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Death Valley National Park

Death Valley National Park

IUCN Category II (National Park)

Location California and Nevada, USA

Nearest city San Bernardino, California

(200k+); Beatty, Nevada

Coordinates 361431N 1164933W

Area 3,373,042 acres (1,365,022 ha)[1]

Established Feb. 11, 1933 (Monument)

Oct. 31, 1994 (National Park)[2]

Visitors 984,775 (in 2010)[3]

Governing body National Park Service

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Death_Valley_National_Park

Death Valley National Park is a national park in the U.S. states of California and

Nevada located east of the Sierra Nevada in the arid Great Basin of the United

States. The park protects the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and contains a

diverse desert environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons,

and mountains. It is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and has been

declared an International Biosphere Reserve. Death Valley National Park is visited

annually by more than 825,000 visitors who come to see its diverse geologic

features, desert wildlife, historic sites, scenery, and clear night skies .[3]

It is the hottest and driest of the national parks in the United States. The second-

lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin, which is 282 feet

(86 m) below sea level. The park is home to many species of plants and animals

that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include

creosote bush, Bighorn Sheep, Coyote, and the Death Valley Pupfish, a survivor of

much wetter times. The park covers an area of 5,270 square miles (13,649 km2) of

which 5,194 square miles (13,452 km2) is federal land.[1] Approximately 95% of the

park is a designatedwilderness area,[4] which covers 4,774 square miles

(12,360 km2), making it the largest in the contiguous 48 states, and the sixth

largest in the United States overall.

A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BCE,

most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in

the valleys and summer grounds in the high mountain ridges. The first documented

non-Native Americans to enter Death Valley did so in the winter of 1849 looking for

a shortcut to the gold fields of California. They were stuck for weeks and in the

process gave the valley its name, even though only one of their group actually died

there.

Mining was the primary act ivity in the area before it was protected. Several short-

Coordinates: 361431N 1164933W

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Map of the park show ing old Monument land (light

green) and the expanded Park land (dark green)

lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to exploit

minor local bonanzas of gold. The only long-term profitable ore to be mined,

however, was borax, a mineral used to make soap and an important industrial

compound. Today, borax is an essential component of high-temperature resistant

boro-silicate glass products, for example some Pyrex glass products. Twenty-

mule teams were used to transport ore out of the valley; helping to make it famous

and the subject of books, radio programs, television series, and movies.

Tourism blossomed in the 1920s, when resorts were built around waters sources

at Stovepipe Wells and Furnace Creek. Pacific Coast Borax, a major landowner,and others like Death Valley Scotty promoted the region. Death Valley National

Monument was declared a U.S. National Monument in 1933, placing the area

under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated a national park,

as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka valleys.[2]

The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology. The

valley itself is actually a graben. The oldest rocks are extensively metamorphosed

and at least 1.7 billion years old. [5] Ancient warm, shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean.

Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast . This uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of

volcanoes. Later the crust started to pull apart, creating the current Basin and Range landform. Valleys filled with sediment and, duringthe wet times of glacial periods, with lakes, such as Lake Manly.

The park covers 5,262 square miles (13,630 km2), encompassing Saline Valley, a large part of Panamint Valley, almost all of Death

Valley, and parts of several mountain ranges.[2] The bulk of the park is in southern Inyo County and northern San Bernardino County in

Eastern California. A small triangular extension near Rhyolite, Nevada of approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) is part of

southwestern Nye County and extreme southern Esmeralda County in Nevada. In addition, there is an exclave (Devil's Hole) in southern

Nye County administered by the Park.

Contents [hide]

1 Geographic se tting2 Climate

3 Human his tory

3.1 Early inhabitants and trans ient populations

3.2 Boom and bus t

3.3 Early tourism

3.4 Protection and later history

4 Geologic history

4.1 Basement and Pahrump Group

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Desert and abandoned radiator w ater tank near Grapevine

4.2 Rifting and deposition

4.3 Compression and uplift

4.4 Stretching and l akes

5 Biology

6 Activities

7 See also

8 References

8.1 Explanatory notes

8.2 Citations8.3 Bibliography

9 External links

Geographic setting

There are two major valleys in the park, Death Valley and Panamint Valley.

Both of these valleys were formed within the last few million years and both

are bounded by northsouth-trending mountain ranges.[6] These and

adjacent valleys follow the general trend of Basin and Range topography with

one modification: there are parallel strike-slip faults that perpendicularly

bound the central extent of Death Valley. The result of this shearing action is

additional extension in the central part of Death Valley which causes a slight

widening and more subsidence there.

