sorindeía madagascariensis. Mushi (1978) gives the climate

of Kwamdulu Sisal Estate which is within the vicinity of Kwamarukanga (Handeni District).

It was found that over a 10-year period (1964 to 1974), the mean annual rainfall is about

1063 mm, but it varies between 730 and 1380 mm. Mean monthly temperature is 250 C, with

the range from 23° C in July to 28° C in March. Woodhead (1968) estimated that the mean

annual potential evaporation varies between 1400 and 1600 mm.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Coast, Morogoro, Singida, Tabora and

Mwanza have already been described under the species listed in paragraph 2.3 above.

In general, the species grows naturally on sandy soils, the exception being Kwamarukanga

where the species grows naturally on clay red soils. According to Morgan (1972), these

clay red soils are derived from rocks of the Mozambique belt.

2.5 Vegetation types: The vegetation type is similar to that mentioned under Vitex

mombassae. However, there are soil variations at Kwamarukanga within short distances.

The tree species commonly associated with V. payos at Kwamarukanga are Acacia polyacantha,

Dalbergia melanoxylon, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum schumannii, Markhamia

obtusifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis, Stereospermum kunthianum, etc.

3.0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN FOREST TYPES:

V. payos is more abundant on sandy soils with high watertable in Brachystegia wood-

land than on clay red soils.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

V. payos is a small spreading tree up to 9 m high with dark grey fissured bark.

Young branchlets densely lanate-tomentose. Leaf stalks densely pubescent when young and

only slightly so when mature. Leaflets usually 5, soft and pubescent on both sides when

young, later becoming coriaceous and glabrous or sub-glabrous on both sides, 3-12 cm long,

1.5-7 cm wide, obovate, sessile or shortly petiolulate, rounded or acute at the apex,

rounded or cuneate at base with reticulate and prominent venation beneath. Flowers white

or purple, borne in sparse or dense axíllary cymes. Fruits ellipsoid, 3-3.5 cm long,

2.5-3 cm in diameter, dark brown to dark purple, juicy. Seeds hairy, hard, ellipsoid or

globose, 2.2-5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. Illustrations are shown in Figure 38

and Plate XXXVIII.

38. VITEX PAYOS

1. 0 NAMES : Family

Bo tanical

Syn . Vernacular

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

- 151 -

Verbenaceae Vi tex payas (Lour . ) Merr .

V. hildebrandtii Vatke mfulu (Kinyamwezi) ; mtombofa (Kizinza); mgobe (Kizigua); mfuu , mfufu (Kiswahili); naaso (Sandatvi)

2 .1 Locality: V. payos grows naturally in Tabora (e.g. Urumwa, Beekeeping School, Kigwa, I chemba, Kipalapala) j Mwanza (e.g. Mwanza Township, Bukindu Forest Reserve in Geita) and Tanga (e . g . Kangata and K\vamarukanga in Handeni). Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed

tha t the species a lso occurs in the Coas t. Morogoro , Singida (Manyoni) and Shinyanga

Regions .

2 . 2 Altitude : The altitudinal r ange for ~. payos varies between 150 m above sea level at Kibaha and about 1250 m above sea level in Tabora and Mwanza.

2.3 Cl imate : The climat ic data for Tabora, Coast , Morogoro, Singida and Mwanza a reas wher e ~ . payos grows naturally are given under Parinari curate l lifolia, Annona senegalensis , Canthium burttii and Sorindeia madagascariensis. Mush i (1978) gives the c limate of Kwamd\,llu Sisal Estate which is within the vicinity of Kwamarukanga (Handen i District). It was found that over a la- year period ( 1964 to 1974) , the mean annual rainfall is about 1063 mm, but it varies bet,.;een 730 and 1380 rrrrn. Mean monthly temperature is 25 0 C, with the range from 230 C in July t o 280 C in March. ~..Joodhead (1968) estimated that the mean , annual potential evapora tion varies between 1400 and 1600 rmn.

2 . 4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils of Coast, Morogoro, Singida, Tabora and Hwanza have already been described under the species listed in paragraph 2.3 above . In general, the spec i es grmoJs naturally on sandy soils, the exception being Kwamarukanga where the species grows na t urally on c l ay red soils. According to Morgan (1972), these clay red soils are derived from rocks of the Mozambique belt.

2 . 5 Ve ge tation types: The vegetation type is similar t o that mentioned under Vitex mombassae . However , there are soil variations at Kwamarukanga within short d i stances . The tree species commonly associated with~. payos at Kwamarukanga are Acac i a polyacantha, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Brachystegia spiciformis, Comb r etum schurnannii, Markhami a obtusifolia, Pterocarpus angolensis , Stereospermum kunthianum, etc .

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND FREQUENCY IN FOREST TYPES :

~. payos is mor e abundant on sandy soils with high wate r tab le in Brachystegia woodland than on clay red soils .

4.0 DESCRIPTION :

~. payos is a small spreading tree up to 9 m hi gh with dark grey fissured bark . Young branch l ets densely lanate-tomentose . Leaf stalks densely pubescent when young and only slightly so 'oJhen mature . Leaflets usually 5, soft and pubescent on both sides when young, later becoming coriaceous and glabrous or sub - glabr ous on both s i des , 3- 12 em long, 1.5-7 em wide, obovate , sessile or shortly petiolulate , rounded or acute at the apex , r ounded or cuneate at base with reticulate and prominent venation beneath . Flowers white or purple , bo r ne in sparse or dense axillary cymes. Fruits ellipsoid, 3- 3.5 em long, 2 . 5-3 cm in diameter, dark brmvn to dark purple, juicy . Seeds hairy , hard , ellipsoid or globose, 2 . 2-5 e m long , 1. 5-2 cm in diame t e r . IllustratIons are shown in Figure 38 and Plate XXXVIII .

5.0 MAIN USES:



Fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree.

7.0 TIME (SEASON) OF @OLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

The flowering and fruit ripening periods vary from locality to locality depending on

the prevailing environmental factors. Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that V. payos

flowers in November. A survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed

that at Kwamarukanga, V. payos flowers between April and June, while fruit ripening occurs

between November and January. It was also noted that in other parts, e.g. Tabora and

Singida, V. payos flowers from September to December, while fruit ripening occurs between

April and June. The above observations show that flowering takes place during the rainy

season, while fruit ripening occurs during the dry season. Moreover, it takes about seven

to eight months from the fertilization of the flower to fruit ripening.



9.0 CULITVATION AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: V. payos regenerates naturally by seed and by suckers. The

germination of the seed is difficult and takes place after a long time from seed fall.

This is because of its hard seed coat. Annual forest fires help in breaking seed coat

hardness. Coppices are produced when trees are felled.

Natural regeneration is rare; often only mature trees could be seen in the Brachy-

stegia woodland. There were no traces of saplings or pole sized trees. It is, however,

possible to encourage natural regeneration by protecting the woodland from annual late

fires. Moreover, refining of Brachystegia woodland could help in promoting natural

regeneration. This is because the species prefers open areas.

9.2 Artificial regeneation: There have been no efforts to regenerate V. payos seed,

e.g. scarification could improve germination capacity. Thus it could be raised in the

nursery and planted out in the field.

The species does best on sandy sites. Before planting out, there should be partial

clearing of the vegetation in order to open up space. Tending should include spot weeding

and slashing until the crop is well established.


Fruits are edible and are sold at the local markets. Its wood is suitable for

fuel.

- 152 -- 152 -

5 . 0 BAIN USES:


6.0 HETHOD OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Fruits are collected from the ground or picked from the tree .

7.0 TI HE (SEASON) OF ~OLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

The flowering and fruit ripening the prevailing environmental factors. flowers in November. A survey of the

periods vary from locality to locality depending on Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that ~ . payas

botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium revealed that at Kwamarukanga , 'i. payas flm.,rers between April and June, t-lhile fruit ripenin g occurs between November and January . It was also noted that in other parts, e . g . Tabora and Singida, 'i . payas flowers from September: to December, ,,,hile fruit ripening occurs between

April and June. The above observations show that flowering takes place during the rainy season, while fruit ripening occurs during the dry season. Horeover, it takes about seven to eight months from the fertilization of the flmver to fruit ripening .


Not known to the best of our knmvledge.

9.0 CULITVATION AND PROPAGATION HETHODS OF THE SPECIES:

9.1 Natural regeneration: ge rmination of the seed is

~. payos regenerates naturally by seed and by suckers. The difficult and takes place after a long time from seed fall .

