FLORIDA MANATEE RECOVERY PLAN

Approved:

Concur:

Concur:

FLORIDA MANASEE RECO\IERY PI-A}.I

(Tiiclrcchus manatus latirosiris)

REVISED RECO\IERY PI.A}.I(Original Approval April 15, 1980)

Prepared by

The Florida Manatee Recovery Team

for

Southeast RegionU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Atlanta, Georgia

District Engineer, Jacksonville District, U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers

Executive Director, Florida Department of NtturalResources

ni of Natural Resources

Regulation

Secretary, Florida Department of C.ommunity Affairs

hcsident, Marine Industries Association of Florida

World Enterprises, lnc.I Director, Sea

Consulted: %.'.iie.^ uJ-J^*+Ecologist, Florida Power & Light Company

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Several organizations and agencies, other than those represented on the RecoveryTbam or identified on the approval pages, contributed information, suggestions, andrecoulmendations during preparation of the recovery plan. Their assistance was greatlyappreciated.

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencySouth Florida Water Management DistrictMote Marine LaboratoryWildlife Management InstituteAquatic Habitat InstituteNational Wildlife Federation (Ioc.)Eckerd CollegeThmpa Bay Regional Planning CouncilSouthwest Ftorida Whter Management District

This is the ccmpleted revision of the Florida Manatee Recovery Plan which wasoriginally approved on April 15, 1980. It has been approved by the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service. The plan has been prepared by the Florida Manatee Recovery Teamto delineate reasonable actions believed required to place the assigned species in thebest possible position for recovery. It does not necessarily represent the views of allindividuals involved in the plan's formulation. It does not necessarily represent officialpositions or approvals of cooperating agencies. This plan is subject to modification asdictated by new findings, changes in species status, and completion of tasks described inthe plan. Goals and objectives will be attained and funds expended contingent uponappropriations, priorities, and other constraints.

Literature Citation should read as follows:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. Florida Manatee (Tlichechus rnanafiB latirostris)Recovery Plan. Prepared by the Florida Manatee Recovery Team for the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, Atlanta" Georgia. 98pp.

Art'work provided couriesy of Florida Power & Light Company.

ADDITIONAL COPIES MAY BE PURCFIASED FROM:

Fish and Wildlife Service Reference Service5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110Bethesda, Maryland 208L43011492-6403r-8w-582-3421

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREEACE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........ iii

I. INTRODUCTION

Pagei

HistoricalThxonomyDescription................Habitat.....Food.........Home Range and Movements........Population Estimate...Social InteractionReproduction.............Cold-Related Aggregations......Present Status.......Mortality..Present Threats....

,. Accomplishments

U. RECOVERY

A Objective.....B. Stepdown Outline......C. NarrativeD. Literature Cited and Bibliography......

uI. IMPLEMEI.ITAf,ION SCHEDULE..

TV. APPENDICES

A. List of Reviewers...............B. Summary of Comments and Responses...........

Distribution............. 113J

4456778t2t315

2l2t2866

72

8897

PREEACE

The original West Indian Manatee Recovery Plan, and its implementingdocument, the Comprehensive Work Plan, were approved by the Director, Fish andWildlife Service, on April 15, 1980, and Februaty 4,1982, respectively. To impro-"'e theeffectiveness of these documents, the Service has since prepared a separate recoveryplan for the Puerto Rico population of the West Indian (or Antillean) manatee(Ttichechw manatus manafiu), and identified the need to revise and consolidaterecovery and work planning tasks into a similar, separate document for the Floridamanatee (Tlichechus manatus latirostris) population.

The recovery plan for the Puerto Rico manatee population was approved by theDirector on Decembet 24,1986, and in February 1988, the Fish and Wildlife Servicereappointed the new multi-agency Florida Manatee Recovery Team to prepare arevised plan for the Florida population.

This revision was undertaken by the new Recovery Team, presently consisting of:John F, Adams, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Tom Beck, Florida Department ofCommunity Affairs; Glenn A Carowan, Jr., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Kelly J.Custer, Florida Department of Environmental Regulation; James A Farr, FloridaDepartment of Community Affairs; R. Kipp Frohlich, Florida Department of NaturalResources; William E. Guy, Jr., Marine Industries Association of the Tieasure Coast,Inc.; Judith Hancock, Sierra Club; Mike Harris, Georgia Department of NaturalResources; John T I-owe, Marine Industries Association of Florida; Dr. Dan Odell, SeaWorld of 'Florida; Dr. Tom O'Shea, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Patrick M. Rose,Florida Department of Natural Resources; Judith Delaney Vallee, Save the ManateeClub; David J. Wesley, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sewice; and Dr. J. Ross Wilcox, FloridaPower & Light Company.

The purpose of this revision is to update and refine the tasks presented in theoriginal recovery and work plans, and to delineate new tasks that will be useful inmanatee recovery efforts. This revised plan incorporates the new format that hasbecome standard in recovery plans in recent years. It is intended to serve as a guidethat delineates and schedules those actions believed necessary to restore the Floridamanatee as a viable self-sustaining element of its ecosystem. It is recognized that someof the tasks described in the plan are well undenvay. The inclusion of these "in-

progress" tasks represents an awareness of their importance, and offers support fortheir continuation.