Uplift of surrounding mountain ranges and subsidence of the valley floor are

both occurring. The uplift on the Black Mountains is so fast that the alluvial

fans (fan-shaped deposits at the mouth of canyons) there are small and

steep compared to the huge alluvial fans coming off the Panamint Range.

Fast uplift of a mountain range in an arid environment often does not allow its

canyons enough time to cut a classic V-shape all the way down to thestream bed. Instead, a V-shape ends at a slot canyon halfway down, forming a 'wine glass canyon.' Sediment is deposited on a small and

steep alluvial fan.

Throughout the western United States, a series of generally north-south running mountain ranges tower over intervening valleys. When the

valley has no outlet for water runoff, it is termed a basin. This is the case in many of the interior valleys of the western part of the United

States, and had led to the geographical term of "basin and range" for the entire area. When sufficient precipitation over extended periods

of time wash small earthen particles into the lowest points in the valley, a flat surface of fine sediment can form. Due to the

overwhelmingly arid conditions found here, the water covering this surface is temporal, evaporating quickly. A playa is then left behind,

referring to the absolutely flat, usually salt-laden surface that is formed.
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Racetrack Playa, view from south

edge of the playa tow ards The

Grandstand

A s lice through the highest and lowest points in Death Valley

National Park

Within Death Valley National Park there are two very distinctive playas. The most accessible is that

located at Badwater in the southern part of the park, with a paved road and parking area at its

eastern end.

Near the northern end of the park is the much more remote Racetrack Playa. To reach it one travels

about 30 miles (48 km) over a gravel road from Ubehebe Crater to Teakettle Junction and down into

the Racetrack Playa. While the road is rough in areas, in good weather the Racetrack can be

accessed by high-clearance two-wheel-drive vehicles. The road may be temporarily closed to even

four-wheel-drive vehicles during or after severe rainfalls.

At 282 feet (86 m) below sea level,[5] Badwater Basin on Death Valley's floor is the second-lowest

point in the Western Hemisphere (behind Laguna del Carbn in Argentina), while Mount Whitney,

only 85 miles (137 km) to the west, rises to 14,505 feet (4,421 m). [6] This topographic relief is the

greatest elevation gradient in the contiguous United States and is the terminus point of the Great

Basin's southwestern drainage.[5] Although the extreme lack of water in the Great Basin makes this

distinction of little current practical use, it does mean that in wetter times the lake that once filled

Death Valley (Lake Manly) was the last stop for water flowing in the region, meaning the water there

was saturated in dissolved materials. Thus the salt pans in Death Valley are among the largest in

the world and are rich in minerals, such as borax and various salts and hydrates.[7] The largest salt

pan in the park extends 40 miles (64 km) from the Ashford Mill Site to the Salt Creek Hills, covering some 200 square miles (520 km 2) of

the valley floor.[7][note 1] The best known playa in the park is the Racetrack, known for its moving rocks.

Climate

Death Valley is the hottest and driest place in North America because

of its lack of surface water and its low relief. It is so frequently the

hottest spot in the United States that many tabulations of the highest

daily temperatures in the country omit Death Valley as a matter of

course.

[8][9]

On July 10, 1913, a record 134 F (56.7 C) was measuredat the Weather Bureau's observation station at Greenland Ranch (now

the site for the Furnace Creek Inn), the highest temperature ever

recorded on that continent as of 2007.[10] Daily summer temperatures of

120 F (49 C) or greater are common, as well as below freezing nightly

temperatures in the winter.[5] July is the hottest month, with an average

high of 115 F (46 C) and an average low of 88 F (31 C). [11] December

is the coldest month, with an average high of 65 F (18 C) and an average low of 39 F (4 C).[11] The record low is 15 F (9.4 C). [11]

Several of the larger Death Valley springs derive their water from a regional aquifer, which extends as far east as southern Nevada and
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Devil's Golf Course

Lake Badw ater, spring, 2005

Utah. Much of the water in this aquifer has been there for many thousands of years, since the Pleistoceneice ages, when the climate

was cooler and wetter. Today's drier climate does not provide enough precipitation to recharge the aquifer at the rate at which water is

being withdrawn.[12]

The highest range within the park is the Panamint Range with Telescope Peak

being its highest point at 11,049 feet (3,368 m).[5] The Death Valley region is a

transitional zone in the northernmost part of the Mojave Desert and consists of

five mountain ranges removed from the Pacific Ocean. Three of these are

significant barriers: the Sierra Nevada, the Argus Range, and the Panamint

Range. Air masses tend to lose moisture as they are forced up over mountainranges, in what climatologists call a rainshadow effect.

