FLUIDIZATION

FLUIDIZATION Edited by

John R. Grace University of British Columbia

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

and

John M. Matsen Exxon Research and Engineering Company

Florham Park, New Jersey

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

International Fluidization Conference, Henniker, N. H., 1980. Fluidization.

Includes index. 1. Fluidization-Congresses. I. Grace, John R. II. Matsen, John M., 1936- III.

Title. TP156.F65I48 1980 660.2'84292 80-16314 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1047-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1045-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1045-7

Proceedings of the 1980 International Fluidization Conference, sponsored by the Engineering Foundation and

held at Henniker, New Hampshire, August 3-8,1980. The views presented here are not necessarily those of The Engineering Foundation, 345 East 47th Street,

New York, New York 10017.

©1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,

recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

To the memory of

Professors K. B. Mathur and S. S. Zabrodsky

two pioneers in the field of fluid-particle systems, whose contributions have had an enormous impact.

They are sorely missed by their colleagues throughout the world.

PREFACE

Fluidized beds have gained prominence in many process in­dustries (including chemicals, petroleum, metallurgy, food and pharmaceuticals) as a means of bringing particulate solids into contact with gases and/or liquids. Many fluidized bed operations are physical in nature (e.g. drying, coating, classification, granulation, and rapid heat transfer as in quenching or annealing). Other operations involve chemical reactions including the cata­lytic cracking of hydrocarbons, the manufacture of acry10nitrite and phthalic anhydride, the roasting of metallurgical ores, and the regeneration of spent catalysts. In recent years fluidized beds have been of special interest because of their potential as the central component in new processes for utilizing coal as a source of energy, notably in coal combustion and gasification processes.

The fluidized bed offers a number of advantages over most other methods of contacting, in particular high rates of heat transfer, temperature uniformity and solids mobility. Among the disadvantages are particle losses by entrainment, attrition of solids, limited reactor efficiency due to gas bypassing and gas and solids backmixing, and difficulties in design and scale-up due to the complexity of fluidized beds.

The International Fluidization Conference held in Henniker, New Hampshire, U.S.A. from 3-8 August 1980 was the fifth inter­national congress devoted to the entire field of fluidization. Preceding meetings have been held in Eindhoven, Holland (1967), Toulouse, France (1973), Asilomar, California (1975) and Cambridge, England (1978). In addition, conferences on fluid bed combustion have been sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1977 and 1980, and by the Institute of Fuel (London) in 1975 and 1980. Like its two immediate predecessors in Asilomar and Cambridge, this conference was sponsored by the Engineering Foundation.

viii PREFACE

The papers contained within this volume are those presented in the plenary sessions of the conference. Three of the papers are invited reviews, one providing an account of the early develop­ment of fluidized beds, and the others being devoted to two areas of special concern: mixing patterns in large fluidized beds and particle transport. The remaining papers have been selected from those submitted by authors in more than twenty countries. Over 130 abstracts were received in response to the initial call for papers. We reduced this list to eighty on the basis of trying to build a comprehensive and coherent program representative of work going on around the world. Each of the papers received was reviewed thoroughly by at least two referees. Hence each of the research papers included in this volume has survived a rigorous review process. Authors were asked to limit each paper to a maximum of eight pages in order to keep this volume and the oral presentations at the conference within reasonable bounds. Most of the authors have managed to keep within this limit.

The papers contained in this volume are broadly representative of the worldwide activity in the fluidization field. The papers come from seventeen different countries in five continents. One­quarter of the papers originate in industrial and government organizations, the remainder coming from universities. Almost every major research group working in the field is represented.

The subjects considered in these Proceedings are extremely broad in their coverage of the field of fluidization. Many reflect efforts to fill gaps in our understanding of fluidized beds, to help solve the problem of design and scale-up cited above. Some reflect new devices and increased interest, arising principally from coal-related work, in fluidization of large particles and operation at high pressure, elevated temperature, high velocities, or under the influence of centrifugal fields. Several papers deal with particle attrition and agglomeration, fields largely neglected in the past. A number of papers specifically address coal and shale combustion. Others treat heat transfer, particle entrainment, solids mixing, jets, baffles and related problems. While most of this volume is concerned with gas-fluidized beds, several papers are related to liquid fluidization, three-phase fluidization, and spouted beds. Flow in standpipes and from hoppers also receives some attention. The camera-ready format and the time constraints imposed by the need to have the volume available at the conference have helped to ensure that this volume is as up-to-date upon publication as is humanly possible.

