food aid and its relationship to wto rules and the development agenda
TRANSCRIPT
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Food AidAndits RelAtionship
to Wto RulesAndthe
development AgendA
Andreas Schneider
Brussels, Belgium
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2006 The German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
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in writing rom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:
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1744 R Street, NW
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copies are also available. To request a copy, send an e-mail to [email protected].
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Marshall Fund o the United States. The views expressed here are those o the author and do not necessarily rep-
resent the view o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above or by e-mail
About GMF
The German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grant-making institution dedicated to promoting greater cooperation and understanding between the United States
and Europe.
GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working on transatlantic issues, by convening leaders
to discuss the most pressing transatlantic themes, and by examining ways in which transatlantic cooperation can
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Founded in 1972 through a git rom Germany as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF
maintains a strong presence on both sides o the Atlantic. In addition to its headquarters in Washington, DC,
GMF has six ofces in Europe: Berlin, Bratislava, Paris, Brussels, Belgrade, and Ankara.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
ASc
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cbcWbc,cccccw-cc,ccccbTjy,bbycyc
TwwcBy,ywcccyAccycccy,cccy,c?Oyc-cyc,ccccccx
Introduction
1
Eradicating global
hunger is a moral
obligation for the
richer countries
in the world, one
that has received
increasing attention
especially in light of
the fresh debates
in the World Trade
Organizations
Doha Round of
multilateral trade
negotiations.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
byc-c?
D,k,c,,cy,cc(IFI)bcyccw
yccwcyTywqwbycbcc,kccbjc
Donor governme
development
stakeholders, do
agencies, and, m
recently, econom
and internationa
financial instituti
(IFIs) have been
increasingly
concerned with t
role that food aid
plays in economi
development and
the world econom
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
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kcc
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ycqcc-cywbcbycy
Tk,cccby-c(ODA),,ccc(WFP,2005)
2.1 Studyobjectives
TbjcybwWTO,bycww
I,wwcyyzwc,,,Wwxcyw,,,ww,xb,wcy
WTO
Tyycwbw,c,cwycwc-bccy(Tb2)Iyccy,cywcbcyby-bIc
Table 1: Total ODA and Food Aid (in Millions of U.S. Dollars)
1980 % 2004 %
TODA 15,991 75% 78,000 95%FA 3,997 25% 300 5%Sc:OECD
Background, Objectives, and Method
2
Although it had
a share of more
than 25 percent
of all development
assistance in
1980, food aid
accounted for only
