flying animals

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Flying Flying animals animals Actually all of the animals I Actually all of the animals I am going to talk about either am going to talk about either glide or powered fight. glide or powered fight.

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this presentation is about animals that fly(they don't really fly though)

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Page 1: flying animals

Flying Flying animalsanimals

Actually all of the animals I am Actually all of the animals I am going to talk about either glide or going to talk about either glide or

powered fight.powered fight.

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All aboutAll about flying flying animals!?animals!?

A number of A number of animalsanimals have  have evolvedevolved  aerial locomotionaerial locomotion,,either by either by powered flightpowered flight or by  or by glidinggliding. . Flying and glidingFlying and glidinganimalsanimals have evolved separately many times, without have evolved separately many times, withoutany single ancestor. any single ancestor. FlightFlight has evolved at least four has evolved at least fourtimes, in the times, in the insectsinsects, , pterosaurspterosaurs, , birdsbirds, and , and batsbats..Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. UsuallyGliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usuallythe development is to aid canopy animals in gettingthe development is to aid canopy animals in gettingfrom tree to tree, although there are other from tree to tree, although there are other

possibilities.possibilities.Gliding, in particular, has evolvedGliding, in particular, has evolvedamong among rainforestrainforest animals, especially in the rainforests animals, especially in the rainforestsin in AsiaAsia (most especially  (most especially BorneoBorneo))

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Invertebrates:Invertebrates:ArthropodsArthropods

Gliding antsGliding ants (gliding). The flightless workers of  (gliding). The flightless workers of these insects have secondarily gained some these insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move through the air. Gliding has capacity to move through the air. Gliding has evolved independently in a number of arboreal evolved independently in a number of arboreal ant species from the groups ant species from the groups CephalotiniCephalotini, , PseudomyrmecinaePseudomyrmecinae, and , and FormicinaeFormicinae(mostly (mostly CamponotusCamponotus). All arboreal ). All arboreal dolichoderinesdolichoderines and  and non-cephalotine non-cephalotine myrmicinesmyrmicines except  except DacetonDaceton armigerumarmigerum do not glide. Living in the rainforest  do not glide. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use canopy like many other gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch. branch.

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ContinuationContinuation

Gliding was first discovered for Gliding was first discovered for CephalotesCephalotes atreusatreus in the  in the PeruvianPeruvian rainforest.  rainforest. Cephalotes Cephalotes atreusatreus can make 180 degree turns, and  can make 180 degree turns, and locate the trunk using visual cues, locate the trunk using visual cues, succeeding in landing 80% of the time.succeeding in landing 80% of the time.[8][8] Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotini  Unique among gliding animals, Cephalotini and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first, the Forminicae however glide in the first, the Forminicae however glide in the more conventional head first manner.more conventional head first manner.[9][9] The  The following page has some good videos of following page has some good videos of gliding ants. gliding ants. [1][1]

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Oh! Then how about Oh! Then how about spiders!!!spiders!!!

SpidersSpiders (parachuting). The young of  (parachuting). The young of some species of spiders travel some species of spiders travel through the air by using silk through the air by using silk draglines to catch the wind, as may draglines to catch the wind, as may some smaller species of adult spider, some smaller species of adult spider, such thesuch themoneymoney spider spider family. This  family. This behavior is commonly known as behavior is commonly known as "ballooning". "ballooning". Ballooning spidersBallooning spiders make up part of the  make up part of the aeroplanktonaeroplankton..

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And last one of all MolluscsAnd last one of all Molluscs

Flying squidFlying squid (gliding). Several oceanic  (gliding). Several oceanic squidssquids, such , such as the as the Pacific flying squidPacific flying squid, will leap out of the water , will leap out of the water to escape predators, an adaptation similar to that to escape predators, an adaptation similar to that of of flying fishflying fish..[10][10] Smaller squids will fly in shoals,  Smaller squids will fly in shoals, and have been observed to cover distances as long and have been observed to cover distances as long as 50 meters. Small fins towards the back of the as 50 meters. Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not produce much lift, but do help mantle do not produce much lift, but do help stabilize the motion of flight. They exit the water stabilize the motion of flight. They exit the water by expelling water out of their funnel, indeed some by expelling water out of their funnel, indeed some squid have been observed to continue jetting water squid have been observed to continue jetting water while airborne possibly providing thrust even after while airborne possibly providing thrust even after leaving the water. This may make flying squid the leaving the water. This may make flying squid the only animals with jet-propelled aerial locomotion.only animals with jet-propelled aerial locomotion.

Where the Where the treestrees are tall and widely spaced  are tall and widely spaced

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Now lets go to Vertebrates:Now lets go to Vertebrates:FishFish

There are over 50 There are over 50 speciesspecies of flying  of flying fishfish belonging to  belonging to the the familyfamily  ExocoetidaeExocoetidae The largest flying fish can The largest flying fish can reach lengths of 45 cm, but most species measure reach lengths of 45 cm, but most species measure less than 30 cm in length. They can be divided into less than 30 cm in length. They can be divided into two-winged varieties and four-winged varieties. two-winged varieties and four-winged varieties. Before the fish leaves the water it increases its speed Before the fish leaves the water it increases its speed to around 30 body lengths per second and as it to around 30 body lengths per second and as it breaks the surface and is freed from the drag of the breaks the surface and is freed from the drag of the water it can be traveling at around 60 km/h.The glides water it can be traveling at around 60 km/h.The glides are usually up to 30–50 metres in length, but some are usually up to 30–50 metres in length, but some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The using the updraft on the leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series of glides, each time fish can also make a series of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the thrust. The longest recorded series of glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water, was for 45 seconds .for 45 seconds .