We wish to acknowledge the support of the Engineering Foundation, and especially Dr. S. Cole and Mr. H. Comerer, in sponsoring the Fluidization 1980 Conference and helping us with many aspects of its organization. We are also grateful to the

PREFACE

members of the informal international working party, which has overseen the last three conferences, for their support. Special appreciation is due to our secretaries, Mrs. D. Phillips and Miss N. Curlo, for their assistance with many details. We wish to thank also the Engineering Foundation, National Science Founda­tion and the U.S. Department of Energy for grants which have helped make it possible for delegates from far and near to attend the conference. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the time and effort spent by referees. In order to provide some measure of recognition and thanks for their efforts, we list their names and affiliations below.

Referees of Papers

J.R. Grace J.M. Matsen

February 1980

Dr. M.M. Avedesian, Noranda Research Centre, Pointe Claire, Canada Dr. S.P. Babu, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A. Dr. J. Baeyens, Seghers Engineering, Brussels, Belgium Dr. C.G.J. Baker, Separation Processes Service, Harwell, England Prof. J.M. Beeckmans, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Prof. J.M. Beer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Mass., U.S.A. Prof. M.A. Bergougnou, University of Western Ontario, London,

Canada Dr. J.S.M. Botterill, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England Dr. J. Bridgwater, Oxford University, Oxford, England Dr. R.W. Bryers, Foster-Wheeler Corporation, Livingston, N.J., U.S.A. Dr. D.B. Bukur, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Dr. C.E. Capes, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada Dr. K. Carmichael, Union Carbide Corporation, S. Charleston,

W. Va., U.S.A. Prof. C. Chavarie, Ecole Poly technique, Montreal, Canada Prof. J.C. Chen, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., U.S.A. Dr. L.Y. Cheung, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dr. R. Clift, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. R. Collins, University College London, London, England Dr. J.P. Couderc, Institut du Genie Chimique, Toulouse, France Dr. A.C. Coulaloglou, Exxon Research and Engineering, Florham Park,

N.J., U.S.A. Dr. R.C. Darton, Shell Petroleum, Den Haag, Netherlands Prof. J.F. Davidson, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. H.I. de Lasa, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Dr. S.S.E.H. Elnashaie, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Prof. N. Epstein, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

x PREFACE

Mr. S. Ehrlich, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.

Prof. T.J. Fitzgerald, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.

Mr. F. Friedrich, Energy, Mines & Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada Dr. T. Furusawa, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Dr. J.D. Gabor, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill., U.S.A. Dr. D. Geldart, University of Bradford, Bradford, England Mr. S.E. George, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dr. B.M. Gibbs, University of Leeds, Leeds, England Prof. L.R. Glicksman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. Dr. Ir. W.R.A. Goosens, S.C.K./C.E.N., Mol, Belgium Dr. J. Guedes de Carvalho, Faculdade de Engenharia, Porto, Portugal Mr. J.E. Gwyn, Shell Development Company, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Dr. J.S. Halow, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Morgantown, W.Va., U.S.A. Dr. D. Harrison, University of Keele, Keele, Staffs., England Mr. T.D. Heath, Dorr-Oliver Inc., Stamford, Conn., U.S.A. Mr. J. Highley, National Coal Board, Stoke Orchard, Glos., England Prof. T.W. Hoffman, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Prof. G.M. Homsy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. Dr. S. Hovmand, Niro Atomizer Inc., Columbia, Md., U.S.A. Dr. J.R. Howard, University of Aston, Birmingham, England Mr. H.R. Hoy, BCURA Ltd., Leatherhead, Surrey, England Prof. R. Jackson, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Prof. M.R. Judd, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa Dr. D.L. Keairns, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. T.M. Knowlton, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A. Prof. D. Kunii, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Dr. R.D. LaNauze, CSIRO, North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia Prof. L.S. Leung, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia Dr. C.J. Lim, Tree Island Steel Ltd., Vancouver, Canada Prof. H. Littman, Rensselaer Polytechnic, Troy, N.Y., U.S.A. Dr. U. Mann, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A. Prof. L. Massimilla, University of Naples, Naples, Italy Dr. H. Masson, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Prof. O. Molerus, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, West

