fluid mechanics 1 lab assignment of hafiz luqman

[FLUID MECHANICS-LAB ASSIGNMENT ] November 11, 2012

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Instructor:

Engr. Muhammad Tariq

Submitted by:

Hafiz Luqman Khalil

Roll number:

11053123-032

Department Of Chemical Engineering


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1. EQUIPMENT NAME:

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE DEMONSTRATOR

COMPONENTS OF EQUIPMENT:


1-Assembly board 7- Probe for measuring

2- Single water pressure gauge overall pressure (can move axially)

3- Discharge pipe 8- Hose connection, water Supply

4- Outlet valve 9- Valve at water inlet

5- Venture tube with six measurements points 10- 6-fold water pressure gauge

6- Compression gland (pressure distribution in Venture tube)


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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION:

This equipment is used for experimentation and training purposes. The total pressure is

measured with a pitot tube and displayed on a second tube manometer. The flow rate is

determined using the volumetric tank on the bench. The entire experimental set-up is

clearly laid out on a metal panel; this is fitted to the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench.

The bench provides the water supply for carrying out the experiment. The experimental

set-up comprises a measurement section with a transparent venturi tube, the

associated pipe work and 2 pressure measuring devices. Six measurement connections

on the venturi tube enable the static pressure along the pipe through which the water is

flowing to be indicated on a multiple tube manometer. The total pressure is measured

with a pitot probe and displayed on a second tube manometer. The flow rate is

determined using the volumetric tank on the bench.

APPLICATIONS:

Main objectives of this equipment include demonstration of Bernoulli`s law and

determination of flow rate factor so this instrument works on the Bernoulli Principle and

is used to measure flow rate of liquid by using volumetric tank.


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2. EQUIPMENT NAME:

LOSSES IN BEDS AND FITTINGS



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The apparatus is used to investigate the pressure losses in the measuring circuits as

well as in constrictions and increases in sizes. Pressure losses are measured with the

help of spring tube manometer and six channel manometer. The measured section

consists of a pipe system with different fittings, a ball-cock, an increase in size and a

constriction. The flow rate can be adjusted using the ball-cock. A 6 tube manometer and

a spring-tube manometer are used to determine individual differential pressures.

Annular measuring chambers guarantee interference-free pressure measurement. The

water supply is provided by the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench.

APPLICATIONS:

This equipment helps us to understand problems occurring in the flow rates at bends

and fittings of flow pipes in industry. Pressure losses are measured with spring tube

manometer and six channel manometer.


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3. EQUIPMENT NAME:

ORIFICE AND JET VELOCITY APPARATUS


1. Base plate

2. Jet trajectory

3. Trajectory Probes

4. paper board

5. Interchangeable orifices

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6. adjustable overflow pipe

7. Header tank

8. level scale


It allows the comparison of calculated and measured jet trajectories formed by various

orifices at different level of water. It also helps us for the visual appreciation of the

change of jet shape with flow rate. The water drains vertically from a transparent supply

tank through a nozzle due to the hydrostatic pressure. The velocity of the jet can be

measured with a Pitot tube and a U-tube manometer. The jet diameter is measured with

a micrometer. The water level can be set precisely using an overflow. The water supply

is provided either from the laboratory mains or using the HM 150 (closed water circuit).

APPLICATIONS:

This instrument is used to measure the jet speed and to trace different trajectories that a

jet makes after passing through a small opening called orifice. We can adjust the

trajectory by adjusting the level of water in tank.


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4. EQUIPMENT NAME:

OSBORN RENOLDS APPARATUS


1. Base Plate 2. Water Reservoir

3. Flow Optimized Inflow 4. Aluminum Well

5. Metering Tap 6. Brass Inflow Tip

7. Overflow Section 8. Test Pipe Section

9. Ball Cock 10. Connection for Water Supply

11. Waste Water Discharge 12. Drain Cock

13. Control Valve


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Laminar, transition and turbulent flow can be visualized by using blue ink in a

transparent pipe section. The core of the demonstrator is a transparent pipe section

(diameter=10mm, length 540mm) with a streamlined inlet through which water flows.

The flow rate in the experimental pipe section can be adjusted with a manual valve. Ink

from a tank is injected into the flowing water to visualize the flow. The transition from

laminar to turbulent flow can be observed as function of the flow velocity. The critical

Reynolds number is determined from the results of the experiment.

The water supply is provided either from the laboratory mains or using the HM 150

(closed water circuit).

APPLICATIONS:

This apparatus is used to demonstrate laminar, turbulent and transient flow of fluids.

Blue ink is used in a transparent pipe which runs side by side with water and gives us

about laminar and turbulent flow of water.


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5. EQUIPMENT NAME:

PIPE FRICTION APPARATUS



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The equipment is used to examine pipe friction losses in laminar and turbulent flow. It is

also used to determine the critical Reynolds number. The experimental set-up can be

used on its own or with the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench. A supply of water is all that

is required for operation. The unit is suitable for measuring pipe friction losses for

laminar and turbulent flows. The experimental set-up is clearly laid out on a training

panel. For investigations on laminar flow, a head tank is used for the water supply,

whilst for turbulent flow, the supply is provided via the Basic Hydraulics Bench directly

(or the water mains). The water flows through a pipe section; the flow is adjusted using

reducing valves. The connection to the required measuring device is made via pressure

tapings.

APPLICATIONS:

Pipe friction apparatus results in losses in laminar and turbulent flow of fluids. This

equipment helps us to understand problems occurring due to pipe friction.


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6. EQUIPMENT NAME: PIPE NETWORK APPARATUS



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It is used for determination of flow rate in the pipes connected in series; parallel and

individually water distribution work analysis provide the basis for the design of new

system and extension of existing system. A common problem in the installation of pipe-

work is the determination of pressure and flow rate in complex pipe systems. The Pipe

Network Bench facilitates the setting up and investigation of different types of pipe

system, for instance series and parallel configurations of pipes, their branches and

joints. Analogous to Kirchhoff’s laws in electrical engineering, the pressure in the pipes

corresponds to the electrical voltage, the pressure losses to the electrical resistances.

The pipe systems can be assembled on the top of the experimental module using the

pipes and connecting fittings supplied.

APPLICATIONS:

With the help of this apparatus we can study flow rates in pipes connected in series and

parallel. It also helps us in designing of new network of pipes and extension of existing

network.


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7. EQUIPMENT NAME:

Particle Drag Coefficient Apparatus



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TECHNICAL DEMONSTRATION:

It is also known as Falling Sphere Viscometer Apparatus. Two Plexiglas cylinders are

provided for performing the experiment; these are filled with fluids of varying viscosity. A

ball sinks to the bottom under the action of gravity. The sink time and distance are

measured. Included with the unit area stopwatch and 10 spheres of different materials

and volumes. At the bottom of the measuring tube is a chamber through which the balls

can be removed without major loss of fluid.

APPLICATIONS:

It is also called as falling viscometer apparatus and is used to measure viscosity of

fluids by noticing the time during which particle covers a distance of 1000 cm.