food and agriculture: a vision for illinois robert a. easter, ph.d. president, university of...
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Food and Agriculture: A Vision for Illinois
Robert A. Easter, Ph.D.President, University of Illinois
Dean Emeritus – College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
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Illinois Agriculture circa 1915
www.ncfh.org/?pid=4&page=2
www.bae.ncsu
digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HO006.html
roselle.lib.il.us/about/digital-archive.php
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Over the Horizon in 1915
Hybrid cornTractor powerAnhydrous fertilizerSoybeans as an oil and protein cropThe corn-soybean meal diet for pigs and poultryCapper-Volstead Act/CooperativesRural electricityFFA, Computers, GPS, Artificial Insemination/Flash-
Frozen Vegetables……..
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The Questions Are ObviousWill there be enough food?Can the food system be made safe?What about water?Is our energy supply adequate and secure?How do agricultural systems adapt to a changing
climate?WHAT OPPORTUNITIES EXIST FOR ILLINOIS
AGRICULTURE
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Can we produce enough food?
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This is not a new question!
Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in an
arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will show the immensity of the first power in
comparison with the second
Thomas Malthus. 1798. An essay on the principle of population.
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World Population Growth
Year Population, (millions)
1800 978
1900 1,650
1999 5,978
www.statistics.gov.uk
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Food Production has increased at an incredible rate
Expansion of cultivated and grazed landsApplication of science to the discovery of new
technologiesTranslation of knowledge to practice through
educationEstablishment of market incentives and
supporting infrastructure
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Have there been negative consequences?
Sure – and they continue to be recognized and addressed
1. Soil Loss2. Long-residual pesticides3. Depletion of geological
water4. Deforestation
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1930’s Wind Erosion
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1930’s Water Erosion
2008 Grass Waterways
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Minimum Tillage Agriculture
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What does the world look like today….
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Population and Food
Year Population
2014 7.2 b
2050 9.1 b
Source: United Nations
Production in the developing countries will need to almost double…..
26%
Why?
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Drivers of Food Demand
Population
Per capita income growth
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Effects of Income GrowthVery low income people spend the first increments in purchasing power on food staples. As incomes rise further comes addition of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, animal protein, and edible oils.
And income growth is veryoften associated with urban migration……..
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Projected World Population in Urban Centers, (Millions)
World Bank Development Indicators, 2000
Pop
ulat
ion
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Percentage Change in Food Consumption 1990 to 2005
Type India China Brazil
Cereals 0 -20 120
Oil crops 70 140 10
Meat 20 140 70
Milk 20 200 20
Fish 20 130 -10
Fruits 30 250 -20
Vegetables 30 190 30
(FAO, 2007)
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Increased Quality and Diversity of Diet
Lotus Hypermarket, Beijing, Sept 2005
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Demand for meat will drive demand for feed grains.
Source: University of Illinois
Source: University of Illinois
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How will Illinois Agriculture Participate in this Opportunity?
• As a source of feed grains?
• As a producer of value-added meat products?
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I Am not Naïve to the ChallengesState and national policies
Lack of labor and cost of labor
Not-in-my-backyard attitude
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From where will the grains and/or livestock products
originate?
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Grains, oilseeds, pulses – where???
Interpretation: The darker the shading, the larger the percent of the land under that pixel that is in crops.Source: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin.
Favorable climateFavorable soilsInfrastructureAccess to Technology and CapitalGovernment policies
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And what will be the role of the millions at the bottom of the pyramid
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How is technology made available to these farmers….
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Technology – a personal example
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Bob’s Technology Ken’s Technology
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The Tools of Science Must Be Employed
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One Solution—Make ‘Em BiggerGlobal Land Grab
There is a gold rush happening in Ethiopia, but it is not a hunt for the yellow metal. It is a quest for the green gold of fertile farmland. A nation more associated with periodic famine and acute childhood malnutrition than with agricultural bounty is leasing millions of hectares — an area the size of Belgium — to foreign companies, who want to grow and export food to places like Saudi Arabia, China, India and Europe.
Richard Schiffman, December 26, 2013, Gulf News.
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•
Officials want family-run farms to growMuch bigger. Is America the new model? Shijiazhuang
Economist: May 3, 2014
Bringing the Benefits of Technology to Small Holders
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Energy a Changing Paradigm
America the Oil ExporterThe recent debate over sending U.S. oil abroad misses the point: The United States is already a budding export powerhouse.By ED MORSEJuly 09, 2014http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/07/america-the-oil-exporter-108707.html#ixzz37Ojz14pl
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U.S. Energy Information Administration, July 25, 2013
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There will continue to be growth in demand for alternatives to fossil-based energy…..
And… attention to efficiency of energy use
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Tesla Motors Founder Martin Eberhard
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Capturing Solar Energy
Biomass crops - Low Solar Pan- High
Source: University of Illinois Source: solarpanelsreviewsite.com
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Electricity is dandy, but mobile, liquid fuel is
golden
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Water – A personal story
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Bob, About 1954
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Same place – National News 2009
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Water
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Irrigation Was a Key Pillar of the Green Revolution
Geological water is being used at an unsustainable rate
Agricultural use is challenged by growing urban demands
Growing food with industrially-contaminated water is a human health hazard.
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Water---Wise Use of a Precious Resource
The 2012 World Food Prize will be awarded to Dr. Daniel Hillel for his role in conceiving and implementing a radically new mode of bringing water to crops i n arid and dry land regions - known as “micro-irrigation.”
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How about climate?
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Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE)
Professors Long and Ort, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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Ten Years of Climate Change Research
“Overall these open-air investigations of the direct effects
of atmospheric and climatic change on soybean and
maize, the Midwest's two major crops, paint a pessimistic
picture for future productivity. However, the experiments
have also revealed significant variation within germplasm,
suggesting that targeted breeding could lessen the
impacts of climate change.”
Elizabeth Ainsworth et al., 2013
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To a significant extent the Illinois economy for more than 100 years
has been built on agriculture• Crops and livestock – direct sales• Agricultural machinery – John Deere, CNH ….• Risk management – CBOT, CME …..• Agricultural Finance• Food industry – Kraft, Sara lee, OSI….• Grain traders – ADM…..
There is a foreboding sense that our global leadership role is at risk…..
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Over the Horizon in 2015?
……………………
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The future belongs to those who create it…..
FARM Illinois: A Partnership for Competitiveness and Sustainable Growth in Food, Agriculture, and Agribusiness
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FARM Illinois is bringing together Illinois’ top agricultural, business, and economic leaders to develop
and advocate for the implementation of a comprehensive and integrated strategic plan for Illinois and the Chicago region to ensure the state is meeting
the 21st Century challenge of global food security.
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The Founders
Christopher Kennedy, Chairman, Board of Trustees, University of Illinois
Terry Mazany, President and CEO, Chicago Community Trust
Renee Michaels, Vice President, Kinship Foundation
Michael Davidson, Senior Program Officer, Sustainable Development, The Chicago Community Trust
Christopher Magnuson, Executive Director of Operations, News & Communications, Illinois Farm Bureau
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Committees
Production and Supply Chain
Transportation, Logistics, Physical and Financial Infrastructure
Sustainability and Community Economic Development
International Markets and Global Food Security
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Global city--- a city generally considered to be a key node in the
global economic system
It is in our self interest that Chicago be the center of the global food and agricultural
system!