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More Fish!!! More Fish!!!

HalfbeaksHalfbeaks (gliding). A group related to the Exocoetidae, one  (gliding). A group related to the Exocoetidae, one or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps. fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps.

Freshwater butterfly fish (possibly gliding). It can move Freshwater butterfly fish (possibly gliding). It can move through the air several times the length of its body. While it through the air several times the length of its body. While it does this, the fish flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its does this, the fish flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its common name. common name. 

However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can truly glide, Saidel et al. (2004) argue that it cannot.can truly glide, Saidel et al. (2004) argue that it cannot.

Freshwater hatchet fish (possibly flying). There are 9 Freshwater hatchet fish (possibly flying). There are 9 species of freshwater hatchet fish split among 3 genera. species of freshwater hatchet fish split among 3 genera. Freshwater hatchetfish have an extremely large sternal Freshwater hatchetfish have an extremely large sternal region that is fitted with a large amount of muscle that region that is fitted with a large amount of muscle that allows it to flap its pectoral fins. They can move in a allows it to flap its pectoral fins. They can move in a straight line over a few meters to escape predators straight line over a few meters to escape predators

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Now on to AmphibiansNow on to Amphibians

RhacophoridaeRhacophoridae  flying frogsflying frogs. Gliding has evolved . Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frogs, the independently in two families of tree frogs, the Old WorldOld World Rhacophoridae and the  Rhacophoridae and the New WorldNew World Hylidae. Within each lineage there are a range of  Hylidae. Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities from non-gliding, to parachuting, gliding abilities from non-gliding, to parachuting, to full gliding.. For example, the to full gliding.. For example, the MalayanMalayan flying  flying frog glides using the membranes between the toes frog glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small membranes located at the of its limbs, and small membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm. Some heel, the base of the leg, and the forearm. Some of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders, for of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders, for example, the example, the Chinese gliding frogChinese gliding frog  Polypedates dennysiPolypedates dennysi can maneuver in the air,  can maneuver in the air, making two kinds of turn, either making two kinds of turn, either rollingrolling into the  into the turn or turn or yawingyawing into the turn (a  into the turn (a crabbed turncrabbed turn). ). HylidaeHylidae  flying flying frogsfrogs.The other frog family that .The other frog family that contains gliders.contains gliders.

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Now lets Now lets head of on head of on REPTILESREPTILES

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Draco lizardDraco lizard

There are 28 species of There are 28 species of lizardlizard of the  of the genusgenus  DracoDraco, found in , found in Sri LankaSri Lanka, , IndiaIndia, and , and Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia. They live in trees, feeding . They live in trees, feeding on tree ants, but nest on the forest floor. on tree ants, but nest on the forest floor. They can glide for up to 60 m and over this They can glide for up to 60 m and over this distance they lose only 10 m in height. distance they lose only 10 m in height. Unusually, their patagium is supported on Unusually, their patagium is supported on elongated ribs rather than the more elongated ribs rather than the more common situation among gliding common situation among gliding vertebratesvertebrates of having the patagium  of having the patagium attached to the limbs. When extended, the attached to the limbs. When extended, the ribs form a semicircle on either side the ribs form a semicircle on either side the lizard's body and can be folded to the body lizard's body and can be folded to the body like a folding fan.like a folding fan.

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Gliding Lacertids and Gliding Lacertids and Ptychozoon (gliding geckos)Ptychozoon (gliding geckos)

Gliding LacertidsGliding Lacertids (gliding). There are two  (gliding). There are two species of gliding species of gliding lacertidlacertid, of the genus , of the genus HolaspisHolaspis. Found in . Found in AfricaAfrica. They have . They have fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten their bodies for gliding/parachuting.their bodies for gliding/parachuting.

There are six species of gliding gecko, of There are six species of gliding gecko, of the genus the genus PtychozoonPtychozoon, from Southeast , from Southeast Asia. These lizards have small flaps of skin Asia. These lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs, torso, tail, and head that along their limbs, torso, tail, and head that catch the air and enable them to glide. catch the air and enable them to glide. 

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Chrysopelea snakeChrysopelea snake

Five species of snake from Southeast Five species of snake from Southeast Asia, Asia, MelanesiaMelanesia, and , and IndiaIndia. The . The paradise tree snakeparadise tree snake of southern  of southern ThailandThailand, , MalaysiaMalaysia, , BorneoBorneo, , PhilippinesPhilippines, and , and SulawesiSulawesi is the most capable glider of  is the most capable glider of those snakes studied. It glides by those snakes studied. It glides by stretching out its body sideways and stretching out its body sideways and opening its ribs so the belly is concave, opening its ribs so the belly is concave, and by making lateral slithering and by making lateral slithering movements. It can remarkably glide up to movements. It can remarkably glide up to 100 m and make 90 degree turns. Follow 100 m and make 90 degree turns. Follow this link for videos of this link for videos of gliding snakes.gliding snakes.

