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Flowchart, Types, and Values

Course Number : FEH1H3

CLO : 1

Week : 1-3 CLO#1 Student have the knowledge to create algorithm and iteration Know the fundamental of computer system Understand the components to build and create algorithm Understand types and basic expression Understand branching expression Understand types of iteration and how to use them


Why do we need to take this course?


IT vs. IS vs. CS

• IT = Information Technology

• CS = Computer Science

• IS = Information System

• Manage effective and efficient collaboration between CS and IT

• Industrial Engineering domain IS • Handle all application towards human

• Informatics Engineering domain CS • Handle all hardware and related algorithm

• Electrical Engineering domain IT


Why do we need to take this course?

Because a programmer from CS needs to understand how the hardware works, and IT personnel needs to understand how the software works, and it starts with what you will learn in this course, i.e. programming in C.


Algorithm

The Fundamental


So, What is Algorithm?

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (al-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained step-by-step set of operations to be performed. Algorithms perform calculation, data processing, and/or automated reasoning tasks.

Source: Wikipedia


APPLICATION

OPERATING SYSTEM

HARDWARE

OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUT INPUT

Computer System Brain ware


Let’s Make an Algorithm

How to brew a coffee?

1. Boil a cup of water

2. Put grinded coffee into empty cup

3. Pour the boiling water into the cup

How to brew a good coffee?

1. Boil a cup of tap water

2. Grind 30 coffee bean to create 1/3 cup of medium-coarse grind

3. Pour 1/3 of the boiling water into the cup, and stir

4. Pour another 2/3 of the boiling water into the cup


Let’s Make another Algorithm with Branch

How to brew a coffee with your girlfriend?

1. Find a girlfriend

2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, that’s okay, let’s make coffee

2. Yes! Okay, let’s make coffee




6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both to create romantic stimulation


Let’s Make another Algorithm with Branch and Iteration



2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, is she rich?

1. No! fiuuh... Live is hard boy, let’s find another girl, shall we?








Why don’t you create an Algorithm?

• How to find a perfect job?

• How to run in a gym?

• How to add all numbers between 1 to 5?

• Which one is the simple algorithm?

• Which one uses branch?

• Which one uses iteration?


Flowchart

• Flowchart is one from many ways to express an algorithm

• Flowchart describes algorithm using image and arrow

• Some images are:

process start decision data document

display storage connector


Let’s Draw a Flowchart !

How to brew a good coffee?

1. Boil a cup of tap water

2. Grind 30 coffee bean to create 1/3 cup of medium-coarse grind

3. Pour 1/3 of the boiling water into the cup, and stir

4. Pour another 2/3 of the boiling water into the cup

boil water

start

grind coffee

pour 1/3 water

pour 2/3 water

stop


Flowchart with Branch



2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, that’s okay, let’s make coffee






boil water

start

put coffee

pour water

enjoy coffee

stop

pretty?

find girlfriend

No Yes


Flowchart with Branch and Iteration



2. Is she pretty? 1. No! Well, is she rich?

1. No! fiuuh... Live is hard boy, let’s find another girl, shall we?






6. Sip the coffee, 1 cup for both

boil water

start

put coffee

pour water

enjoy coffee

stop

pretty?

find girlfriend

No Yes

rich? Yes


Pseudo code

• Pseudo code is another way to express an algorithm

• Pseudo code describes algorithm using structured sentence in human readable

• Has many styles: C, Pascal, Fortran, and Basic

void function print_red_or_green {

for (i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {

if i is divisible by 3 print "red";

if i is divisible by 5 print "green";

print a newline;

}

}


Let’s Try an Example

1. Take 1 ball from box A

2. If the ball is red then put the ball into box B

3. If the ball is not red then put the ball into box C


Let’s Try another Example

1. Take 1 ball from box A

2. If the ball is red then put the ball into box B

3. If the ball is green then put the ball into box C

4. If the ball is blue then put the ball into box D

5. If the ball is yellow then put the ball into box E


Swap Problem

Initial state:

1. Apple is on plate A

2. Banana is on plate B

Final state: Need to swap the fruits, so:

1. Apple is on plate B

2. Banana is on plate A

We need a temporary plate C


Iteration Problem 1

Initial state:

1. Box A has 100 ball

2. Box B has no ball

Final state:

1. Box A has no ball

2. Box B has 100 ball

Move the ball from box A to box B, 100 times


Iteration Problem 2

Initial state:

1. Box A has n ball (n = unknown)

2. Box B has no ball

Final state:

1. Box A has no ball

2. Box B has n ball

Move the ball from box A to box B, n times


Which one is Foolproof?

start

stop

A = empty ?

take 1 ball from A

No Yes

put the ball into B

start

stop

A = empty ?

take 1 ball from A

No Yes

put the ball into B

start

stop

A = empty ?

take 1 ball from A

No Yes

put the ball into B

start

stop

A = empty ?

take 1 ball from A

No Yes

put the ball into B

A = empty ?