The challenge of recovering the Florida population of the west Indian manateeis great' It will take a well-coordinated-and "oop"ratiu" effort from all local, state, andFederal agencies u"-d--!h-" cooperation of private citizens and groups to prevent thespecies' extinction. with thaiin mind, ttre ptorioa Manatee Recovery Team hasattempted to involve all responsible parties in the Recovery plan. Ail ."rou"ry tasls,regardless of priority, ar1-n:c:ssary and are considered serious oilectives for the.rTovey of the species' lile hope to-maintain u high level of coordination in order tobring about a successful implemlntation of the ,t"f,oo*n outline which we believe canlead to the full recovery of the Florida manatee. it is imperative that we all worktogether toward thil cgmmgn goal, and that sufficient appropriations and staff aremade available to the invohed agencies to urcorfurt ttri iointined recovery activities.

I

rl

CARL

coE

CRNWR

c7 r

DRI

EPA

ESA

TIDCA

FDER

FDNR

FGC

FMP

FMSA

FPC

FPL

FWS

GDNR

GIS

LPDA

MFC

MIA

MMC

MPP

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CONSERVATION AND RECREATTON I-A}.IDS

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CRYSTAL RTVER NATIONAL WILDLIFE REzuGE

FLORIDA BUREAU OF COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

DEVEI,OPMENT OF REGIONAL IMPACT

U.S. EI.{VIRONMEMAL PROTECTION AGENCY

ENDAI.IGERED SPECIES ACT of 193, AS AIUENDED

FLORIDA DEPARIMENT OF COMMUNITY AFEAIRS

N.ONUiE DEPARIMENT OF EI.IYIRONME}TTAL REGUI.ATION

FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATI,JRAL RESOURCES

FLORIDA GAME AI{D FRESH WATER FISH COMMISSION

FLORIDA MARINE PATROL

FLORIDA IvIANATEE SAI.ICTUARY ACT

FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION

FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY

U.S. FISH AT.ID WILDLIFE SERVICE

GEORGIA DEPARIMENT OF NATUR,AL RESOURCES

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMAIION SYSTEM

LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPREIIENSWE PI.AT.TNING AT.IDLAND DEVELOPMENT REGUI-AflON ACT

FLORIDA MARINE FTSHERIES COMMISSION

MARINE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIAIION OF FLORIDA

MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION

MANATEE PROTECTION PI-AN(S)

lll

MMPA

NER,C

NFWF

NPS

NMFS

NOAA

tMR

ocM

oFw

RPc(s)

scs

SFWMD

sMc

soc

SWFWMD

TECO

TIITF

TNC

USCG

USDA

USGS

wMD(s)

MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT

NATIONAL E@LOGY RESEARCH CENTER

NATIONAL FISH A}.ID WILDLIFE FOT.JNDATION

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL MARINE FISIIERIES SERVICE

NATIONAL OCEA}.IIC AT.ID ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

OFFICE OF COA,STAL MANAGEMENT

OUTS?\NDING FI.ORIDA WATER

REGIONAL PL-ANNING COTJNCIL(S)

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

SOUTI{ FI-ORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT

SAVE THE MANATEE CLUB

SAIYE OUR COASTS

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT

TAMPA FT ECTRIC COMPANY

FLORIDAS TRUSTEES OF TI{E INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT TRUST FUND

TTIE NATIJRE @NSERVANCY

U.S. COAST CUARD

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUUTURE

U.S. GEOI'GICAL SURTYEY

FLORTDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT(S)

I

lv

INTRODUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION

Historical Distribution

It is likely that peninsular Florida has alwap been the center of the range for T

m latirostris in the southeastern United States. The historical northern winter boundary

is believed to have been restricted to Florida south of Charlotte Harbor on the west

coast and Sebastian River on the east coast (Moore, 1951) (Figure 1). In the summer'

infrequent sightings have been verified as far north as Virginia and as far west as

I-ouisiana, *itn t"q"ent sightings in Georgia. A manatee recovered from Texas in

1986 provided the first opportunity in nearly 50 years (Gunter, l?4?) tr determine if

-unui"", observed in Texas could be taxonomically grouped with the Florida

subspecies. Examination of the skull by Domning however, did not conclusively place

the animal in either the Antillean or Florida population (O'Shea, 1988)- Detailed

discussions of manatee distribution in the southeastern United States can be found in

o'Shea (1983), Powell and Rathbun (1984), Domning and Hayek (1986)' Beeler and

O'Shea (1938), and L,efebwe, et. al. (in press).