This is because of its hard seed coat . Annual forest fires help in breaking seed coat hardness. Coppices are produced when trees are felled.

Natur al regenerat i on is rare; often only mature trees could be seen in the Brachystegia wood l and. There were no traces of saplings or pole sized trees. It is, however, possible to encourage natural regeneration by protecting the \voodland from annual late fires. Moreover, refining of Brachystegia \voodland could help in promoting natural regeneration. This is because the species prefers open areas .

9.2 Artif i cial regeneat i on : There have been no efforts t o regenerate ~. payos seed, e.g. scarification could i mprove germination capacity. Thus it could be raised in the nu rsery and planted out in th e field.

The species does best on sandy sites. Before planting out. there should be partial clearing of the vege tation in order to open up space. Tending should include spot weeding and slashing until the crop is well established.

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOBIC IMPORTANCE:

Frui ts are edible and are sold at the local markets . Its wood 15 suitable for fue 1.

Plate XXXVIII. Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr

a - branchlet with one leaf and leaf stalks

b - branchlet bearing a portion of inflorescencewith flower buds

c - mature fruit

PLATE XXXVIII. Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr

Plate XXXVIII1 - tree, at Urumwa,

Tabora, May 1982

- 153 -

Plate XXXVIII2 - branchlets bearing fruits,at Urumwa, Tabora, May, 1982

Plate XXXVIII3 - ripe fruits at Urumwa, Tabora,

May, 1982

- 153 -

PLATE XXXVIII . Vitex payos (Lour . ) Merr

0 40mm ! !

a b

a 0 20mm I

b IJ. c

Plate XXXVIII . Vitex payoR (Lou r .) Merr

a - branchl et with one l eaf and leaf stalks b - branch let bearing a portion of inflo r escence

\vi th flm.,rer buds c - mature frui t

'. '. ' " : . . , c

""'~~~

Plate XXXVIII2

- branch l e t s bea r ing fru it s , at Urumwa, Tabora, May, 1982

Plate XXXVII I1

- t ree , at Urumwa , Tabora, May 1982

Plate XXXVIII3 - ripe fru i ts at Urumwa , Tabora, May , 1982

39. XIMENIA AMERICANA

1.0 NAMES:

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that the species grows naturally in

the region around Lake Victoria and in central Tanzania. Lucas (1968) observed that X.

americana grows naturally in areas mentioned above and in Arusha, Tanga, Tabora, Dodoma,

Singida, Morogoro and Coast Regions. A survey of the botanical specimens shows that the

species also grows naturally in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa Regions. A field survey carried

Out during the course of this study revealed that the species grows in Tabora, Singida

and Iringa. It can be concluded that the species is widespread throughout Tanzania with

the exception of Mtwara, Lindi and Ruvuma Regions.

2.2 Altitude: Lucas (1968) observed that X. americana grows naturally between 50 m and1950 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: X. americana grows naturally in areas receiving between 254 mm and 1270 mm

annual rainfall in four years out of five (Morgan, 1972). Relative humidity and mean

temperatures for selected areas where the species grows naturally are given in Table 16.

Table 16 Relative humidity and mean maximum and minimum temperatures for selected

meteorological stations in Tanzania where X. americana grows naturally

- 155 -

Family Olacaceae

Botanical Ximenia americana L.

Syn. X. lauriana Del.

X. americana L. var microphylla Oliv.

X. rogersii Burtt Davy

X. americana var. sphaerica Chiov.

X. americana L. var. oxyprena Chiov.

Vernacular mtundma, mnembwa (Kinyamwezi); mtundwe (Kigogo);

msantu (Kibende); Muhingi (Kizaramo); mtundwi

(Kizigua); mtundakula, mpingi (Kiswahili); Wild

Plum (Common English Name); mpingipingi (Kibena);

mtundwahai (Kihehe)

Temperature °C %Relative humidity

The above table shows that the lowest mean and highest mean maximum temperatures are

14° C and 30° C, respectively.

StationMax Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Dar-es-Salaam 29.7 21.9 7.8 - 85 69

Dodoma 28.9 16.4 12.5 89 75 44

Iringa 26.2 14.0 12.2 85 68 51

Mbarali 29.6 16.2 13.4 - 65 45

Morogoro 30.0 18.6 11.4 90 84 55

Mwanza 27.5 17.7 9.8 85 73 59


39. XIMENIA AMERICANA


Vernacu lar


- 155 -

Olacaceae Ximenia americana L . X. l auriana Del . X. americana L. var microphylla Olivo X. rCigersii B'Jrtt Davy

X. americana var . sphaerica Ch i ov . x. ame ricana L. var . oxyprena Chiov . mtundt.)'a, mnembt.;ra (Kinyamwezi) j mtundt.Je (Kif:';ogo);

msantu (Kibende); Muhingi (Kizaramo) ; mtund\.,ri

(Kizi gua); mtundakula. mpingi (Kiswahili) ; Ihld

Plum (Common English Name); mpingipingi (Kibena); mtundtvahai (Kih e he)

2.1 Locality : Brenan and Greenway (1949) report that the species gr ows naturally in the region around Lake Victoria and in central Tanzania. Lucas (1968) observed that x. americana grows naturally in areas mentioned above and in Arusha, Tanga, Tabora , Dodoma,

Singida, Morogoro and Coast Regions. A survey of the botanical specimens shows that th e

species also groHS naturally in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa Regions. A field survey carried

out during the course of this study reveal e d that the species grows in Tabo ra, Singida

and Iringa . It can be concluded tha t the species is \videspread thro ughout Tanzania \vith

the exception of Ntwara, Lindi and Ruvuma Regions.

2.2 Altitude: Lucas (1968) observed that x. americana groHs naturally bet\veen 50 m and

1950 m above sea level.

2.3 Climate: X. americana grows naturally in areas re ce ivi ng between 254 mm and 1270 mm

annual rainfall in four years out of five (Horgan, 1972) . Relative humidity and mean

temperatures for selected areas where the species grm.Js naturally are given in Table 16 .

Table 16 Relative humidity and mean maximum and minimum temperature s for selected

meteorological stations in Tanzania \vhere X. americana grows naturally

Temperature °c Relative humidity % Station

Hax Min Range 0300 GMT 0600 GMT 1200 GMT

Dar-es-Salaam 29.7 21 . 9 7.8 85 69

Dodoma 28 .9 16.4 12.5 89 75 44

Iringa 26.2 14 . 0 12.2 85 68 51

Mbar ali 29 . 6 16.2 13.4 65 45

Morogoro 30 . 0 18 . 6 11.4 90 84 55

Mwanza 27 . 5 17.7 9.8 85 73 59

Source : E.A. Met. Dept. , 1975.

The above table shm.,rs that the lowest mean and highest mean maXl.mum temperatures are

14° C and 300 C, r espec tively.

.~

- 156 -

2.4 Geology and soils: X. americana grows on brown clay loams to clays and dark

reddish-brown to dark brown clay loams derived from rocks of the Mozambique belt. In

the coastal belt it grows on dark grey te greyish-brown compacted loamy sand (solodized

solonetzic soils) derived from tertiary sediments. In Dodoma, Singida, Tabora, Iringa,

and Mbeya it grows on light yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams

and red to dark red friable clays with latente horizon derived from acid gneisses,

migmatites and associated granites and granodiorites. In Mwanza these soils are derived

from granites and granodiorites (Morgan, 1972).

2.5 Vegetation types: Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that X. americana grows

naturally in riverain thickets and clump thickets on hard-pan soils of central Tanzania

and around Lake Victoria. Lucas (1968) reported that the species grows naturally in

wooded grassland, deciduous and coastal bushland. The Common associate tree species are'

Acacia burttii, A. sieberiana, A. tanganyikensis, A. tortilis, Adansonia digitata, Albizia

anthelmintica, A. harveyi, Combretum apiculatum, C. molle, C. obovatum, C. zeyheri,

Entandrophragma bussei, Grewia burttii, G. bicolor, G. mollis, G. platyclada, Manilkara

mochisia, Tamarindus indica, etc.


There are no records of inventory data of X. americana in its natural habitat. How-

ever, a field survey carried out during the course of this study revealed that the species

is more abundant in bushland of semi-arid areas than wooded grassland and coastal bush-

land. It is, however, important to note that species' abundance is relatively low in all

vegetation types where it grows naturally.

