Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 446

O O’Leary, Dennis D.M. (1951-) Election: 2015, Fellow Affiliation at election: Salk Institute for Biological Studies Residence at election: Philadelphia, PA Career description: Molecular neurobiologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oakes, William (1799-1848) Election: 1841, Fellow Affiliation at election: Ipswich, MA Residence at election: Ipswich, MA Career description: Botanist; Lawyer Oakeshott, Michael Joseph (1901-1990) Election: 1974, FHM Affiliation at election: London School of Economics and Political Science Residence at election: London, England Career description: Political scientist; Philosopher; Educator Oakley, Francis Christopher (1931-) Election: 1998, Fellow Affiliation at election: Williams College Residence at election: Williamstown, MA Career description: Historian; Educator; Academic administrator Current affiliation: Same Oates, Jr., John Alexander (1932-) Election: 1996, Fellow Affiliation at election: Vanderbilt University Residence at election: Nashville, TN Career description: Pharmacologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oates, Joyce Carol (1938-) Election: 1992, Fellow Affiliation at election: Princeton University Residence at election: Princeton, NJ Career description: Writer (fiction writer); Educator Current affiliation: Same

Obama, Barack H. (1961-) Election: 2018, Fellow Affiliation at election: Washington, DC Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: U.S. President; U.S. Senator; Lawyer; Legal scholar; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1930-2001) Election: 1964, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Divinity School Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Historian; Theologian; Educator O’Brian, John Lord (1874-1973) Election: 1947, Fellow Affiliation at election: Covington, Burling, Rublee, Acheson, and Shorb Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: Lawyer; Government official O’Brien, Brian (1898-1998) Election: 1953, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Rochester Residence at election: Rochester, NY Career description: Physicist; Educator; Company research scientist and executive O’Brien, Robert Lincoln (1865-1955) Election: 1932, Fellow Affiliation at election: Boston Herald; Boston Publishing Company Residence at election: Dedham, MA Career description: Journalist; Editor; Company executive O’Brien, Stephen James (1944-) Election: 1994, Fellow Affiliation at election: National Cancer Institute Residence at election: Frederick, MD Career description: Geneticist; Government research institution administrator Current affiliation: Same

O’Brien, Tim (1946-) Election: 1999, Fellow Affiliation at election: New York, NY Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Writer (fiction writer) Current affiliation: Austin, TX Obstfeld, Maurice (1952-) Election: 2004, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Berkeley Residence at election: Berkeley, CA Career description: Economist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ochoa, Severo (1905-1993) Election: 1957, Fellow Affiliation at election: New York University School of Medicine Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Biochemist; Educator Ochs, Elinor Ruth (1943-) Election: 1998, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Los Angeles Residence at election: Los Angeles, CA Career description: Anthropologist; Linguist; Educator Current affiliation: Same O’Connell, Richard John (1941-2015) Election: 2007, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cohasset, MA Career description: Geophysicist; Educator O’Connell, William Henry (1859-1944) Election: 1932, Fellow Affiliation at election: Boston, MA Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Clergy member O’Connor, Johnson (1891-1973) Election: 1928, Fellow Affiliation at election: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stevens Institute of Technology Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Psychometrician; Educator; Company executive

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 447

O’Connor, Sandra Day (1930-) Election: 2007, Fellow Affiliation at election: Supreme Court of the United States Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: Jurist (U.S. Supreme Court) Current affiliation: Same O’Connor, Tere R. (1958-) Election: 2014, Fellow Affiliation at election: Tere O’Connor Dance; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Dancer; Choreographer; Artistic director; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oda, Minoru (1923-2001) Election: 1999, FHM Affiliation at election: Tokyo University for Information Science Residence at election: Tokyo, Japan Career description: Physicist; Astronomer; Educator; Academic administrator; Research institution administrator Oddone, Piermaria J. (1944-) Election: 2008, Fellow Affiliation at election: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Residence at election: Batavia, IL Career description: Physicist; Research laboratory administrator Current affiliation: Same O’Dea, Thomas Francis (1915-1974) Election: 1972, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Santa Barbara Residence at election: Santa Barbara, CA Career description: Sociologist; Educator; Research institution administrator Oden, John Tinsley (1936-) Election: 2008, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Texas at Austin Residence at election: Austin, TX Career description: Computational and aerospace engineer; Academic administrator; Educator Current affiliation: Same