Thxonor.ny

The genus Tlichechrn is one of only two living genera of the_mammalian order

Sireniq represented by three allopatric species: T senegalensis, the W_est African

manatee; T inunguis, ih" Aotu"ottiun manatee; and T manatus, the West Indian

manatee. The oiher genus, Dugong, has only a single species, D. dygon, which is

distributed throughouithe Indopu.ific. All species are aquatic herbiv_o_res, and are

considereC threaiened or endangered throughout their ranges by the U.S. Department

of the Interior (Federal Registei, July 22" 1985. Vol. 50 QaO): 2990U29909)'

The West Indian manatee is represented by rwo subspecies, the Florida manatee

(Tlichechus manatus tatirostris) and the Antillean manatee (Tlichechus .manatL$)nanatusl. The Florida manatee was first described by Harlan i1-tSZi as Manatus

hrtrostris. I-ate4 Hatt (1934) recognized it as a subspecies of Tlichecfuu manafi$

Linnaeus. Earlier *ork"r, questioned the validity of the subspecies of" Tlichechw

rnanans (Moore, l95l; Lnwery lg74). Domning and Hayek 0986)' however, carefully

examined specimens of this species,'and based on several morphological characteristics,

confirmed the existence of the two subspecies-

i*",*-,;---

:,:c-q:

CEARIOTTE EARBOR

Fig. I The historical northern winter boundary of manatees in the southeastern Unitec states eritendedfrom charlotte Harbor on the west coast to Sebastian River on the east coast

!

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rI}

Description

The Florida manatee, like other members of its genus, is a massive, fusiform,thick skinned, nearly hairless, aquatic mammalian herbivore with paddle-like forelimbs,no hindlimbs, and a spaiulate, horizontally flattened tail. Nostrils, located on the uppersurface of the snout, are opened and closed by muscular valves as the manatee surfacesand dives below the water (Hartman,l969; Husar, 1977). The eyes are very small,close with sphincter action, and are equipped with inner membranes that can be drawnacross the eyeballs for protection (Husar,1977). Eyelashes are absent. The upper lipis extremely flenble and permits manipulation of food into the mouth (Odell, l9S2).The molars, designed for eating aquatic vegetation, are formed continuously at the backof the jaw and move forward as they wear down, possibly as an adaptation to eatingabrasive vegetation mixed with sand (Odell, 1982). Bones are massive and heavy withno marrow cavities in the nbs or the long bones of the forelimbs (Odell, l9S2). Thegray skin is wrinkled with deep folds around the head, at the juncture of the flippers,and at the base of the tail (Phillips, 1964). The integument is from 8 to 16 mm (.32 to.6a in.) thick, and fine colorless hairs are sparsely distributed over the body (Barrett,1935). Bristles are located on the upper and lower lip pads. The ears are minute, withno external pinnae. There are two axillary mammae at the base of the flippers (Husar,1977). Large specimens can attain lengths of over 3.8 m 02.5 ft.) and weigh over 1,600kg (3,500 lbs.), although most adults do not exceed 3.5 m (11.5 ft.) and 1,000 kg (2,200lbs.) (Sirenia Project, U.S. Fish and Wdlife Sewice, unpublished data). Newborncalves range in length from 1.2 to 1.4 m (3.5 to 4 ft.) and weigh about 30 kg (66 lbs.)(Odell, 1982).

The subspecies, T nL manafi$ and T m. latirostris, are distinguishable by cranialcharacteristics, and can best be separated by width of the foramen magnum, shape ofthe palatal surface of the rostrum, and shape of the mandibular symphysis (Domningand Hayeb 1986). The biological basis for the subspecies distinction may be restrictedgene flow resulting from ecological barriers of the cooler waters of the northern coastof Mexico and the swift currents of the Straits of Florida. These factors may combineto keep Florida manatees reproductively isolated from the remainder of the species'range (Domning and Hayek, 1986).

Habitat

Manateesl ar€ most frequently found where aquatic vegetation is abundant infresh or brackish waters of large slow-moving rivers, river mouths, and shallow, low

l The unmodified use of the word "manatees" hereafter always refers to Ttichechtumanatus latirostris.

energf coastal areas such as estuaries, soves, and bap. They can survive, however, inwater that is salty, turbid or clear, acidic or alkaline (Hartman, tnL). Sensitive to lowwater temPeratures (Hartmano 1979; Irvine, 1983), manatees predominately occur intropical or subtropical waters. In winter months, they respond to declining watertemperatures by aggregating at constant temperature springs and warm-water powerplant or industrial effluents. whter depths of I to 3 m (approx. 3 to 9 ft.) arepreferred, and currents stronger than 6 kn/h (3.7 mph) are avoided (Husar, 1977).

Food

Manatees seem unselective in their choice of food, but prefer submergent,natant, rooted, and emergent vegetation, in that order (Allsopp, 1969; Hartman, l97l;Besg l98l). Succulent fresh water and estuarine aquatics are favored (Powell andRathbun, 1984), but manatees have been observed to excavate the rhizomes and rootsof marine spermatophytes (Packard, i984), and to eat a wide variety of terrestrial plantparts that fall from vegetation overhanging water (Bengtson, l98l; O'Shea, 1985).Consult Best (1981), Ronald, et. al. (1978), and l-edder (1936) for lists of food plantsconsumed by both wild and captive manatees.