The exaggerated rainshadow effect for the Death Valley area makes it North

America's driest spot, receiving about 1.5 inches (38 mm) of rainfall annually at

Badwater (some years fail to register any measurable rainfall).[13] Annual average

precipitation varies from 1.92 inches (49 mm) overall below sea level to over 15

inches (380 mm) in the higher mountains that surround the valley.[11] When rain

does arrive it often does so in intense storms that cause flash floods which

remodel the landscape and sometimes create very shallow ephemeral lakes.

The hot, dry climate makes it difficult for soil to form. Mass wasting, the down-slope movement

of loose rock, is therefore the dominant erosive force in mountainous area, resulting in

"skeletonized" ranges (mountains with very little soil on them). Sand dunes in the park, while

famous, are not nearly as numerous as their fame or the dryness of the area may suggest.

One of the main dune fields is near Stovepipe Wells in the north-central part of the valley and is

primarily made of quartz sand. Another dune field is just 10 miles (16 km) to the north but is

instead mostly composed of travertine sand.[14] Yet another dune field is near the seldom-

visited Ibex Hill in the southernmost part of the park, just south of the Saratoga Springs

marshland. Prevailing winds in the winter come from the north, and prevailing winds in the

summer come from the south. Thus the overall position of the dune fields remains more or lessfixed.

There are rare exceptions to the dry nature of the area. In 2005, an unusually wet winter created a 'lake' in the Badwater Basin and led to

the greatest wildflower season in the park's history.[15]

Human history

Early inhabitants and transient populations
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Petroglyphs above Mesquite Springs

A tw enty-mule team in Death Valley

Four Native American cultures are known to have lived in the area during the last

10,000 years or so.[5] The first known group, the Nevares Spring People, were hunters

and gatherers who arrived in the area perhaps 9,000 years ago (7000 BCE) when there

were still small lakes in Death Valley and neighboring Panamint Valley.[16] A much milder

climate persisted at that time, and large game animals were still plentiful. By 5,000 years

ago (3000 BCE) the Mesquite Flat People displaced the Nevares Spring People.[16]

Around 2,000 years ago the Saratoga Spring People moved into the area, which by then

was probably already a hot, dry desert.[16][note 2] This culture was more advanced at

hunting and gathering and was skillful at handcrafts. They also left mysterious stonepatterns in the valley.

One-thousand years ago, the nomadic Timbisha (formerly called Shoshone and also

known as Panamint or Koso) moved into the area and hunted game and gathered mesquite beans along with pinyon pine nuts.[5][16]

Because of the wide altitude differential between the valley bottom and the mountain ridges, especially on the west, the Timbisha

practiced a vertical migration pattern.[5] Their winter camps were located near water sources in the valley bottoms. As the spring and

summer progressed and the weather warmed, grasses and other plant food sources ripened at progressively higher altitudes. November

found them at the very top of the mountain ridges where they harvested pine nuts before moving back to the valley bottom for winter.

The California Gold Rush brought the first people of European descent known to visit the immediate area. In December 1849 two groups of

California Gold Country-bound white travelers with perhaps 100 wagons total stumbled into Death Valley after getting lost on what theythought was a shortcut off the Old Spanish Trail.[17] Called the Bennett-Arcane Party, they were unable to find a pass out of the valley for

weeks; they were able to find fresh water at various springs in the area, but were forced to eat several of their oxen to survive. They used

the wood of their wagons to cook the meat and make jerky. The place where they did this is today referred to as "Burned Wagons Camp"

and is located near the sand dunes.

After abandoning their wagons, they eventually were able to hike out of the valley. Just after leaving the valley, one of the women in the

group turned and said, "Goodbye Death Valley," giving the valley they endured its name. [17][note 3] Included in the party was William Lewis

Manly whose autobiographical book Death Valley in '49 detailed this t rek and popularized the area (geologists later named the prehistoric

lake that once filled the valley after him).

Boom and bust

The ores that are most famously associated with the area were also the easiest to

collect and the most profitable: evaporite deposits such as salts, borate, and talc.