O’Donnell, Guillermo Alberto (1936-2011) Election: 1995, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Notre Dame Residence at election: Notre Dame, IN Career description: Political scientist; Educator; Academic research agency administrator O’Donnell, Peter (1924-) Election: 2008, Fellow Affiliation at election: O’Donnell Foundation Residence at election: Dallas, TX Career description: Company and foundation executive Current affiliation: Same Odum, Eugene Pleasants (1913-2002) Election: 1975, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Georgia Residence at election: Athens, GA Career description: Ecologist; Educator; Academic research agency administrator Oe, Kenzaburo (1935-) Election: 2002, FHM Affiliation at election: Tokyo, Japan Residence at election: Tokyo, Japan Career description: Writer (fiction writer) Current affiliation: Same Oersted (Orsted), Hans Christian (1777-1851) Election: 1849, FHM Affiliation at election: Copenhagen, Denmark Residence at election: Copenhagen, Denmark Career description: Physicist; Educator Oertel, Hanns (1868-1952) Election: 1912, Fellow Affiliation at election: Yale University Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Philologist; Educator; Academic administrator Oettinger, Anthony Gervin (1929-) Election: 1967, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Mathematician; Information resources policy specialist; Educator Current affiliation: Same

O’Faolain, Sean (1900-1991) Election: 1976, FHM Affiliation at election: Dublin, Ireland Residence at election: Dublin, Ireland Career description: Writer (novelist, short story writer, biographer); Editor O’Farrell, Patrick H. (1949-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, San Francisco Residence at election: San Francisco, CA Career description: Cell and developmental biologist; Educator; Academic research scientist and administrator Current affiliation: Same Offe, Claus (1940-) Election: 1995, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Bremen Residence at election: Bremen, Germany Career description: Sociologist; Political scientist; Educator Current affiliation: Hertie School of Governance, Germany Offit, Paul A. (1954-) Election: 2015, Fellow Affiliation at election: Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Residence at election: La Jolla, CA Career description: Virologist; Immunologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ogburn, William Fielding (1886-1959) Election: 1932, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Chicago Residence at election: Chicago, IL Career description: Sociologist; Statistician; Educator Ogden, Schubert Miles (1928-) Election: 1985, Fellow Affiliation at election: Southern Methodist University Residence at election: Dallas, TX Career description: Theologian; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 448

Ogren, William Lewis (1938-) Election: 1987, Fellow Affiliation at election: U.S. Department of Agriculture; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Residence at election: Urbana, IL Career description: Plant physiologist; Government agency researcher; Educator Current affiliation: Ohkawa, Kazushi (1908-1993) Election: 1973, FHM Affiliation at election: Hitotsubashi University Residence at election: Tokyo, Japan Career description: Agricultural economist; Educator; Research institution administrator Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard (1899-1979) Election: 1971, FHM Affiliation at election: Stockholm School of Economics Residence at election: Stockholm, Sweden Career description: Economist; Educator; Government official; Legislator Ohno, Susumu (1928-2000) Election: 1977, Fellow Affiliation at election: City of Hope Medical Center Residence at election: Duarte, CA Career description: Cytogeneticist; Research institution administrator Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko (1934-) Election: 1999, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Wisconsin, Madison Residence at election: Madison, WI Career description: Anthropologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ohta, Tomoko (1933-) Election: 1984, FHM Affiliation at election: National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan Residence at election: Mishima, Japan Career description: Geneticist; Educator; Research institution administrator Current affiliation: Same Oi, Walter Yasuo (1929-2013) Election: 1993, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Rochester Residence at election: Rochester, NY Career description: Economist; Educator

Oistrakh, David Fyodorovich (1908-1974) Election: 1961, FHM Affiliation at election: Moscow Conservatory Residence at election: Moscow, USSR Career description: Musician (violinist, conductor); Educator Oka, Takeshi (1932-) Election: 1987, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Chicago Residence at election: Chicago, IL Career description: Physicist; Chemist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Okakura, Kakuzo (1862-1913) Election: 1913, Fellow Affiliation at election: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Imperial University, Tokyo Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Art critic; Educator; Academic administrator; Museum curator Oke, John Beverley (1928-2004) Election: 1987, Fellow Affiliation at election: California Institute of Technology Residence at election: Pasadena, CA Career description: Astronomer; Educator