Manatees also consume algae when preferred vegetation is unavailable, andHartman 097D reported that Oscillatoris, Entennolpfo, Navicula, Cladophora, ildSpircgta were ingested by animals in Kings Bay, Cryntal River, Florida when feedingon vascular aquatics. Hartman also reported that Gracilaria and Ectocarpus arcconsumed when manatees are feeding in estuarine waters.

Manatees spend 5 to 8 hours a day feeding and consume 4 to 11 percent oftheir body weight daily (Bengtson, l98l; Etheridge, et al., 1985). Movements andaggregations of manatees, therefore, can be correlated to some degree with thedistnbution of seagrasses and vascular freshwater aquatic vegetation (Hartma4 1974).

Home Range and Movements

Manatees are non-territorial and have independent, overlapping often identicalraxges (Bengtson, l98l). In the southeastern United States, their range varies seasonallywith migration (Moore, 1956). In summer, manatees range over large areas, movecasually, pause for varying lengths of time in suitable habitats, and can cover perhaps200 linear lffi (124 miles) or more of river or coastline. In winter months, manyFlorida manatees, responding to lower water and/or air temperatures, undertake anorth-south migration and aggregate in groups around warm-water refugia during coldspells (Moore, l95l; L-ayne, 1965; Hartman, 1974; Irvine and Campbell, 1978; Rose andMccutcheon, 1980; Irvine, 1983; shane, 1983; Kochman, et ar., 1983; powell andRathbun, 1984; Reynolds and Wilcox, 1985 and 19Sd).

Diel patterns of movemen! in and out of these winter concentration sites, havebeen docum-ented (Bengtsoq l98l; Kochman, et al., 1985), and a hrgh rate of site fidelityfor some of these warm-water refugia has been recorded (Powell and Rathbun, 1984;Rattrbun, et al., in press).

Bengtson (l9Sl) found that males range much wider than females, and Rathbunet al. (19$) documented long-distance movements of about 600 km (370 miles) byindividuals in Florida. There have also been numerous recordings of northernextralimital sightings which suggest movements well over 600 km (Rathbun' et al.,1982;Powell and Rathbun, 1984).

Manatees along the Atlantic waterwaln readily move long distances, particularly

where travel corridorJ are continuous (O'Shea, 1988), and when they are seeking walln-

water refugia. For example, individuals in the upper St. Johns River in the late fallwere resigf,ted later at southeastern Florida aggregation sites 850 km (527 miles) away

during thl ensuing winter by FWS researchers from the NERC's Sirenia Project.Movements betrveen wintering sites on the Gulf Coast from Charlotte Harbor north are

suspected to be more restricted because of less suitable habitat between well-used areas

(O"bnea, 1988), although one individual was reported by Powell and Rathbun (1984) to

-on" from Cqrstal River south to Sanibel kland. Manatees apparently do not use

I-ake Okeechobee heavily, and movements from the Gulf Coast to the Atlantic Coast

through the Okeechobee- watenray have not been documented (O'Shea' 1988).

Population Estimate

Although significant efforts have been made to refine estimates of manateepopulation *-.U"ir and trends, estimates still cannot be made with any degree of

soitristication. This is perplexing to many people. Furthermore, the basis for the

"riim"t"r that have been made in the past are frequently misunderstood- In the

following paragaphs historical efforts and problems are reviewed and clarified as

presented by O'Shea (1988).

The first numbers, based on aerial surveys, were crude estimates provided by

Hartman (1974). Hartman spent 15L houn searching for manatees by,air over both

Florida "o"rts, in" ffotiOa Kiys, and the St. Johns River in summer L973. The number

of manatees seen (255) was assumed to be an underestimate of population size

because of water ciarity. Therefore, the number was adjusted upward using correction

factors of 10, 5Q or 90 p"toot for each of the three water clarity categories in the

areas surveyed. Hartman (Lg74) then stated, 'The total number of manatees in the

United Staies is estimated between 750 and 850, with 1000 the conceivable maximum

and 600 the conceivable minimum." This estimate had no statistical level of confidence

associated with it and estimates in subsequent years were not comparable because they

were based on winter counts (rather than summer counts) without correction.

The second attempt to count manatees occurred in 1976, and took advantage ofwinter cold fronts to survey aggregation sites by air (Irvine and C-ampbe[ 1978).Including observations trom land at certain places, a total of 738 was counted. Aworkshop was convened in 1978 which reported that these data and a few subsequentcounts "suggest a Florida population of at least 800 to 1000' (Brovrnell et al., 1981).This was a simple "minimum" estimate, but use of "at least" was subsequentlymisunderstood and interpreted as "only'' or "about" in numerous quarters. Thisconservative minimum estinnate was not designed for statistical accuracy or precisicn,and was misunderstood to be an accurate, precise census which revised Hartman's$nq crude estimate upward.

In 1985n the minimum estimate was revised to 1200 by FDNR and FWS basedon the summation of high counts obtained at various sites using standardized aerialsuwey techniques. It included the total of all high counts (366) from aerial surveys atPower plants made under unusually cold and favorable counting conditions in January1985 (Reynolds and Wilco:r, 1986), plus totals at Tirmpa Bay sites (Weigle, et al., 1988),counts of 136 at Crystal River and 37 at Blue Spring and estimated numbers insouthern Florida not likely to have utilized areas subject to counting.