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Now who is Now who is ready for ready for MammalsMammals??????

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Flying phalangers or wrist-Flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders.winged gliders.

Flying phalangersFlying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders  or wrist-winged gliders gliding possbliy found in gliding possbliy found in AustraliaAustralia, and , and New GuineaNew Guinea. The gliding membranes are . The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable until they jump. On hardly noticeable until they jump. On jumping, the animal extends all four legs jumping, the animal extends all four legs and stretches the loose but muscularly and stretches the loose but muscularly controlled folds of skin. The subfamily controlled folds of skin. The subfamily contains seven species. Of the six species in contains seven species. Of the six species in the genus the genus PetaurusPetaurus, the , the Sugar gliderSugar glider and and the the Biak GliderBiak Glider are the most common  are the most common species. species.

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Petauroides volansPetauroides volans

The only species of the genus The only species of the genus PetauroidaePetauroidae of the family  of the family PseudocheiridaePseudocheiridae. This . This MarsupialMarsupial is  is found in found in AustraliaAustralia, and was originally , and was originally classed with the flying phalangers, classed with the flying phalangers, but is now recognized as separate. but is now recognized as separate. Its flying membrane only extends to Its flying membrane only extends to the elbow, rather than to the wrist as the elbow, rather than to the wrist as in in PetaurinaePetaurinae..

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Feather-tailed possumsFeather-tailed possums This family of This family of MarsupialsMarsupials contains two  contains two

genera, each with one species. The genera, each with one species. The Feather-tail GliderFeather-tail Glider found in  found in AustraliaAustralia is  is the size of a very small mouse and is the size of a very small mouse and is the smallest mammalian glider. The the smallest mammalian glider. The Feather-tail PossumFeather-tail Possum is found in  is found in New GuineaNew Guinea, but does not glide. Both , but does not glide. Both species have a stiff-haired feather-like species have a stiff-haired feather-like tail.tail.

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Flying squirrelFlying squirrel

There are 43 species divided between 14 genera There are 43 species divided between 14 genera of flying of flying squirrelsquirrel. Flying squirrels are found almost . Flying squirrels are found almost worldwide in tropical (worldwide in tropical (Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia, , IndiaIndia, and , and Sri LankaSri Lanka), temperate, and even ), temperate, and even ArcticArctic environments. They tend to be nocturnal. When  environments. They tend to be nocturnal. When a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance possible by further away than the distance possible by jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin that or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin that stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides spread-eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a spread-eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute, and grips the tree with its claws when parachute, and grips the tree with its claws when it lands. Flying squirrels have been reported to it lands. Flying squirrels have been reported to glide over 200 m.glide over 200 m.

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Flying lemursFlying lemurs

There are two species of flying lemur. This There are two species of flying lemur. This is not a is not a lemurlemur, which is a , which is a primateprimate, but , but molecular evidence suggests that colugos molecular evidence suggests that colugos are a are a sister groupsister group to primates; however,  to primates; however, some mammologists suggest they are a some mammologists suggest they are a sister group to bats. Found in Southeast sister group to bats. Found in Southeast Asia, the colugo is probably the mammal Asia, the colugo is probably the mammal most adapted for gliding, with a patagium most adapted for gliding, with a patagium that is as large as geometrically possible. that is as large as geometrically possible. They can glide as far as 70 m with minimal They can glide as far as 70 m with minimal loss of height.loss of height.

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Sifaka Sifaka

Sifaka and possibly some other primates Sifaka and possibly some other primates (possible limited gliding/parachuting) . A (possible limited gliding/parachuting) . A number of primates have been suggested number of primates have been suggested to have adaptations that allow limited to have adaptations that allow limited gliding and/or parachuting: gliding and/or parachuting: sifakas, indris, galagos and saki monkeys. sifakas, indris, galagos and saki monkeys. Most notably, the sifaka, a type of lemur, Most notably, the sifaka, a type of lemur, has thick hairs on its forearms that have has thick hairs on its forearms that have been argued to provide drag, and a small been argued to provide drag, and a small membrane under its arms that has been membrane under its arms that has been suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil properties. properties.

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Cats Cats If they fall, cats spread their bodies to If they fall, cats spread their bodies to

maximize drag, a very limited form of maximize drag, a very limited form of parachuting. Cats have an innate parachuting. Cats have an innate 'righting reflex' that allows them to 'righting reflex' that allows them to rotate their bodies so they fall feet rotate their bodies so they fall feet first. Some other animals may show first. Some other animals may show similar very limited parachuting. There similar very limited parachuting. There are also anecdotal accounts of less are also anecdotal accounts of less limited parachuting, or even semi-limited parachuting, or even semi-gliding, in palm civetsgliding, in palm civets

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Thank you for listening Thank you for listening for my presentation, I for my presentation, I hope you liked it.hope you liked it.

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