244

notable quote“O! Ye that love mankind!Ye that dare oppose notonly tyranny but the tyrant,stand forth!”

fyiDid you know that Thomas Paine . . .• failed out of school by

age 12?• was fired twice from a

job as tax collector?• didn’t come to America

until he was 37 years old?• became involved in the

French Revolution?

For more on Thomas Paine, visit the Literature Center at ClassZone.com.

Brash, bold, and fearless—and at timesangry and offensive—Thomas Painewas the firebrand of the AmericanRevolution. In the fall of 1775, fewAmerican leaders dared to advocate openlyfor independence. Not only did theyrisk being accused of treason, they wereuncertain how the common people wouldreact to such a radical notion. They turnedto Tom Paine to test the waters. Paine hadarrived in Philadelphia from London onlythe year before but was already gaininga reputation as a revolutionary writer.He eagerly took up the task and in a fewmonths wrote Common Sense (1776), a 50-page pamphlet that attacked the injusticesof hereditary rule and urged the coloniststo form their own independent countrywhere “the law is king.” Paine’s pamphletsold 120,000 copies in the first threemonths. Six months later, the coloniesdeclared their independence.

New Voice for a New Political Audience Paine’s political ideas inCommon Sense were not particularly newor original. In the Age of Enlightenment,intellectual circles were buzzing with talkof natural rights and democracy. What wasnew was Paine’s voice—raw, direct, fullof energy. Unlike most political writersof the day, such as Thomas Jefferson,Paine addressed common men—farmers,craftsmen, and laborers—not the educatedelite. His straightforward prose reinforcedhis democratic message that all men werecapable of understanding and participatingin government. People responded becausePaine spoke their language. In his nativeEngland, he had worked as sailor, teacher,customs officer, grocer, and maker ofladies’ corsets. He envisioned America asthe place where working men like himcould have political and economic power.

Limits of Success With Americanindependence won, Paine left for Europein 1787 to join the reform efforts brewingthere. But his outspokenness got him intotrouble in both conservative England andrevolutionary France. His last major work,The Age of Reason (1794, 1795), attackedorganized religion and alienated many ofhis supporters. By the time he returned tothe United States in 1802, few politicianswanted to associate with him. He spent hislast years in poverty and obscurity.

Legacy Despite Paine’s later decline,his contribution to the intellectual andcultural life of Revolutionary Americais indisputable. He was the radical thecountry needed, the spokesman for newAmerican values and ideals.

Writers of the Revolution

from The Crisis Essay by Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine1737–1809

SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDSReading Process & Information and Media LiteracyBenchmark LA.1112.1.7.3 Determine the main idea or essential message in grade-level or higher texts through inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying relevant details and facts.Benchmark LA.1112.6.3.1 Distinguish between propaganda and ethical reasoning strategies in print and nonprint media.

FL_L11PE-u01s43-brCrisis.indd 244 1/28/08 5:00:06 PM

245

Explore the Key Idea

Whose sideare you on?

KEY IDEA Loyalty is a value easily expressed but often difficult to uphold. Situations change, doubts creep in, and conflicts arise that can test the strongest bonds of loyalty. Paine’s essay addresses the crisis of loyalty threatening the ranks of American soldiers during the dark days of the Revolutionary War.

QUICKWRITE Think about a time when your loyalty was tested and you were tempted to switch sides or give up. In a short paragraph, briefly describe the situation and explain what you decided. What was the most crucial factor in your decision?

literary analysis: persuasive techniquesThomas Paine used a number of persuasive techniques in The Crisis to persuade Americans to join the cause.

• Emotional appeals are attempts to persuade by eliciting strong feelings, such as pity or fear.

• Ethical appeals call upon readers’ sense of right and wrong. • Appeals to association imply that one will gain acceptance

or prestige by taking the writer’s position.• Appeals to authority call upon experts or others who

warrant respect.

As you read, notice how Paine uses persuasive techniques in making various kinds of appeals to his audience.

reading skill: analyze main ideas and supportPaine supports his main ideas with reasons and evidence. As you read, use a chart such as the one shown to record main ideas and the reasons or evidence Paine uses to support those ideas.