The 1985 revised estimate was likewise misunderstood by some as a populationincrease, but there was no evidence for or against a rnanatee population increise basedon either of these three different estimates. In reality, the most recent revision of theminimum number reflected unusually good conditions for counting (includingexceptionally cold weather), the lack ol a statistically firm basis for estimatingpopulation size, and the continued misunderstanding that the previous estimate wassomething other than "at least" 800 to 1000.

The need continues to establish standardized population estimation techniquesusing aerial surveys or other methods, and to control or correct for the many variables(including temperature, observer bias, visibility, etc.) that affect aerial counts.

Social Interaction

Manatees do not form stable, close-knit social groups or herds (Hartman, 1979;Bengtsonn l98l; Reynolds, l98l; Rathbun and O'Shea'l9U) and are essentially solitaryanimals (Hartman, 1979). In Ftorida, they are often seen in groups of two or moreindividuals, but these groupings are usually ephemeral (Husar, 1978) except whenmanatees aggregate at warm-water refugia during cold spells.

The only clearly evident social bond may be between a cow and her calf(Hartman,1979). Bulls most often initiate social interactions, and are more social thanfemales. Dominance by one manatee over another has not been observed. Play, inthe form of "kissing" mouthing, embracing nudging, bumping and chasing, is a pastime

indulged in by all animals irrespective of age or sex. Vocalization is noted in responseto fear, sexual arousal, aggravation and play, but manatees are usually silent whetheralone or in a group. C;alls between a co$r and her caH are more common, andvocalization probably plays a role in maintaining contacts between adults (Hartman,reTe).

Reproduction

Permanent breeding bonds between males and females are not formed, andreceptive estrous females, while being pursued by a herd of males, will copulate quicklywith several males in succession (Hartman,1979). Courtship during estrus is veryactive, males constantly nnzz)e and mouth the female, ild sessions are often turbulentand protracted. Copulation usually occurs face-to-face and abdomen-to-abdomen underwater with the male below, although side-to-side copulation in shallow water has alsobeen reported (Hartman,1979). I-asting from 15-30 seconds, copulation with thepolyandrous female may be repeated at less than l-minute intervals (Hartman, 1979).

Sexual maturity may be attained by males and females as early as 5 years of age(Odell, pers. comm.). Size is also an indicator of sexual maturity, and both sexes areconsidered to be reproductively capable at approximately 275 cm (approx. 9 ft.)(O'Shea et al., 1985). Recent data suggest that there is no well-defined breedingseason. Females remain in estrus for about 2 weels. Estimates for the gestationperiod is from 12 to 14 months (Hartman, 1979; Dekker, 1980; Cardeilhac, et al., 1984).The interval between births is 2 to 5 or more years, and births occur during all monthsof the year, although in northern Florida there may be a slight peak during surnmer.Parturition appears to occur most frequently in shallow, calm water. Litter size isnormally one (Hartman,1979), but twins are occasionally seen. Calves are usuallyweaned before 24 months of age, although a cow and calf may continue to associatefor up to 4years (Hartmanrl979). Adoption of orphaned cahes and/or nursing ofconsecutive calves is rare, but has been observed (Hartman,1979; Sirenia Project, U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).

Little information exists on the manatee's life span, and therefore, it isimpossible to predict how many calves a female could conceive during her lifetime.However, a captive female at Mami Seaquarium gave birth to 5 calves in 13 years, and1 male has been in captivity for over 40 years. Dugongs have been known to live 50to 60 years in the wild (Marsh, 1980).

Cold-Related Aggregations

Winter air temperatures of l0o to l5oC (5f F to 59p F) and water temperaturesbelow 2f C (689 F) stimulate the formation of manatee aggregations at warm-watersprings and power plant or industrial outfalls (Hartman, 1968). Twenty-five warm-water

refugia have been identified in Georgia and Florida; 6 natural springF and 19 artificialeffluents (Figure 2) @ble 1).

Arrival at major aggregation sites usually begtns in mid-November and ends inearly N{arch, but exact dates vary greatly with location of the refuge and weatherpatterns.

Present Status

Recent studies of manatee distnbution in the southeastern United States andrecent unpublished research ftrdings associated with radio tracking and scar patternidentification by FWS's NERC Sirenia Project have greatly expanded the knowledge ofmanatee abundance, movements, distribution patterns, refugia, and important feedingareas within and outside Florida. (C.onsult Powell and Rathbun, 19841 Rathbun, et al.,L982; Rathbun, et al., in press; Reynolds and wilco:r, 1985 and 1986; Shane, 1984;Beeler and O'Shea, 1988; Irfebwe, et al., in press; and the MMC's reporf "preliminaryAssessment of Habitat Protection Needs for West Indian Manatees on the East Coastof Florida and Georgia" for detailed descriptions.)