O’Keeffe, Georgia Totto (1887-1986) Election: 1966, Fellow Affiliation at election: Abiquiu, NM Residence at election: Abiquiu, NM Career description: Artist (painter)

Okita, Saburo (1914-1993) Election: 1973, FHM Affiliation at election: Japan Economic Research Center Residence at election: Tokyo, Japan Career description: Economist; Public official; Academic and research institution administrator Okounkov, Andrei (1969-) Election: 2016, Fellow Affiliation at election: Columbia University Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Mathematician; Educator Current affiliation: Same Okun, Arthur Melvin (1928-1980) Election: 1969, Fellow Affiliation at election: Brookings Institution Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: Economist; Educator; Research institution staff member Okunuki, Kazuo (1907-1999) Election: 1972, FHM Affiliation at election: Osaka University Residence at election: Osaka, Japan Career description: Biochemist; Educator Olah, George Andrew (1927-2017) Election: 2002, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Southern California Residence at election: Los Angeles, CA Career description: Chemist; Educator; Academic research agency administrator Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias (1758-1840) Election: 1822, FHM Affiliation at election: Bremen, Germany Residence at election: Bremen, Germany Career description: Astronomer; Physician Old, Lloyd John (1933-2011) Election: 1976, Fellow Affiliation at election: Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research; Cornell University Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Immunologist; Oncologist; Research institution administrator; Educator

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe, elected 1966. Image donated by Corbis-Bettmann

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 449

Oldenberg, Otto (1888-1983) Election: 1931, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physicist; Educator Oldenburg, Claes Thure (1929-) Election: 1980, Fellow Affiliation at election: New York, NY Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Artist (sculptor) Current affiliation: Same Oldendorf, William Henry (1925-1992) Election: 1981, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California Medical School Residence at election: Los Angeles, CA Career description: Neurologist; Psychiatrist; Educator Oldfather, William Abbott (1880-1945) Election: 1934, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Residence at election: Urbana, IL Career description: Classicist; Educator; Academic administrator Olds, Irving Sands (1887-1963) Election: 1954, Fellow Affiliation at election: U.S. Steel Corporation Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Lawyer; Company executive Olds, James (1922-1976) Election: 1966, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Michigan Residence at election: Ann Arbor, MI Career description: Physiological psychologist; Educator Olds, Sharon (1942-) Election: 2004, Fellow Affiliation at election: New York University Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Writer (poet); Educator Current affiliation: Same

Olefsky, Jerrold M. (1941-) Election: 2002, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, San Diego Residence at election: La Jolla, CA Career description: Physician; Endocrinologist; Educator Current affiliation: University of California, San Diego School of Medicine Olin, Laurie Dewar (1938-) Election: 1996, Fellow Affiliation at election: Olin Partnership Landscape Architecture and Urban Design Residence at election: Philadelphia, PA Career description: Architect (landscape); Educator Current affiliation: Same Olitski, Jules (1922-2007) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: Marlboro, VT Residence at election: Marlboro, VT Career description: Artist (painter) Oliveira, Nathan J. (1928-2010) Election: 1994, Fellow Affiliation at election: Stanford University Residence at election: Stanford, CA Career description: Artist (painter); Educator Oliver, Andrew (1731-1799) Election: 1780, Fellow Affiliation at election: Salem, MA Residence at election: Salem, MA Career description: Jurist; Government official (legislator); Astronomer Oliver, Benjamin Lynde (1760-1835) Election: 1812, Fellow Affiliation at election: Salem, MA Residence at election: Salem, MA Career description: Physician Oliver, Daniel (1787-1842) Election: 1840, Fellow Affiliation at election: Cambridge, MA Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physician; Educator Oliver, Douglas Llewellyn (1913-2009) Election: 1953, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Anthropologist; Educator