Germany Prof. R.J. Munz, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Dr. R.A. Newby, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. A.W. Nienow, University College London, London, England Prof. K. Ostergaard, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen,

Denmark Prof. R. Pfeffer, City College of New York, New York, U.S.A. Dr. N. Piccinini, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Dr. C. Pikios, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Prof. O.E. Potter, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Dr. B.B. Pruden, Petrocan Ltd., Calgary, Canada Dr. D. Punwani, Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, U.S.A.

PREFACE

Dr. D. Reay, Separation Processes Service, Harwell, England Prof. W. Resnick, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Prof. J.F. Richardson, University College Swansea, Swansea, U.K. Prof. dr. K. Rietema, Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven, Eindhoven,

Netherlands Prof. P.N. Rowe, University College London, London, England Dr. L.A. Ruth, Exxon Research & Engineering, Linden, N.J., U.S.A. Prof. S.C. Saxena, University of Illinois, Chicago, U.S.A. Prof. dr. K. Schugerl, Universitat Hannover, Hannover, West Germany Dr. J.T. Shaw, National Coal Board, Stoke Orchard, Glos., England Mr. S.P. Sit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Mr. L.M. Southwick, C.F. Braun & Co., Murray Hill, N.J., U.S.A. Prof. A.M. Squires, Virginia Polytechnic, Blacksburg, Va., U.S.A. Dr. F. Staub, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y., U.S.A. Prof. dr. ire W.P.M. van Swaaij, Twente University, Enschede,

Netherlands Prof. S.N. Vines, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.,

U.S.A. Prof. D.V. Vukovic, Belgrade University, Yugoslavia Prof. A.P. Watkinson, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada Dr. D.F. Wells, duPont Inc., Wilmington, Del., U.S.A. Prof. C.Y. Wen, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., U.S.A. Dr. J. Werther, BASF, Ludwigshafen, West Germany Dr. A.M. Xavier, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England Dr. W.C. Yang, Westinghouse R&D Center, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. Dr. J.G. Yates, University College London, London, England Dr. J. Yerushalmi, Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto,

California, U.S.A. Prof. K. Yoshida, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Prof. V. Zakkay, New York University, New York, U.S.A. Dr. F.A. Zenz, Particulate Solid Research Inc., New York, U.S.A.

CONTENTS

INVITED REVIEW PAPERS

History of fluidized solids development at Exxon • • • • • • • •

C.E. Jahnig, D.L. Campbell, and H.Z. Martin

The ups and downs of gas-solid flow: a review L.S. Leung

Mixing patterns in large-scale fluidized beds J.J. van Deemter

REFEREED RESEARCH PAPERS

Fluid-bed behaviour at elevated temperatures J.S.M. Botterill and Y. Teoman

The bubble phase in high-pressure fluidised beds • • •••••••••••••

D.F. King and D. Harrison

The stability of the propagation of sharp voidage fronts in liquid fluidized beds

A.K. Didwania and G.M. Homsy

The effect of some unsteady motions on gas flow patterns around a fluidization bubble • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

R. Collins

3

25

69

93

101

109

117

Prediction of bubble growth in bubble chains • • • • . •• 125 L.R. Glicksman and W.K. Lord

Mechanistic prediction of bubble properties in freely-bubbling fluidised beds

T. Farrokhalaee and R. Clift

xiii

135

xiv

Fluidized combustion of oil shale • • S. Yavuzkurt, C. Gutfinger, and J. Dayan

Fluidized combustion of coal washery wastes R.D. LaNauze, G.J. Duffy, E.C. Potter,

and A.V. Bradshaw

Combustion of volatile matter in fluidized beds .•....•..•••••.