Main Ideas Reasons and Evidence

I see no real cause for fear. made an orderly retreat; kept guns and ammunition

vocabulary in contextComplete each phrase with the appropriate word from the list.

word list

ardor infidel repulsecelestial prudent tyrannydominion relinquish wranglingesteem

1. a wise ruler with _____ over a large kingdom 2. _____ brothers who never seemed to get along 3. able to _____ the enemy with our superior weapons 4. will fight _____ and other forms of oppression 5. a _____ decision in dangerous circumstances 6. should respect and _____ one’s parents 7. would not _____ control of the property 8. music so sweet it seemed _____ 9. expressed his _____ in mushy love poems 10. everyone welcome, believer or _____

FL_L11PE-u01s43-brCrisis.indd 245 1/28/08 5:00:12 PM

Focus and Motivate

Selection Resources

* Resources for Differentiation † Also in Spanish ‡ In Haitian Creole and Vietnamese

objectivesLiterary Analysis• explore the key idea of loyalty• analyze persuasive techniques• read a persuasive essayReading• analyze main ideas and supporting detailsVocabulary• build vocabulary for reading and writing• use words from Middle English to build

meaning (also an EL language objective)

SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDSLA.1112.1.6.10, LA.1112.1.7.3, LA.1112.6.3.1

about the authorAfter students read about Paine, clarify that the January 1776 publication of Common Sense formed a backdrop for publication later that year of the selection, the first in a series of 16 “Crisis” papers. Paine’s call for independence in Common Sense was an act of high treason punishable by death. The pamphlet reached more people than any other political publica-tion of that era. Challenge students to explain why Paine’s raw, energetic language would be so important in calls for a popular revolution.

using the notable uoteAsk students to consider what the quote reveals about Thomas Paine’s character and political beliefs. Students should recognize Paine’s uncompromising opposition to all forms of oppression.

RESOURCE MANAGER UNIT 1Plan and Teach pp. 383–390Literary AnalysisSummary pp. 391†*, 392‡*Persuasive Techniques

pp. 393, 394†*Question Support p. 401*ReadingAnalyze Main Ideas and Support

pp. 395, 396†*Reading Check p. 400

VocabularyStudy p. 397*Practice p. 398Strategy p. 399AssessmentSelection Tests A, B/C

pp. 403*, 405* Test Generator CD

BEST PRACTICES TOOLKITDifferentiated Instruction

pp. 31–38* Scaffolding Instruction

pp. 43–46* Graphic Organizers/StrategiesWord Squares

TechnologyLiterature and Vocabulary Centers at ClassZone.comWriteSmart CD Audio Anthology CD*

244

notable quote“O! Ye that love mankind!Ye that dare oppose notonly tyranny but the tyrant,stand forth!”

fyiDid you know that Thomas Paine . . .• failed out of school by

age 12?• was fired twice from a

job as tax collector?• didn’t come to America

until he was 37 years old?• became involved in the

French Revolution?

For more on Thomas Paine, visit the Literature Center at ClassZone.com.

Brash, bold, and fearless—and at timesangry and offensive—Thomas Painewas the firebrand of the AmericanRevolution. In the fall of 1775, fewAmerican leaders dared to advocate openlyfor independence. Not only did theyrisk being accused of treason, they wereuncertain how the common people wouldreact to such a radical notion. They turnedto Tom Paine to test the waters. Paine hadarrived in Philadelphia from London onlythe year before but was already gaininga reputation as a revolutionary writer.He eagerly took up the task and in a fewmonths wrote Common Sense (1776), a 50-page pamphlet that attacked the injusticesof hereditary rule and urged the coloniststo form their own independent countrywhere “the law is king.” Paine’s pamphletsold 120,000 copies in the first threemonths. Six months later, the coloniesdeclared their independence.

New Voice for a New Political Audience Paine’s political ideas inCommon Sense were not particularly newor original. In the Age of Enlightenment,intellectual circles were buzzing with talkof natural rights and democracy. What wasnew was Paine’s voice—raw, direct, fullof energy. Unlike most political writersof the day, such as Thomas Jefferson,Paine addressed common men—farmers,craftsmen, and laborers—not the educatedelite. His straightforward prose reinforcedhis democratic message that all men werecapable of understanding and participatingin government. People responded becausePaine spoke their language. In his nativeEngland, he had worked as sailor, teacher,customs officer, grocer, and maker ofladies’ corsets. He envisioned America asthe place where working men like himcould have political and economic power.

Limits of Success With Americanindependence won, Paine left for Europein 1787 to join the reform efforts brewingthere. But his outspokenness got him intotrouble in both conservative England andrevolutionary France. His last major work,The Age of Reason (1794, 1795), attackedorganized religion and alienated many ofhis supporters. By the time he returned tothe United States in 1802, few politicianswanted to associate with him. He spent hislast years in poverty and obscurity.

Legacy Despite Paine’s later decline,his contribution to the intellectual andcultural life of Revolutionary Americais indisputable. He was the radical thecountry needed, the spokesman for newAmerican values and ideals.

