fm 5-116 engeer operations above echelons above corps

8/14/2019 fm 5-116 engeer operations above echelons above corps

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FM 5-116

(QJLQHHU 2SHUDWLRQV=

(FKHORQV $ERYH &RUSV

Headquarters,

Department of the Army

D I STR I BUT ION RESTR I CTION : Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


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*FM 5-116

Field Manual Headquarters

No. 5-116 Department of the Army

Washing ton, DC, 9 FEBRUARY 1999

Table of Contents

Page

PREFACE . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . v

CHAPTER 1. OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES TO ARMY ENGINEERS .......................... 1-1TH E NATU RE OF E NG INE ER INVOLVEME NT....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 1-1

P ATTER NS OF OP ER ATIONS ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1-1

ENG INE ER OP ER ATIONS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 1-4

Mobility ................................................................................................................................ 1-4

Countermobility ................................................................................................................... 1-6Survivabi l i ty ........................................................................................................................ 1-6

General Engineering ........................................................................................................... 1-7

Topographic Engineering .................................................................................................... 1-8

THE ATER OVERVIE W FROM THE ENG INEE R P ER SP EC TIVE .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 1-9

CH ARACTER ISTIC S OF OP ERATIONS AP P LIE D TO ARMY ENG INEE RS .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 1-11

CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF THEATER-ENGINEER OPERATIONS.................. 2-1COMMAND AND CONTROL ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2-1

TAILOR ING AND TASK ORG ANIZATION ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2-1

U S Army Corps of Engineers .............................................................................................. 2-2

Facilities Engineer (FE) Team ............................................................................................ 2-3

Combat Engineers Within the Theater Structure ............................................................. 2-4

ENG INE ER COOR DI NATION ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2-4S t and a r d s ............................................................................................................................. 2-5

Priorities .............................................................................................................................. 2-6

Reports ................................................................................................................................. 2-6

ENG INE ER S U P P ORT CONC EP TS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 2-8

TH EATER SU P P ORT B ASE ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

TOP OG RAPH IC SU P P ORT....... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2-9

RE AL ES TATE SU P P ORT....... .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2-10

RP MA R EQU IRE MEN TS ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2-11

EL E CTRIC AL POWER S OU RC ES ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2-12

TROOP CON STRU CTION ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 2-12

CONTRACT-CONS TRU CTION AG EN T ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. 2-13

SU P P ORT TO COMB AT OPE RATIONS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 2-15

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

______________________________

*This publication supersedes FM 5-116, 7 March 1989.


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CHAPTER 3. THEATER DEVELOPMENT ........... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. . 3-1B ASI C TH EATE R PR INC IP LE S ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 3-1

INC RE ME NTAL DE P LOYME NT....... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3-2

SP LIT-B ASE D OP ER ATIONS ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 3-4

MOB IL IZATION OF THE RC ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3-5

CHAPTER 4. J OINT, MULTINATIONAL, AND INTERAGENCYENGINEERING OPERATIONS ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. . 4-1OVERVIE W ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

J OINT CAP AB IL ITIE S ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4-1

TOP OG RAPH IC S U P P ORT ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

J OINT B OARD S ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4-2

J oint F aci li t ies U ti l izat ion B oard ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 4-4

J oint Civil-Milita ry Engineering Board ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. 4-4

J oint Environmenta l Mana gement Board ........... ............ ............. ............. ............. ........... 4-4

MU LTINATIONAL U NITS AND ORG ANIZATIONS ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 4-5

UN Opera tions ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4-6

Non-U N Organ izat ions ........... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. . 4-6

Multina tiona l Troop Unit s ............. ............. ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ........ 4-6NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) AND P RI VATE

VOLUN TARY ORG ANIZATIONS (P VOs)...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4-7

INTER AGE NCY OP ER ATIONS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 4-7

U SACE FOR WARD EL EME NT....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4-8

Defense Securit y Assista nce Agency (DSAA) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

Federal E mergency Ma na gement Agency ............ ............. ............. ............. ............ .......... 4-9

HN INTER FACE ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 4-9

RE AL ES TATE ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4-10

SU P P ORT ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 4-11

CHAPTER 5. OPERATIONAL PLANNING ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ........... 5-1P LANNING CH ALLE NG ES ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Operational Movement and Maneuver ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 5-1Opera tiona l Firepower ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 5-2

Operational Protection ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. . 5-2

Operat iona l C 2............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. . 5-2

Opera tiona l Int elligence, Surveillance, and Reconna issan ce...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5-3

Operational Support ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 5-3

ENG INE ER-SU P P ORT P LANNING P ROCE SS .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 5-4

Engineer Facilities Study ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5-4

Civil-Engineering Support P lan ............ ............. ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. 5-7

En gineer Annex ...... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 5-8

CHAPTER 6. LOGISTICS ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ...... 6-1LOG IS TIC S REQU IR EME NTS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 6-1

CONS TRU CTION MATE RIALS ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6-1

P lanning C onsiderat ions ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Design Considerations ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 6-3

Construction Considerations ............ ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. ..... 6-4

TRANS ITION TO WAR ........... ............. ............. ............. ............. ............. ............ ............. ....... 6-4

MAINTE NANCE SU P P ORT ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

OTHE R LOG IS TIC S SU P P ORT ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 6-6


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CHAPTER 7. STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS ...................... 7-1G LOB AL RE SP ONSE ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 7-1

J OINT AND MU LTINATIONAL OP ER ATIONS ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

ENG INE ER OP ER ATIONS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 7-3

DE FI NE D OB J E CTIVE, E ND S TATE, AND STANDARD S ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 7-4

Topographic Engineering .................................................................................................... 7-5Forced-Ent ry S upport Opera tions ...................................................................................... 7-6

Force Protection ................................................................................................................... 7-6

Force B ed Down ................................................................................................................... 7-7

Force Mobility ...................................................................................................................... 7-8

Infrast ructure Repair .......................................................................................................... 7-8

Nation Assistance ................................................................................................................ 7-8

Redeployment ...................................................................................................................... 7-9

OP ER ATIONAL CONS ID ER ATIONS ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 7-9

COMMAND AND CONTROL ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 7-10

RE SE RVE AND NATIONAL G U ARD P ARTIC IP ATION ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 7-10

LOG IS TIC S AND RE SOU RC E MANAG EM ENT........ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 7-11

APPENDIX A. ENGINEER TROOP UNIT ORGANIZATIONS ........... ............. ............. ...... A-1HQ, EN COM....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

HQ, E NG INE ER B RIG ADE (THE ATER ARMY) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . A-2

HQ, ENG INE ER B RIG ADE (COR P S)...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

HQ, E NG INE ER G ROU P (CONS TRU CTION)...... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . A-3

HQ, E NG INE ER G ROU P (COMB AT)....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

EN G INE ER B ATTALION (COM B AT) (HE AVY) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . A-4

P LATOONS /COMP ANIE S, E NG INE E R B ATTALIO N (P RIME P OWER )...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . A-4

EN G INE ER TOP OG RAPH IC B ATTALI ON (THE ATER ARMY) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . A-5

EN G INE ER COMB AT B ATTALION (COR P S) (WH EE LE D)...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . A-6

EN G INE ER COMB AT B ATTALION (CORP S) (ME CH ANIZE D) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . A-6

EN G INE ER C OMP ANY (TOP OG RAPH IC ) (EAC) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . A-7

EN G INE ER COMP ANY (CONS TRU CTION SU P P ORT)...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . A-8

ENG INE ER D U MP -TRU CK C OMP ANY ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . A-8ENG INE ER P IP EL INE -CONS TRU CTION-SU P P ORT COMPANY... . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . A-8

EN G INE ER P ORT-CONS TRU CTION C OMP ANY ....... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . A-9

EN G INE ER COMP ANY, (MU LTIRO LE B RID G E)...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . A-9

ENG INE ER B RID G E COMP ANY (PANEL B RID G E).. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . A-10

ENG INEE R B RIDG E COMPANY, MED IUM-GI RDER BRI DG E (MGB ) . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . A-10

EN G INE ER C OMP ANY, ASS AU LT FL OAT B RID G E (AFB )...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11

EN G INE ER C OMP ANY (COMB AT-SU P P ORT EQU IP ME NT)....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. A-11

EN G INE ER COMP ANY (LIG HT EQU IP ME NT) (AIRB ORNE ) ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . A-11

EN G INE ER C OMP ANY (LIG HT EQU IP ME NT) (AIR ASSAUL T) ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . A-12

EN G INE ER C OMP ANY (TOP OG RAPH IC ) (COR P S)...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . A-12