A. Atimtay

An experimental study of mechanism of com­bustion of carbon in shallow fluidized beds .•..•.

R.K. Chakraborty and J.R. Howard

NOx emission control by a staged fluidized bed combustor of coal . • . • .

D. Kunii, T. Furusawa, and K.T. Wu

Fluidized coal combustion: the effect of sorbent and coal feed particle size upon the combustion efficiency and NOx emission • . • . . . • . . • •

J.M. Beer, A.F. Sarofim, P.K. Sharma, T.Z. Chaung, and S.S. Sandhu

Heat transfer of single horizona1 finned tubes and their bundles in a fluidized bed of large particles ••..

S.S. Zabrodsky, A.I. Tamarin, A.F. Do1idovich, G.I. Pa1chonok, and Yu.G. Epanov

Heat transfer in a fluidized bed at high pressure . . • • . • • •

V.A. Borodu1ya, V.G. Ganzha, and A.I. Podberezsky

Surface-bed heat transfer in a f1uidised bed at high pressure • • . . •

A.M. Xavier, D.F. King, J.F. Davidson, and D. Harrison

Influence of hydrodynamics on heat transfer in fluidized beds . • • . . • . • • .

H.-J. Bock and O. Mo1erus

A model for heat transfer to horizontal tubes immersed in a fluidized bed of large particles . • • • • • . •

N.M. Catipovic, G.N. Jovanovic, T.J. Fitzgerald, and o. Levenspie1

CONTENTS

143

151

159

167

175

185

195

201

209

217

225

CONTENTS

Heat transfer to horizontal tube banks in the splash zone of a fluidized bed of large particles •.•••.

R.T. Wood, M. Kuwata, and F.W. Staub

Heat transfer between solids and gas in a multistaged fluidized bed

M. Peyman and C. Laguerie

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of turbulent contact absorbers • .

G.V. Vunjak-Novakocic, D.V. Vukovic, A. Obermayer, and A. Vogelpohl

Gas-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed • • . • • • . . .

V.R. Dhanuka and J.B. Stepanek

Spout formation and collapse in rough and smooth walled beds • . . • . • • • •

G.S. McNab and J. Bridgwater

Particle segregation in continuously operating spouted beds . . • •

N. Piccinini

General relationships for the minimum spouting pressure drop ratio, 8PmS /8PmF , and the spout-annular interfacial condition in a spouted bed • • • • • • . • • . • .

M.H. Morgan III and H. Littman

The dispersion of ax i-symmetric gas jets in fluidized beds • • • • • . • .

G. Dons!, L. Massimilla, and L. Colantuoni

Momentum dissipation of and gas entrainment into a gas-solid two-phase jet in a fluidized bed • • • . • • • • •

Wen-ching Yang and D.L. Keairns

The effect of pressure on jet penetration in semi-cylindrical gas-fluidized beds

T.M. Knowlton and I. Hirsan

The mixing of tracer gas in fluidized beds of large particles • • • . • • • •

G.N. Jovanovic, N.M. Catipovic, T.J. Fitzgerald, and O. Levenspiel

xv

235

243

253

261

271

279

287

297

305

315

325

Gas backmixing in 0.61m and 1.22m square fluidized beds . . • • • • . •

A.B. Whitehead, O.E. Potter, H.V. Nguyen, and D.C. Dent

Axial mixing and mass transfer in a zig-zag contactor

I.W. Noordergraaf, A.W.M. Roes, and W.P.M. van Swaaij

Particle distribution and m~x~ng in a centrifugal fluidized bed

D.G. Kroger, G. Abdelnour, E.K. Levy, and J.C. Chen

Movement of solid particles around bubbles in a three-dimensional fluidized bed at high temperatures . • . . . . • •

