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Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG •LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIESO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO focal Press Is an imprint of Elsavler

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Page 1: Focal Encyclopedia of Photography - GBV · Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief

Focal Encyclopedia ofPhotographyDigital Imaging, Theory and Applications,History, and Science

Fourth Edition

MICHAEL R. PERESEditor-in-Chief

ELSEVIER

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • L O N D O N

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIESO

SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

focal Press Is an imprint of Elsavler

Page 2: Focal Encyclopedia of Photography - GBV · Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief

Contents

Contributors ixPhotographers and Image

Contributors xiiiAbout the Editors xixMission Statement xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxviiIntroduction xxix

Timelines 1

Advances in PhotographicTechnology 3Michael Peres

Advancement of Digital Photographyand Related TechnologiesTimetable 15Roger L Carter

History and the Evolution ofPhotography 23Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer

Contemporary Thoughts on theHistory of Photography 25Grant B. Romer

The Technical Evolution ofPhotography in the 19th Century 27Mark Osterman

Introduction to PhotographicEquipment, Processes, andDefinitions of the 19th Century 36Mark Osterman

Introduction to the Biographies ofSelected Innovators of PhotographicTechnology 123Grant B. Romer

Selected Photographs from the19th Century 135Mark Osterman

Evolution of the Photographic Lensin the 19th Century 157Milan Zahorcak

Major Themes and Photographersof the 20th Century 177Nancy M. Stuart

Photography in the 20th Century 179Nancy M. Stuart

Photography, Fine Art Photography, andthe Visual Arts: 1900-2001 180Saul Ostrow

Photography and Society in the 20thCentury • 187Gretchen Garner

Photography and Desire: Fashion,Glamour, and Pornography 198Bruce Checefsky

Photography Programs in the 20thCentury Museums, Galleries, andCollections 205Lynne Bentley-Kemp

Photographic Higher Education in theUnited States 210Nancy M. Stuart

Photographic Workshops: A ChangingEducational Practice 215Christopher Burnett

Magazines: The Photographers' Pressin the United States and Great BritainDuring the Transition Decade of the1960s 222David Brittain

Histories, Theories, Criticism 227Gary Sampson

African Americans as Photographersand Photographic Subjects 234David C. Hart

Biographies of SelectedPhotographers from the 20thCentury 239Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and

Garie Waltzer

Photographic Companies andApplications 295Michael R. Peres

Photography's Dependence onEquipment 297Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett

Profiles of Selected PhotographicFilm and Digital Companies 301Michael R. Peres

Overviews of Selected Applicationsof Photography 320Michael R. Peres

Applications of AdvertisingPhotography 321Denis Defibaugh

Catalog Photography 322Howard LeVant

Commercial Photography 323George Cochran

Food Photography 323Allan Vogel

Illustration Photography 324George Cochran

Still-Life Photography 324Denis Defibaugh

Architectural Photography 325William W. DuBois

Corporate Photography 326Kathleen Francis

Dance and Theater Photography 327Kathleen Francis

Theatrical Photography 329Kathleen Francis

Freelance Photography 330Kathleen Francis

Identification Photography 330Kathleen Francis

Industrial Photography 332Kathleen Francis

Landscape Photography 333Denis Defibaugh

Narrative, Documentary, and EditorialPhotography 334Owen Butler

Page 3: Focal Encyclopedia of Photography - GBV · Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief

v! Contents

Orb Photography 337Michael R. Peres

Panoramic Photography 338Andrew Davidhazy

Photojournalism 339Guenther Cartwright

Postcard Photography 341Kathleen Francis

Portrait Photography 341Kathleen Francis

School Photography 344Thomas Gorman

Snapshot Photography 346Richard Zakia

Sports Photography 349Kathleen Francis

Stock Photography 350Henry Schleichkorn

Wedding Photography 353George Schaub

Digital Photography 355Franziska S. Frey

Digital, a Maturing Technology 357Franziska S. Frey

Digital Archiving 359Lukas Rosenthaler

Imaging Systems 364Romano Padeste

Solid State Imaging Sensors 370Michael Kriss

Standards and ImagingMaterials 372Peter Adelstein

Digital Camera Testing 377Dietmar Wuller

Image Formation 382Sab/ne Susstrunk

Colorimetry 388Sabine Susstrunk

Color Spaces, Color Encodings, andColor Image Encodings 394Sab/ne Susstrunk

Color Management 398Sab/ne Susstrunk

Color Management in the Future 400Jean-Pierre van de Capelle

Digital Camera RawGreg Barnett

4 0 1

Digital Image Processing 403Lukas Rosenthaler

Metadata and DigitalPhotography 411Simon Margulies

Spectral ImagingMitchell R. Rosen

418

Creative Applications of DigitalPhotography, theScan-0-Gram 422Patti Russotti

Glossary of Digital Terminology 425

Contemporary Issues 437J. Tomas Lopez

A Different Set of Questions for a NewAge 439J. Tomas Lopez

Academic and Pedagogical Issues:The Impact of Digital Imaging onPhotographic Education 441Margaret P. Evans