HQ DE TACH ME NT, ENG INE ER B ATTALI ON ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . A-12

ENG INE ER TEAM, U TILI TIE S (4000) ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . A-13

EN G INE ER TEAM, F IRE -P ROTEC TION HQ (LA)...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . A-13

ENG INE ER TEAM, FIR E TRUC K (LB) ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. A-13

ENG INE ER TEAM, WATER TRU CK (LC )...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . A-14

ENG INE ER TEAM, QU ARRY (75 TP H )...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . A-14

ENG INE ER TEAM, WE LL D RIL LI NG ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . A-14

ENG INE ER HE AVY D IVING TEAM....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . A-15

ENG INE ER LIG HT DIVING TE AM ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . A-15


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iv

Page

EN G INE ER TE AM, RE AL ES TATE ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . A-16

ENG INE ER TEAM, TOP OGR AP HI C P LANNING AND CONTROL ... . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . A-16

FE TE AM ............ ............. ............. ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ............ .......... ..... A-16

APPENDIX B. US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS.............................................................. B-1COMMAND AND CON TROL ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . B -1

Division Commands ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . B -1

Distr ict C omma nds ............................................................................................................. B-1

Laboratories ........................................................................................................................ B-2

Centers................................................................................................................................. B-2

SU P P ORT FOR MI LI TARY OP E RATIONS ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . B -2

P ower P rojection ................................................................................................................. B-2

Thea ter M ission .................................................................................................................. B-2

CONU S Cont ingency Missions ........................................................................................... B-3

APPENDIX C. THE CIVIL-ENGINEERING SUPPORT PLAN........................................... C-1

APPENDIX D. SAMPLE CONSTRUCTION DIRECTIVE . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E. ENGINEERING SERVICES AND TROOP

CONSTRUCTION SOP SAMPLE ......................................................................................... E-1

APPENDIX F. METRIC CONVERSION CHART ................................................................... F-1

GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . G lossa ry-1

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . References-1SOU RC ES U SE D ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . References-1

DOC U ME NTS NE ED ED ....... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . R eferences-2

INDEX....................................................................................................................................... Index-1


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v

PrefaceField Manual (FM) 5-116 provides doctrine to commanders and staffs concerning the employment

of engineer unit s a t echelons a bove corps (EAC). These units w ill be required t o complement or

expand the combat capabil i t ies of d ivisional engineer a ssets a s w ell as constru ct , maint a in, and

rehabilitate the logistics infrastructure needed for operational sustainment of the combat forces.

Some EAC eng ineer uni ts may opera te a s f a r forwa rd a s the br igade s rear ar ea , but genera l ly

most will operate in the communications zone (COMMZ).

The E AC engineer st ructure va ries depending on th e size of th e comba t force being supported, th e

type of action undert aken (offense, defense, sta bility, a nd support), the ma tur ity of th e thea ter, the

av a i l ab i l it y o f hos t -na t i on s uppor t (H N S ), an d th e i n te ns i t y o f the con f li ct . E ng i ne e r E A C

missions cha nge a s th e thea ter expands a nd must be accomplished in nuclea r, biologica l, chemica l

(NB C) and electr onic wa rfa re environment s.

This ma nua l addr esses specific a ctions E AC engineer units must plan a nd conduct. The doctrine

presented is applicable to combined, joint, and contingency operations.

The proponent for th is publica tion is HQ, TRADOC. Send comments a nd recommen da tions on

Depar tment of the Army (DA) Form 2028 directly to Comman da nt, U nited St at es Army E ngineer

S chool (US AES ), ATTN: ATS E -TD -D, For t L eona rd Wood, Mis souri , 65473-6650.

U nless this publication st a tes otherw ise, ma sculine nouns a nd pronouns do not r efer exclusively

to men.


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Operational Challenges to Army Engineers 1-1

Chapter 1Operational Challenges to Army Engineers

E ng i neer i ng i n the theater of operations (TO) bui lds the foundation fordeci si ve oper ati ons, r econsti tuti on of the for ce, and development ofcondi tions favor able for early wi thdrawal of Uni ted S tates (U S ) forces.When mili tary for ces of the US are called upon to suppor t our nati onalinterests, we must have the capability to project elements of power from thecontinental Uni ted S tates (CON US ) or from overseas bases i nto the area ofoperations (AOs). Projecting and building up forces require suchi nfr astructure as air fi elds, por ts, r oads and bri dges, water sour ces,electrical power, and much more. The buildup of forces requires eitheradequate preexisting infrastructure, upgrading existing infrastructure, orconstruction of new facilities.

Mr . J ames StewartMi li tary Engineer Development Analyst

THE NATURE OF ENGINEER INVOLVEMENT

The Army f aces a w ide ran ge of potent ia l enemies ; i t i s prepa red to f ight

under diverse conditions, clima te, an d int ensity levels with its sist er services

a nd i ts coa l i t ion pa rtn ers . The ra nge of mili ta ry opera tions tha t a re neither

prec ise , clear ly de f ined , nor exc lus ive o f th emse lves inc ludes t he d iverse

environment s of peacetime, conflict, a nd w a r. A dist inct a nd/or uniqu e point int ime or geography does not exist to mark the separat ion of one category of

conflict from t he next. Recent cha llenges to na tional security int erests showed

that the Army employed engineers on the ful l range of mil i tary operations.

Fi gure 1-1, pag e 1-2, s h o w s t h e r e l a t i on s h i p s o f t h e r a n g e of m i l it a r yoperations.

PATTERNS OF OPERATIONS

From initia l mission receipt th rough deployment, opera tions, and t ra nsition to

f o ll o w -o n o p er a t i o n s , e n g i n e e r s w i l l e xe cu t e t h e i r m i s s i o n s t h r o u g h a

deliberat e set of pat terns of opera tions. These pa tt erns a re not pha ses, nor ar e

they sequent ia l . They se rve to focus the many tasks tha t the armies have

a l w a y s pe r f or m e d i n w a r an d oth e r m i li t a r y oper a t i ons . The pa t t e r ns o f

operations are

Pr oject th e force. Deploy ta i lored forces directly into opera tions.

P ro tect the force. Incorpora t e organiza t iona l , mate r ia l , and procedura l

solutions to protect soldiers , informa tion, an d equipment a cross th e

full spectrum of opera ting environment s.


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1-2 Operational Challenges to Army Engineers

G a i n i nf or m a t i on d om inance. C rea te a d is pa r i t y betw e en w ha t the

Army knows a bout i t s ba t t lespace a nd th e opera t ions wi th in i t a nd

wh at the enemy knows.

S hape the ba t t l es pac e. C r ea te w i ndow s of ad van t a g e b y set t i ng

condit ions in terms of what the Army does to the enemy and how i t

postur es its force an d ta kes a dva nta ge of the opera tional environment

(terrain, weather, and infrastructure).

Conduct decis ive opera t ions. Execute mil it a ry opera t ions tha t force

th e enemy t o g ive in t o the Army s w il l by destroying i ts mea ns a nd

will to fight .

Sus ta in the force. Mainta in the dominant tempo of opera t ions overtime, and reinforce the existing infrastructure by integrating material

an d opera t iona l a nd organ iza t iona l capa b i li t ie s. This i s a n ongoing

effort th roughout th e ent ire pa tt erns of opera tions.

Regardless of t he opera tiona l cat egories in w hich th e Army becomes involved,

the degree of engineer participation in the contingency response is likely to be

high . In our modern force-projection Army, the insert ion of US forces req uires

the r ecept ion , s t a g ing , onwa rd movement , a nd in t egra t ion (RSO&I) of th e

f or c e. E n g i n e er s a r e k e y a g e n t s o f t h i s R S O &I m i s s i o n . O p er a t i o n a l

cha llenges include support for interm ediate sta ging bases (ISB s) an d support

for lodgment s such as ports a nd a irfields.

Beyond the RSO&I, engineers are integrated into the overal l Army service

component mission. F igure 1-2shows engineer act ivi t ies tha t a re integral tothe pat terns of operat ions. Each pat tern serves to focus the many t asks th a t

engineers ha ve alwa ys performed.