Oliver, James Edward (1829-1895) Election: 1861, Fellow Affiliation at election: Cambridge, MA Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Mathematician; Research organization staff member; Educator Olivera, Baldomero M. (1941-) Election: 2007, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Utah Residence at election: Salt Lake City, UT Career description: Molecular biologist; Biochemist; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Olivier, Laurence Kerr (1907-1989) Election: 1971, FHM Affiliation at election: National Theatre Residence at election: London, England Career description: Actor; Producer; Director Olmsted, Frederick Law (1870-1957) Election: 1920, Fellow Affiliation at election: Olmsted Brothers; Boston Metropolitan Park Commission Residence at election: Brookline, MA Career description: Landscape architect; Conservationist; Educator; Company executive Olney, James (1933-2015) Election: 2001, Fellow Affiliation at election: Louisiana State University; Southern Review Residence at election: Baton Rouge, LA Career description: Language and literary scholar; Educator; Editor

Laurence Kerr Olivier, elected 1971, FHM. Image donated by Corbis-Bettmann

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 450

Olney, Stephen Thayer (1812-1878) Election: 1871, Associate Fellow Affiliation at election: Providence, RI Residence at election: Providence, RI Career description: Botanist; Businessperson (manufacturing) Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. (1957-) Election: 2010, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Chicago Residence at election: Chicago, IL Career description: Physician; Public health administrator; Educator Current affiliation: Same Olsen, Kenneth Harry (1926-2011) Election: 1976, Fellow Affiliation at election: Digital Equipment Corporation Residence at election: Maynard, MA Career description: Electrical engineer; Company executive Olson, Eric Newell (1955-) Election: 1998, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Residence at election: Dallas, TX Career description: Biochemist; Molecular biologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Olson, Gregory B. (1947-) Election: 2012, Fellow Affiliation at election: Northwestern University; QuesTek Innovations LLC Residence at election: Riverwoods, IL Career description: Materials scientist; Educator; Company executive Current affiliation: Same Olson, Jr., Mancur Lloyd (1932-1998) Election: 1985, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Maryland Residence at election: College Park, MD Career description: Economist; Educator; Research institution administrator Olson, Maynard V. (1943-) Election: 2003, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Washington Residence at election: Seattle, WA Career description: Geneticist; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Olson, Peter Lee (1950-) Election: 2005, Fellow Affiliation at election: Johns Hopkins University Residence at election: Baltimore, MD Career description: Geophysicist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Olson, Ronald L. (1941-) Election: 2017, Fellow Affiliation at election: Munger, Tolles & Olson Residence at election: Los Angeles, CA Career description: Lawyer Current affiliation: Same Olvera de la Cruz, Monica (1958-) Election: 2010, Fellow Affiliation at election: Northwestern University Residence at election: Evanston, IL Career description: Materials scientist; Educator Current affiliation: Same O’Malley, Bert William (1936-) Election: 1996, Fellow Affiliation at election: Baylor College of Medicine Residence at election: Houston, TX Career description: Molecular biologist; Endocrinologist; Educator; Academic research agency administrator Current affiliation: Same O’Malley, John W. (1927-) Election: 1995, Fellow Affiliation at election: Weston School of Theology Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Historian; Educator Current affiliation: Georgetown Jesuit Community O’Meara, Onorato Timothy (1928-2018) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Notre Dame Residence at election: Notre Dame, IN Career description: Mathematician; Educator; Academic administrator Omenn, Gilbert Stanley (1941-) Election: 2001, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Michigan Residence at election: Ann Arbor, MI Career description: Medical geneticist; Educator; Academic administrator Current affiliation: Same

Omidyar, Pierre (1967-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: Omidyar Network Residence at election: Redwood City, CA Career description: Company founder and executive (electronic commerce); Foundation executive Current affiliation: Same Oncley, John Lawrence (1910-2004) Election: 1945, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard Medical School Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Biological chemist; Biophysicist; Educator O’Neill, Onora Sylvia (1941-) Election: 1993, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Cambridge Residence at election: Cambridge, England Career description: Philosopher; Educator; Academic administrator Current affiliation: Same O’Neill, Paul Henry (1935-) Election: 1995, Fellow Affiliation at election: Aluminum Company of America Residence at election: Pittsburgh, PA Career description: Company executive; U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Current affiliation: Pittsburgh, PA Ong, Nai-Phuan (1948-) Election: 2006, Fellow Affiliation at election: Princeton University Residence at election: Belle Mead, NJ Career description: Physicist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ong, Walter Jackson (1912-2003) Election: 1971, Fellow Affiliation at election: St. Louis University Residence at election: St. Louis, MO Career description: Language and literary scholar; Educator; Clergy member Onsager, Lars (1903-1976) Election: 1949, Fellow Affiliation at election: Yale University Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Physical chemist; Educator