about 5 percent
of total overseas
development aid
(ODA) in 2004.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
xcanbcyy-,cybcI,ccbby,cykykccqccycy
2.2 Methodofinvestigation
Ic
ywcA,cccycHw,cckbcbcbbwyc()cc(c)bjcc,,Tcxycjbwyb
ycykycc,bbccyccccccyHc,cycIywwycwcyccwyy
kccbccccTcybywcccy
Fy,wwbbywkkwwy,bwwWwxcyccycy,jc,cwcbc,
c,cUS,ckIcwc,wc,wcyccjccbcywcccy-by-bTccccbjcbccBybjcykcccq,wccycIccwy
cwcbw
Twkkw,wwywwccyb
Table 2: Possible Scenarios of Food Aid and the WTO Relationship
Food Aid
Effectiveness
WTO Compliant
with RulesOutcome
Sc1 Y Y =SQRSc2 N Y =CDy
Sc3 Y N =CR
Sc4 N N =RcCSc:
Judgment about
what food
aid system is
best used for
any particular
development
provision is usua
not taken on
solely economic
grounds, but
based on politica
decisions that
largely ignore
economic issues
or concerns for
efficiency.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
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cWwbkwycy,jc,ccyOcwcjc,,cy,cy,-cc,wcccxkyc-bqc
Ic,wccycxccAwyccccc
Wwbc(OECD)ccycbcycy(Sc42)Hw,wcyccccc,bbwc(US/JEU,y)wwwbWTO
Obywcc
: Tccc
Tcc TwODA T
Tbwcy
cycc Tcb
b Aykbwc
cbbc Mcccc(,
OECD)cbyAb(2005)cbcyk
Acqc,cwy
Fy,bybb,wkcbbcWTOxcycbwcyc
The original
ideal of donating
surplus food
stocks in addition
to mainstream
development
aid has, in many
cases, been
supplanted and
superseded.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
Fywy19501960,wc(yNAc)ckI1970,jc,cbyWFP(WFP),bccMcwc--,cykwRcykcc
Hw,40y,c,cbcckOwOcyjcycccOECDcWcjc,cy,cxcc,y,wcy
bcyy,ccyc
Sccky,wccyTbywccybbwybc,cyccbycy,ybykb
A30w-wcb-SAccyckcbc
cqwWccccc,ccScAccycc
Occbcky1950,wccccc
ccccTFAOPc
1990 1991 1992 1 993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Emergency
Programme
Project
3History and Institutional
Arrangements of Food Aid
Figure 1: Volume of Food Aid Deliveries According to Type, 1990 2002
Sc:WFP,2005
With a large
reduction in
project and
program food aid
emergency food
aid, in response
to natural
disasters and
complex political
emergencies,
has emerged
as the primary
form of food aid,
which is usually
distributed to the
acutely hungry,
including refugee
and domestically
displaced person
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
ODA(F5),b(F2)c(F34)Tbcwbbwbbyc
Ty18019882002W,wcby148cbHw,
bwycTc70ccyyycb-ycFx,ccb-SAcccybwy1970-1980Wcbcy20y,cc20cbw30y(F2)Owccc,w
b-SAccy(Ab,2005)A,jcwB,E,R,ccxy7cI,w14c,w89cwc10c,42c17c
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SDcCSbcSD(CSSD)1954TCSSDccc,kccxbcycccy,cccccWcb,ycbyyc
cbc
WywyUS,yjcxccTccWFP(WFP)1961,bcbbcccWFPwcy
TbwwFAC(FAC)1967wcxIGA(IGA)UFAC,x(q)Tc5,cb4319681980,b7619801986,b7519861995,b5319951999
3.1 Majortrendsinfoodaidflows
Tc,ccwTy
Trends will set
the platform
for the debate
about food aid
and will give rise
to the argument
about the relative
share of food aid
given by donor
countries.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
A,zcc14c,-c12c,c11c,c5c,b3cA-c,b,,yc,
TODAbccby20y(F5)Icbcyccyccycccc(FAO,2005)Tbyc,wccywcyw-Twcc
jyF,bzwcFACScy,ccy50yc1950Ic,w
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
MillionMetricTonnes
Year
Total global food aid