In peace t ime, the US Army a nd o ther eng ineers a re s t ra teg ica l ly enga ged

worldw ide in a ctivities tha t promote n a tional-security objectives by improving

t h e h o s t -n a t i o n s (H N s ) i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . E x a m p l e s a r e p r o d u c t s o f t h e

Exercise-Related Construction (ERC ) P rogram, t he Huma nita rian a nd Civic

Figure 1-1. Strategic spectrum of military operations

Precrisis Crisis Hostilities Posthostilities

Offense

Defense

STABILITY

SUPPORT

Offense

DEFENSE

Stability

Support

OFFENSE

Defense

Stability

Support

Offense

Defense

STABILITY

SUPPORT

USACE SFO

(Saudi Arabia)

Desert Shield 1990 Desert Storm 1991 Provide Comfort

Intrinsic Action

Southern Watch

ERC 1991-present


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FM 5-116


Assista nce (HC A) P rogram , an d the U S Army Corps of En gineers (USACE)Support-for-Others (SFO) P rogra m. These a ctivities provide milita ry tra ining

a nd support fa cilities and undert a ke civic projects su ch a s

Bui lding schoolhouses , fa rm-to-marke t roads, and hea l th cl in ics .

D rillin g w a t er w ells.

B u i ld ing and m a i n t a in ing in fr a s t r uctur e s uch a s m a jor b as es , t r a i n ing

ar eas, ports, a nd a irfields.

These cons truc t ion ac t iv i t ie s a id t he geographic combat a nt Commander in

Chief (CINC) in demonstrat ing his support within a part icular region while

maintaining presence within his area of responsibility (AOR). An aggressive

e x er c is e pr og r am w i th i n a pa r t i cu l a r A O R is a l s o a f und am e nt a l t ool the

CINC uses to mainta in presence and to fos te r s t rong mi l i t a ry- to-mi l i ta rycooperation.

N a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i s a s t e r s ca u s e d fr o m h u r r i c a n e s , fl oo d s,

eart hqu a kes, volca nic eruptions, and w ildfires thr eat en the loca l populace and

l e av e m i l l i ons w i thou t ne c e s s i t i e s f o r l i f e . The e ng i ne e r r e s pons e m ay

include

E r ect i ng t em por a r y s hel t er s and cl in i cs .

Figure 1-2. Engineer activities within the strategic spectrum

Sustainthe force

Protectthe force

Conductdecisive

operations

Gaininformationdominance

Offense Stability

Defense Support

Project

theforce

Shapethe

battlespace

Peace enforcement Peacekeeping

Major theater war SFO

Disaster relief

ERCHumanitarian civic assistance


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FM 5-116


Rem oving debris.

Pe r forming temporary cons truct ion to bolste r weakened

superstructures.

R ees t a bl is hin g t r a n spor t a t ion r i gh t o f w a ys.

Cons truct ing d ivers ion or protect ive s t ructures to counte r lava f lows .

Construct ing levees to conta in r i sing f loodwat ers .

Creat ing flood-predict ion models for the mapping of d isaster ef fects .

Fight ing fire.

Peace enforcement entails life support and force-protection facilities or may

enta il constructing physical ba rriers to ensure separ a tion of comba ta nt forces.

Dur ing a m a jor th ea t e r wa r (MTW), a l l o f th e above ma y be added to the

e ng i ne er s c om b a t ope r a t i ons i n s u ppor t o f the c om b a t a n t c om m a nd e r s

mission.

ENGINEER OPERATIONS

The current trend of milita ry opera tions ha s increa sed the US involvement in

global responses. Operat ions Rest ore Hope a nd C ontinued Hope in Soma lia ,

O per a t i on R e s tor e D e m oc r ac y i n H a i t i , and O pe r a t i on J o in t E nd e av or i n

B osnia a re a ll exa mples of th e expan ding role of th e Army. Couple this tr end

wi th the g loba l t rend toward qua nt i ta t ively sma l le r but t echnologica l ly a nd

qua lita tively better milita ry forces a nd t he need for relevant doctr ine becomes

a p p a r e n t . E n g i n e er i n t e g r a t i on i n t o s t a f f p l a n n i n g , t h e r e f or e , r eq u i r e s

i n c r ea s e d e m p h a s i s , s i n c e s y n c h r o n i z i n g t h e o p e r a t i on o r b a t t l e is

increasingly complex.

En gineer comman d a nd control (C 2) must function ra pidly to be responsive to

the dyna mics of an ongoing operat ion. Terrain a na lysis an d its products a ssist

in faster planning and are unique perspectives of the AOs. Requirements forfortif ications a nd protective shelters a nd th e Armys sta nda rds for the qua lity

of life (QOL) for its soldiers h ave ga ined importa nce. Obsta cle syst ems reta in

the i r impor tance , whi le our aggress ive doc tr ine wi th in FM 100-5 places

great er emphasis on opera tional mobil ity, obsta cle breaching, an d ra pid gap

crossing.

The five prima ry engineer funct ions in t he TO a re mobility, count ermobility,

a n d s u r v i v a b i l i t y ( M /C M /S ) ; g e n e r a l en g i n e e r i n g ; a n d t o p og r a p h i c

engineering. F igure 1-3shows the t ypes of engineer m issions by bat t lespacefunction.

MOBILITY

Mobil ity enables the force commander t o man euver un its into a dvan ta geouspositions. The Army comman der relies on mobility to a chieve surprise, ma ss

a t t h e c r it i c a l t i m e, a n d m a i n t a i n m om e n t u m . O p er a t i o n D e s er t S t o r m

provides a n excellent exam ple of opera tiona l mobility. As it beca me a pparent

tha t I raq i forces were content to occupy Kuwai t and brace for the coming

at ta ck, CINC planners formulated t he offensive plans for th e sweep north t ha t

included tw o Army corps. The end run a round Kuw ait required displacing the

XVIII Airborne Corps from t heir defensive positions in Cent ra l Sa udi Ara bia


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FM 5-116


to the northwest on the Iraqi border. Marshal ing areas to upload tracks and

r oad e nha nc e m ent s a l l ow e d f or t he r a p i d d i s pl ac e m e nt o f the co r ps in t o

ta ct ical a ssembly a reas w ithout providing the Ira qi force w ith even a hint of

the C oal i t ions intent ions. Army engineers a ided in breaching the e labora te

I r a q i d e f ens i v e s y s te m , the r e b y a l l ow i ng d i v i s iona l e ng i ne e r s t o r e m a i n

integrated with the maneuver force.

I n a s i m il a r v e i n , t h e b r id g e a c r os s t h e S a v a R i v er i n t o B o s n i a ( a n d t h e

a c co m p a n y i n g c r o s s in g -s i t e s u p p o r t a r e a s ) d i s p l a y e d t h e c r i t i c a l i t y o f

operat iona l mobility dur ing Opera tion J oint Endea vor.

The Army Service Component Comma nder (ASC C) designa tes t he routes forground forces, well in ad van ce of th eir intended use, so tha t engineer units ca n

upgrade the routes, as necessary, and keep them open or repaired. (See FMs

5-100, 5-430-00-1, 90-13, a nd 90-13-1 for more inform a tion on t echniq ues a nd

procedures for m obility.)

Figure 1-3. Engineer battlespace functions

General EngineeringLOC construction and repairLogistics-support facilitiesArea damage control

Construction-materials productionWell drilling

Force bed down

CombatEngineering

Topographic EngineeringTerrain analysisMap productionPrecision survey

Data management

SurvivabilityFighting positions

Force protection Protective emplacements

Protected support facilitiesCamouflage

ConcealmentDeception

CountermobilityMine systems

Obstacle development

MobilityCountermine/counterobstacle

Gap crossingCombat roads/trails

Forward aviation combatengineering

Engineer reconnaissance


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FM 5-116


COUNTERMOBILITY

Countermobili ty a ugments nat ura l terra in w ith obstacle systems according to

the comman der's concept of opera tions. This a dds depth to th e bat tle in spa ce

an d t ime by a t t ack ing the enemy's a b i l ity to ma neuver i t s forces . With i t s

movement disrupted, t urned, f ixed, or blocked, the enemy is vulnerable t o our

forces. Engineers ensure obstacle integration through the proper exercise of

obstacle C 2, focusing on obsta cle-emplacement a uth ority a nd obsta cle contr ol.