Borax was found by Rosie and Aaron Winters near Furnace Creek Ranch (then

called Greenland) in 1881.[18] Later that same year, the Eagle Borax Works

became Death Valley's first commercial borax operation. William Tell Coleman built

the Harmony Borax Works plant and began to process ore in late 1883 or early

1884, continuing until 1888.[19] This mining and smelt ing company produced borax
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Historical locomotive for borax-carrying in Death Valley

(Furnace-Creek-Museum), USA, in June 1993

Skidoo in 1906

'

to make soap and for industrial uses.[20] The end product was shipped out of the

valley 165 miles (266 km) to the Mojave railhead in 10-ton-capacity wagons pulled

by "twenty-mule teams" that were actually teams of 18 mules and two horses

each.[20] The teams averaged two miles (3 km) an hour and required about 30 days

to complete a round trip.[18] The trade name20-Mule Team Boraxwas established

by Francis Marion Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company after Smith acquired

Coleman's borax holdings in 1890. A memorable advertising campaign used the

wagon's image to promote the Boraxo brand of granular hand soap and the Death

Valley Days radio and television programs. Mining continued after the collapse ofColeman's empire, and by the late 1920s the area was the world's number one

source of borax.[5] Some four to six million years old, the Furnace Creek Formation

is the primary source of borate minerals gathered from Death Valley's playas. [18]

Other visitors stayed to prospect for and mine deposits of copper, gold, lead, and

silver.[5] These sporadic mining ventures were hampered by their remote location

and the harsh desert environment. In December 1903, two men from Ballarat were

prospecting for silver.[21] One was an out-of-work Irish miner named Jack Keane

and the other was a one-eyed Basque butcher named Domingo Etcharren. Quite

by accident, Keane discovered an immense ledge of free-milling gold by the duo'swork site and named the claim the Keane Wonder Mine. This started a minor and

short-lived gold rush into the area.[21] The Keane Wonder Mine, along with mines at

Rhyolite, Skidoo and Harrisburg, were the only ones to extract enough metal ore to

make them worthwhile. Outright shams such as Leadfield also occurred, but most

ventures quickly ended after a short series of prospecting mines failed to yield

evidence of significant ore (these mines now dot the entire area and are a

significant hazard to anyone who enters them). The boom towns which sprang up

around these mines flourished during the 1900s (decade) but soon declined after

the Panic of 1907.[19]

Early tourism

The first documented tourist facilities in Death Valley were a set of tent houses

built in the 1920s where Stovepipe Wells is now located. People flocked to resorts

built around natural springs thought to have curative and restorative properties. In

1927, Pacific Coast Borax turned the crew quarters of its Furnace Creek Ranch

into a resort, creating the Furnace Creek Inn and resort.[22] The spring at Furnace

Creek was harnessed to develop the resort, and as the water was diverted, the
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co y's as e un er cons ruc ion

Civilian Conservation Corps w orkers in Death Valley

Inside an abandoned mine at

surrounding marshes andwetlands started to shrink.[12]

Soon the valley was a popular winter destination. Other facilities started off as

private getaways but were later opened to the public. Most notable among these

was Death Valley Ranch, better known as Scotty's Castle. This large ranch home

built in the Spanish Revival style became a hotel in the late 1930s and, largely

because of the fame of Death Valley Scotty, a tourist attraction. Death Valley

Scotty, whose real name was Walter Scott, was a gold miner who pretended to be

owner of "his castle", which he claimed to have built with profits from his gold mine.

Neither claim was true, but the real owner, Chicago millionaire Albert Mussey

Johnson, encouraged the myth. When asked by reporters what his connection was

to Walter Scott's castle, Johnson replied that he was Mr. Scott's banker. [23]

Protection and later history

President Herbert Hoover proclaimed a national monument in and around Death Valley on February 11, 1933, setting aside almost two

million acres (8,000 km2) of southeastern California and small parts of southwesternmost Nevada. [24] Twelve companies worked in Death

Valley using Civilian Conservation Corps workers during the Great Depression and on into the early 1940s. They built barracks, graded

500 miles (800 km) of roads, installed water and telephone lines, and erected a total of 76 buildings.[25] Trails in the Panamint Range

were built to points of scenic interest, and an adobe village, laundry and trading post were constructed for Shoshone Indians. Fivecampgrounds, restrooms, an airplane landing field and picnic facilities were also built.

Creation of the monument resulted in a temporary closing of the lands to prospecting and mining. However, Death Valley was quickly

reopened to mining by Congressional action in June of the same year. As improvements in mining technology allowed lower grades of ore

to be processed, and new heavy equipment allowed greater amounts of rock to be moved, mining in Death Valley changed. Gone were

the days of the "single-blanket, jackass prospector" long associated with the romantic west. Open pit and strip mines scarred the

landscape as international mining corporations bought claims in highly visible areas of the national monument. The public outcry that

ensued led to greater protection for all national park and monument areas in the United States.

