Libro de Gramatica Edna Foley

Indice de Materiales1. El Presente –ar,-er,-ir2. Los Verbos con cambios de raiz3. Los Irregulares en el forma del

“yo”4. Los Irregulares5. Ser y Estar6. Ser y Estar con adjetivos7. Los verbos como gustar8. Preterite vs. Imperfect9. Present Subjunctive10. Subjunctive Must Haves 11. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses12. Subjunctive in Adjective

Clauses13. Informal Commands14. Formal Commands15. Nosotros Commands

16. Direct Object pronouns17. Indirect Object Pronouns 18. Possessive Adjectives19. Possessive Pronouns20. Demonstrative Adjectives and

Pronouns21. Reflexives22. Por y Para23. To Become24. Futuro25. Conditional26. Present Perfect27. Relative Pronouns28. Qué vs. Cuál29. Neuter Lo30. Subjunctive in Adverbial

Clauses

El Presente • The present tense of regular verbs is formed by

dropping the infinitive ending –ar, -er, or –ir and adding personal endings

• Used to express habitual actions, actions that will take place in the near future, actions or situations that are going on at the present time, and to express general truths.

Hablar Hablo Hablas Habla Hablamos

Hablan

Comer Como Comes Come Comimos Comen

Vivir Vivo Vives Vive Vivimos Viven

Regular Conjugations

Los Verbos con cambios de raiz

• Stem-changing Verbs: many –ar and –er verbs change from e and o to ie and ue. Some –ir verbs change from e to i. No stem changes occur in the nosotros/vosotros form. Examples: Jugar-Juego; Incluir-Incluyo

Jugar Juego Juegas Juega Jugamos Juegan

Incluir Incluyo Incluyes Incluye Incluimos Incluyen

Examples

Los Irregulares en el forma del “yo”• Irregular yo forms: Verbs ending in –cer or –cir

change to –zco in the yo form; those ending in –ger or –gir change to –jo. Several verbs have –go endings.

• Verbs with prefixes follow the same pattern.

Exigir Exijo Exiges Exige Exigimos Exigen

Ver Veo Ves Ve Vimos Ven

Examples

Example

Reconocer Reconozco Reconoces Reconoce Reconocimos

Reconocen

Los Irregulares• Irregular Verbs: Commonly used verbs in Spanish

are irregular in the present tense or combine a stem-changing with an irregular yo form or other spelling change.

Ser y Estar• Both mean “to be”• Uses of Ser: Nationality and place of origin; profession or

occupation; characteristics of people, animals, and things; generalizations; possession; material of composition; time, date, or season; where or when an event takes place.

• Uses of Estar: Location or spatial relationships; health; physical states and conditions; emotional states; certain weather expressions; ongoing actions (progressive tenses); results of actions (past participles).

Ser y Estar con Adjetivos• With adjectives: Ser is used with adjectives to

describe inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities.

• Some adjectives have two different meanings when used with ser and estar. *Estar is used with muerto/a, not ser.

Verbs como Gustar• Gustar is followed by an indirect object pronoun indicating

the person who is pleased.• The thing or person that pleases the subject always agrees

with gustar.• When gustar is followed by one or more verbs in the

infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used.• Gustar is often used in the condition (me gustaria) to soften

a request.• Many verbs follow the same pattern as gustar, Examples:

Encantar, molestar, faltar, quedar.• The construction a+(prepositional pronoun) or a+(noun) can

be used to emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.

Preterite vs. Imperfect• The preterite is used for actions in the past that

are seen as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.

• To conjugate regular verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending and add one as follows:

Hablar Hablé Hablaste Habló Hablamos Hablaron

Comer Comé Comiste Comió Comimos Comieron

Vivir Vivé Viviste Vivió Vivimos Vivieron

Preterite vs Imperfect• The imperfect is used for actions in the past that

are not seen as completed. Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a definite end.

• To conjugate regular verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending and one of the endings as follows:

Hablar Hablaba Hablabas Hablaba Hablabamos

Hablaba

Comer Comiba Comibas Comiba Comibamos

Comiban

Vivir Viviba Vivibas Viviba Vivibamos Vivaban

Present Subjunctive• Subjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain,

hypothetical

• Irregulars: dar-de, ir- vaya, saber-sepa, haber- haya, estar-este, ser-sea. (DISHES)

• Construction: Main clause+connector+subordinate clause

Hablar Hable Hables Hable Hablemos

Hablen

Comer Coma Comas Coma Comamos

Coman

Vivir Viva Vivas Viva Vivamos Vivan

W- wishing/ wanting E- emotions D- disbelief D- doubt I- impersonal expressions

N- negation G- god/greed

Used when Expressing:

Subjunctive Must Haves• Impersonal Expressions: Es bueno que, Es mejor que, Es

malo que, Es importante que, Es necesario que, Es urgente que.