Obstacle-emplacement a uthori ty is the a uthori ty th at a unit comma nder has

to e m pl ac e r ei n f or c ing ob s t a c le s . The AS C C us ua l l y ha s t he a u th or it y t o

emplace obsta cles. G enerally, he delega tes t he a uth ority t o corps comman ders

wh o may fur th er delegat e it to division comma nders. Obsta cle control ensures

tha t obs ta c les suppor t current a nd fu t ure opera t ions . The ASC Cs cont ro l

mechanism to ensure that subordinate commanders do not emplace obstacles

which will interfere with future operations is establishing obstacle zones and

obstacle- free restr ict ive areas. The nature of obstacle integrat ion from the

AS C C l e v e l t o c om pa ny a nd /or t e a m l e v e l l ea d s t o e che l ons i n ob s t a c le

plann ing . At ea ch low er level , eng ineers conduct more de ta i led pla nning .

Opera tiona l planning consists of developing obsta cle restrictions a nd gra nting

obsta cle-empla cement au thori ty to subordinat e e lements . Obsta cle plann ing

requires engineers a t ea ch level to provide subordina te unit s w ith t he r ight

c om b i na t i on o f pos i t i v e c on t r o l a nd f l e x i b i l i t y. The e ng i ne e r i s a l s o an

importa nt a dvisor/par tn er in deep-ta rgeting discussions a nd t he coordinat ion

foca l point concerning obs ta c le barr iers a nd mines for jo in t ma na gers an d

coa lition forces.

Timely, a ccura te reporting of obsta cles from the emplacement unit a ll the w ay

to the ASC C

R ed uces t h e r is k of fr a t r icid e.

Al lows for d isseminat ion as boundar ies change or uni ts pass through

areas occupied by others.

P rov ides cr i t ica l in format ion in planning the forward passage of lines

(FP OL).

Enha nces demining opera t ions a t the conclusion o f cont ingency

operations.

(FM 90-7 is the primary reference for countermobility planning; however, for

more informa tion on t a ctics an d t echniq ues for count ermobility, see FMs 5-100

a nd 20-32.)

SURVIVABILITY

Sur v ivab i l i ty prov ides cover a nd mi t iga t es the e f fec ts o f enemy w eapons .

Engineers may be cal led on t o mass t heir skil ls and equipment, a ugmentingc om b a t u n i t s i n d e v el o pi n g d e f e n s i v e p os i t i o n s i n t o f or t i f i ca t i o n s o r

s t r ongpoints a nd in impr oving de fens ive pos i t ions . More o f ten , however,

engineers pa rt icipat e in an d provide sta ff advice on camouflage, concea lment,

an d decept ion (CCD ) measu res an d t he ha rdening o f fa ci l it ie s to res is t the

destru ction of C 2 facilities (as part of integrated plans), air-defense weapons

systems, and support structures within the COMMZ. Within a missile-threat

envi ronment , eng ineers prov ide f ie ld-for t i f i ca t ion suppor t to ha rden key


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a s s e t s a g a i n s t m i s s i l e a t t a c k s . Fo r ce p r ot e c t i on e n t a i l s s u r v i v a b i l it y

e n g i n ee r i n g a p p l i ca t i on s t o H N f a c il i t i es a n d U S -o pe r a t e d f a c i li t i e s a s

protective measu res aga inst terrorist or extremists groups tha t t hreat en US

forces or na t ion a l in t e res t s . (See F Ms 5-100, 5-103, a nd 5-114 for more

i n f o r m a t i o n o n t e c h n i q u e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r s u r v i v a b i l i t y a n d f o r c e

protection.)

GENERALENGINEERING

G e ner a l e ng i nee r ing e s t ab l i s hes an d m a i n t a i ns t he i n fr a s t r uc tur e tha t i s

required for conduct ing a nd sus ta in ing mi l it a ry opera t ions in the thea te r.

G eneral-engineering ta sks include

Construct ing and/or repai r ing the fol lowing :

Exist ing logist ics-support fa cil it ies.

Supply routes, a ir f ields, and heliports .

R a ilr oa d s.

P ort s.

Wa t er w ells.

Ut il it ies (e lectr ic, hea t , and wa ter) and sa nita t ion (sewage,

ha zardous wa ste , and solid wa ste).

P ow er pla n t s.

P i pelin es.

P rov id ing e lect r ica l dist r ibut ion exper t i se.

G eneral-engineering support

Beg ins wi th the suppor t ing requirements for the in i t i a l recept ion o f

th e force-projection Army (receiving equipm ent a nd soldiers). I s mainta ined throughout the opera t ion , prov id ing the in fras t ruc ture

for t he logisticians t o susta in th e force.

P rov ides the suppor t s t ructure to redeploy the force.

Ends wi th envi ronmenta l res tora t ion and the return of the f aci li t ies

tha t were used by t he deployed forces to HN control.

As th e force a dvan ces forwa rd on th e bat tlefield, the corpss rear boundary will

b e co n t i n u a l l y d r a w n f o r w a r d . G e n e r a l e n g i n e e r i n g a l s o in v o k es f or c e

protection thr ough operat ions such as clearing mines a fter th e ta ctica l breach

a nd a ssist ing explosive ordna nce teams in clearing ba tt lef ield clutt er with in

th e expanded C OMMZ to the extent n ecessary to conduct milita ry opera tions

safely.

At t imes, the milita ry st ra tegy ma y be to extend general-engineering support

to restore facilities, pow er, an d life-support systems w ithin t he infra str ucture

of th e combata nt count ries. This effort a ids in the recovery a nd t he tra nsition

to preconfl ic t condit ions. Centr a l to plan ning a nd executing th ese ta sks are

construction standards. The challenge is in establishing measures of success

a nd conditions for tr a nsition to civil support . Within t he modern fra mework of


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opera tions, a ll these efforts w ill l ikely be performed by a combina tion of joint

engineer un its, civilian contr a ctors, and H N forces. These effort s require t ha t

large a mounts of construction ma teria ls an d specialized resources be pla nned

and provided for in a t imely manner. (See FMs 5-100 and 5-104 for more

informa tion on general-engineering techniques a nd procedures)

Ar m y l e ad e r s h i p i n p r o te ct i ng t he e nv i r onm e nt c a n on l y b e ac h i e v e d i f

envi ronmenta l s tewa rdship i s in tegra ted in t o the Armys dec is ion-ma king

process a nd t heir act ivi t ies . Pla nning for al l Army operations a nd st ra tegies

should include efforts to minimize releases of hazardous substances into the

environment, protect cul tura l a nd na tur a l resources, and prevent pol lution.

B y m a i n t a i n i n g e n v ir o n m en t a l s t e w a r d s h i p , r el a t i o n s w i t h t h e H N s a r e

enhanced and c lean-up e f for ts in pos tconf l ic t per iods can be minimized .

G uidelines on requirements for overseas operat ions a re outlined in the St a tus

of Forces Agreement (SOFA) w ith HNs or th e Depar tm ent of Defense (DOD )

Overseas Environmental Baseline Document.

TOPOGRAPHICENGINEERING

Topogra phic engineering provides comma nders w ith informa tion a bout th ete rra in . Topographic in format ion a ss i s ts t he comma nder in v isua l i z ing t he

bat t lespace environment better a nd a ids in employing forces. All engineers

ar e terra in experts a nd a ssist others to use th e ground effectively. The division

s ta f f s te rra in teams provide products for d iv is ion- leve l p lanning . At the

AS C C l ev e l, t h e t o p og r a p h i c b a t t a l i o n a n d t h e p l a n n i n g a n d c on t r o l

deta chment integra te echelons-a bove-division (EAD) support to Army forces,

as w ell as t o joint a nd multina tiona l forces. Their use of digita l terra in dat a t o

develop a detai led an a lysis aides the ASCCs visual izat ion of the ba tt le field ,

thereby assisting in determining

Avenues and routes for Army forces (as w ell as l ikely enemy avenues

of a pproa ch.)

Ter r a i n li m it a t i ons to enem y capab il it i es .

O bs t a cl e-z on e loca t i on s.

M a jor en ga g em en t a r ea s (E As ).

U nit posit ions.

Deep-opera t ion ta rgets and the ir impact on fu ture opera t ions.

R es cu e-oper a t ion p a r a m et er s.

F lood -pre di ct i on m od el s.