In 1976 Congress passed the Mining in the Parks Act, which closed Death Valley National

Monument to the filing of new mining claims, banned open-pit mining and required the NationalPark Service to examine the validity of tens of thousands of pre-1976 mining claims. [19] Mining

was allowed to resume on a limited basis in 1980 with stricter environmental standards.[19] The

park's Resources Management Division monitors mining within park boundaries and continues to

review the status of 125 unpatented mining claims and 19 patented claim groups, while ensuring

that federal guidelines are followed and the park's resources are protected. In 2005, the Billie

Mine, an underground borax mine located along the road to Dante's View, closed, ending mining in

the park.

Death Valle National Monument was desi nated a bios here reserve in 1984.[2] On October 31,
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Leadfield

The deep Death Valley basin is f illed w ith sediment (light yellow) eroded fr om the

surrounding mountains. Black lines show some of the major f aults that created the

valley.

1994, the Monument was expanded by 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2) and redesignated a national

park by passage of the Desert Protection Act.[2] This made it the largest national park in the

contiguous United States.

Many of the larger cities and towns within the boundary of the regional ground water flow system that the park and its plants and animals

rely upon are experiencing some of the fastest growth rates of any place in the United States. Notable examples within a 100-mile

(160 km) radius of Death Valley National Park inc lude Las Vegas and Pahrump, Nevada. In the case of Las Vegas, the local Chamber of

Commerce estimates that 6,000 people are moving to the city every month. Between 1985 and 1995, the population of the Las Vegas

Valley increased from 550,700 to 1,138,800.[12]

Telescope and Wildrose Peaks from Emigrant Canyon Rd.

Geologic history

Main article: Geology of the Death Valley area

The park has a diverse and complex geologic history.

Since its formation, the area that comprises the park has

experienced at least four major periods of extensivevolcanism, three or four periods of major sedimentation,

and several intervals of major tectonic deformation where

the crust has been reshaped. Two periods of glaciation (a

series of ice ages) have also had effects on the area,

although no glaciers ever existed in the ranges now in the

park.

Basement and Pahrump Group
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The Noonday Dolomite w as formed from a

carbonate shelf after the break-up of Rodinia.

View into the ark at the intersection of Scott s

Little is known about the history of the oldest exposed rocks in the area due to extensive metamorphism (alteration of rock by heat and

pressure). Radiometric dating gives an age of 1,700 million years for the metamorphism (during the Proterozoic: See bottom of the

geologic timeline).[5] About 1,400 million years ago a mass of granite now in the Panamint Range intruded this complex. [26] Uplift later

exposed these rocks to nearly 500 million years of erosion. [26]

On these basement rocks was deposited the sedimentary formation of the Pahrump Group. This occurred after uplift-associated erosion

removed whatever rocks covered the Proterozoic-aged rocks. The Pahrump is composed of arkose conglomerate (quartz clasts in a

concrete-like matrix) and mud stone in its lower part, followed by dolomite from carbonate banks topped by algal mats in stromatolites,

and finished with basin-filling sediment derived from the above, including possible glacial till from the hypothesized Snowball Earth

glaciation.[27] The very youngest rocks in the Pahrump Group are from basaltic lava flows.

Rifting and deposition

A rift opened and subsequently flooded the region as part of the breakup of the

supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic (by about 755 million years ago) and the

creation of the Pacific Ocean. A shoreline similar to the present Atlantic Ocean margin of

the United States lay to the east. An algal mat-covered carbonate bank was deposited,

forming the Noonday Dolomite.[28] Subsidence of the region occurred as the continental

crust thinned and the newly formed Pacific widened, forming the Ibex Formation. An

angular unconformity (an uneven gap in the geologic record) followed.A true ocean basin developed to the west, breaking all the earlier formations along a steep

front. A wedge of clastic sediment then began to accumulate at the base of the two

underwater precipices, starting the formation of opposing continental shelfs.[29] Three

formations developed from sediment that accumulated on the wedge. The region's first

known fossils of complex life are found in the resulting formations. [29] Notable among these

are the Ediacara fauna and trilobites, both part of the Cambrian Explosion of life.