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

X. americana is a semi-scandent, bush-forming shrub or small tree 2-7 m high, with

pale grey and smooth bark. Branchlets smooth, armed with stout, axillary spines, purple

red, covered with waxy blooms. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, lanceo-

late, ovate-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, obtuse or emargin-

ate at the apex, cuneate at base, midrib impressed above, prominent beneath; lateral

veins 3-7 pairs, inconspicuous. Petioles short, slender, up to 6 mm long, canaliculate.

Flowers yellowish green or whitish, fragrant, borne on shortly pedunculate, axillary

racemes or umbels; pedicels 3-7 mm long, sub-equal to, or shorter than, the newly opened

flowers; both peduncles and pedicels glabrous. Fruits globose to ellipsoidal drupes

about 3 cm long, 2.5 cm thick, glabrous, greenish when young, becoming yellowish (or

rarely organge-red) when ripe, containing a juicy pulp and one seed. Seed woody, light

yellow, up to 1.5 cm long, 1.2 cm thick with a fatty kernel. Illustrations are shown

in Figure 39 and Plate XXXIX.

5.0 MAIN USES:



The ripe fruits are picked from the tree. Owing to its high perishability rate,

those collected from the ground are unsuitable for eating.

2 . 4

- 156 -

Geology and so ils : X. americana grows on brown clay lcams to clays and dark c l ay l cams derived from rocks of the Mozambique belt . da r k brown In r eddish-brown to

the coastal belt it grmvs on d.:uk gr ey t c grey ish -brown compacted loamy sand (so I odized

solonetzic soils) derived from tertiary sediments. In Docloma, Singida, Tabora, Iringa, a nd Mbeya it grow s on light yellowish-brown to reddish-yel1mv, gritty, sandy clay l c ams

and red t o dark red friable c l a ys with laterite horizon derived from acid gneisses, migmatites and as s oc i a ted granites and granodiorites. In Mwanz a t hese soi Is are de rived

from granites and gr anodiorites (Morgan, 1972 ) .

2 . 5 Vege tat ion types : Br e nan a nd Greenway ( 1949) observed that X. ame ricana g rows na turall y in rivera in thi cke t s and c lump thi cket s on hard-pan soils of centra l Tanzania and around Lake Vi c toria. Lucas (1968) r eported that the species g rows naturally in

. .; ' . . wooded grassland, dec~duous and coasta l bushland. The common ass oc ~ ate tree spec ~es are Acacia burttil, ~ . sieberiana, ~ . tanganyikens is, ~. tortilis, Adans oni a di gitata, Albizia anthelminti ca , ~ . harveyi, Combretum apiculatum, ~ . molle, ~. obovat um, .f. zeyheri, Ent androp hragma bussei , Grewi a bur tt ii, G. bicolor, G. mallis, G. platyclada, Manilkar a mochisia, Tamarindus indi ca , etc .

3 . 0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

There are no records of invento ry data of ~ . . americana in its na tural habitat. Howeve r, a fi e ld survey ca r ried out during the co urs e o f this study r evealed that the spec i es is more ab und ant in bush l and of semi - a rid areas than Hooded grassland and coastal bushl a nd. It is , hmvever , i mpo rtant t o note tha t species I abundance is relatively low in all vege tat i on t ypes whe r e i t grows na turally .

4 .0 DESCRIPTION :

X. americana is a semi-scandent, bush-forming shrub or small tree 2-7 m high, with pale grey an d smooth bark. Branchlets smooth, arme d ~vith stout, axi llary spine s, purple red, covered with waxy blooms. Leaves alternate , coriaceous, glab r ous, e lli ptic , lance 0 -

l a te , ova t e-ellipt i c o r oblong-Ianeeolate, 3-8 em long, 1.5- 4 cm wide, obtuse or emar ginate at th e apex, cunea te at base , midrib i mpressed a bove, promine nt beneath; late r al veins 3- 7 pairs , inconspicuous . Pe tio les sho rt, s l e nder, up t o 6 mm long , canaliculate. Fl owers yel lowish g r ee n or whitish, fragrant, borne on shortly pedun culate, axillary r aceme s or umbels ; pedicels 3-7 mm long, sub-equal to , or shorte r than, the newly opened flowers ; both peduncles and pedi ce ls glabrous. Fruits globose to e llipsoida l drupes about 3 cm l ong , 2 . 5 cm thick, glabrous, greenish when yo ung , be coming yel l owish (or r are l y organge-red) when ripe , con t a ining a juicy pulp and one s eed. Seed woody, light yellmv , up to 1. 5 cm long, 1. 2 em thick with a fa tty kernel. Illustrations are shown in Fi gur e 39 and Pl at e XXXIX.

5 . 0 MAIN US ES :



The ripe fruits are pi cked from the tree. ~Jing to its hi gh perishabil i ty rate, those collected from the gr ound a r e unsuitable for eating.

- 157 -


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that X. americana flowers in January, March and

October to December, while fruit ripening takes place in April and December. White

(1962) reports that in Zambia the species flowers in Feburary, May, July and September,

while fruit ripening occurs in September. Chingaipe (Pers. Comm.) observed that X.

americana fruit ripening occurs between September and December. A survey of the botanical

specimens shows that the species flowers in January, May, September, and November, while

trees fruit in January, May, June and November to December. A field survey carried out

during the course of this study shows that X. americana flowers in January and June,

while fruit ripening takes place from March to May and from October to November. The

above observations show that flowering and fruiting periods vary from locality to locality

and from tree to_tree. However, it is important to note that the species flowers and

ripens fruit throughout the year, and that flowering and fruiting periods do not seem to

be governed by climatic regimes.


The kernel yields 40 to 50 percent oil (Galpin, 1926: in Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,

1962). Wehmer (1929-31) in Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) reports that the yield is

60 to 70 percent oil. South African material has yielded 67.4 percent calculated on the

moisture-free kernel (Union of South Africa, 1925: in Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

The kernel is said to contain 0.1 percent of a caoutchouc but no saponin, alkaloid nor

cyanogenetic glucoside (Schroder 1912: in Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The shell,

which represents 32.3 percent of the nut, yields 5.9 percent fat (Watt and Breyer-

Brandwijk, 1962).


9.1 Natural regeneration: There have been no efforts to study the natural regeneration

of X. americana. However, it is possible that the species regenerates from seed and

coppices. The regeneration in natural forests is very sparse, probably because most

seedlings and saplings succumb to forest fires and droughts. Thus, partial protection

of its natural habitat could help promote natural regeneration.

9.2 Artificial regeneration: Artificial regeneration has not been tried. However, there

are possibilities of raising it from seed in the nursery and planting it out in the field.


Fruits are edible and wood can be used for fuel.

- 157 -

7.0 TIME (SEAS ON) OF COLLECTION OF THE E DI BLE PART :

Br enan and Greenway (1949) abse rved tha t ]i.. americana f l owers in J anua r y, Harch and

October to December, while f r uit ripen i ng takes place in April and December . {,'hite

( 1962) r e po r ts that in Zamb i a the species f lowers i n Febura r y, Hay, July and September,

while fruit r i pening occu r s in September . Chingaipe (Pers . Carom . ) observed that ~ .

americana frui t ripen i ng occurs between Septembe~ and December . A survey of the botanical

spec i mens 5ho\']5 that the species flowers in January, May, September, and November, \.;rh i le t r ees fr ui t in January, May, June and November to Decembe r . A field survey ca r ried out duri ng the cour se of thi s study shows t hat ~ . americana flowers i n Janua r y and June , while fruit ripening takes place f rom Ha r ch to Hay and f r om October to November . The above observations show and from tree to tree. r ipens f rui t throughout

that flmvering and fru i ting per i ods vary from locality to locality However , it is i mportant to note that the spec i es flowers and the year , and that flmo]er i ng and frui ti ng per i od s do no t seem to

be governed by climatic regimes .

8 . 0 NUTRI TIONAL VALUE:

The kernel y i elds 40 to 50 percent oi l (Galp i n, 1926: in t.Jat t and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). IVehmer (1929- 31) i n \Vatt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962) reports that the y i eld is

60 to 70 percent oil. South African material has y i elded 67.4 pe r cent calculated on th e mo i sture- free kernel (Union of South Africa, 1925 : in i.,Tatt and Breyer- Brandwi jk, 1962). The kernel is sai d to contain O. I percent of a caoutchouc but no saponin, alkalo i d nor cyanogenet i c gl ucos i de (Schroder 19 12 : i n Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk 1962). The shell, \vhich r epresents 32.3 percent of the nut, yields 5 . 9 percent fat (Hatt and BreyerBr andwij k, 1962).