Wate r-r es our ces i nf or m a t i on .

M is sion -pla n n in g a n d -r eh ea r s a l da t a .

(See FM 5-105 for more informa t ion on topogra phic support t o Army syst ems.)

Geospatial information and services (GI&S) support requirements, products,

an d capa b i li t ie s are inc luded in t he G I&S a nnex to each cont ingency plan

(CONP LAN), operat ion plan (OP LAN), or operat ion order (OP ORD ). Terra in

aspects pertinent to operations will also be found in Appendix 2 to Annex B

(In telligence) of each pla n or order.


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FM 5-116


THEATER OVERVIEW FROM THE ENGINEER PERSPECTIVE

The operat iona l art employed with in a t heat er is an orchestra tion of coherent

movements an d ba tt les (real or th reatened) tha t a re distr ibuted over t ime an d

s pac e. The s e ope r a t i ons a r e c ha r a c te r i ze d b y us i ng d e e p m a ne uv e r s an d

batt les according to a common aim. The physical man-made infrastructure ,c ou p l ed w i t h n a t u r a l t e r r a i n a n d t h e w a t e r w a y s o f a n AO , p r ov i d es t h e

fra mework of operat iona l art , facilita ting freedom of str at egic a nd operat iona l

movement in a campa ign. Clever plan ning a nd execution of engineer functions

man ipulat e tha t f ra mework to our a dvant age a nd a re therefore imperatives of

a successful operat ion.

F i gur e 1-4p o r t r a y s a c on c e pt u a l t h e a t e r. R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e s i z e of t h eprojected force or t he ma tur i ty o f the t hea t e r, eng ineers impac t w i th in a l l

z one s. I n th e r e a r (th e C O M M Z ), th e f i r s t m i s s i on i s t he R S O &I . Whe n

soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines arrive at the aerial port of debarkation

(AP OD) , they n eed a p lace to s leep, shower, a nd ea t w hi le rece iv ing t he i r

equipment. Oth er soldiers , sai lors , a irm en, an d ma rines ar e responsible for

joining crews w ith w eapons systems to repair th e systems tha t a re nonmissioncapa ble on arr ival a nd generally process these units. This requires real esta te;

eng ineers a cquire leases for rea l es ta te wi t h th e USACE cont ingency rea l

esta te support tea m (CRE ST).

Figure 1-4. Conceptual theater structure

xxxx

Rear opns

Close opnsDeep opns


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FM 5-116


Dependin g on th e dista nce/lines-of-comm unica tion (LOC) relat ionships, th e

use of an intermedia te sta g ing base an d th e engineer support of tha t cri t ical

operat iona l node are imperat ive to extending t he operat iona l reach of Army

forces.

Developing a seaport of debar kat ion (SPOD ) to accept th e equipment a nd t he

material deployed by the sea may require ini t ial underwater port c learance

an d wa terfront faci l ity inspection a nd th e expansion of the sta g ing faci li t ies.

Similar inspection, upgra de, or expan sion a ctivi t ies ma y a lso be required of

the APOD. This construction effort accelerates equipment reception and the

equipping a nd t he organ izing of the force for operat ions.

Th e Ar m y s a i r d i m e n s i o n o f e a r l y o p er a t i o n s r e q u i r e s t h e i m m e d i a t e

development a nd constr uction of rota ry-w ing a ircra f t bed-down /opera tions

faci l i t ies . The th eat er C 2 s tructure and the protective systems (air-defense

ar tillery [ADA] a nd m ilita ry police [MP ]) are employed in t he rear a nd r equire

protective shelters a nd bun kers.

The th e a te r -s us t a i nm e nt b a s e w i th s tock s on th e g r ound , coupl ed w i th a

transportation network to get those stocks to the operator, resides within ther e a r . Tr a i n i n g a n d r e h e a r s a l s a r e co n cu r r e n t a c t i v it i e s d u r i n g o n g oi n g

operations. These combatant-force actions, occurring in the rear, often require

engineer construction of mock-ups, ranges, or similar facilities. Throughout

the operation, many of these functions or the maintenance of these activities

remain a focus of the Armys EAC engineers.

E ng i ne er s m a y a l s o b e ca l l e d on t o a s s i s t i n r e pa i r i ng d am a g e to S P O D s ,

APODs, C 2nodes, or other cri t ical a ssets r esult ing from miss i le or bomber

at ta cks. At t he cessa tion of activities, the redeployment of forces, equipment,

a n d u n u s e d m a t e r i a l s s t e p s u p t h e p a c e of r e a r o p er a t i o n s a s t h e f or c e

prepares for the next contingency.

Constructing facilities and protective measures; establishing the sustainment

base; and a cquiring, ma inta ining, a nd disposing of rea l esta te ar e a ll engineermissions t ha t contribute to th e overal l operat ions w ithin t he conf ines of the

r e a r . Th e s e m i s s i on s a r e a c co m p li s h e d w i t h a c a r e f u l l y o r ch e s t r a t e d

applica t ion of engineer units , constr uction cont ra cting (perha ps ma na ged by

US ACE assets), or HNS a greements.

In t he comba t zone (CZ), engineers employ t a ctica l asset s. In coordinat ion a nd

c o n c e r t w i t h d i v i s i o n a n d c o r p s e n g i n e e r s , t h e A S C C s s t a f f e n g i n e e r

anticipates and plans for the combatant commanders engineer requirements,

to include the forwa rd r einforcement of division a nd corps unit s. Tempora rily

using EAC a ssets for specif ic missions or t ime frames a l low s th e ASC C t he

f lexibil i ty t o mass engineer a ssets w ithin t he close f ight w hile exercising an

economy of force elsewhere for a short dura tion.

On a more long-term ba sis , engineer w ork l ines (EWLs) a re negotiat ed far

forward to faci l i tate the forward focus of the corpss engineer assets and to

accompl ish the myr iad o f t asks beyond the corps eng ineer s capab i l i t ie s .

Exa mples o f such ta sks are ma inta in ing an d/or cons truc t ing ma in supply

r o u t e s (M S R s ), f or w a r d l a n d i n g s t r i p s , or f o r w a r d -p o s it i o n e d m e d i ca l

facilities. Control measures (such as EWLs) delineate general responsibilities,

faci l i tat ing the EAC engineers work within the corpss area. Using control


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FM 5-116


measur es frees th e corpss engineer a ssets to a nticipate a nd support t he close

f i g h t w h i l e po s t u r i n g f o r t h e o f fe n s i v e m o m e n t u m t h a t A r m y d o ct r i n e

e m b r a c es . E WL s a r e t h e r e f or e i n d e p en d e n t o f ot h e r b o u n d a r y c o n t r o l

measur es, such a s t he corpss rea r bounda ry.

The the a te r a l s o a ug m e nt s the C Z , a s s um i ng r e s pons i b i l it y f o r s pec if i c

support on a ta sk basis forwa rd of the EWL. For example, in prepara tion for a

count erat ta ck a nd a n exploi ta t ion of re treat ing enemy forces, the concept of

opera t ions ma y inc lude ma jor log is t ic bases we l l forwa rd w i th in t he CZ to

susta in the momentum of ta ctica l units. Constructing th ese logistic ba ses will

consume th e corps s eng ineer a sse ts a nd t ie th em to te rra in a round th ese

bases. These tactical assets would better serve the combatant forces through

integra t ion in to planning , rehearsa ls , and combat d r i l l s v ice sus ta inment

const ruction a ctivities.

Deep operations within the CZ have Army-engineer concerns as well . The

engineer focuses on future operations, which are shaped by deep operations,

a nd on sett ing the condit ions for t act ical success. Fut ure close operat ions of

th e lan d force wil l tra verse an d/or occupy th is a rea. Therefore , an engineer

a na l y s i s of the k ey t e r r a i n , the t r a f f ic ab i l it y, t he i n f r a s t r uc tur e , a nd the

obsta cles w ithin th e a rea a re importa nt considerat ions.

Th e ob s t a c le s t h a t i m p a c t op e r a t i on s m a y b e n a t u r a l b a r r i e r s , en e m y -

e m pl ac e d s y s te m s , f r i end l y d e s t r oy e d L O C s , or i n te r d i c t i on s c a t t e r a b l e

minef ie lds emplaced deep to separate echelons or disrupt the sustainment

flow to a n enemys forw a rd elements. The divisiona l engineers a re focused on

close operat ions; therefore, th ese concerns a re best a ddressed by t he EAD/

EAC engineers. They a re also importa nt a dvisors/pa rt ners in deep-ta rgetin g

discussions. With the a ccura cy of smart munit ions, careful selection of ta rgets

can render the desired effects on an enemy.