The sandy mudflats gave way about 550 million years ago to a carbonate platform (similar

to the one around the present-day Bahamas), which lasted for the next 300 million years

of Paleozoic time (refer to the middle of the timescale image). Death Valley's positionwas then within ten or twenty degrees of the Paleozoic equator. Thick beds of carbonate-

rich sediments were periodically interrupted by periods of emergence. Although details of

geography varied during this immense interval of time, a north-northeasterly trending

coastline generally ran from Arizona up through Utah. The resulting eight formations and

one group are 20,000 feet (6 km) thick and underlay much of the Cottonwood, Funeral,

Grapevine, and Panamint ranges.[29]

Compression and uplift
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Castle and Daylight Pass Roads.

The Lake Manly lake system as it might have looked

during its last maximum extent 22,000 years ago[31]

(USGS image)

In the early-to-mid- Mesozoic the western edge of the North American continent was

pushed against the oceanic plate under the Pacific Ocean, creating a subduction

zone.[29] A subduction zone is a type of contact between different crustal plates where

heavier crust slides below lighter crust . Erupting volcanoes and uplifting mountains were created as a result, and the coastline was

pushed to the west. The Sierran Arc started to form to the northwest from heat and pressure generated from subduction, and compressive

forces caused thrust faults to develop.

A long period of uplift and erosion was concurrent with and followed the above events, creating a major unconformity, which is a large gap

in the geologic record. Sediments worn off the Death Valley region were carried both east and west by wind and water.[30] No Jurassic- to

Eocene-aged sedimentary formations exist in the area, except for some possibly Jurassic-age volcanic rocks (see the top of thetimescale image).[30]

Erosion over many millions of years created a relatively featureless plain. Thirty-five

million years ago, sluggish st reams migrated laterally over its surface. Several other

similar formations were also laid down.

Stretching and lakes

Basin and Range-associated stretching of large parts of crust below southwestern

United States and northwestern Mexico started around 16 million years ago and the

region is still spreading.[5] This stretching began to affect the Death and Panamintvalleys area by 3 million years ago.[32] Before this, rocks now in the Panamint

Range were on top of rocks that would become the Black Mountains and the

Cottonwood Mountains. Lateral and vertical t ransport of these blocks was

accomplished by movement on normal faults. Right-lateral movement along strike-

slip faults that run parallel to and at the base of the ranges also helped to develop

the area.[33] Torsional forces, probably associated with northwesterly movement of

the Pacific Plate along the San Andreas Fault (west of the region), is responsible for

the lateral movement.[32]

Igneous activity associated with this stretching occurred from 12 million to 4 millionyears ago.[33] Sedimentation is concentrated in valleys (basins) from material

eroded from adjacent ranges. The amount of sediment deposited has roughly kept

up with this subsidence, resulting in retention of more or less the same valley floor

.
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[edit]During very w et periods, the Amargosa River can

flow at the surface, as it did in Death Valley during the

w et winter of 2005. Wildflow ers also peak during wetter

years.

Death Valley Pupfish spaw ning in Salt

.

Pleistocene ice ages started 2 million years ago, and melt from alpine glaciers on

the nearby Sierra Nevada Mountains fed a series of lakes that filled Death and

Panamint valleys and surrounding basins (see the top of the timescale image). The

lake that filled Death Valley was the last of a chain of lakes fed by the Amargosa

and Mojave Rivers, and possibly also the Owens River. The large lake that covered

much of Death Valley's floor, which geologists call Lake Manly, started to dry up

10,500 years ago.[34]Saltpans and playas were created as ice age glaciers

retreated, thus drastically reducing the lakes' water source. Only faint shorelines are

left.

Biology

Habitat varies from saltpan at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level to the sub-alpine

conditions found on the summit of Telescope Peak, which rises to 11,049 feet

(3,368 m).[35] Vegetation zones include Creosote Bush, Desert Holly, and mesquite

at the lower elevations and sage up through shadscale, blackbrush, Joshua Tree,

pinyon-juniper, to Limber Pine and Bristlecone Pine woodlands. [35] The saltpan is devoid of vegetation, and the rest of the valley floor and

lower slopes have sparse cover, although where water is available, an abundance of vegetation is usually present. These zones and the

adjacent desert support a variety of wildlife species, inc luding 51 species of native mammals, 307 species of birds, 36 species of reptiles,

3 species of amphibians, and 2 species of native fish.[36]

Small mammals are more numerous than large mammals, such as Bighorn Sheep, Coyotes (image), Bobcats, Kit Foxes, Cougars, and

Mule Deer.[36] Mule Deer are present in the pinyon/juniper associations of the Grapevine, Cottonwood, and Panamint ranges. [36] Bighorn

Sheep are a rare species of mountain sheep that exist in isolated bands in the Sierra and in Death Valley. These are highly adaptable

animals and can eat almost any plant. They have no known predators, but humans and burros compete for habitat.