Writers of the Revolution

from The Crisis Essay by Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine1737–1809

SUNSHINE STATE STANDARDSReading Process & Information and Media LiteracyBenchmark LA.1112.1.7.3 Determine the main idea or essential message in grade-level or higher texts through inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying relevant details and facts.Benchmark LA.1112.6.3.1 Distinguish between propaganda and ethical reasoning strategies in print and nonprint media.

FL_L11PE-u01s43-brCrisis.indd 244 1/28/08 5:00:06 PM

245

Explore the Key Idea

Whose sideare you on?

KEY IDEA Loyalty is a value easily expressed but often difficult to uphold. Situations change, doubts creep in, and conflicts arise that can test the strongest bonds of loyalty. Paine’s essay addresses the crisis of loyalty threatening the ranks of American soldiers during the dark days of the Revolutionary War.

QUICKWRITE Think about a time when your loyalty was tested and you were tempted to switch sides or give up. In a short paragraph, briefly describe the situation and explain what you decided. What was the most crucial factor in your decision?

literary analysis: persuasive techniquesThomas Paine used a number of persuasive techniques in The Crisis to persuade Americans to join the cause.

• Emotional appeals are attempts to persuade by eliciting strong feelings, such as pity or fear.

• Ethical appeals call upon readers’ sense of right and wrong. • Appeals to association imply that one will gain acceptance

or prestige by taking the writer’s position.• Appeals to authority call upon experts or others who

warrant respect.

As you read, notice how Paine uses persuasive techniques in making various kinds of appeals to his audience.

reading skill: analyze main ideas and supportPaine supports his main ideas with reasons and evidence. As you read, use a chart such as the one shown to record main ideas and the reasons or evidence Paine uses to support those ideas.

Main Ideas Reasons and Evidence

I see no real cause for fear. made an orderly retreat; kept guns and ammunition

vocabulary in contextComplete each phrase with the appropriate word from the list.

word list

ardor infidel repulsecelestial prudent tyrannydominion relinquish wranglingesteem

1. a wise ruler with _____ over a large kingdom 2. _____ brothers who never seemed to get along 3. able to _____ the enemy with our superior weapons 4. will fight _____ and other forms of oppression 5. a _____ decision in dangerous circumstances 6. should respect and _____ one’s parents 7. would not _____ control of the property 8. music so sweet it seemed _____ 9. expressed his _____ in mushy love poems 10. everyone welcome, believer or _____

FL_L11PE-u01s43-brCrisis.indd 245 1/28/08 5:00:12 PMV O C A B U L A R Y

Teach

Whose SIDE are you on?Lead into the question and KEY IDEA by asking students for definitions of loyalty. Urge them to identify people and institutions that inspire loyalty, such as family, friends, or school. After students complete the QUICK-WRITE, have them revisit their definitions. Invite students to share and explain any revisions they would now make.

analyze main ideas and support

Ask students which sentence states the main idea of New Voice for a New Political Audience in the author biography. Answer: The third sentence states the main idea. Have students identify one supporting detail. Possible answer: Paine addresses common men, not the elite.

RESOURCE MANAGER—Copy MasterAnalyze Main Ideas and Support

p. 395 (for student use while reading the selection)

R E A D I N G S K I L L

persuasive techniuesShare these examples of persuasive appeals:• Basketball star Jo Hopper says Leaping

Lizards shoes made all the difference in the world to her game.

• Join the parade of athletes and movie stars who wear Leaping Lizards.

• Do you want to be cool and hip? Then buy a pair of Leaping Lizards shoes today.

Ask students to identify the appeal in each example. Answers: authority, association, emotionalCHECK UNDERSTANDING Ask students what emotions the last example appeals to.

L I T E R A R Y A N A L Y S I S

standards focus

vocabulary in contextDIAGNOSE WORD KNOWLEDGE To deter-mine preteaching needs, have all students complete Vocabulary in Context. Answers: 1. dominion, 2. wrangling, 3. repulse, 4. tyranny, 5. prudent, 6. esteem, 7. relinquish, 8. celestial, 9. ardor, 10. infidelPRETEACH VOCABULARY Preteach vocabu-lary with this copy master. Read each item aloud.

RESOURCE MANAGER—Copy MasterVocabulary Study p. 397

MORE VOCABULARY SUPPORTFor additional activities and guidelines, see

BEST PRACTICES TOOLKITScaffolding Vocabulary Instruction

pp. 43–46

Vocabulary Center at ClassZone.com

the crisis 245