Current distribution of T tn latirostris is confined primarity to Georgia andpeninsular Florida. Elrtremes between summer and winter temperatures in theSoutheast, however, result in different summer and winter season distributions (Moore,1951; Hartman" 1974; Irvine and Campbello t978; and Rose and McCutcheon, 1980).During wann season months (April-October), manatees are dispersed throughoutalmost all coastal and estuarine waters of Florida and Georgia where aquatic vegetationis available (Figure 3) (Powell and Rathbun, 1984; Rathbun, et al., in press; Becler andO'Shea, 1988; and others). During cold season months (November-March), manateesare restricted primarily to peninsular Florida south of Cbmberland Island, Georgia onthe eastern coast and the Srnrannee River on the western coast (Rathbuq et al., 1982;Rathbun, et al., in pressl and Beeler and o'Shea, 1988), and can be found in andaround natural and artificial warm-water refugia (Figure 2) (Thble 1). However, coldseason distribution is not necessarily limited to these sites.

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

OULF OF MEXICO

Fig.2 General pres€nt mid-winter range (cross-hatching) of manatees in the southeastern United States.I-ocations of warm-water refugia oorrespond to sites numbelrcd in Thble 1.

TABLE 1IMPORIANT WINTER REzuGIA IN TIIE SOUTIIEAS'TERN LINTIED STAf,ES

(* - Major Sites with E or More Manatees)

EAST CCAST

1. Gilman Paper Company, Camden Co., GA2. Container Corporation, Nassau Co., FL3. Alton Box Board Factory Duval C-o., FL4. J.D. Kennedy Generating Plant, Duval Co., FL5. Southside Generating Plant, Duval Co., FL6. Welaka Spring Putnam Cr., FL7. Silver Glen Spring Run, I-ake C-o., FL8. *Blue Spring Run, Volusia Co., FL9. Ttrrner Generating Plan! Volusia Cr., FL

10. *OUC Indian River Power Plan! Brevard Co., FL11. *Canaveral Power Planf Brevard C-o., FL12. Vero Beach Power Plant, Indian River Cr., FL13. H.D. King Electric Station, St Lucie C.o., FL14. *Riveria Power Plant, Palm Beach C-o., FL15. *I-auderdale Power Plant, Broward Co., FL16. *Port Everglades Power Plant, Broward Cr., FL

WEST COAST

17. Manatee Springs, kvy C.o., FL18. *Cryntal River Power Plant, Citrus Co., FL19. *Cryntal River/Kings Bay, Citrus C.o., FL20. *Homosassa River, Citrus Cr., FL21. *Big Bend Generating Plan! Hillsborough Co., FL2L Gardinier Phosphate Plant, Hillsborough Co., FL23. *Bartow Power Plant, Pinellas C-ounty, FL24. *Ft. Myen Power Plan! I-e€ Cr., FL25. *Port of the Islands, Collier C-o., FL

(Numben mrrespond to locations on Figure 2)

NOTE:Winter manatee distribution is not totally confined to these major refugia. See theIntroduction Section for additional information

t0

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

8T JOHNI} R.

SUWANNEE R.TOUOKA R.

CRYgTAL

HOUOSASSA R.QUI 'O LAOOON

cHASSAHOtVt tZKA R. NANA R.

tNot^r R.

TAMFA OAY

OT TUCIE R.

,/).

CHARLOTTE HARsOR

CALOOSAHATCHEELAKE

OKEECHOSEE

WHITEWATER BAY

FLORTOA 8A

Fig. 3 General wann season distribution of manatees in the southeastern UniteO States (cross-hatching).Areas where sightinp are relatively rare are indicated with stippling. Sightinp in states north ofGeoryia and west of Florida are un@mmon (see tort).

//z

l 1

Extralimital sightings during the summer also occur in South Carolina, NorthCarolina, Virginia, panhandle Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana (Beeler andO'Shea" 1988: Rathbun, et. al., in press), and there has been an increase in the numberof records of manatees in these states during the 1970's and 1980's @owell andRathbun, 1984). There is also evidence that the winter distribution of manatees hasexpanded northward from their historical range limits during the last 20 years. Forexample, significant numbers currently winter at power plant effluents on the IndianRiver near Titusville (Reynolds and Wilco4 1986) and at Crystal River on the southernBig Bend coast; both areas are north of the historical winter limits defined by Moore(1951). This expansion has probably been due to the proliferation of artificial wann-water refuges, the spread of exotic aquatic vegetation, protection, and the developmentof a stronger conservation ethic since World Whr II (Powell and Rathbun, l9&$;Rathbun, et. al., in press; O'Shea, 1988). Cunently, results of aerial surveys suggestthat about equal numbers of manatees inhabit the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.