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 451

Onuchic, Jose Nelson (1958-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, San Diego Residence at election: San Diego, CA Career description: Biophysicist; Educator; Research institution administrator Current affiliation: Same Onuf, Peter S. (1946-) Election: 2014, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Virginia; Thomas Jefferson Foundation Residence at election: Charlottesville, VA Career description: Historian; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ooguri, Hirosi (1962-) Election: 2016, Fellow Affiliation at election: California Institute of Technology Residence at election: Pasadena, CA Career description: Theoretical physicist; Mathematician; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oort, Jan Hendrik (1900-1992) Election: 1946, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Leiden Residence at election: Leiden, Netherlands Career description: Astronomer; Educator; Observatory administrator Opdyke, Neil Donald (1933-) Election: 1998, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Florida Residence at election: Gainesville, FL Career description: Geologist; Educator; Research institution scientist Current affiliation: Same Ophuls, Marcel (1927-) Election: 1993, FHM Affiliation at election: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France Residence at election: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France Career description: Film maker Current affiliation: Lucq De Bearn, France Opik, Ernst Julius (1893-1985) Election: 1977, FHM Affiliation at election: Armagh Observatory Residence at election: Armagh, N. Ireland Career description: Astronomer; Observatory scientist

Oppenheim, Irwin (1929-2014) Election: 1970, Fellow Affiliation at election: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physical chemist; Educator

Oppenheimer, J. Robert (Julius Robert) (1904-1967) Election: 1940, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Berkeley; California Institute of Technology Residence at election: Berkeley, CA Career description: Physicist; Educator; Academic administrator Oppenheimer, Jane Marion (1911-1996) Election: 1992, Fellow Affiliation at election: Bryn Mawr College Residence at election: Bryn Mawr, PA Career description: Biologist; Historian (science); Educator Oppens, Ursula (1944-) Election: 1999, Fellow Affiliation at election: Northwestern University Residence at election: Evanston, IL Career description: Musician (pianist); Educator Current affiliation: Brooklyn College Conservatory of Music; CUNY Graduate Center Oran, Elaine S. (1946-) Election: 2018, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Maryland Residence at election: Falls Church, VA Career description: Aerospace engineer; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Orci, Lelio (1937-) Election: 2009, FHM Affiliation at election: Université de Genève Medical School Residence at election: Cologny, Switzerland Career description: Cell biologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ordeshook, Peter Carl (1942-) Election: 1992, Fellow Affiliation at election: California Institute of Technology Residence at election: Pasadena, CA Career description: Political scientist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ordonez, Ezequiel (1867-1950) Election: 1944, FHM Affiliation at election: Geological Institute of Mexico Residence at election: Mexico City, Mexico Career description: Geologist; Government research scientist and administrator Ordway, John Morse (1823-1909) Election: 1861, Associate Fellow Affiliation at election: Manchester Print Works Residence at election: Manchester, NH Career description: Chemist; Company technical administrator; Educator Ore, Oystein (1899-1968) Election: 1966, Fellow Affiliation at election: Yale University Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Mathematician; Educator O’Regan, Catherine (Kate) M.E. (1957-) Election: 2009, FHM Affiliation at election: Constitutional Court of South Africa Residence at election: Braamfontein, South Africa Career description: Justice (Constitutional Court of South Africa); Lawyer; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oren, Moshe (1948-) Election: 2007, FHM Affiliation at election: Weizmann Institute of Science Residence at election: Rehovot, Israel Career description: Cellular biologist Current affiliation: Same