9 . 0 CULT I VATI ON AND PROPAGATION METHODS OF THE SPECIES :

9 . I Natural regeneration: There have been no efforts to s t udy the natural r e generation of ~. amer i cana. However , it i s possible that the species regenerates from seed and coppices . The regeneration i n natural forests is very sparse, probably bec:ause most seedl i ngs and saplings succumb to forest f i res and droughts . Thus , partial protect i on of its natural habita t could help pr omote na t ural regeneration.

9.2 Artificial regenerati on : Artificial regener at i on has not been tr i ed. However, t here are poss i bi l i ties of rai sing i t f r om seed in the nurser y and planting i t out i n the field.

10.0 POTENTI AL ECONOmC IMPORTANCE :

Fruits ar e ed i bl e and wood can be us ed fo r fuel.

Plate XXXIX. Ximenia americana L.

a - branchlet bearing flower buds

b - cluster of flowersc - fruiting branchletd - part of fruit pulp removed to show seed

Plate XXXIX - shrub at Mshome Village,1

Iringa, June, 1982

- 158 -

PLATE XXXIX. Ximenia americana L.

Plate XXXIX2 - branchlet bearing ripe

fruit at Mshome VillageIringa, June, 1982

- 158 -

PLATE XXXIX. Ximenia americana L.

0 20mm I I

G, C J1, d , . a

0 40mm I I

b d

Plate XXXIX. Ximenia americana L .

a - bl"anchlet bf'aring flm.Jer buds

b cluster. of flowers c - frui ting branchlet d - part of fruit pulp removed to show seed

Plate XXXIX - shrub at Hshome Village, 1

Iringa, June, 1982 Plate XXXIX

Z - branchlet bearing ripe

fruit at Mshome Village Iringa, June, 1982

- 159 -

40. XIMENIA CAFFRA

1.0 NAMES: Family Olacaceae

Botanical Ximenia caffra Sond. var caffra Sond.

Syn. X. americana L. var caffra (Sond.) Engl.

X. americana L. var. tomentosa Engl.

Ximenia caffra Sond. var natalensis Sond.

Vernacular mtundwa (Kihehe); mtundwe (Kigogo); mseaka

(Kikerewe); mtundwa, mnembwa (Kinyamwezi);

2.0 DISTRIBUTION:

2.1 Locality: Lucas (1968) reported that X. caffra Sond. var. caffra Sond. grows

naturally around Lake Victoria, Arusha, Tabpra, Dodoma, Singida, Morogoro, Coast, Iringa

and Mbeya Regions. On the other hand, X. caffra Sond. var natalensis Sond. grows

naturally in all the above-mentioned areas with the exception of areas around Lake

Victoria. It also grows naturally in Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions. This impliesthat the species is widespread throughout Tanzania.

2.2 Altitude: Lucas (1968) reported that X. caffra Sond. var. caffra Sond. grows

naturally between 15 m to 2000 m above sea level, while X. caffra Sond. var natalensis

Sond. grows naturally from sea level to about 1800 above sea level.

2.3 Climate: The climate for areas where both varieties grow naturally are given

under Ximenia americana.

2.4 Geology and soils: The geology and soils for areas where both varieties grow

naturally are described under Ximenia americana.

2.5 Vegetation types: Lucas (1968) observed that X. caffra Sond. var. caffra Sond. grows

naturally in dry woodland and wooded grassland, while X. caffra Sond. var natalensis

Sond. grows naturally in dry wooded bushland and wooded grassland. The common associate

tree species are Acacia tortilis, Afzelia quanzensis, Albizia versicolor, Azanza

garckeana, Boscia salicifolia, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum collinum, C. molle,

C. zeyheri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, crewia bicolor, G. mollis, G. platyclada, Julbernardia

globiflora, Lannea schimperi, Maytenus senegalensis, Ozoroa reticulata, Terminalia

sericea, etc.


The inventory carried out by C.D. Schultz & Company, Ltd. (1973) in Kilombero showed

that in diameter classes of 15-29 cm and 45-59 cm, there were 15.03 and 1.73 stems per

hectare, respectively. Thus, on 1096 ha covered there was a total of 18 369 stems of

X. caffra.

A field survey carried out during the course of this study revealed that at Rungwa

(about 22 km from Bungwa on the Rungwa-Itigi road), there were 6 mature trees on 64 m2.

Moreover, X. caffra is relatively higher in abundance in coastal and lowland dry woodland

areas than in bushland and wooded grassland.

40 . XIMENIA CAFFRA

1. 0 NAHES : Family Botanical Syn.

Vernacul ar

2.0 DISTRI BUTION :

- 159 -

Olacaceae

Ximeni a caffra Sond . va r caffra Sond. ~. americana L. var caffra (Sond . ) Engl . ~ . americana L . var. tomentos a Engl.

Ximenia caffra Sond . var natal ens is Sond . mtundwa (Kiheh.3); mtund\4e (Kigogo); mseaka

(Kikerewe) ; mtund\va, nmembwa (Kinyatm.;rezi) ;

.2 . 1 Local ity : Lucas (1968) reported that ! . caff r a Sond . va r . caffra Sond . grows naturally around Lake Vic t oria, Arusha , Tabpra, Docloma , Singida, Horogoro , Coast , Iringa

and Mbeya Re g i ons . On the other hand, 2£ . caffra Sond . var natalensis. Sand. groHs

naturally in all the above-mentioned a r ea s with the excep tion of areas around Lake

Victoria. It also grows naturall y in Lind i, Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions . This impli es t ha t the species is widespread throughou t Tanzania.

2 .2 Alt itude : Lucas (1968) r eported that ~ . caffra Sand . va r. caffra Sand . grO\oJS naturally between 15 m to 2000 m above sea leve l, while ~. caff r a Sand . var natalensis Sand . grows naturally from sea level to about 1800 above sea level .

2.3 Cl i mate : The climate for areas where both varieties grow natu rally are g1ven under Xi men i a ameri cana.

2.4 Geology and soi l s : The geology a nd s oil s for areas whe r e both variet i es gr ow naturally are described under Ximenia ame ri cana .

2 . 5 Vege tation t ypes : Lucas ( 1968) obse r ved that ! . caf fra Sand. var. caff ra Sand. grows naturally in dry woodland and wooded grassland , wh:ile ! . caffra Sand . var natalensis Sand. grows naturally in dry wooded bushland and wooded gr a ssl and . The common associate tree species are Acac i a tortilis, AEzel i a quanz ensis , Albizia versicolor , Azanza ga r ckeana, Boscia salicifolia, Brachys t egi a spiciformis, Combretum coll i num, ~. molle , ~ . zeyhe ri, Dalbergia melanoxylon, r.retoJ i a bieolor , ~. mall is, ~ . platyc l ada, Julbe rn ardia gl ob i flo ra, Lannea seh i mperi, Hay tenus senegalensis, Ozoroa reticulat a , Te r mi nalia sericea, etc.

3 .0 ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS FOREST TYPES :

The inventory ca rried out by C. D. Schultz & Company , Ltd . (1973) i n Kilombero showed that in diameter classe s of 15-29 em a nd 45-59 em , there were 15 . 03 and 1. 73 stems per hec t a re, respective ly . Thus, on 1096 ha cove r ed there was a total of 18 369 stems of X. caff ra.

A field survey ca rried out during the course of this study r evealed tha t at Rungwa (about 22 km from Run 8\oJa on the Rungwa-Itig i road) , there we r e 6 mature trees on 64 m2 . Moreover, .!. . caff r a is r e l at i vely higher in abundance in coastal and ImoJland dry woodland a r eas than in bushland and wooded grassland.

- 160 -

4.0 DESCRIPTION:

X. caffra is a small tree or shrub, up to 8 m high, with greyish-brown to black,

longitudinally fissured bark and red slash. Branches and twigs are armed with stout

axillary spines and are glabrous or densely tomentose. Leaves alternate, coriaceous,

glabrous or tomentose, elliptic to lanceolate, 2.5-9 cm long, 1.2-5 cm wide, obtuse or

emarginate at the apex, cuneate at base, midrib impressed above, prominent beneath,

lateral veins 4-5 pairs and inconspicuous. Leaf stalks short, slender, 5-6 mm long and

canaliculate. Flowers whitish green, sometimes tinged pink to red, axillary, solitary

or fasciculate; pedicels 3-6 cm long. Fruits ellipsoidal or ovoid drupes up to 3.5 cm

long, 2.5 cm in diameter, greenish when young, orange to red when ripe, with juicy pulp

and woody seeds. The seed is ellipsoid, reddish, up to 2.5 cm long, 1 cm thick with a

fatty kernel. Illustrations are shown in Figure 40 and Plate XL.