No Yes


Challenge

• There is 1 bag full of candies.

• I need to distribute the candies to 4 kids evenly.

• Each of 4 kids receive the same amount of candies.

• Leftover candies will not be distributed.

Create a foolproof algorithm


Introduction to C

Enough talk, show me the code !


Why C Language?

• Prolog, best for logic programming

• Basic, well... it was very popular in the old days

• Pascal, best for learning how to write a good program

• C, well... it is the standard (de facto) used by many people

• Java, best for porting

Plus, when you learn C, you also learn PHP, Matlab, Network Simulator, and hardware programming


C Code Structure

1. Libraries #include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

2. Data declaration FILE *fp;

char line[85],

*ptr;

int set=0,

col=0;

3. Main Functions int main(int argc, char *argv[])

4. Functions


Very Simple Example

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)

{

int a;

printf("Please input a number: ");

scanf("%d", &a);

printf("Input = %d", a);

}


Operator, Operand and Expression in C

One language to rule them all !


Operator, Operand, and Expression

A = B + C

“A = B + C” Expression

A, B, C Operands

=, + Operator


Operand: Data Types

What is your type?


Data Types

• Integral Types: char, signed char, unsigned char short, int, long unsigned short, unsigned, unsigned long

• Floating Types: float, double, long double

• Enumerated Types: array

• User defined Types

• Memory Types: pointer, string


Data Types: Integral

• Char / Signed Char / Unsigned Char = 8 bit *) example: “a”, “d”, “u” you need to declare an array of char to store a word example: name[15] may store “nyoman karna”

• Short = 16 bit *) / Int = 16/32 bit *) / Long = 32 bit *) example: -1234, 0, 1000

• Unsigned means there are no negative number example: unsigned short: 0, 1, ..., 65535

*) depends on machine


Data Types: Floating

• Float = 32 bit *)

• Double = 64 bit *)

• Long Double >= 64 bit *)

example: 1.5, 1.2345e3

*) depends on machine


Data Types: Enumerated

• Array = matrix of another data types example: int grade0, grade1, grade2; /* is equal with */

int grade[3]; /* is 1-dimensional array, while */

int grade[2][3]; /* is a 2-dimensional array */

• Pointer = a special data type to point a reserved part of memory example: int a=1, b=2, *p;

p=&a;

b=*p; /* guess, what is the value of b? */


Data Types: Enumerated

• String = a pointer of array of char example: char *p = "abc"; /* is an equal syntax with */

char p[3] = "abc";

What is the difference between those 2 examples?


User-defined Data Types

struct student {

char studentID[10]; /* student ID number as a string */

int *answers; /* ptr to dynamic array of grades */

int rawScore; /* calculated raw score */

};

typedef struct student student;

/* assign student structure as a new var type*/

student assign_student(char student_ID[], char tudent_solution[],

int no_of_question, int *solution)

{

int i; /* used for iteration (counter) */

student new_student;/* variable type student structure*/

........


Operand: Value Variable or Static?

Everything must have a value


Variable and Constant

• We use variable to store dynamic value example: int r; /* variable r may have any integer

value as the program goes */

• We use constant to store predefined value example: float phi=3.14; /* phi will always has a

value of 3.14 */


A Simple Example of Variable and Constant

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)

{

int r;

float phi=3.14;

printf("What is the radius of the circle? ");

scanf("%d", &r);

printf("The circle has an area of %f", phi*r*r);

}


Operator

Operator of Operation to Operate Operand


Types of Operator

• Arithmetic

• Assignment

• Logical/relational

• Bitwise


Arithmetic Operator

+ For performing Addition – For performing Subtraction / For performing Division * For performing Multiplication % Modulo for finding remainder in division

operation -- Decrement (post and pre) ++ Increment (post and pre)


Assignment Operator

= Equal *= Multiply /= Divide %= Modulus += Add -= Subtract


Logical / Relational Operator

== Equal to != Not Equal to > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to && Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT


Bitwise Operator

& AND | Inclusive OR ^ Exclusive OR << Shift Left >> Shift Right ~ One’s compliment


Exercises


See you on next class

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