The ancestors of the Death Valley Pupfish swam to the area from the Colorado River via a

long-since dried-up sys tem of rivers and lakes (see Lake Manly). They now live in two

separate populations: one in Salt Creek and another in Cottonball Marsh.Death Valley is one of the hottest and driest places in North America, yet it is home to over

1,000 species of plants; 23 of which are not found anywhere else. [35] Adaptation to the dry

environment is key. For example, creosote bush and mesquite have tap-root systems that

can extend 50 feet (15 m) down in order to take advantage of a year-round supply of ground

water. The diversity of Death Valley's plant communities results partly from the region's

location in a transition zone between the Mojave Desert, the Great Basin Desert and the

Sonoran Desert.

C k hi l i bi d i h h li f f d i hi h k i i l
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Creek

Sphinx Moth on Rock Nettle in

Mosaic Canyon

A tourist s liding dow n Star Dune in the Mesquite

Flat Dune field

This location, combined with the great relief found within the Park, supports vegetation typical

of three biotic life zones: the lower Sonoran, the Canadian, and the Arctic/Alpine in portions of

the Panamint Range. Based on the Munz and Keck (1968) classifications, seven plant communities can be categorized within these life

zones, each characterized by dominant vegetation and representative of three vegetation types: scrub, desert woodland, and coniferous

forest. Microhabitats further subdivide some communities into zones, especially on the valley floor.

Unlike more typical locations across the Mojave Desert, many of the water-dependent Death Valley

habitats possess a diversity of plant and animal species that are not found anywhere else in the

world.[12] The existence of these species is due largely to a unique geologic history and the process

of evolution that has progressed in habitats that have been isolated from one another since thePleistocene epoch.

Activities

See also: Places of interest in the Death Valley area

Sightseeing is available by personal automobile, four-wheel drive, bicycle, mountain bike (on

established roadways only), and hiking. Riding through the park on motorcycle is also a popular

pastime.[37]State Route 190, the Badwater Road, the Scotty 's Castle Road, and paved roads to

Dante's View and Wildrose provide access to the major scenic viewpoints and historic points of

interest. More than 350 miles (560 km) of unpaved and four-wheel-drive roads provide access to wilderness hiking, camping, and historical

sites.[38] All vehicles must be licensed and street legal. There are hiking trails of varying lengths and difficulties, but most backcountry

areas are accessible only by cross-country hiking. There are literally thousands of hiking possibilities. The normal season for visiting the

park is from October 15 to May 15, because of summer extremes in temperature. A costumed living history tour of the historic Death

Valley Scotty's Castle is conducted for a fee.

There are nine designated campgrounds within the park, and overnight backcountry

camping permits are available at the Visitor Center.[39]Xanterra Parks & Resorts owns

and operates a private resort, the Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch Resort, [24] which

comprises two separate and distinct hotels: the Furnace Creek Inn is a four-star historic

hotel, and the Furnace Creek Ranch is a three-star ranch-style property reminiscent of

the mining and prospecting days. Xanterra also operates the Stovepipe Wells Village

motel. The Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch and the Stovepipe Wells Village are the only

inns located inside Death Valley proper. There are a few motels near various entrances to

the park, in Shoshone, Death Valley Junction, Beatty, Nevada, and Panamint Springs.

The visitor center is located in the Furnace Creek resort area on State Route 190. A 12-

minute introductory s lide program is shown every 30 minutes. [40] During the winter

seasonNovember through Aprilrangers offer interpretive tours and a wide variety of

lk t lk d lid t ti b t D th V ll lt l d t l hi t Th i it t h di l d li ith th
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walks, talks, and slide presentations about Death Valley cultural and natural history. The visitor center has displays dealing with the

park's geology, climate, wildlife and natural history. There are also specific sections dealing with the human history and pioneer

experience. The Death Valley Natural History Association maintains a bookstore specifically geared to the natural and cultural history of

the park.

Death Valley National Park is a popular location for stargazing as it has one of the darkest night skies in the United States. Despite

Death Valley's remote location, its air quality and night visibility are threatened by civilization. In particular, light pollution is introduced by

nearby Las Vegas.[41] The darkest skies are, in general, located in the northwest of the park.[42]

A 360-degree panorama of Racetrack Playa at night. The Milky Way is visible as an arc in the center.