5.0 MAIN USES:



Ripe fruits are picked from the tree. Fruits collected from the ground are mostly

unsuitable for eating as the fruit perishes quickly.


Brenan and Greenway (1949) observed that X. caffra flowers in May, July and October,

while it fruits in October. X. caffra var. natalensis flowers in January and October.

Chingaipe (Pers. Comm.) observed that in Zambia, X. caffra fruit ripens in January.

White (1962) reported that in Zambia X. caffra flowers between August and September. A

survey of the botanical specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows that the species flowers in

April, September and October. A field survey carried out revealed that at Banda Forest

Reserve (Coast Region), X. caffra fruits were ripening in November. The above observa-

tions show that flowering takes place during the dry season and sometimes towards the

onset of the rains, while fruit ripening takes place during the rains. Moreover, it

takes about four to five months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.


The Vitamin C content of the fresh fruit is 27 percent (Okazaki, et. al., 1972).

The kernel contains a yellow viscous non-drying oil. The yield is about 65 percent

(Miller, 1952; Anon. 1917).


9.1 Natural regeneration: X. caffra regenerates naturally from seed, coppice and root

suckers. X. caffra seed germination capacity is good. This is revealed by the fact

that during field survey a profuse natural regeneration was noted at Rungwa. Coppice

shoots are produced on felling of trees. Root suckers are produced after root wounding

by any means.

Although there was profuse natural regeneration at Rungwa, it was noted with concern

that there were no saplings or pole sized trees. This might be because regeneration,

which comes up after the rains, succumbs to prolonged drought or to forest fires. Thus,

partial protection of natural woodland where the species grows naturally could help in

promoting natural regeneration.

- 160 -

4 . 0 DESCRIPTION:

X. caff ra is a small tree or sh r ub , up to 8 m high . with greyish-brown to black, longitudinally fissu red bark a nd red slash. Branches and twigs are armed with stout axilla r y spines and are glabrous or densely tomentose. Leaves al ternate , coriaceous, glabr ous or t omentose , elliptic to l anceolate , 2.5-9 em l ong, 1. 2-5 em wide, ob tuse or emar gi nate at the apex , cuneate at base , midrib impressed above, prominent beneath, lateral veins 4- 5 pai rs and inconspicuous. Leaf st alk s short , slende r , 5-6 mm long and canal i c ulate . Flowers 'l.vhitish green , sometimes tinged pink to r ed , axilla r y , soli t ary

or fasc i culate ; pedicels 3-6 em l ong . Fruits e llipsoida l or ovo id dr upes up t o 3 . 5 em long, 2.5 e m in diameter, greenish when young , oran ge t o r ed when rip e , with jui cy pulp and woody seeds. The s eed is ellipsoid, r eddish, up to 2.5 em long, I em thick with a fatty kernel . Illustrations a r e shown in Figure 40 and Plate XL.

5.0 MAIN USES :

The ripe f ruit pulp is ed i ble.

6 . 0 METHOD OF COLLECT ION OF THE EDIBLE PART :

Ripe f r uits are pi cked f r om the tree . Fruits collec t ed from the gro und are mostly unsuitab l e fo r eati ng as the fr uit perishes quickly.

7.0 TIME (SEAS ON ) OF COLLECTION OF THE EDIBLE PART:

Brenan a nd Greenway ( 1949) observed that ~. caffra flowers in May, J u ly and October, while it fruits in October. ~. caffra var. natalensis flower s in Janua ry and October . Ch in ga i pe (Pers. Comm . ) observed that in Zambia, ~ . caffra fru it r i pens in January. \.Jhite (1962) r eport ed that in Zamb i a ~ . caf f r .=: f l owers bet\yeen August and September. A su r vey of t he bo tani ca l specimens in Lushoto herbarium shows t ha t t he species flowers in Apri l, September an d October. A field survey carri ed ou t r evealed tha t at Banda Forest Rese rve (Coa st Region) , ~ . ~ ffra fruits were ripening in November. The above observations shmV' that flowering takes place durin g t he dry season and sometimes t owards the onse t of the r ai ns , while fruit ripening takes place during the rains. Moreover, it takes about four to five months fr om f lower fertil i zation t o f ruit ripening.

8 . 0 NUTRITIONAL VALUE :

The Vitamin C content of the fresh fruit is 27 percent (Okazaki, ~. ~., 1972). Th e kernel contains a yellow viscous non- dr y ing oil. The yield is about 65 percent (Miller, 1952 ; Anon. 19 17) .


9. 1 Na tura l re ge nera tion : x. caffra regenerates naturally from s eed , copp i ce and r oot s uckers. ~ . caffra seed ge rminat ion capacity is good . This is reveal ed by the fact that durin g field survey a profuse nat ural r egeneration was noted at Run~ya. Coppice shoots ar e produced on felling of trees . Root sucke r s a r e produced afte r r oot 'voundin g by any means.

Although the r e was pr ofuse natural re ge neration at Rungwa. it was noted with concern that t here were n o saplings o r "pole sized trees . This might be because regene ration, \yhich comes up after the r a ins, succumbs t o pro longed drou ght or t o fores t fires . Thus, pa rtial protection of natural \yoodl and where the species grows natur a l ly could help in promoting natur al re generation.

- 161 -


artificially. However, because of its good seed germination capacity, there are

possibilities of raising it in the nursery and planting it in the field.


X. caffra fruits are edible. Its timber is suitable for making tool handles and

wooden spoons. It is used for construction poles and as fuel.

- 161 -

9.2 Artific i al regeneration : There have been no efforts to regenerate the species

artificially . However, because of its good seed germination capacity, there are possibilities of raising it in the nursery and planting it in the field .

10 . 0 POTENTIAL ECONOMIC HlPORTANCE :

X. caffra fruits are edible. Its timber is suitable for making tool handles and

wooden spoons. It is used for construction poles and as fuel.

-

, .

Plate XL3 - ripe fruits

- 162 -

PLATE XL. Ximenia cafEra Sond. var natalensis Sonds

Plate XL]. - trees at Rungwa, Manyoni, May 1982

Plate L. Ximenia eaffra Sond. var natalensis Sonds

.a - branchlet bearing flower-buds and flowers


Plate XL2 - branchlet bearing ripe fruits

- 162 -

PLATE XL. Ximenia caffra Sond . var natalensis Sonds

\

20inm L-_~_--,I

a g. b

.PlaL\...· XL. Xlllll'n i a caf f ra Sond . va r o.1talensis Sands

,a - branchlet bearing flower - buds and flowers b - fruiting branchlet

P late XLI - trees at Rung,,,a , Manyoni, May 1982

Plate XL - ripe fruits 3

Plate XL2

- br anchlet bear i ng ripe fruits

Information for the altitudinal range is quoted under paragraph 2.2 for each species

and is based on information derived from one or more of the following:

I. Brenan and Greenway, 1949.

The appropriate.part of the Flora of Tropical East Africa, if published.

Herbarium specimens in the Lushoto herbarium.

Observations made during a recent field survey.

- 163 -

APPENDIX I

ALTITUDINAL RANGE OF SPECIES

These can be summarized as follows:

Category Altitude

0 m ± 2000 m

Annona senegalensis 0 - 1800

Azanza sarckeana 0 - 1900

Berchemia discolor 0 - 2000

Flacourtia indica 0 - 2400

Manilkara mochisia 0 - 2100

Pachystela brevipes 0 - 1600

Pachystela insolo 80 - 1520

Parinari curatellifolia 0 - 1900

Saba florida 0 - 1250

Sorindeia madagascariensis 0 - 1830

Sorindeia innocua 0 - 1520

Syzygium guineense 0 - 1820

Trichilia roka 0 - 1830

Vangueria rotundata 100 - 1830

Vitex doniana 0 - 1820

Vitex ferruginea 140 - 1500

Vitex payos 150 - 1250

Ximenia americana 50 - 1950

Ximenia caffra 0 - 2000

- 163 -

APPENDIX I

ALTITUDINAL RANGE OF SPECIES

Information for the altitudinal ran ge is quoted under paragraph 2.2 for each species and is based on information derived from one or more of the follmving:

I. Brenan and Greenway, 1949. 2. The appropriate" part of the Flora of Tropical East Africa, if published . 3. Herbarium specimens in the Lushoto herbarium . 4 . Observa tions made during a recent field survey.