• Verbs of Will and Influence: Aconsejar- to advise, Importar- to be important; to matter, Insistir (en)- to insist (on), Mandar- to order, Prohibir- to prohibit, Recomendar (e-ie)- to recommend, Rogar (o-ue)- to beg; to plead, Sugerir (e-ie)- to suggest

• Expressions of Emotion: Alegrarse (de)- to be happy, Esperar- to hope; to wish, Sentir (e-ie)- to be sorry; to regret, Sorprender- to surprise, Temer- to be afraid; to fear, Es triste- it’s sad, Ojala (que)- I hope (that); I wish (that)

• Expressions of Doubt, Denial and Disbelief: Dudar- to doubt, Negar (e-ie)- to deny, Es imposible- It’s impossible, Es improbable- It’s improbable, No es cierto- It’s not true; it’s not certain, No es seguro- It’s not certain, No es verdad- It’s not true.

Subjunctive in Noun Clause• Subjunctive Noun Clauses: Dependent clauses

which serve as the direct object, predicate complement of another verb or as the subject of a verb, just as a noun can do.

Quiero que compres el libro.

I want that you to buy the book.

The clause que compres el libro is the direct object of the verb Quiero.

Example

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses•  In Spanish, the subjunctive is used in an

adjectival clause when the antecedent is indefinite or unknown or is nonexistent or negated

No veo a nadie que conozca.I don't see anyone I know.

Example

Tu Mandatos (Informal)• Affirmative: drop the “s”• Irregulares in Affirmative: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se,

ten, ven (tv dishes)• Negative: Put it in yo form, change to opposite

vowel, add an s • Irregulares in Negative: tv dishes• Affirmative DOP/IOP: se is attached• Negative DOP/IOP: se must go before command

Ud./Uds. Mandatos (Formal)• Affirmative: put it in yo form and change to

opposite vowel• Negative: Same as affirmative• Irregulares: tv dishes• Affirmative DOP/IOP: se is attached• Negative DOP/IOP: se must go before command

Nosotros Commands• Affirmative: put it in yo form and change to

opposite vowel• Negative: Same as affirmative• Irregulares: Monos verbs • Example of Monos Verb: sentemosnos-

sentemonos

Object Pronouns• The object that directly receives the action of the

verb is called the direct ob• Answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with

regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.• Agrees with noun it replaces• Comes directly before verb.

me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)

Tengo = I haveTengo la pluma. = I have the pen.La tengo. = I have it.

Example

Indirect Object Pronouns • Tells what or whom receievs the direct object. • Place before the conjugated verb.• When replacing indirect objects with pronouns

use: me (me)te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)

Ella le escribe una carta.She writes him a letter.

Example:

Possessive Adjectives• Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership.• Are used directly before possessed noun.• There are five:mitusunuestrovuestro• Mi, tu, and su have two forms; singular and plural.

(Mi-mis, tu-tus, su-sus.• Nuestro and vuestro change with number and

gender. (Nuestro-nuestro, nuestra, nuetras, nuetros)

Mi casa es tu casa.

Example:

Possessive Pronouns• The possessive pronouns are similar to the possessive adjectives, but

they are normally used with the definite article.• mine

el mío / la míalos míos / las mías

• yours (familiar)el tuyo / la tuyalos tuyos / las tuyas

• yours (formal), his, hersel suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas

• oursel nuestro / la nuestralos nuestros / las nuestras

• yours (familiar)el vuestro / la vuestralos vuestros / las vuestras

• yours (formal), theirsel suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas

Adjective:Mi libro es grande.My book is large.

Pronoun:El tuyo es pequeño.Yours is small.

Examples

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns• Demonstrative adjectives answer the question

"Which?" in relation to the nouns that they modify.• Demonstrative pronouns replace a specific noun.• All demonstratives agree in gender and number. • There are three:• Este/os/a/as- this or this one• Ese/os/a/as- that or that one • Aquel /los/la/las- that over there or that one over

there

Adjective Example:

Pronoun Example:Juan

reads this book. Juan

lee este libro.

Juan reads this.

Juan lee este.

Reflexives• A verb is reflexive when the subject and the direct

object are the same.• When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in

"se.“• These pronouns are positioned before the verb,

while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is conjugated normally.

me (myself)te (yourself)se (himself, herself, yourself)nos (ourselves)os (yourselves)se (themselves, yourselves)

Juan se lava la cara.

Juan washes his face.