Monetized food aid
United States
56
EU
20
Japan
8
Rep Korea
2.75
Canada 2.75
Australia 2.75
China 2.75
Others 5
Figure 3: Global Food Aid by Donor, 2004
in Percentages
Source: OECD, 2005
Figure 2: Total Global Food Aid, 19902002 (Grain Equivalent)
Sc:IPC,2005
Food aid has los
its importance as
a development
policy tool in
the recipient
country and also
as an indirect
price support
mechanism in
donor countries.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates10
wkkwyyTwwkbcyxwybcwwcy
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
MillionMetricTonnes
Year
EU
USA
Other
Total
Ly,yy,ycb,cTwcjy
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
%
Year
ODA
Share of food imports
Figure 4: Food Aid Deliveries by Main Donors from 1994 to 2003
Sc:IPC,2005
Figure 5: Share of Food Aid in ODA and in Food Import Bills of Developing Countries
Sc:WFP,2005
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
11
4.1 Definitionsoffoodaidtype
P yycc,cywwTbwyb,bbc,yccycycc(FAO,2005)Twwy1950
,ycc,cccwybcccy
TwcbzcwyycI1954,zcFAcOzUN(FAO)bPcSD,ccccccc
Fwcwyyc,c
Icybcywwbbck,kcccwccwT,w,c,b,cccc
Uy,cy,byccy(,IPC,2005)Iccccycccy,
kwccwcc(B,2002)Icc,cycw,cbzcb
ScyyzcccFx,byBMxw(2005)WFP(2005),ODA,
cwy,cccwycb
Byzcbqc,wwkkwkbcyccccWwc,,ccccccwcq
c
Fy,wwyzccy,,wTwcbccycy
4.1.1 Threekindsoffoodaid
Ecjcc(Tb3)yAy
cywcy(ycc,)bwTy:
4Analysis of Food Aid Definitions,
Procurement, Effectiveness
In terms of ODA,
financial aid is
almost always th
preferred option,
since it is seen a
the most effectiv
and efficient way
of funding direct
distribution of fo
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates1
Emergency()food aid,wcybc-
Project food aid(cz),wcbccc
Program food aid,wccycck,cwcccbbjc
wb
4.1.2 Emergencyfoodaid
Ecyybc-ccBccy,cybjcyDcycc,cywbxqb
Hw,ccccEC,EUDRyxcccccybxb(EU,2004)Cxybc,cHw,qcbjc,cywbwycy
4.1.3 Projectfoodaid
Pjcbycy,NGO,byjcccyy--cccTccc,by,,cc,ccyccScjcwc
Table 3: Government-to-Government Food Aid, 2000
Emergency Project Program Total (% of total)
Metric tons, grain equivalent
A 49,500 49,500 (16)
C 10,000 51,577 61,577 (20)
EU 33,000 33,000 (10)
Fc 57,805 79,905 137,710 (45)
Iy 6,328 13,507 10,969 30,804 (10)
J 37,109 112,346 149,455 (48)
US 149,686 350,512 2,103,231 2,603,429 (850)
T 199,014 508,433 2,358,028 3,056,475
%FATy 65 165 770
Sc:IPC,2005
Because of
the urgency of
the needs it
responds to,
emergency food
aid is subject
to slightly
different rules.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
1
ycIc,jcbcybcy,bkzI,jc(z)bck,wccjcccckcycccIcy,bjc(F1),bcbbc-cwyc,,
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Mzccccy/yFx,cbkNGOc,,ycHw,cccc,ybc-cwy
TbbwzcccccwcBcbbxcbyy,yyccccycOc,z
yTCwqzwbywcAybyCwzbc-cc(Ck,2001)Hw,ycqczckbcybcT,cx-ccwyq
ycc
4.1.4 Programfoodaid
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Tyz
ccwxbykcbDcyb,ccycTjy,czckI,byccyO,qybyckcc(IPC,2005)
Dckwy,bcbcI,ybwcc
Due to its
controversy and
debate surround
it, program food
has declined in t
last couple of ye
in importance
and volume.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates1
k,cwcybb,wcbccycF,cykwb,kyywc,ybckb
Wck,yccw,c