Ethical Photojournalism: ItsAuthenticity and Impact 446John Kaplan

The Future of Publishing 453Millard Schisler

100 Years from Now... 456Daniel Surge

Perception, Evidence, Truth, andSeeing 460Richard Zakia

The Photo Marketplace andContemporary Image Makers 469Da;7e Kaplan

The Photographic Studio of the 21stCentury 471Doug Manchee

Photographic Virtual Reality 477John (Craig) Freeman

Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between:Digital Art and Digital Audiences 480A.D. Coleman

The Pressure to Stay Current 484Barry Haynes

Science as Art 492Michael R. Peres and David Malin

Scientific Photography: ExpandedVision 497David Malin

The Aided Eye 499David Malin

Acoustic Holography 501David Malin

Aerial Photography 501David Malin and Donald L Light

Anthropological Photography 504John Fergus-Jean

Archaeological Photography 506Matt Schlitz

Astrophotography 508David Malin and Dennis di Cicco

Autoradiography 513David Malin

Ballistics Photography 513Peter W.W. Fuller

Biological Photography 518Joseph M. Ogrodnick

Botanical Photography 521Paul Harcourt-Davis

Cave Photography 523David Malin

Chronophotography 524/Andrew Davidhazy

Darkfield Illumination 526David Malin

Dental Photography 527Wolfgang Bengel

Electron Imaging 529Richard Zakia and Dougal G. McCulloch

Electron Microscopy 529Dougal G. McCulloch

Endoscopic Photography 532Andrew Paul Gardner

False-Color Photography 533David Malin

Fluorescence Photography 533David Malin

Page 4: Focal Encyclopedia of Photography - GBV · Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief

Contents V I I

Forensic Photography 535Gale Spring

Geological Photography 537Anthony H. Cooper

High-Speed Cinematography 539Peter W.W. Fuller

High-Speed Still Photography 544Peter W.W. Fuller

Hologram 550Sean Johnston

Holographic Interferometry 551Sean Johnston

Holography 551Sean Johnston

Hypersensitization 554David Malin

Image Manipulation: Science Fact orFiction 555David Malin

Infrared Photography 556Andy Finney

Kirilian Photography 562David Malin

Medical Diagnostic Imaging 563Donald McRobbie

Medical Photography 569Staffan Larsson and Jonas Brane

Military Photography 573John Sidoriak

Multispectral Imaging 575David Malin

Nature Photography 576Peter Eastaway

Night-Time and TwilightPhotography 577David Malin

Nuclear Track Recording 580David Malin

Ophthalmic Photography 580Christye P. S/sson

Photogrammetry 583Cliff Ogleby

Photomacrography and Close-UpPhotography 584Michael R. Peres and John G. Deify

Photomicrography 592Michael W. Davidson, Scott Olenych, andNathan Claxton

Police Photography 602Larry S. Miller

Pseudocolor 604David Malin

Remote Sensing 604Nicholas M. Short, David Malin, and DonaldL Light

Schlieren and ShadowgraphPhotography 610Phred Petersen

Scientific Visualization 612Masahiro Takatsuka

Space Photography 614Paul E. Lowman

Streak and Strip Photography 616Phred Petersen and Andrew Davidhazy

Technical Photography 620Ted Kinsman

Time-Lapse Photography 622David Malin

Underwater Photography 623Eric H. Cheng

Human Vision 627Krystel R. Huxlin

The Human Visual System 629Krystel R. Huxlin

20th Century Materials andProcess Essentials 637Scott Williams

Twentieth Century Materials andProcess Essentials 639Scott W/7//ams

Silver Halide Materials: GeneralEmulsion Properties 641Alan Hodgson

Black and White Films andPapers 649Mike Gristwood

The Chemistry of Developers and theDevelopment Processes 654Scott Williams

From Exposure to Print: The Essentialsof Solver-Halide Photography Requiredfor Long-Lasting, High QualityPrints 664Ralph W. Lambrecht

Color PhotographyJon A. Kapecki

692

Silver Dye-Bleach Photography 700Matthias Schellenberg, Ernst Riolo, andHartmut Blaue

Photographic Optics 711Terrance Kessler

Additional Lens Types 724Michael R. Peres

Some Other Filter Types 727Michael R. Peres

Perspective 728Les//e Stroebel

Photometry, Radiometry, andMeasurement 733Carl Salvaggio

Color Theory 742Mitchell R. Rosen

Color MeasurementDawd R. Wyble

747

Twentieth Century PhotographicLighting 753Jon Tarrant

The Camera Defined 770Bob Rose

The History of the Twentieth CenturyCamera 771Bob Rose, Todd Gustavson, andHiroshi Yano

Enlargers 788Bob Rose

Projection 803Bob Rose

Index 807