Mortality

Since 1974, a well organized manatee carcass recovery program has existed torecord, analyze, and report causes of manatee mortality in the southeastern UnitedStates (Thble 2). Human-related mortality factors have been by far the greatestidentifiable causes of manatee deaths. Of the 450 deaths classified as human-related inthe Southeast through 1988, 336 deaths were attributed to boat/barge collisions, 69 werecrushed/drowned in flood gates or canal locks, and 45 were due to other human-relateddeaths such as shooting poaching, entrapment in fishing nets or lines, and vandalism.Large numbers of manatees have also died due to natural causes in Florida. Coldexposure caused many deaths during the winters of 1977, 1981, and 1984 when recordlow temperatures were recorded (O'Shea et al., 1985), and 42 manatees died in 1982coincident with a red tide outbreak in southwest Florida (Buergelt et al., 1984; O'Shea,et al., 1985). Deaths categorized as "perinataf' and "ratural" have totaled 243 and 172,respectively. Including the 522 deaths categorized as "undetermined", the total numberof tnown deaths identified from all causes by the salvage/ireqopsy program from 1974through 1988 has been 1,387. (It should be noted that data collected during the first 2years of the salvage/necropsy program are less representative of subsequent reportingand recovery efforts, which have become more consistent since 1976. Therefore, thedata represented in Thble 2 from 1977 to present are used most frequently inpublications and citations that record or compare manatee mortality figures.)

t2

Year Bo6V Gatd Other PcrinatalBarge I.ocL Humaq

TABII2

KNOWN MAIQ{f,EE MORTAUTY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNTTBD STII|IES

BY YI1AR AI{D DEAf,H CAflSGORY

Undctermindpltts V-NR.

tn4tn5tn6twtnBtn919801981twz198319841S5198619871988

36

10132tu16um15343sQ)333943

07

149

109

1313141824r)Bn30n

0I21341Q)9

416

250)20(1)l316u

3(t)13c28042u(r)196s0)37(2)30413eG)48(3)23(1)24r)

E1)D62

115(r)867E1)65(4

1170)117(3)81

l3q2)r8(4)12s(3)117(3)134(r)

014698823733357

2I06(l)19244r)51314Q)4

3x<2) 4s(4) 24X\ 1144\ 52200) 1387(n)

Q - lfuown Banatoe mortality outsidc of Florida

'V - NR sigtifics Verified-Not Recowred

(lbble does not include Eanatcc deaths hom Puerto Rico)

i

A detailed record of manatee mortality in the southeastern United States can befound in Beeler and O'Shea (1988), and recent trends appear ominous. Well over 100dead manatees have been recovered per year in 7 of the past 8 years, whereas thisnumber exceeded 100 in only 1 of the previous 7 years.

Present Threats

Human activities, other than exploitation, are presently the major sources ofthreats to the Florida manatee. These activities directly or indirecfly affect mortality,reproduction and recruitment, distribution and behavior, abundance and distribution ofvegetation, the condition and availability of warm-water refugia, levels of contaminantsand pathogens, and other vital physical, chemical, and biological processes of manateesand their habitat. These activities are discussed in greater detail beloq without any

attempt to place in priority order activities according to degree of impact.

t3

l. Activities directly resulting in mortality and/or serious injury. The majorcauses of human-related mortality and serious injury include collisions with boats andother vessels, entrapment and crushing in flood control structures, entanglement infishing gear, poaching, and vandalism. Some factors influencing boat/barge collisionsinclude: Boat size and tlpe; boat density; boat traffic patterns and their overlap withmanatee travel and feeding areas; channel depth and configuration of water bcdies;and marin4 boat ramp, and docking facility siting.

2. Activities affecting reproduction and recruitment. Death of dependent calves(perinatal) is the second most prevalent category of manatee mortahty, excluding the"undetermined" category. Reasons for these deaths require additional study andresearch. However, disturbance at birttU separation of mothers and calves by humanharassment, death of the mother, and possibly pesticides are suspected as beingcontributing factors.

3. Activities that alter distribution and behavior. Harassment by unknowingand/or uncaring divers, snorkelers, fishermen, swimmers, and boaters often disruptsessential behavioral patterns including feeding and breeding. Such harassment candrive manatees away from warm-water areas into colder waters where they are moresusceptible to disease or cold stress, and can alter local distribution. Doclg boat rampand marina sitings and other forms of development can also impact manateedistnbution and behavior.

4. Activities that directly and indirectly impact vegetation and water quality.Dredging and filling; construction of docks, piers, and seawalls; aquatic weed control;and boating activities such as bottom scraping, propeller scouring or anchor draggingdirectly destroy manatee food resources and indirectly impact aquatic vegetation byincreasing turbidity, encouraging nutrient overloading, and reducing light penetration.Alteration of drainage patterns from wetlands and uplands, water draw-down fromrivers, land development, and stormwater runoff also affect the chemical compositionand quality of water and alter natural filtration processes. Water contaminants,associated with industrial and sewage treatment discharges, also impact water qualityand vegetation.

5. Activities that increase contaminant and pathogen levels. To date,knowledge regarding the effects of contaminants and pathogens on manatees isincomplete. Manatees may be susceptible to a number of viruses and bacteria presentin human and animal wastes, and to parasites transmitted through fecal material (Beckand Forrester, 1988). Identified sources include Toxoplasrna gondii, a felid protozoanthat was implicated in the death of one manatee (Buergelt and Bonde, 1983), andHeterocheilw tunicatw, a nematode common in manatees that may be transmitted bycoprophagr. Heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls,petroleum products, and radioactive wastes are some of the more persistent

contaminants that could adversely affect manatees. Aquatic weed control activities,wastewater and industrial effluents, and agricultural and stormwater runoff are othersources of contaminants.