These can be summerized as follows:

Category

Annona senegalensis

Azanza ~a rck~a l;~

Berchemia discolor

Flacourtia indica

Manilkara mochisia

Pachystela brevi pes

Pachystela mselo

Parinari curatell ifolia

Saba florida

Sorindeia madagascariensis

Sorindeia innocua

Syzygium .guineense

Trichilia roka

Vangueria rotundata

Vi tex doniana

Vitex ferruginea

ximenia americana

Ximenia caffra

Altitude

0 m ! 2000

o - 1800

o - 1900

o - 2000

o - 2400

o - 2100

o - 1600

80 - 1520

o - 1900

o - 1250

0 - 1830

0 1520

o - 1820

o - 1830

100 1830

o - 1820

140 - 1500

150 - 1250

50 1950

o - 2000

m

Category

Allanblackia stunlmannii

Bussea massaiensis

canthium burttii

Cordyla densiflora

Diospyros kirkii

Diospyros mespiliformis

Friesodielsia obovata

Hexalobus monopetalus

Manilkara obovata

Myrianthus arboreus

Oldfieldia daetylophylla

Vangueria tomentosa

Vangueriopsis lanciflora

Vitex mombassae

Allanblackia ulugurensis

Canthium crass=

Parinari excelsa

Strychnos cocculoides

Hapaca kirkiana

Vangueria linearisepala

Vangueria madagascariensis

- 164-

Altitude

1 500 m 1 1500 m

850 - 1200 (-1600)

960 - 1370

1000 - 1500

850 - 1220

400 - 1250

350 - 1250

780 - 1500

910 - 1500

1000 - 1300

600 - 1530 (-1830)

1100 - 1500

350 - 1220

250 - 1250

500 - 1520

m 500 m - m 2500 m

700 - 2050

1150 - 1820

1000 - 2100

400 - 2000

800 - 1960

850 - 1920

600 - 2040

- 164 -

Category Altitude

~ 500 m ! 1500 m

Allanblack ia stuhlmannii 850 - 1200 (-1600)

Bussea massaiensis 960 - 1370

canth i um burttii 1000 - 1500

Cordyla densiflora 850 - 1220

Diospyros kirkii 400 - 1250

Di ospy ros mespi liformis 350 - 1250

Friesodielsia obovata 780 - 1500

Hexalobus monopetalus 910 - 1500

Mani lkara obovata 1000 - 1300

Myr i an thus arboreus 600 - 1530 (-1830)

Oldfieldia dactylophylla 1100 - 1500

Vangueria tomentosa 350 - 1220

Vangueriopsis lanciflora 250 - 1250

Vitex mombassa e 500 - 1520

-T 500 m _ T 2500 m -

Allanblackia ulugurens is 700 - 2050

Canthium e ras sum 1150 - 1820

Parinari excelsa 1000 - 2100

Strychnos cocculoides 400 - 2000

Uapaca kirkiana 800 - 1960

Vangueria linearise pala 850 - 1920

Vangueria madagascariensis 600 - 2040

Food and Description

French

Name

Food

Moisture

Protejo

Fat

Energy

Composition in Turno of 100 Grams Edible Portion

furbo- Pbhos-

ibre

Ash

Calcium

hydrate,

phorus

total

(incl.fibre

Water-berry;muKute-

Symgium

88.1

1rusumbudmi (Symgium

(1)

guineense; Eugenia

if)

guineensiS), fruit

raw

1-.)

Bitterwood, sp. (Trichilia Trichilia

1--4spp.):

Seed, dried

518

6.0

10.4

36.3

43.9

18.8

1(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

Press-cake

335

12.3

17.0

3.6

60.5

14.1

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

Aril, dried

514

10.3

5.8

38.9

41.3

13.1

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

Small-medlar, wild; umViyo Vangucria

53,1

(Vangueria tomentosa),frnit

(1)

B/ackplum (Vitex doeiana;

"Prune

104

70.6

.7

.4

27.4

1.3

V. cienkowskii), fruit,raw noire"

(7)

(7)

(7)

(5)

59.5-73.6

.6-

.8

.1- 1.3

---

.3-1.2

20- 47

----

20-4.5

---

Kaffir-orange; muTamba

Strychnos

79.7

(Strychnos cocculoides),

(2)

fruit, roo

Termo and Symbols used:

L. Figures in parentheses denote approximate number of analyses, and the values below indicate the rango values.

When no range values are reported, a dash in used.

An asterisk used in the ascorbic acid coloro designates reduced ascorbic acid; otherwise, values refer

Lototal

ascorbic acid.

Trace denotes that the amount present is small.

Blank means no values reported, or data are questionab/e and omitted.

1/SOURCE: Food Composition Table for Use in Afeito (1968); A research project sponsored jointly by che US Department uf Health, Education and

Welfare; Public Health Service; Health Services and Mental Health Administration; National Center for Chronic Disease Control; Nutrition

Program; Bethesda, Maryland 20014 and Food Consumption sed Planning Branch; Nutrition Nvision; FAO, Roma, Italy

Iron

Retinol

0-carotene

Thiamine

Ribo-

Niacin

Trypco-

Ascorbic

Refuse in as

Equivalent

(Lavin

phan

Acid

purchased

o(1?

(1)

9

(6)

6-16

58

(2)

3.4

272

294

1.3

.05

.47

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

6.6

586

433

6.1?

.17

1.12

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(I)

(1)

3.7

259

121

7.8

.21

1.23

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(I)

.9

34

47

2.7

.02

(7)

(7)

(4)

(6)

(4)

23.6

(3)

22.4-25.9

33.4

(3)

27.3-39.5

27.0

3.5

(3)

3.4-3.5

2.5

(3)

1.7-2.9

132

(3)

97-171

371

(3)

334-394

6.6

(3)

5.3-8.6

1.9

11.8

.8

44

70

1.1

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

1.3

.2

30.9

1.5

.8

38

27

1.7

290

31

(1)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(2)

(2'

1.2- 1.5

1.4-1.6

.6-

.9

37- 41

24- 28

(i

(I)

4. NUTS AND SEEDS

Colo-

Percent

Grano

Grumo

Grams

Grams

Grams

Milligranm

Milligrams

Milli-

Micro-

Micrograms

Milligrams

Milligrams

Milli-

MilLi-

Milli-

Percent

ries

gram

grams

gramo

grane

grumo

Al'PENDLX 2

Food Composition Table!,

Information Available for 7 of the Food and Fruit Tree Species Covered

Myrionthus, spp. (Myrian-

Myrianthus

471

13.5

thus spp.), kernel, dried

(3)

12.3-14.2

Myrianthus, sp.

(Myrian-

Myrianchus

49

85.5

thus spp.), fruit, dried

(1)

Parinarium, sp; rough-

Parinari

1/7

66.8

skinned-plum; grey-plum;

(3)

guinea-plum (Parean

66.4-67.0

excelsa), fruit, raw

50

(1)

> ,

-. -.

-. -.

- 165

-. -.

, .

, , t::~

. <., ...... "'''" ;I:

~-'=;.. ; = '" 'i'

~. , i

••

. >

II

I

Ci Town

International boundariesRailwayRoods

0 40 BO 120 160 200 Hm

32°

134134.10 L akeVictorro

Ukermo.o

31 3

Tults:s

TinsIBBla

34°

167

APPENDIX 3

36°

A MAP OF TANZANIA SHOWING AREAS IN WHICH

40 TROPICAL FOREST FOOD FRUIT TREE SPECIES

3036

° 240 MoWspwsS

0131weso 1.:1.s,..

"""'" hisrAvsMikindarL

KasuIu

1.111s1s1

11111:1r5mul,

Itruwira

than.

1, 26330

Tals.,ra

39333637r3

Mbey6

1:.

t'llussa

Smv61a

Bans61

" 42 2633 iringa a20

2939

Sumbswoun ss zt

Np,mbe

nod..111.1

25

MERU ,2 30

M4 sh2' A ruslts "

Makuyuni

M.0.3116.