cyBcccwccckyz,wcyc,c,bccyc
4.2 Foodaidprocurement
Cyywcbcyy
cI-cjy-xccycPcckbcyUS,wbcccbcUSwckbyUSb(B,2002;OECD,2004;IAP,2005)Tccccwccycccy
Ccqcyccyc,wccwcxccTb
bycybqybbjc(Hc,2001;FAO,2004;O,2004),wccccywbbcwcccy
4.2.1 Thesourceoffoodaid
Mcbqcc
cFcycybybcA,bcGbzcc15cbcc(WFP,2005)TwkDDAxccbccjc
Bcccy,cccTyw-cc,wcbwky,yccbyNGOMNGOy80cby,cw28ccy1990(F6)IbNGOccbyccTbyNGOw90,10c21c
Todays growing
need for rapid
response to
large-scale crises,
often in situations
where normal
government
channels have
been weakened or
destroyed, has led
many donors to
allocate increased
responsibility for
management
of food aid to
multilateral
institutions and
NGOs.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
1
Twy,cwcz,bbFx,cwcI1960,75cwb,w8090cwbbby1990
Ty,cc
,c,ccDccyTycqcIc,ccy()cyTcbyccbcTcccOyb15ccwy,cbc-cwy(IATP,2005)
4.2.2 The(un)tyingoffoodaid
AccOECD,ycccbybw15c25cUyE(bb)c350600-q(OECD,2004)
Multilateral
51%
Bilateral
21%
NGOs
28%
Figure 6: Breakdown of 2003 Food Aid
Deliveries by Channel, in Percentages
Source: WFP, 2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1983-85 1986-88 1989-91 1992-94 1995-97 1998-00 2001-03
3 year average
Food Aid
ODA
Figure 7: Share of Total Bilateral ODA and Food Aid That Is Untied, 19822003
Sc:OECDDAC,2005
The last option fo
sourcing food aid
is through local
purchases. Only
about 15 percen
are sourced this
way, although thi
method is claime
to be the most
cost-effective wa
of providing
food aid.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates1
TwywccyByy,k,cwkDbbwy(F6):21cby,28cNGO,51c,(99cwcUNWFP) 1Eyc,wNGOHw,wc,cb()tied
T,2002,42cECwcEk,32ccc,226cc3cCy,USc99cywkIc,USqbJcjyckI2002,78cJbwk
Hw,cbc,EC,J,
Mc,Nb,NwycyTUS
4.3 Thebenefitsoffurtheruntyingfoodaid
Tw-byTbc: Dccc Gcby Eccc R
Iccw
MkwkccwcwScyckcwcycccqbcb
Fx,byccbyccckc
cc,,,,cTcc30cc
Table 4: Food Aid Donors During the 19952001 Period
Donor 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01
(Thousand tons grain equivalent)
EC 2,488 1,948 1,756 2,573 2,297 1,528
EUB 757 849 865 1,016 910 820
US 3,037 2,273 2,787 6,403 7,247 4,697
RW 1,115 535 833 1,258 714 1,419
Total 7,397 5,605 6,241 11,250 11,168 8,464
Sc:WFP,2005
12002f2Fccycy3Fcxccycy
Sourcing food
aid in an
internationally
competitive
marketplace
would effectively
reduce the
overall costs of
acquisition and
better allocate
the available food
aid funds.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
1
cqTccwc-kccyc
I-1990,x,J300(US$35)MwTwJc3,000cAzc79(US$09)T221(US$26)wccOy26cwc
MwIc,MwbbbyzwAc,ycbc10,000zJcc,bxccc
Nyc,bcckccGcc
kwwbccccccc(Oet al,2004)
AccCy,wccwycycccM,ccy:1)ccyc,2)bccc,3)ccc
c(Ck,2001)Hw,cbxcckbyc-cc,bybc
TybyCk(2001)w,cCwcy,kcxcFccccy,cby,,ccc,qyIcczcckc,cccwcc
Dywbc,ycyywcxbycby 4HwWFPw,w,wwbckc(WFP,2005)
4.3.1 Currentobstaclestountyingfoodaid
Awcy,yBck,bc,kbwcybcjby
Tbyc,,cCbkcxyUST
byy,wywcbbccyA
4Aw,c,byUSJ
Not only is
untied food aid
more efficient,
but it also
leads to greater
opportunities for
local producers
to market and
sell their produce
in partnering
countries.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates1
5Ac910GATTUyR
jb/,cbbjc