M. Ishida, A. Nishiwaki, and T. Shirai

A study of particle movement in a gas­fluidized bed

Jin Yong, Yu Zhiqing, Zhang Li, and Wang Zhanwen

The effect of shape oh the m~x~ng and segregation of large particles in a gas-fluidised bed of small ones

A.W. Nienow and D.J. Cheesman

Mechanism of solid segregation in gas fluidised beds • • . • . • • . •

H. Tanimoto, S. Chiba, T. Chiba, and H. Kobayashi

Mechanism of particle mixing and segregation in gas fluidized beds • • . •

K. Yoshida, H. Kameyama, and F. Shimizu

The behaviour of a multicomponent granular material in a continuous fluidized bed classifier . • • . • . • . •

L. Neuzil, F. Prochaska, M. Hrdina, and J. Njvlt

Particle mixing near the grid region of fluidized beds . . . • • .

C.Y. Wen, R. Krishnan, and R. Kalyanaraman

CONTENTS

333

341

349

357

365

373

381

389

397

405

CONTENTS

Grid leakage (weeping, dumping, particle backflow) in gas fluidized beds: the effect of bed height, grid thickness, wave breakers, cone-shaped grid holes and pressure drop fluctuations • • • •

C. Briens, M.A. Bergougnou, and C.G.J. Baker

The behaviour of jets and particles near the gas distributor grid in a three­dimensional fluidized bed

K. Oki, M. Ishida, and T. Shirai

Cold~odel studies of agglomerating gasifier discharge behavior

D. Leppin and G.N. Sahay

Particle attrition in fluid-bed processes W.G. Vaux and D.L. Keairns

A model for attrition in fluidized beds T.P. Chen, C.I. Sishtla, D.V. Punwani,

and H. Arastoopour

The effect of fines on the behaviour of gas fluidized beds of small particles

D. Geldart and A.R. Abrahamsen

Powder flow from an aerated hopper H.K. Altiner and J.F. Davidson

The stability of vertical gas-solid downflow in bottom-restrained standpipes

P.J. Jones, C.S. Teo, and L.S. Leung

Flow regimes in a one-dimensional model of a standpipe • • • • . •

J.C. Ginestra, S. Rangachari, and R. Jackson

Pneumatically controlled multi-stage fluidized beds •• ••••

Liu Dalu, Li Xiguang, and Mooson Kwauk

Cocurrent gas/solids downflow in vertical cat cracker standpipes: effects of gas compression and solids compaction

H.W.A. Dries

Particle entrainment from bubbling fluidized beds

R.J. Gugnoni and F.A. Zenz

xvii

413

421

429

437

445

453

461

469

477

485

493

501

xviii

Elutriation and particle transport through the freeboard of a gas-solid fluidized bed • • • • • • • • • • • •

M. Horio, A. Taki, Y.S. Hsieh, and I. Muchi

Simultaneous solids entrainment and de­entrainment above a three-phase fluidized bed ••••••

S.A. El-Temtamy and N. Epstein

Potential improvements in the field of large particle fluidization

G.M. Rios, J.L. Baxerres, and H. Gibert

The dynamics of fast fluidization Li Youchou and Mooson Kwauk

The structure of a 15 cm diameter gas fluidised bed operated at up to 1 mls and seen by X-rays • • • • • • • • • •

P.N. Rowe and H.J. MacGillivray

The thermal regeneration of spent activated carbon by a packed fluidized bed •

K. Kato, K. Matsuura, and T. Hanzawa

Ignition of a fluidized bed catalytic cracking regenerator: freeboard region influence

H. de Lasa and A. Errazu

Experimental determinations of the vertical distribution of contact efficiency inside a fluidized catalyst bed

T. Miyauchi, S. Furusaki, K. Yamada, and M. Matsumura

An experimental test of slugging-bed reactor models • • • • • •

J.G. Yates and J.-Y. Gregoire

Criteria for temperature multiplicity in fluidized bed reactors • • • •

B.D. Kulkarni, P.A. Ramachandran, and L.K. Doraiswamy

Contributors •

Index

CONTENTS

509

519

529

537

545

555

563

571

581

589

599

601