111,41641

Tuntluru

Hasdem

y2

Lusts.,

BaBarrmy,

RupondaNAt.11Ingwea

saNt

1 1211,:ir

LONarras

Songe:1

36°.\-*

34°

WERE SAMPLED

Ovw.11.,

410.

40°

4.

6°

1 m311 ;0°Mts:arB

3?°300

"

00

"

'0'

° I

' 0' I

""

.,-. '- .

o Town

' 0

'0'

Interna tionol boun dori es

Railway Rood s

''0 16 0 200 11.,"

I I

- 167 -

APPENDIX J ----_.-- -

I ", I " , ,"'

A MAP OF TANZANIA SHOWING AREAS IN WHICH

40 TROPICAL FOREST FOOD! FRUIT TREE SPECIES

" "

36 "Z·. l~ .. I nl\:" " . 0 U ~ l~"

U U

" H to

I1Z~ ... ,,'

WERE SAMPLED

.'

"

"

"

'0'

' 0'

Anon Bull. Imp. Inst. London 15, In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk,

Borota, J.

(1971)

Brenan, J.P.M.

(1967)

Child, R.

(1961)

Galpin, E.E.

(1926)

Githens, T.S.

(1948)

M.G. 1962.

Distributiones Plantarum Africanarum, 1. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat.

Belg. 39; 356p.

Mem. Bot. Surv.

Brandwijk, M.G.

- 169 -

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 4

Bamps, P., Robson, N. and Verdcourt, B. Flora of Tropical East Africa, Guttiferae. Ed.

(1978) Polhill, R.M. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and

Administrations, London.

The growth of tree species in Lushoto arboretum. Tanzania Silv.

Res. Note No. 23, 23p.

Flora of Tropical East Africa, Leguminosae sub-family

Cpesalpinioideae. Ed. Milne-Readhead, E. and Polhill, R.M.

Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations,

London. 230p.

Brenan, J.P.M. and Greenway, J.P. Checklists of Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British

(1949) Empire. No. 5-Tanganyika Territory, Part II. Imp. For. inst.

Oxford. 653p.

Bruce, E.A. and Lewis, J. Flora of Tropical East Africa, Loganiaceae. Ed. Hubbard, C.E.

(1960) and Milne-Readhead, E. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments

and Administrations, London. 47p.

Triohilia roka Forskal (T. emetica Vahl). E. Afr. Agric. For.

J. 27. 66-68.

Dale, I.R. and Greenway, P.J. Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Govt. of the Colony and

(1961) Protectorate of Kenya, Nairobi. 654p.

East Africa Meteorological Department. Climatological statistics for East Africa. Part III

(1975) Tanzania. E.A. Meteorological Dept. E.A. Community. Nairobi.

92p.

Exell, A.W. and Wild, H. Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 1. Crown Agents for Overseas Govts.

(1960) and Administrations. London. 336p.

Drug Plants of Africa. 107p.

South Africa, 12. In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-

1962.

Fanshawe, D.B. Fifty common trees of Zambia. Min. of Nat. Res. and Tourism.

(1968) Dept. Bull. No. 5. Lusaka, Zambia. 105p.

(1917)

Bamps, P.

(1969)

Anon (1917)

Bamps, P. ( 1969)

Bamps , P., Robson, N. and ( 1978)

Bcrota, J . (1971)

Brenan , J . P . M. (1967)

- 169 -

APPENDIX 4

REFERENCES

Bull. Imp. Inst. London 15. In : \.[att , J . M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962.

Distributiones Plantarum Africanarum, I. Bull . Jard . Bot . Nat .

Be 19. 39; 356p.

Verdcourt, B .

Polhill, R. M. Flora Cr own

of Tropical East Afr i ca , Guttiferae . Agents fo r Overseas Governmen ts and

Administrations, London .

Ed .

The gr owth of tree spec i es i n Lushoto arboretum . Tanzania Silv . Res . Note No . 23, 23p.

Flora of Tropi cal East Africa, Leguminosae sub-family C,aesalpinioideae . Ed . Hi Ine-Readhead, E . and P61hi 11 , R . M.

Crown Agents for Ove rseas Governments and Administrations , London. 230p .

Brenan, J.P .M. and Greemvay, J.P. Checklists of For est Tr ees and Shrubs of the British (19 49) Empire. No.5-Tanganyika Te rritory, Part II. Imp. For . Inst.

Oxford. 653p.

Bruce , E. A. a nd Lewis, J. Flora of Tropical East Af rica, Logan iaceae . Ed . Hubbar d . C.E. (1960) and Milne- Readhead, E. Crmm Agen ts for Overseas Gove r nmen t s

and Admin i strations , London. 47 p.

Child, R. ( 196 1)

Triohilia roka Forska l (T . emetica Vah l ) . E. Afr . Agric . Fo r. J . 27. 66- 68.

Dale, I.R. and Greenway, P.J. Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Govt . of the Colony and (196 1) Protectorate of Kenya, Nairobi. 654p .

East Africa Meteo r ological Department . Climatologi ca l statistics fo r East Africa. Par t III (1975) Tanzania . E.A . Meteorological Dept . E .A. Community . Nairobi .

92p.

Exell , A. W. and \.,rild, H. ( 1960)

Fanshawe, D.B. ( 1968)

Galp in, E . E . ( 19 26)

Githens, T.S . ( 1948)

Flo r a Zambesiaca . Vol . I. Crown Agents for Overseas Go vts . and Administrations . London . 336p.

Fifty common trees of Zamb i a . Min. of Nat . Res . and Tourism . Dept. Bull. No . 5 . Lusaka, Zamb i a. 10sp.

Mem. Bot . Surv . South Africa, 12 . I n : ~.,ratt , J . M. and BreyerBrandwijk, M.G. 1962.

Drug Plants of Africa. I07p .

References (Contd.)

Glendon, H.

(1946)

Graham, R.A.

(1960)

Hemsley, J.H.

(1968)

Johnston, G.M.

(1962)

Lucas, G.L.

(1968)

Lundgren, B.

(1978)

Miller, 0.0.

(1952)

Mkberg, J.P.

(1972)

Morgan, W.T.W.

(1972)

Mugasha, A.G.

(1980a)

Mugasha, A.G.

(1980b)

Mushi, J.A.

(1978)

- 170 -

A note on Allanblackia stuhlmannii Engl. E. Afric. Agric. J. 12.

210-211

Flora of Tropical East Africa, Rosaceae. Ed. Hubbard, C.E. and

Milne-Readhead, E. Crown Agents for Overseas Govts. and

Administrations, London. 61p.

Flora of Tropical East Africa, Sapotaceae. Ed. Milne-Redhead, E.

and Polhill, R.M. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and


Flora of Tropical East Africa, Rhamnaceae. Ed. Milne-Redhead,

E. and Polhill, R.M. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments

and Administrations, London. 40p.

Flora of Tropical East Africa, Olacaceae. Ed. Milne-Redhead, E.

and Polhill, R.M. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and


Soil conditions and nutrient cycling under natural and

plantation forests in Tanzania highlands. Dept. of For. Soils,

Swedish University of Agric. Uppsala. 426p.

Maagi, Z.G.N., Mkude, M.J. and Macha, C.M. An inventory of nine forest reserves in(1979) Lushoto District. Forest Resource Study No. 36. Min. of Nat.

Res. & Tourism. Dar-es-Salaam.

J. South Afr. Bot. 18, 1 In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk,

M.G. 1962.

Some soil fertility problems in the West Lake Region of

Tanzania, including the effects of different forms of cultiva-

tion on the fertility of some ferrasols. E.A. Agric. For. J. 36,

35-46.

East Africa: Its peoples and resources. Oxford University

Press, Nairobi. 312p.

The silviculture of Tanzanian indigenous tree species.

I. Allanblackia stuhlmannii. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No. 37.

mimeo.

Late weeding does not improve diameter growth nor height of

Chlorophora excelsa. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note No. 34.

Mimeo.

Growth of 10-year-old exotic pines and broadleaved species at

Kwamarukanga, Korogwe, Tanzania. Tanzania Silvic. Res. Note

No. 30. Mimeo.

References (C ontd.)

Glendon , H. ( 1946)

Graham , R. A. ( 1960)

Hemsley , J .H. ( 1968)

Johnston, C. H. ( 1962)

Lucas , G.L. ( 1968)

Lundgren , B. ( 1978)

- 170 -

A note on Allanblackia stuhlmannii Engl. E . AfTic . Agri c . J. 12. 2 10~211

Fl ora of Tr opical East Af ri ca , Rosaceae. Ed . Hubbard, C. E . and Milne-Readhead, E. Crown Agents for Overseas Covts. and Admini strat ions, London. 61p .