Engineer participation allows

The cons idera t ion and the compar ison of cand ida te ta rge ts wi th theknowledge of repa ir ca pabilities.

A g rea te r percept ion o f the impact o f t a rge t ing on mobil ity (both

friendly and enemy) or posthostility a ctivity, regarding t he restorat ion

effort required.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OPERATIONS APPLIED TO ARMYENGINEERS

J ust a s engineering man ifests the pr inciples of war, i t also embraces the fiveessent ial chara cteristics of Army-opera tions d octrine:

In it ia tive.

Agilit y.

D epth .

Orchest ra t ion .

Versa tilit y.


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FM 5-116


Initiativese ts or cha nges the terms of an operation by a ct ion a nd implies anoffensive spirit in every endeavor. Theat er engineers support th e Army s goa l

o f b a t t l e spac e d om ina nc e i n s e i z ing t he i n i t i a t i v e . I n i t i a t i v e c om e s f r om

unders tand ing the commander s opera t iona l concept . This unders tand ing

al lows the engineer to discern what is important , conduct mission analysis ,

a nd w eight t he e f fort s in su pport of the overal l objective . Most engin eeringta sks ta ke time to be a ccomplished. Init iat ive ma nda tes gaining control of the

si tuat ion ra ther th an let t ing t he si tuat ion control events .

Agi li tyi s the ab i l ity t o ac t an d reac t f as te r tha n a n enemy. D ig it i z a t ion andaut omat ion increase a g i li ty by enab l ing eng ineers t o excha nge and an a lyze

critica l informat ion q uickly. Theat er engineers a nt icipat e the r equirements for

a mission a nd initia te prepara tory a ction before their need is often perceived.

Thea te r-eng ineer a sse ts a re ne i ther quick nor to ta l ly se l f -mobi le, so ta sk

organiza t ion i s impor ta nt t o set t he cond i t ions for ag i l i ty w i th in t he AOs.

While theat er engineers reta in th e flexibility to support operat ions forwa rd in

the CZ, they are postured to support all engineer requirements in the rear of

the th eat er AOR. This allows t he engineer comman der to maint a in the a gility

and meet unforeseen requirements that occur in the fast-paced operationaltempo (OP TEM P O) of modern opera tions.

Depth is the extension of operations in time, space, resources, and purpose.Depth i s se rved through s imul ta neous eng ineer opera t ions by ba t t le space

function. Theat er engineers ad d visual iza t ion of the bat t lespace beyond th e

ground US forces occupy . They re inforce combat-eng ineer e f for ts a t the

forwa rd edge of the ba tt le, enha ncing surviva bility, a ccelera ting completion of

count e rmobi l i ty sys tems, or prov id ing opera t iona l m obi li ty. Addi t iona l ly,

t h e a t e r en g i n e e r s s u p p or t t h e r e a r l o d g m e n t , p r o v i d i n g co n t i n u e d

sustainment to all forces within the theater.

Orchestrationmea ns t o arr a nge , develop, orga nize , or combine to achieve adesired or ma ximum ef fect . Theat er engineers a pply th e r ight mix of forces

u s i n g t h e r i g h t d e g r e e of c on t r o l a n d o pe r a t i n g a t t h e r i g h t t e m p o a n dintens i ty level to accompl ish th e ass igned miss ions . Ea ch of the essent ia l

cha ra cterist ics are va lua ble applica t ions to engineer employment ; however,

wit hout orchestra t ion, they w ould only add value to current opera tions. The

rea l i ty o f our modern force s t ruc tur e an d t he compet i t ion for s t ra teg ic li f t

capabilities in our force-projection Army limits the availability of engineers

wit hin t he AOR. Orchestr a tion of thea ter engineers a s a limited resource sets

th e condit ions for decisive victory.

Versatilitydenotes the a b i l ity t o per form in ma ny ro les and envi ronmentsw hi le conduct ing t he fu l l ran ge of opera t ions . For exam ple, th e eng ineer

b a t t a l i on ( co m ba t ) (h e a v y ) m a y e s t a b l is h t h e s u s t a i n m e n t b a s e a t t h e

b e g in n i n g o f op e r a t i on s a n d a m o n t h l a t e r b e en g a g e d in c on s t r u c t i n g

surv iva b i l i ty pos i t ions to suppor t a commit ted corps th a t i s b ra c ing for ac oun t e r o ff e ns i v e. S t a b i l it y ope r a t i ons a nd s uppor t oper a t i ons r e q u i r e a

v e r s a t i l e e n g i n e e r f o r c e . E n g i n e e r s m u s t b e a b l e t o t r a n s i t i o n f r o m

p e a c e k e e p i n g t o p e a c e - e n f o r c e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s w h i l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

providing support opera tions w ith the sa me degree of success according t o the

CINC s priorities and st ra tegies.


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Fundamentals of Theater-Engineer Operations 2-1

Chapter 2Fundamentals of Theater-Engineer Operations

Great victor ies of mi li tary forces are often attr ibuted to super ior fi repower,mobili ty, or log i sti cs. I n actuali ty, i t often i s the commander who makesgood decisi ons and executes these decisi ons at a super ior tempo who leadshi s forces to vi ctory. Therefore, vi ctory demands that commanders effectively

li nk decision making to execution thr ough the concept of C2.

F leet Mar ine Force Manual (FM FM) 3

COMMAND AND CONTROL

Al t h o u g h t h e C 2 p r o ce s s b eg i n s a n d e n d s w i t h t h e c om m a n d e r, t h e

comma nding, decision ma king, and problem solving th a t come wit h it a re not

d o n e in i s o l a t i o n . Th e co m m a n d e r s s t a f f a n d s u b o r d i n a t e s a s s i s t i n

d e v e l op i ng , m od i f y i ng , a nd i m pr ov i ng c our s e s o f a c t i on ( C O As ) a nd i n

developing future C OAs for event s th at ar e not tota lly clear.

En gineer comma nds (ENCOMs) an d/or thea ter briga des will l ikely comma nd

and control the means by which forces execute the core-engineer functions for

i n te g r a t i ng s y s t e m s . The the a te r b a c kb one s t r uc tur e , ab s e n t i n t he f i r s t

m o n t h s o f D e s e r t S h i e l d , n o w e n t e r s t h e t h e a t e r e a r l y t h r o u g h t h e

employment of an incrementa l deployment str a tegy. This provides cont inuity,

the focus of operat iona l issues by appropria tely t ra ined units, an d a llows corps

a nd division engineers t o rema in focused on t he conduct of operat ions.

TAILORING AND TASK ORGANIZATION

Comman ders are cha l lenged to genera t e a force tha t i s t a i lored for current

a nd a nt ic ipa t ed miss ions , f lex ib le to cha ng ing c i rcumst a nces , and f i t s t he

const ra int s of lif t capa bilities in toda ys force-projection Army. The fa ctors of

miss ion , enemy, te rra in , t r oops , t ime ava i l ab le , and c iv i l ia n cons idera t ion

(ME TT-TC) drive th e initia l ta iloring of the force. P riorit izing a nd levera ging

a v a i l ab l e a s s e t s f o r a c c ep t a b l e d eg r e e s of r i s k g u i d e the com m a nd e r i n

determining th e timing, the a mount, a nd t he type of units to employ. Engineer

uni ts tha t ma ke up the a rchi tec ture o f the thea te r-leve l eng ineer force a re

diverse, a nd ma ny possess highly specialized capa bilities. (SeeAppendi x A forthe t ypes and m iss ions o f these uni ts). Because th e dema nds o f any g iven

operat ion va ry, there is no set st ructure th a t comprises the engineer st ructure,a nd a building-block approa ch tha t is ba sed on need is used to determine the

ultima te force refinement.