IcybDcFAC,WFP,xWTO,cybyWFACwycccwcc,
bWTO,w,cyc,,bcyccbyccWTOHw,cWTOAAc(AA),5wcxcycbwbwc,ccTcDDAbyx
WTObwcywAAIwy,cbyb
TcbbbTcyUS,NGO,z,bby,wcbbccyS,by-ccEU,cbwNGOcyz,cy,wccccyTc(cU
SJ),bby,w,x,NGOzbykccyby
TUS,by,b,qbybkTbbyUS,cNFB,NFU,NFyFC,
cbUScyyIbcwUS,ccccTcybccWTO,bccbywUST,yw(cwc)
y
TccyNGOwccybxbycyyycTyy,byckccbycccccIybbccwTwzybcAbcb,WFPccbccjy
Some
governments,
notably the pro-
agricultural reform
countries of the
EU, combined
with almost all the
NGOs and charity
organizations, are
advocating for
further untying of
food aid, to allow
recipient countries
to procure food
locally.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
1
USbkcTWFPcby,wcccBbkbcc,byUSIwWFPwkccc,wbbycUSTcbkcwcWFPTwby,bccby,wcw
b
TbcybccxcOywkycSc5,wwbwccHw,cbcwjby
4.3.2 Conceptsofachievingfurtheruntyingof
foodaid
AwbykbcycccAwcc,bbc,cyUSJTcwycDDA,wcbcc,yEU,wccc
OcwccWTOTbwbqxb,xc,Tcbc-cc
yc,cywccDRB,cccyccbyccWTO
TEUcy,ybcEbbMEUbykyc,cyccTEC
ycc,FAR(EU,2004)RccyccEUycwGycE,wbbcwycy
IbcywyUcy,wybccyc
cBc,byccc,wcwbcIbcybjc,yz,cc-cwyTwjcw,ybccybc
Tjcc,ycwbwIccb,cc
Trends have
shown that the
use of project foo
aid is growing,
largely because
it is increasingly
possible to
procure it untied
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates0
4.4 Effectivenessoffoodaid
Ecywcy,cybcccHw,kcNGOzTybcyky,wcccyHw,c
bccwyccc
EcOECDy,wckyccc/cccww(OECD,2005)TOECDc--yccyccycwccccbbyOECD
cycbH,ybc-c
TOECDycccyccywccycccccyTc-c,,cccccc
Tycccb,yc-cwyjc,c,jczEcyOECDy
c-c,ccw-ckyw
TOECDycww(w,cbSc4243)y,cUScccy,,y,c-ccT,cccwUS
yccTccc-cw,ccTbc,wycyc()c-ccc
Hw,cb,OECDycwwcbcccxIc,ccyk
cccbycxwcycwcccy
4.4.1 Effectsoffoodaidonlocalproducers
DcbyFAO2001bywcw,bybcccc(Ox,2005)TkyIc,ckcccccccccHw,byk,cyxby
Emergency food
aid emerged in the
OECD study as the
least cost-effective
form of food aid,
due to the costs
associated with
providing urgent
responses in
life-threatening
situations and
lack of opportunity
to do forward
planning.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
1
cc,ccyTbbycwcycbyk
MyccbccccFcbcccywwcyckc,w-c
kkxTkjc,wcwyb-AcybyAbet al(2005)kbckccccq,bccyccc,by,
TycbE;w,w
cccwkcc,ycTwcwcb-SAc,wcwcycccbyccy
TccycAcccbcckcy,wckc
4.4.2 Conclusionofanalyticalcomponents
Oycbc-c-(OECD)bbcbccccTc,y,byck,w,by
Tk,cccbywjczycPcc,c,,ccbbTkcc,wjcbycycb,wccTbycy,wcb
,ccccccFcyc,wcwbcyF,ywcccc
Hw,c,wjcbcywyccPccybw,ycT,ycwbwc
If appropriately
provided and
targeted, food
aid need not
inevitably lead
to disruption in
local markets no
as we shall see,
should it inevitab
distort trade.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
Tyccxw
WTOy,c,bbc,,cTcWTObbcc,bccccFwccc,yccc,bwc
cUcy,wccbckbbzccwwz,wcccbTccGATTUyRbqyDDARcwccycG-20kcbzWccyc,,cb
TbbbccWTO
Tcc,cFACFAO,bcc,bybcccHc,kwwWTOHw,bcWTOck,yb,bycc,kcWTOcc,c,cb(IATP,2005)N,c
The Political Dimension of Food Aid
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5.1 Foodaidinmultilateraltrade
negotiations
FwAc10AAc(AA)wbUyRHw,
5
The inclusion of
food aid in the
WTO negotiations
means that the
debate over food
aid becomes even
more political, in
addition to being
an economic
concern.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