J. Robert (Julius Robert) Oppenheimer, elected 1940. Image donated by Corbis-Bettmann

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 452

Oreskes, Naomi (1958-) Election: 2017, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Geoscientist; Historian (science); Educator Current affiliation: Same Orgel, Leslie E. (1927-2007) Election: 1985, Fellow Affiliation at election: Salk Institute for Biological Studies Residence at election: San Diego, CA Career description: Chemist; Research institution staff member; Educator Orgel, Stephen Kitay (1933-) Election: 1994, Fellow Affiliation at election: Stanford University Residence at election: Stanford, CA Career description: Language and literary scholar; Educator Current affiliation: Same Orians, Gordon Howell (1932-) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Washington Residence at election: Seattle, WA Career description: Zoologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Origo, Iris Margaret Cutting (1902-1988) Election: 1967, Fellow Affiliation at election: Siena, Italy Residence at election: Siena, Italy Career description: Writer (biographer) Orkin, Stuart Holland (1946-) Election: 1993, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard Medical School Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Pediatrician; Geneticist; Educator Current affiliation: Children’s Hospital Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich (1924-) Election: 1993, Fellow Affiliation at election: Cornell University Residence at election: Ithaca, NY Career description: Physicist; Research institution staff member; Human rights activist Current affiliation: Same

Orne, Joseph (1749-1786) Election: 1780, Fellow Affiliation at election: Salem, MA Residence at election: Salem, MA Career description: Physician Ornstein, Donald Samuel (1934-) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: Stanford University Residence at election: Stanford, CA Career description: Mathematician; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ornstein, Norman Jay (1948-) Election: 2004, Fellow Affiliation at election: American Enterprise Institute Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: Politics and public policy specialist; Commentator; Research institution staff member; Educator Current affiliation: Same Orowan, Egon (1902-1989) Election: 1951, Fellow Affiliation at election: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physicist; Mechanical engineer; Educator Orr, H. Allen (1960-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Rochester Residence at election: Rochester, NY Career description: Evolutionary geneticist; Educator; Academic research scientist and administrator Current affiliation: Same Orr, Susan Packard (1946-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: Telosa Software; David and Lucile Packard Foundation Residence at election: Stanford, CA Career description: Company founder and executive (computer software); Foundation executive Current affiliation: Same Orsi, Robert A. (1953-) Election: 2008, Fellow Affiliation at election: Northwestern University Residence at election: Evanston, IL Career description: Religion scholar; Historian; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Ortiz, Michael (1954-) Election: 2007, Fellow Affiliation at election: California Institute of Technology Residence at election: La Cañada, CA Career description: Materials engineer; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ortner, Sherry Beth (1941-) Election: 1992, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Michigan Residence at election: Ann Arbor, MI Career description: Anthropologist; Educator Current affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1857-1935) Election: 1901, Associate Fellow Affiliation at election: Columbia University; American Museum of Natural History Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Paleontologist; Educator; Museum administrator Osborn, James Marshall (1906-1976) Election: 1975, Fellow Affiliation at election: Yale University Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Language and literary scholar; Librarian; Bibliophile; Cattle breeder Osborn, June Elaine (1937-) Election: 1994, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Michigan Residence at election: Ann Arbor, MI Career description: Pediatrician; Microbiologist; Educator; Academic administrator; Foundation executive Current affiliation: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation Osborn, Mary Jane Merten (1927-) Election: 1977, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Connecticut Residence at election: Farmington, CT Career description: Biochemist; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 453

Osborne, Louis Shreve (1923-2012) Election: 1964, Fellow Affiliation at election: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physicist; Educator; Research institution administrator Osborne, Thomas Burr (1859-1929) Election: 1914, Fellow Affiliation at election: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Chemist; Research institution staff member Osgood, Charles Egerton (1916-1991) Election: 1964, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Residence at election: Urbana, IL Career description: Psychologist; Communications specialist; Educator; Research institution administrator Osgood, Robert Bayley (1873-1956) Election: 1925, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard Medical School; Children’s Hospital, Boston Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Surgeon; Educator; Hospital administrator Osgood, Samuel (1748-1813) Election: 1781, Fellow Affiliation at election: Continental Congress Residence at election: Andover, MA Career description: Government official (postmaster general, legislator); Businessperson Osgood, William Fogg (1864-1943) Election: 1899, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Mathematician; Educator O’Shea, Erin K. (1965-) Election: 2004, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, San Francisco Residence at election: San Francisco, CA Career description: Biochemist; Cell and developmental biologist; Educator; Research institution administrator Current affiliation: Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute

O’Shea, John Michael (1953-) Election: 2012, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Michigan Residence at election: Ann Arbor, MI Career description: Anthropologist; Archaeologist; Educator; Museum curator Current affiliation: Same Osher, Barbro Sachs (1940-) Election: 2013, Fellow Affiliation at election: Bernard Osher Foundation Residence at election: San Francisco, CA Career description: Publisher (newspaper); Foundation and nonprofit organization executive (cultural, educational) Current affiliation: Same Osher, Bernard (1927-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: Bernard Osher Foundation Residence at election: San Francisco, CA Career description: Foundation founder and executive (education, arts institutions) Current affiliation: Same Osher, Stanley J. (1942-) Election: 2009, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Los Angeles Residence at election: Pacific Palisades, CA Career description: Mathematician; Educator; Research institution administrator Current affiliation: Same Osheroff, Douglas Dean (1945-) Election: 1982, Fellow Affiliation at election: Bell Telephone Laboratories Residence at election: Murray Hill, NJ Career description: Physicist; Company research administrator; Educator Current affiliation: Stanford University Osler, William (1849-1919) Election: 1897, Associate Fellow Affiliation at election: Johns Hopkins University Residence at election: Baltimore, MD Career description: Physician; Educator

Ossola, Carlo M. (1946-) Election: 2017, FHM Affiliation at election: College de France Residence at election: Paris, France Career description: Literary scholar; Educator Current affiliation: Same Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen (1873-1931) Election: 1928, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Copenhagen Residence at election: Copenhagen, Denmark Career description: Botanist; Educator; Museum administrator Oster, George F. (1940-2018) Election: 2006, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Berkeley Residence at election: El Cerrito, CA Career description: Molecular and cellular biologist; Educator Osterbrock, Donald E. (1924-2007) Election: 1968, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of Wisconsin, Madison Residence at election: Madison, WI Career description: Astronomer; Educator; Research institution administrator Osterhout, Winthrop John Vanleuven (1871-1964) Election: 1910, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Physiologist; Educator Ostrach, Simon (1923-2017) Election: 2001, Fellow Affiliation at election: Case Western Reserve University Residence at election: Cleveland, OH Career description: Mechanical and aerospace engineer; Educator; Research organization administrator Ostriker, Jeremiah Paul (1937-) Election: 1975, Fellow Affiliation at election: Princeton University Residence at election: Princeton, NJ Career description: Astrophysicist; Educator; Academic administrator Current affiliation: Same

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 454

Ostrogorsky, Georgije (1902-1976) Election: 1969, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Belgrade; Institute of Byzantine Studies, Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences Residence at election: Belgrade, Yugoslavia Career description: Historian; Educator; Research institution administrator Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Vasilievich (Michel) (1801-1862) Election: 1834, FHM Affiliation at election: Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Residence at election: St. Petersburg, Russia Career description: Mathematician; Mechanician; Learned society administrator; Educator Ostrom, Elinor (1933-2012) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: Indiana University Residence at election: Bloomington, IN Career description: Political scientist; Educator Ostrom, John Harold (1929-2005) Election: 1994, Fellow Affiliation at election: Yale University Residence at election: New Haven, CT Career description: Geologist; Paleontologist; Educator; Museum curator Ostwald, Martin (1922-2010) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: Swarthmore College Residence at election: Swarthmore, PA Career description: Classicist; Educator Ostwald, Wilhelm (Friedrich Wilhelm) (1853-1932) Election: 1905, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Leipzig Residence at election: Leipzig, Germany Career description: Physical chemist; Educator; Academic administrator Otis, Brooks (1908-1977) Election: 1971, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Residence at election: Chapel Hill, NC Career description: Classicist; Educator