F ig ure 2-1, p a g e 2 -2 , i s a u s e f u l d e p i c t i o n o f t h e m u l t i p l e e n g i n e e rorganiza tions tha t ma y comprise the theat er-engineer ta sk orga niza tion. This

organiza t ion mee ts t he needs of a l l the ba t t le space func t ions a ddressed in

Chapter 1. This mature structure develops incrementally over time during a


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FM 5-116

2-2 Fundamentals of Theater-Engineer Operations

cont ingency response. This concept is a ddressed more t horoughly in Chapter3.Exa mining th e notiona l ta sk organiza tion, however, revea ls the inclusion ofArmy asse ts o ther than t rad i t iona l deployab le uni ts and uni ts outs ide the

s phe r e o f hab i tua l l y a s s oc i a te d E N C O M un i t s . Appendi x A ca t a l og s t h edeployable modificat ion t a ble of organ izat ion an d equipment (MTOE) units

within this s t ructure. Discussed in the following pa ra graphs a re organ izat ionsoutside the military deployable units who also contribute to theater-engineer

missions.

US ARMYCORPSOFENGINEERS

A contr ac t-cons tr uc t ion a gent (CCA) des igna ted by t he DOD ma na ges andorchestra tes defense-oriented constr uction a ctivities overseas. This w orldwide

presence is divided between the U SACE a nd t he Nava l Fa cilities Engineering

C o m m a n d ( N AV FAC ) . Th e C C A i s u s u a l l y f a m i l i a r w i t h c on s t r u c t i o n

s ta nda rds , mat e r ia l s, and contra c t prov iders wi th in t he AOR through th e ir

da ily opera tion (before th e event s leading to a cont ingency response). Within

the Armys AOR, th e US ACE provides the follow ing support to th e ASC C a nd

engineer units with facilities-engineering responsibilities:

Figure 2-1. Notional theater-engineer structure

Power

FE Team Real

estate P&C

USACE

FWD

CBT HVY CBT HVY CBT HVYHHD HHD

Dump CS Dump CS CSE CSE

Port Pipeline Quarry Well drill HHD LT Dive Util

Util Util MGB AFB Panel

FF Team FF Team


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FM 5-116


D es ig n and cons t r uct i on se rv ices .

C ons t r uct i on and s er v ices con t r act s ad m i ni st r a t i on .

The thea ter s U SACE (forwa rd) commander ma y support th e ENCOM, other

commanders within the ASCC, and other service components. (See Appendi x

B for a m ore deta iled description of US ACE .) The U SACE forwa rd elementsmissions include

Planning and des igning thea te r fac il it ies for contra ct or t roop

construction.

Pr oviding engineer technical expertise (such a s force protection, cold-

weather effects, water detection, f lood prediction, and topography) to

s u p p o r t u n i t s i n t h e f i el d a n d p r o v i d i n g e n g i n e er s o l u t i o n s f o r

operational requirements.

M anag ing the con t r act -cons t r uct i on prog r am .

Ensur ing qua l i ty assurance (QA) for contrac t cons truct ion and t roop

constr uction, if requested.

P l a n ni ng for a n d a cq u ir in g r ea l es t a t e.

P rov id ing contra ct-cons truct ion mana gement/overs ight .

Se rving as the adminis t ra t ive contra ct ing of fice r (ACO) for the

Logist ical Civi l Augmenta tion P rogram (LOG CAP) constr uction a nd

th e contr a cting officers represent a tive (COR) for QA.

Prov id ing envi ronmenta l technica l suppor t and mana g ing contra ctor-

e xe cu t e d h a z a r d o us a n d t o xi c-w a s t e c l ea n u p a n d e n v ir o n m e n t a l

restorat ion missions.

E ns ur i ng tha t us er s of the Thea te r C ons t r uct i on M anag em ent S y s tem

(TCMS) have technical support.

Manag ing and account ing for a l l appropr ia ted mil it a ry-cons truct ion

(MILC ON) a nd int erna tiona l-const ruction support funds provided for

constr uction execution in t he t heat er.

P r ovi di ng a U S AC E l ia i s on to the E N C OM s t a f f and other s uppor ted

or coordina ting command st a ffs.

FACILITIESENGINEER(FE) TEAM

An F E tea m is a reserve ta ble of d istr ibution a nd a l lowa nces (TDA) unit . I n

times of na tiona l emergency and contingency operat ions, it ma y mobilize and

deploy to be at ta ched to t he senior engineer HQ, a group or higher engineer

organizat ion, or an a rea support group (ASG ). As par t of a large a nd diverse

FE TDA unit, the team can be task-organized to fit a specific mission before

d e pl oy m e nt . The t e a m h a s no o r g an i c com m uni ca t i on , t r a ns por t a t i on , o r

defensive equipment.

The ASC C h a s overa ll responsibility for real-propert y ma intena nce activities

(RP MA). A principal RP MA function in a TO is t he opera tion, th e repair, a nd

the maintenance of facilities and utilities occupied by Army forces and other

service-component unit s. The FE tea m is u niquely suit ed for t his mission. I t is

a pa rt of the FE TDA. The team is a n a tionw ide reserve organ izat ion w ith t he


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mission of assessing and managing the upkeep of the physical plant of our

reserve faci l it ies a nd mobilizat ion ba se . The FE TDA is comprised of sma ll

highly skilled tea ms tha t can be ea sily ta sk-organized to mana ge FE missions.

E n v i r onm e nta l cons i d er a t i ons an d m i t i g a t i on hav e b e com e i nc r ea s i ng l y

re leva nt to U S force-project ion opera t ions t hroughout t he w or ld in recent

y e a r s . The t e am i s pa r t i c u l a r l y e q u i ppe d to a i d an d a d v i s e th e AS C C onEnvironmenta l Compliance and Assessment Sys t em (ECAS) issues as they

r e l a t e t o cu r r e n t a n d f u t u r e o p er a t i o n s . Th e t e a m s s k i l l s, o r i g in a l l y

envisioned for use only within the US during partial or full mobilization, has

been u sed repea tedly dur ing cont ingency r esponses. The t eam wa s deployed t o

Sa ud i Ara b ia dur ing D eser t S hie ld , an d o thers have been used in Somal ia

(O pe r a t i on C on t i nue d H ope ), H a i t i (O pe r a t i on U pho l d D e m oc r ac y ), a nd

Bosnia (Opera tion J oint E ndeavor). The team is norma lly at ta ched to ASG s

and ha s a coordination re lat ionship with t he ENCOM.

COMBATENGINEERSWITHINTHE THEATERSTRUCTURE

The us e o f com b a t -e ng i ne er un i t s a nd b r i d g e a s s e t s a r e d e p ic te d i n th e

notional str ucture beca use of their ut ility a nd purpose beyond t he needs of the

maneuver elements, see F i gure 2-1, page 2-2. These highly mobile, offensiveUS force-projection un its w ill span great d istan ces in a n a rea from t he entry

points of the COMMZ to the forward edge of friendly forces.

The theater-engineer structure assumes responsibi l i ty for forward areas as

th e corps st ructur e moves forwa rd in the offense. The ba tt lespa ce is expected

to be an engineer cha llenge due to unexploded ordna nce, mines, and da ma ged

r oad ne tw or k s . C om b a t - e ng i ne e r un i t s hav e i m m e ns e u t i l i t y w i th i n the

th eat er-engineer ta sk organ izat ion. Ta sk organ iz ing combat -engineer un its

w i th the a te r - e ng i ne e r un i t s i nc r e as e s the s ur v i v ab i l i t y o f f o r w ar d E A C

engineer w orkforces an d improves mobility thr oughout th e thea ter AOR. The

comba t engin eers skill proficiency in demolitions a nd min e clear ing reinforces

t h e E AC e n g i n e er s m i l it a r y o cc u p a t i o n a l s p e ci a l t i e s f or c o n s t r u c t i o n .

L i k e w i s e , the e ng i ne e r b r i d g e s pec ia l i s t s un i q ue e q u i pm e nt a nd s k i l ls ,organic to bridge units , a re required to rapidly expand t act ical bridging to a

more permanent gap-crossing site that is capable of transiting sustained two-

wa y t ra f f i c. When other se rv ices , such a s t he Ma r ine Corps , require Army

eng ineer augmenta t ion , combat eng ineers may be ass igned to the thea te r

engineer for C 2to provide engineer su pport in a joint opera tion. To perform M/

C M /S a nd g e ne r a l e ng i ne er i ng w i th i n the e nv i r onm e nt d e s cr i b e d ab ov e,

b r i d g ing un i t s a nd m e cha n i z e d an d w he e l ed com b a t b a t t a l i ons a r e t a s k -

organized with in the thea ter-engineer str ucture.

