flowering plants - angiosperms largest group of land plants! most important economically!...
TRANSCRIPT
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Flowering Plants - Angiosperms
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Flowering Plants - Angiosperms
• Largest group of Land Plants!• Most important economically!• Apomorphies:
1. Flowers 2. Carpels3. Fruits4. Double fertilization with triploid endosperm5. Specialized conductive cells
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Why have Angiosperms been so successful?
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1) FlowersWhat is a flower?
= Shoot system bearing modified leaves:
Perianth
Calyx (sepals) - green, protective
Corolla (petals) - colored, attractant
Stamens - male
Carpels - female }modified
leaves
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Fig. 30.7
pistil
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Flower parts:
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Flower pollination (transfer of pollen to ovule):
Animal pollination
Ancestral for Angiosperms
Much more efficient means of transporting pollen
All Gymnosperms are wind pollinated
(Some Angiosperms secondarily wind pollinated)
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Strategy of animal pollination:
Attractant
Visual: large or brightly colored perianth
Olfactory (smell): sweet or rotten (fetid) odor
Reward
Usually nectar or pollen
(Rarely waxes, oils)
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Pollination MechanismsInsects
Bees
Butterflies/Moths
Flies
Birds
Bats
Water
Wind
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Bee-pollinated
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Moth-pollinated
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Fly-pollinated
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Bird-pollinated
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Bat-pollinated
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Wind pollination in grasses
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Phyllospadix torreyiSurf-Grass
Water-pollinated
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2) CarpelsCarpel = conduplicate megasporophyll
Conduplicate = foldedMegasporophyll = “female leaf, bearing seeds”Carpel totally encloses ovules/seeds
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Carpels can fuse together
Gynoecium = all female parts
Pistil = ovary + style + stigmaPistil can be one carpel or many
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carpel
orange: 8 fused carpels
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Function of Carpel
1. Protects young seeds
2. Site of pollen germination
- Can induce self-incompatibility
reactions
3. Fruits
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Self-incompatibility- Pollen will not germinate on genetically similar individuals
- Promotes outcrossing
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3) Fruits
Fruit = mature ovary (plus accessory parts)
Function: seed dispersal
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Fruit types:
dry - dispersed mechanically, by wind, water, etc.
fleshy- dispersed by animals
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4) Double fertilization in Angiosperms
Assignment:Study Figs. 38.2,
38.3, 38.5
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Double fertilization in Angiosperms
Pollen produces 2 sperm cells:
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Double fertilization in Angiosperms
Pollen produces 2 sperm cells:
sperm (n) + egg (n)----> zygote (2n)
sperm (n) + 2 polar nuclei (n)----> endosperm (3n)
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Triploid endosperm is nutritive tissue in seeds of Angiosperms.
Extra set of genes may help in:
1) rapid development2) increase genetic variation
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Gymnosperms: - Fertilization occurs long after pollination
- Seeds mature slowly (1-2 years)
Angiosperms: - Fertilization occurs soon after pollination
- Seeds produced rapidly
- Selective advantage (e.g., annual herbs)
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perforation plate
5) Specialized conductive cellsMost Angiosperms have vessels
Specialized in having perforation plates
vessel
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big callose-lined
pores
All Angiosperms have sieve tube members
-with sieve plates: bigger pores in end walls
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Angiosperms
Vessels and sieve tube members
more efficient in water / sugar conduction
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Angiosperm Classification
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Old classification:
Dicots
- 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
Monocots
- 1 cotyledon
embryo
seed coat
radicle
epicotyl
hypocotyl
2 cotyledons
endosperm
NON-MONOCOT
{
radicle
epicotyl
hypocotyl
1 cotyledon
embryo
coleorhiza
coleoptile
radicle
epicotyl
1 cotyledon
MONOCOTS
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Monocotsmonophyletic
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Monocot apomorphies
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parallel venation
Monocot apomorphies
1 cotyledon
radicle
epicotyl
hypocotyl
1 cotyledon
embryo
coleorhiza
coleoptile
radicle
epicotyl
1 cotyledon
MONOCOTS
stem an atactostele-many scattered vascular bundles (wood lost!)
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Monocots include:Palms
Orchids
Irises
Grasses, etc.
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“Dicots”paraphyletic!
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Features that defined “Dicots” are primitive (not apomorphies)
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Eudicots
monophyletic!
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Eudicot apomorphy:
Pollen tricolpate - 3 apertures
A A
A
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All other Angiosperms:
Pollen has 1 aperture
aperture
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Eudicots include most angiosperms:Roses
Legumes
Daisies
Oaks, etc.
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