See also

List of nationally protected areas of the United States

Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve

National Register of Historic Places listings in Death Valley National Park

References

Explanatory notes

1. ^ Badwater, the Devils Golf Course, and Salt Creek are all part of the Death Valley Saltpan.

2. ^ The last known lake to exist in Death Valley likely dried up 3,000 years ago.

3 ^ In fact only one mem ber of the Death Valley '49ers died in Death Valley an elderly man nam ed Culverwell who was half dead already
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3. ^ In fact only one mem ber of the Death Valley 49ers died in Death Valley, an elderly man nam ed Culverwell, who was half dead already

when he entered it.

Citations

1. ^ ab"Listing of acreage as o f 12/31/2010" . Public Us e Statistic Office, National Park Service.

2. ^ abcdeNational Park Index (20012003), p. 26

3. ^ ab"Five Year Annual Recreation Visits Report" . Public Us e Statistic Office, National Park Service. Retrieved 2011-06-05.

4. ^NPS website, "Backcountry Roads "

5. ^ abcdefghijklWright and Miller 1997, p. 611

6. ^ abSharp 1997, p. 1

7. ^ abWright and Miller 1997, p. 625

8. ^ Hickcox, David H., "Temperature extremes . (United States)(1996 Weather)", Weatherwise, February 1, 1997. Abstract at Highbeam.com

9. ^ Hickcox, David, "Temperature extremes. (daily maximum and m inimum temperatures in the US)", Weatherwise, March 1, 1999. Abstract at

Encyclopedia.com

10. ^NPS website, "Weather and Clim ate"

11. ^ abcdUSGS weather

12. ^ abcdUSGS 2004, p. "Furnace Creek"

13. ^Wright and Miller 1997, pp. 610611

14. ^Kiver 1999, p. 283

15. ^MSN.com

16. ^ abcdWallace 1978

17. ^ abKiver 1999, p. 277

18. ^ abcUSGS 2004, p. "Harmony Borax Works"

19. ^ abcdNPS website, "Mining"

20. ^ abNPS website, "Twenty Mule Teams "

21. ^ abNPS website, "People"

22. ^NPS website, "Furnace Creek Inn"

23. ^NPS website, "Johnson and Scotty Build a Cas tle "

24. ^ abNPS Visitor Guide25. ^NPS website, "Civilian Conservation Corps"


27. ^Wright and Miller 1997, pp. 631632

28. ^Wright and Miller 1997, p. 632

29. ^ abcdWright and Miller 1997, p. 634


31. ^Kiver 1999, p. 281

32. ^ abKiver 1999, p. 278

33 ^ a b W i ht d Mill 1997 616
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34. ^Sharp 1997, p. 41

35. ^ abcNPS website, "Plants"

36. ^ abcNPS website, "Animals "

37. ^ Joe Berk (September/October 2008). "Death Valley by motorcycle" . Motorcycle Clas sics . Retrieved 2009-08-06.

38. ^NPS 2002, p. 55

39. ^NPS website, "Campgrounds"

40. ^NPS website, "Ranger Programs"

41. ^NPS website, "Lightscape / Night Sky"

42. ^"Death Valley" . caglow.com. Retrieved 2011-01-04.

Bibliography

This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.

This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

Kiver, Eugene P.; David V. Harris (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (Fifth Edition ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-

471-33218-3.

NPS contributors (20012003). The National Parks Index . Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S. Department of the

Interior. Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2008-10-05.

NPS contributors (April 2002). Death Valley General Management Plan . Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, U.S.

Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-09-28.

NPS contributors (2008 / 2009). Death Valley National Park Visitor Guide . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

Retrieved 2008-09-28.

NPS contributors. "Death Valley National Park website" . National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-09-

17. (adapted public domain text)

Sharp, Robert P. ; Allen F. Glazner (1997). Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press

Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-87842-362-0.

USGS contributors (2004-01-13). "Death Valley National Park Virtual Geology Field Trip" . U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-

09-16. (adapted public domain text)

USGS contributors (2004-01-13). "Death Valley's Incredible Weather" . U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-

06-01. Retrieved 2008-10-05.

Wallace, William James; Edith Wallace (1978).Ancient Peoples and Cultures of Death Valley National Monument. Ramona, CA:

Acoma Books. ISBN978-0-916552-12-1.

Wright, Laureen A.; Miller, Martin G. (1997). "Chapter 46: Death Valley National Park, Eastern California and southwestern Nevada".

In Ann G. Harris (editor). Geology of National Parks (Fifth edition ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. pp. 610637. ISBN978-

0-7872-1065-6.

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