Flora o f Trop ical East Africa, Sapotaceae. Ed . Milne- Redhead, E . and Polhill , R.M . Crown Agent s for Overseas Gove rnments and Admi nistrat i ons, Lond on . 78p .

Flora of Tropical East Africa , Rhamnaceae . Ed. Milne-Re dhead, E . and Polhill, R.M. Cr own Agents f o r Overs e as Governments

and Administrations, London . 40p .

Flora of Tropical East Af ri ca, Olacaceae . Ed . Milne -Redhead, E. and Pol hil l, R. M. Cr own Agen ts for Overseas Gove rnment s arid Administrations, London. ISp .

Soil conditions and nutrient cyc ling unde r natural and plantation fo rests Ln Tanzania hi ghlands. Dept . of For. Soils, S\vedish University of Agr i c . Upps a l a . 426p.

Maagi, Z. G. N. , Mkude , M.J. and Mac ha, C. M. An i nve nt or y of nine fo rest reserves in Forest Resource Study No. 36 . Min. of Nat . ( 1979) Lus hoto District.

Miller, O.B. ( 19 52)

H6rberg, J.P. ( 1972)

Morgan, hI. T .\.J.

( 1972)

Hugasha, A. G. ( 1980a)

Hugasha, A.C . (198 0b)

Mushi, J.A. ( 1978)

Res. & Tourism. Dar-es-Salaam .

J . South Af r. Bot. 18, 1 In: Watt , J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, H. G. 1962 .

Some soil fe rtility problems in the West Lake Region of Tanzania , inc luding the effec ts of different fo rms of cultivat i on on the f e rtility of some fe rraso ls. E . A. Agri c. For. J . 36 , 35- 46.

East Africa: Its pe op l es and resources. Oxford University Pre ss , Nairob i . 31 2p .

The si lvic ulture of Tanzanian i nd i genous tree species. I. Allanblaekia stuhlmannii. Tanzania Silvie . Res . Note No. 37 . mimeo.

Late \veed ing does not improve diamet e r gr owth nor height of Chlorophora exce lsa . Tanzania Silvi e . Res . No te No. 34. Mimeo.

Growth of lO- year-o ld exotic pines and broad leaved spec ies at K\vamaruka nga , Korogwe, Tanzania . Tanzani a Si lvi e . Res. Note No . 30 . Mimeo .

References (Contd.)

Nshubemuki, L.

(1979)

Nykvist, N.

(1976)

Palgrave, M.C.

(1956)

Schroder, L.F.

(1912)

Sleumer, H.

(1975)

Verdcourt, B.

(1971)

- 171 -

Evaluation of climatic and soil properties in parts of Dodoma

District, Tanzania in relation to afforestation. M Sc Thesis,

Faculty of Agric. For. Veter. Sci., Univ. of Dar-es-Salaam.

Nshubemuki, L, Somi, F.G.R. and Olotu, C. A forester's view on average monthly and

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Regional Comparisons. Tanzania Silvic. Tech. Note (New Series)

No. 41. Mimeo.

Meteorological data for Sao Hill-Mufindi area. Tanzania

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Okazaki, K. et. al. A. Pharm. Soc. Japan 72,561; Chem. Abstr. 46 8811. In:

(1952) Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962.

Trees of Central Africa. National Publications Trust of

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Rodgers, W.A. and Homewood, K.M. The conservation of East Usambara Mts., Tanzania. A

(n.d.) review of biological values and land-use pressure. Dept. of

Zoology, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. 45p.

Arb. Reichsgesundh Amt 43 453; 1913. J. Chem. Soc. 104 434:

In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962.

Schultz, C.D. & Co. Ltd. Indigenous forest inventory of five areas of the United Republic

(1973) of Tanzania. Vol. 2. Tables of project data. Govt. of the

United Republic of Tanzania/CIDA. Vancouver. 74p.

Shehaghilo, I.M. Storability of some tree seeds. Tanzania Silvic. Tech. Note

(1978) (New Series) No. 42. Mimeo.

Flora of Tropical East Africa, Flacourtiaceae. Ed. Polhill, R.M.

Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations,

London. 68p.

Union of South Africa Nat. Herb. J. Dept. Agric. 10 44. In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-

(1925) Brandwijk, M.G. 1962.

United Republic of Tanzania Atlas of Tanzania. Surveys and Mapping Division.

(1967) Dar-es-Salaam.

Flora of Tropical East Africa. Annonaceae. Crown Agents for

Overseas Governments & Administrations. London. 131p.

Wade, F.B. and Oates, F. An explanation of degree sheet No. 52 (Dodoma). Short Pap.

(1938) Geol. Div. Tanganyika 17.

References (Contd.)

Nshubemuki, L. ( 1979)

- 171 -

Evaluation of climatic and soil properties in parts of Dodoma Distr i ct, Tanzania in relation to afforestation. M Sc Thesis, Faculty of Agric. For. Veter. Sci .• Un i v. of Dar-es-Salaarn.

Nshubemuki, (1978)

L, Somi, F.C.R. and Olotu, C. A f orester's view on average monthly and annual rainfall and number of rain days ove r Tanzania. I Regional Comparisons. Tanzania Silvie. Tech. Note (Ne,v Series)

No. 41. Mimeo.

Nykvist, N. (1976)

Okazaki, K. et . a1. .

(1952)

Pa l grave, H. C. ( 1956)

Meteorological data for Sao Hill-Hufindi a rea. Tanzania Silvie. Tech . Note (New Series) No . 26. Mimeo.

.'r. Pharrn. Soc. Japan 72 , 56 1; Chern. Abstr. 46 8811. In : hIatt, J . M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, H.G. 1962.

Trees of Central Africa. Rhodesia and Nyasaland.

Nat i onal Publ i cations Trust of Salisbury.

Rodgers, W.A. and Home\.Jood, K.M. The conservation of East Usambara Mts., Tanzania . A (n.d.) review of biological values and land-use pressure . Dept. of

Zoology, University of Dar- es-Salaam, Tanzania . 45p .

Schroder, L.F. (J 912)

Schultz, C.D. & Co. Ltd. ( 1973)

Shehaghilo, I.M. ( 1978)

Sleumer, H. (1975)

Union of South Africa (1925)

Arb. Reichsgesundh Arnt 43 453; 1913. J . Chern . Soc. 104434:

In: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962.

Indigenous forest inventory of five areas of the United Republic of Tanzania. Vol . 2. Tables of project data. Govt. of the United Republic of Tanzania/CIDA. Vancouver. 74p.

Storability of some tree seeds. Tanzania Silvic . Tech . Note (New Series) No. 42. Mimeo.

Flora of Tropica l East Africa, Flacourtiaceae. Ed. Polhill, R.M. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administ r a tions , London. 68p.

Nat. Herb. J. Dept. Agric. 1044 . In: Hatt, J.M. and BreyerBrandwijk, M.G. 1962.

United Republi c of Tanzania Atlas of Tanzania. Surveys ·and Happing Division. ( 1967)

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References (Contd.)

Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and

(1962) Eastern Africa. 2nd Ed. E & S. Livingstone, Ltd. London. 457p.

Wehmer, C.

(1929-31)

White, F.

(1962)

Wimbush, S.H.

(1950)

Woodhead, T.

(1968)

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Die Pflanzenstoffe. 2 ed. Jena: Fischer, Suppl. 1935. In:

Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (1962).

Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia. Oxford University Press.

London. 455p.

Catalogue of Kenya Timbers. Nairobi. 67p.

Potential evaporation (En) for some weather stations in

Tanzania. E.A. Meterological Dept., Nairobi.

- 172 -

References (Contd . )

\.Jatt, J .H. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M. G. Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and (1962) Eastern Africa. 2nd Ed. E & S. Livingstone, Ltd. London. 457p .

Wehmer, C. (1929-31)

White, F.

( 1962)

Wimbush, S.H. ( 1950)

Woodhead, T. ( 1968)

Die Pflanzenstoffe . 2 ed. Jena: Fischer, Suppl. 1935. In: liatt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (1962).

Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia . Oxford University Press. London. 455p.

Catalogue of Kenya Timbers. Nairobi. 67p.

Potential evaporation (Eo) for some weather stations in Tanzania. E.A. Meterological Dept., Nairobi.

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