Example:

Por• To express gratitude or apology• For multiplication and division• For velocity, frequency and proportion• Meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in

the area of"• When talking about exchange, including

sales• To mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"• To express a length of time• To express an undetermined, or general

time, meaning "during"• For means of communication or

transportation• In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning

"to be seen as"• To show the reason for an errand (with ir,

venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)

• When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive

• To express cause or reason• “Estar por" means to be in the mood, or

inclined to do something• In passive constructions

ParaUses

• To indicate destination

• To show the use or purpose of a thing

• To mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"

• To indicate a recipient

• To express a deadline or specific time

• To express a contrast from what is expected

• "Estar para" to express an action that will soon be completed*Both Por and Para can be used in idiomatic

expressions

To Become• Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate "to

become." Your choice of verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs.

• Llegar a ser — This phrase typically refers to change over a long period of time, often with effort. It is often translated as "to eventually become.“ Example: No creo que llegue a ser un problema.

• Ponerse — This common verb is often used to refer to a change in emotion or mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and can apply to inanimate objects as well as persons. Example: No nos pongamos tristes.

• Hacerse — This verb usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. If often refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Example:Vamos a hacernos millonarios.

• Volverse — This verb typically involuntary change and generally applies to people rather than inanimate objects. Example: Los jugadores se volvieron locos.

Futuro• Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall"

happen, and express wonder or probability in the present state.

Regulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted

Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Hablar hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos

hablarán

Comer comeré comerás comerá Comeramos

Comerán

Vivir viviré Vivirás Vivirá Viviramos Vivirán

Futuro IrregularesIrregulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/

UstedNosotros Ellos/Ellas/

Ustedes

caber cabré cabrás cabrá cabremos Cabrán

poner Pondré pondrás pondrá Pondremos

pondrán

Decir Diré Dirás Dirá Diremos Dirán

haber Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habrán

salir Saldré Saldrás Saldrá Saldremos

Saldrán

hacer Haré Harás Hará Haremos Harán

poder Podré Podrás Podrá Podremos Podrán

tener Tendré Tendrás Tendrá Tendremos

Tendrán

querer Querré Querrás Querrá Qerremos Querrán

valer valdré Valdrás Valdrá Valdremos

Valdrán

saber Sabré Sabrás Sabrá Sabremos Sabrán

venir vendré Vendrás Vendrá Vendremos

Vendrán

Conditional•  The conditional is used to express probability,

possibility, wonder or conjecture.• Is usually translated as would, could, must have or

probably.• To conjugate regular verbs in the conditional, just

add the following endings to the infinitive:

• To conjugate irregular verbs in the conditional (same irregulars as future) use the modified beginnings and add the above endings.

ía ías ía íamos ían

Present Perfect• Present perfect is formed by combining the

auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

• The present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.Yo He

Tú Has

Él/Ella/Usted Ha

Nosotros Hemos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

Han

+ Past Participle

Relative Pronouns• Que- most common relative pronoun. It can be used to refer to

both persons and things, in either the subject or the object position. "Que" is the Spanish equivalent of the English words who, whom, which, and that.

• Quien- used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes“. When the relative pronoun refers to a person and occurs after a preposition, "quien" must be used.

• El Que- used to refer to both people and things. There are four forms to accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: el que, la que, los que, las que.

• El Cual- set of relative pronouns can be used in place of el que, la que, los que, and las que. Not commonly used in everyday conversation, and are generally reserved for written Spanish or formal oratory.

• Cuyo- relates the owner to that which is owned, as does the English "whose". There are four forms to accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.

Qué vs Cuál• Are used as pronouns in questions to mean "what"

or "which.“• It is said that qué is closer to "what" in meaning,

and cuál is closer to "which.“• Qué normally is used before nouns, used when

asking for definitions, and has some common idiomatic uses. (i.e. ¿Qué hora es?, ¡Qué lástima!).

• Cuál usually is used before es and other forms of ser when not seeking a definition, or to suggest a selection or choice from among a group.

Neuter Lo • In Spanish, nouns are normally either masculine

or feminine, but Spanish does have a neuter form• Neuter Lo is used when referring to broad or

vague concepts or ideas.• Is never used to refer to known objects or people,

and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives. 

• There are three cases in which the neuter lo is used: definite article, direct object, demonstrative pronouns.

Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses

• In general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something hypothetical or anticipated —rather than completed, habitual, or factual— then the subjunctive is required

• Adverbial clauses are always introduced by conjunctions, but there are some which are ALWAYS followed by the subjunctive:

a fin de que

a condición de que

a menos que

a no ser que

antes (de) que

con tal (de) que

en caso de que

no sea que / no fuera que

para que

sin que