All missions may not require the inclusion of these combat elements, bridge

as sets, or TDA units. The ma keup of the t a sk organiza tion w ill vary ba sed on

th e METT-TC. Ta sk orga niza t ion for t he operat iona l-engineer st ruct ure is

si tua tional dependent. The notional t ask organizat ion depicted in F igure 2-1i l lu s t r a t e s t h a t t h e a p p l i ca b l e b u i l d in g b l o ck s a r e n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e

customary EAC-ty pe unit s.

ENGINEER COORDINATION

En gineer coordina tion in modern contin gencies is as a xioma tic as coordinat ion

betw een ma neuver e lements , w hose coordina tion (lef t t o r ight a nd h igher to


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lower) enhances the probabil ity of success, synchronizat ion, a nd ma ss a t the

decisive moment and precludes fratricide. The earlier reference to an initial

l imi ted eng ineer-force s t r uc ture w i th in th e AOR is overcome t hrough th e

e f fe ct i v e ne s s of c oor d i na t i on . J us t a s th e ope r a t o r e s t a b l is he s m a ne uv er

graphics, boundaries, axes of advance, and fire-support coordination lines to

contr ol fi res an d ma neuver, th e engineer employs sta nda rds, priori t izes thee f for t , e s ta b l i shes EWLs, an d employs obs ta c le-f ree zones . Some of th ese

c oo r d i n a t i on m e a s u r e s a r e p u t f o r t h b y t h e C I N C a n d t h e jo in t -f or c e

comma nder ; o thers a re es tab l i shed by th e ASC C a nd t he jo in t -force l and-

component commander.

The CINCs, joint- force commanders , and ASCCs abi l i ty to inf luence the

b a t t l e w i th e ng ine er a s s et s m a y b e m a na g e d th r oug h ope r a t i ng a the a t e r

cont ingency eng ineer ing management (TCEM) or a reg ional cont ingency

engineering management (RCEM) cell. The composition and the procedures of

the TCE M a nd t he RCE M cel l s are governed by t he respec t ive geogra phic

CINCs. These cells are augmented to the staffs they support and do not form

a n engineer-comma nd st ovepipe. The TCE M a nd t he RC EM cells apply t he

comma nders int ent , merge engineer-support requirements , a nd orchestra teresources by

Estab l ishing pr ior i t ie s and pol icy for thea te r Class IV (A and B )

stockage levels.

Es tab l ishing thea te r d ist r ibut ion protocols tha t a re cons is tent wi th

construction priorities.

Moni tor ing and recommending the a l loca t ion a nd use of cons truct ion

assets against priori ty operational requirements and recommending

ta skings for engineer a ssets.

D ev el op ing cons t r uct i on s t and a r d s a nd pr ior it i es .

P rov id ing input to the Jo int C ivi l-Mil ita ry Eng ineer ing Board(J CMEB ).

STANDARDS

Est a b l ished cons tr uc t ion s ta nda rds an d pol ic ies guide eng ineer opera t ions

a nd a re genera l ly s ta ted wi th in the OPORD. These s ta nda rds an d pol icies

provide for a llocating limited resources to accomplish th e most vita l ta sks a nd

direct the priority and the level of effort to be expended. Engineer materials

and se rv ices suppor t the opera tor as we l l as the log is t ic ian . Mount ing or

conflicting d eman ds on engineer resources must be resolved to ensure tha t the

g r e a t e s t u s e i s g a i n e d . Fo r e x a m p l e d i gg i n g a s s e t s h a v e m u l t i p l e u s es

th roughout t he AOs. They can be used to

E n h a n ce s us t a in m en t a n d t he Q OL in r ea r a r ea s .

I m pr ov e s urv iv ab il it y of for w ar d el em ents .

C on t r ib ute to coun ter m ob il it y a c t iv it i es .

A pr inc ipa l tool tha t i s a va i l ab le to the eng ineer i s the Civ i l -En g ineer ing

Support P lan (CE SP ). For more informa tion on the CE SP, see Chapter 5a ndAppendi x C.G enerally, facility requ irements w ithin a contingency a re neededfor a short dur a tion a nd, th erefore, ar e sat isfied (in priority) by


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Obta in ing maximum use of ex is t ing fac il it ies (contro lled by the US/

HN).

Modify ing exis t ing f ac il it ies ra ther tha n cons truct ing new ones .

L ea sin g fa cilit ies.

C on st r u ct i ng n ew fa cil it ies.

Us ing an appropr ia te ba lance o f US eng ineer t roop uni ts and contrac tors ,

Army forces th at ar e deployed to developed area s capita lize on an esta blished

infra str ucture a nd ma ximize th e use of exist ing fa cil i t ies. The const ruction

ef fort is focused on faci l i ty modif icat ion and batt le-damage repair , making

ma ximum use of the HNs ava ilable manpower, equipment, a nd ma teria ls.

Army forces deployed t o lesser-developed a nd undeveloped opera tiona l a rea s

rely more on the construction of new austere facilities. The construction effort

a t f i r s t i s f oc us e d on i n i t i a l s t and a r d ( up to 6 m onths e x pe c te d us e ) o r

tempora ry st a nda rd (up to 24 months expected use) constru ction a nd ba tt le-

dam age repair. As th e opera tion extends over t ime, these sta nda rds ma y not

be adequa te for th e level of QOL the comman der deems appropriat e for hissoldiers . Wha tever the sta nda rd, HNS is sought, but i t may be less ava i la ble

tha n i n d e v e loped a r e as . I n a l l t he a t e r s , a p r ud e n t m i x of t r oops , d i r ec t

cont ra cts , and LOG CAP cont ra ctors accomplish thea ter construction an d/or

repair requirements in t he most e f ficient means a vai lable. Only th rough this

mix can the engineer overcome shortfalls in resources while maintaining the

support level required by a ll forces deployed in th eat er.

PRIORITIES

En gineer w ork requirements t hroughout th e operat iona l area norma lly exceed

capabil i t ies . The CINC r outinely esta bl ishes a broad priority sy stem w ithin

his OPORD (usua l ly inAppendi x 5 of Annex D in the OPORD). This prioritysys tem a ss is ts in a pply ing resources across a l l se rv ices aga ins t only th ose

ta sks tha t a re most critica l to success. The following list provides a fra meworkfor a ssessing the priority of required engineer support in broad terms:

H i gh los s of l if e or com b a t def ea t .

Degraded combat e f fect iveness or increased vulnerab i li ty on the

battlefield.

Degraded cr i t ica l then noncr i t ica l combat se rv ice suppor t (CSS) .

These broad priori t ies a re of ten ina dequa te t o add ress specif ic projects tha t

compete for resources. Frequently, these instances impact on more than one

service ei ther t hrough t he consumpt ion of limited Cla ss IV mat erials or the

al locat ion of a l imited constr uction e lement. Adjudicat ion occurs wit hin t he

TCE M cell for cases of broad t heat er consequence or t he RC EM cell for ca ses

o f a m o r e l oc a l n a t u r e . Th e s e ce l ls a r e a u g m e n t e d t o t h e C I N C s s t a f f

engineers a nd a lmost alw ay s have joint membership.

REPORTS

Accurate and t imely engineer reports f rom subordinate units to the senior

engineer a nd t he ASC C a re cri t ica l to th e Army engineers abi l i ty t o inform

and advise the ASCC on engineer status and issues. This routine feedback


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m e cha n i s m a l l ow s the c om m a nd e r an d h i s s t a f f t he v is i b i li t y o f cur r e n t

operations as they monitor activities. This in turn gives the engineer and his

sta f f a wa y to a nticipate needs an d val idat e current plans a nd future engineer

efforts. A thorough aw a reness of th e activity level, unit locat ions, equipment,

m a t e r i a l , a n d p e r s o n n e l s t a t u s p r o v id e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e co m m a n d e r s

decisions on

Ta sk or ga n iza t ion .

Mission a lloca t ion .

Vi abi li t y of fu tu r e oper a t i ona l C OAs .

Time-phased force-deployment da ta ad jus tments .

The reporting times, the frequency, a nd t he forma t w ill be specified w ithin th e

OPORDs or the standing operating procedures (SOPs) for the units involved.

Avoid genera ting r eporting requirements t ha t dist ra ct from the uni

fm 5-116 engeer operations above echelons above corps

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