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WTObTc,w,wccwWTO
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wcTDDAkywTEUcwAAwbc-bHw,cckybcUS,wcc,wcwcbF,bc,wcWTOckwc
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Ibwc
cbcAcx,bcbbDDAWTOccbccAcccwywbbccyc,cycw
5.2 Policychangesneeded
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OcUScwbwGbFACc(GFAC)cxFAC(FAC)TFACwc
Outdistancing all
other nations in
food aid delivery,
the United States
could set an
example for othe
nations by makin
a few key reform
that would allow
its food aid to
help more people
in a more timely
fashion, at a lowe
cost to American
taxpayers.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
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c,wGFACcbcbcbycxccyM,bykGFACxWTObyxSb2003BSccc-cybc
Awcccywb
cybcccMycyc(,USAIDUSDAUS)Accwy-ywcIc,cyybyIc,US60ccyEbcEcyccb,USc
cywCyNAcbcyybUS
I,cUSAIDyccccbOyb10cbcccwcwFcSbwqc
Oy,bcccbccc,ccTcxby,cccccbcckwzMzbb,xbcyNGOcbyFcyccyyccHw,qxbycjcScxbywqxUSc
IwbxccEUxbbUS/EU-cyFx
ccbcwcccybjcwccFbc
To increase the
flexibility of food
aid, the sale of
food in recipient
countries to
generate cash
resources for
other programs to
address the cause
of hunger should
be implemented
the practice known
as monetization.
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FoodAidanditsRelationshiptoWTORulesandtheDevelopmentAgenda
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5.3 Operationalchangesneeded
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yw-ccwccccHw,wkjzjcbywyccc
There is one
major role for
which food aid
is ideally suited:
addressing acute
food insecurity
in humanitarian
emergencies tha
are underpinned
by both an
outright shortage
of food and a
failure of market
to respond to
demand stimuli.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
Summary and Conclusions
6
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c,cccwyc-ccccccy
Sc43wyjc,c,wccybcckTbcwccy,bcwccTc-c,cbccywHw,wk
c-cyccy,wwcbqyccyckbccTbcyc
Icc,cccwwbTckcccxcb(bb)ccC-cycb,bycbb,ccyccb
If food aid is
granted in the
form of project
food aid for
monetization, and
completely untied
and targeted in an
efficient manner,
it can be an
effective way of
alleviating hunger
while having
minimal effects
on trade and
local production.
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TheGermanMarshallFundotheUnitedStates
Ab, A, B, C, H, J 2005Dycc?Nwcb-SAc,cWorld Development
B,C2002FScyFAcP,GR(),Handbookof Agricultural Economics,A,E
B,C,Mxw,D2004PL480FA:WCDB,Choices,N3
Ck, C 2001 F A WTO AcTPcy,Canadian Foodgrains Bank,Nb2001,16
EU2004WkcC c, T H AI Nw Fc Pc,20072013,B
E U 2005 Ac ccy:IwwEU, Monitoring Agri-trade Policy,N02-
05,B
FAO2005FACxIDcMkDR,FOATPcyTccNWTOc,N8
Hc, L 2001 U A G F,Developments,Fby2001
IATP2005USFA:TGIR,cy I Ac TPcy,M
IPC 2005 B Jy FwkA:OAc,IF&AcTCc,IPCIBJ2005,W,DC
ODI2000RFA:TGN,ODIb,1Jy2000
OECD2004FA:IIEcDIMTIIT,OECD,P
OECD2005TDEcFAEcITy,OECD,P
O,K,VqzM,B,LC,A,Sc,A2005AISyFUyEA,EUx
Ox2005FAHD?OxBP71,Mc2005
WFP 2004 2003 F A Fw, y,The Food Aid MonitorMy2004
7References
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