Otis, Harrison Gray (1765-1848) Election: 1804, Fellow Affiliation at election: State of Massachusetts House of Representatives Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Lawyer; U.S. Senator Ottino, Julio Mario (1951-) Election: 2003, Fellow Affiliation at election: Northwestern University Residence at election: Evanston, IL Career description: Chemical engineer; Educator Current affiliation: Same Otto, Sarah P. (1967-) Election: 2016, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of British Columbia Residence at election: Vancouver, Canada Career description: Theoretical biologist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Oudin, Jacques Henri Leon Marie Joseph (1908-1986) Election: 1976, FHM Affiliation at election: Pasteur Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Residence at election: Paris, France Career description: Immunologist; Government research scientist and administrator Ourisson, Guy (1926-2006) Election: 1993, FHM Affiliation at election: Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg Residence at election: Strasbourg, France Career description: Chemist; Educator; Academic administrator Outler, Albert Cook (1908-1989) Election: 1966, Fellow Affiliation at election: Southern Methodist University Residence at election: Dallas, TX Career description: Clergy member; Theologian; Educator Overacker, Louise (1891-1982) Election: 1957, Fellow Affiliation at election: Wellesley College Residence at election: Wellesley, MA Career description: Political scientist; Educator

Overbeck, Johann Friedrich (1789-1869) Election: 1864, FHM Affiliation at election: Rome, Italy Residence at election: Rome, Italy Career description: Artist (painter) Overbeek, Jan Theodore Gerard (1911-2007) Election: 1969, FHM Affiliation at election: University of Utrecht Residence at election: Utrecht, Netherlands Career description: Physical chemist; Educator Overhage, Carl F. J. (1910-1995) Election: 1957, Fellow Affiliation at election: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Residence at election: Lincoln, MA Career description: Physicist; Electrical engineer; Educator; Research institution administrator; Company research scientist Overhauser, Albert Warner (1925-2011) Election: 1977, Fellow Affiliation at election: Purdue University Residence at election: West Lafayette, IN Career description: Physicist; Company scientist; Educator Overholser, Geneva (1948-) Election: 2001, Fellow Affiliation at election: Washington Post; University of Missouri Residence at election: Washington, DC Career description: Journalist; Columnist; Editor; Educator Current affiliation: University of Southern California Overman, Larry Eugene (1943-) Election: 1996, Fellow Affiliation at election: University of California, Irvine Residence at election: Irvine, CA Career description: Chemist; Educator Current affiliation: Same Owen, David Edward (1898-1968) Election: 1961, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Historian; Educator; Academic administrator

Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2018 455

Owen, E. Roger (1935-) Election: 2007, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Historian; Educator Current affiliation: Same Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane (1922-1982) Election: 1968, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Philosopher; Classicist; Educator Owen, Ray David (1915-2014) Election: 1966, Fellow Affiliation at election: California Institute of Technology Residence at election: Pasadena, CA Career description: Geneticist; Immunologist; Educator Owen, Richard (1804-1892) Election: 1855, FHM Affiliation at election: Royal College of Surgeons; Hunterian Museum Residence at election: London, England Career description: Anatomist; Paleontologist; Educator; Museum administrator

Owen, Stephen (1946-) Election: 1991, Fellow Affiliation at election: Harvard University Residence at election: Cambridge, MA Career description: Language and literary scholar; Educator Current affiliation: Same Owen, William Fitzwilliam (1774-1857) Election: 1844, Associate Fellow Affiliation at election: British Navy Residence at election: London, England Career description: Surveyor (coastal surveys); Military officer Owens, Jessie Ann (1950-) Election: 2003, Fellow Affiliation at election: Brandeis University Residence at election: Waltham, MA Career description: Musicologist; Educator; Academic administrator Current affiliation: University of California, Davis Oxtoby, David W. (1951-) Election: 2012, Fellow Affiliation at election: Pomona College Residence at election: Claremont, CA Career description: Chemist; Academic administrator; Educator Current affiliation: Same

Oz, Amos (1939-) Election: 2007, FHM Affiliation at election: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Residence at election: Arad, Israel Career description: Writer (novelist) Current affiliation: Same Ozawa, Seiji (1935-) Election: 1992, Fellow Affiliation at election: Boston Symphony Orchestra Residence at election: Boston, MA Career description: Musician (director, conductor) Current affiliation: Vienna State Opera Ozick, Cynthia (1928-) Election: 1986, Fellow Affiliation at election: New York, NY Residence at election: New York, NY Career description: Writer (fiction writer, poet, essayist) Current affiliation: New Rochelle, NY Ozzie, Raymond E. (1955-) Election: 2010, Fellow Affiliation at election: Microsoft Corporation Residence at election: Manchester, MA Career description: Computer scientist; Software developer Current affiliation: Manchester, MA