6. Activities that influence the condition and availability of warm-water refugia.Power-plant overhauls and shutdowns, alterations of industrial and power-plant coolingstreams, water withdrawals from the aquifer, alteration of recharge areas, vessel trafficwithin warm-water discharge areas, restriction of phpical access to refugia, and cappingof natural springs are some threats which would seriously impact manatees. Reducedflow volume of natural springs, for example, could influence water quality which in turnwould impact vegetative biomass and composition, particularly in such freshwaterqlstems as Kings Bay and Crystal River. Reductions in spring flows or industrialdischarges could also expose manatees to cold stress and diseases.

Accomplishments

Numerous recovery actMties have been accomplished since the manatee waslisted as an endangered species by State and Federal governments, and following theapproval of the West Indian Manatee Recovery Plan and its implementing document,the C-omprehensive Work Plan. The following is a summary of some of the mostnoteworthy manatee protection and recovery accomplishments, including informationprovided by Reynolds and Gluckman (1988) in their report to the MMC.

1. RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND STUDIES

(u) Manatee salvage and necropsy research: Since its inception in1974, this program has provided valuable information on manatee biolory,anptomy, phylogeny, and physiologl, and on the locations, numbers, and causesof manatee deaths in Florida and elsewhere in the southeastern United Statesand Puerto Rico. Examinations of over 1,300 manatees between 1974 and 1988have made it possible to identiff the particular cause of death and to implementmanagement and/or regulatory actions to reduce resultant mortality from thatcause. For example, mortality due to water control structures was identified bythis program, and provided the basis for implementing corrective measures.Likewise, the program has provided important information on boat/bargecollisions, making it possible to identi$ areas where boat speeds should beregulated. In July 1985, FDNR assumed complete responsibility for the programfrom FWS, and continued to use standardized methodology and data collectionto ensure consistency.

In addition to establishing a 24-hour "Manatee Hotline" for reportinginjured, siclg distressed, or dead manatees, FDNR also added additional sites fornecropsy.

15

(b) Rescue and rehabilitation research: $ea World and MiamiSeaquarium have been authorized by FWS to capture and rehabilitate diseasedand/or injured manatees. Over 53 nanatees have been rescued by these twooceanaria with little or no compensation for their eftbrts. Some of the data thathave been obtained from these manatees have provided increased undentandingof manatee physiological ecologt, osmoregulation, reproductioq captive breeding,endocrinologl, and behavior, as well as improved clinical information andtechniques. More recently, other facilities, including Homosassa Sprinp NatureWorld Attraction and Disney's Living Seas at Epcot Center, have also becomeinvolved with manatee rehabilitation and research.

(") Population surveys and associated research: There have beenmany studies conducted to assess manatee distnbution and abundance. Thesehave been undertaken and/or supported by a variety of persons and institutionsincluding Fws, coE, FDNR, FPI, FGC, NPS (cumberland Island andEverglades National Parla), sMc, sierra club, Eckerd college, MIA, MoteMarine l-aboratory Audubon, and others. These studies have greatly benefitedmanatee recovery efforts by improving survey techniques and by establishing along-term data base that has made it possible, for example, to determine andestablish "critical habitats," establish minimal population estimates, approximateadult/calf ratios, and improve information on seasonal distribution, aggregationsites, migration patterns, and manatee responses to environmental ctiinge.

(d) Life history studies. telemetric research. and ecosystem studies:FWS's NERC Sirenia Project has been extremely active and productive inpioneering important research prograrns for determining essential data onmanatee life histories, migration, and preferred habitats. The Sirenia Proiect'spast and on-going behavioral studies have greatly improved the knowledge ofmanatee social interactions, reproductive parameters, habitat needs, movements,etc. Telemetric research, and particularly the innovative satellite trackingresearch, has prwided valuable information on movements, high use areas, andsignificant habitats. Ecosptem studies, such as the Hobe Sound Seagrass Studybeing conducted jointly by the Sirenia Project with FDNR, SMC, and NMFS, areproviding insight into the impacts of boat-induced turbidity on important feedingareas, and food habits studies have made it possible to better define foodpreferences and types. The Sirenia Project has also benefitted recovery effortsby continuing its role as advisor and facilitator, and by assisting other countriesin sirenian research.

FDNR likewise has been extremely active in furthering research,management, and information needs by supporting and conducting telemetricstudies, conducting distnlbution surve)rrs, refining aerial survey techniques,

assessing human activities, and developing boating studies, marina siting plans,and growth management plans that can be combined with existing manateedistnibution and habitat/ecosptem information into a geographical informationsystem.

2. HABITAT PROTECTION

As with research, habitat acquisition and protection have involved anumber of agencies and institutions including the State of Florida, the Federalgovernment' and private organizations such as TNC. Since the early 1980's,mttch progress has been made to acquire in fee-title particularly importanthabitats such as the Cryrstal River and Lower Suwannee NWRs, and significantState acquisitions such as lands at the headwaters of the Homosassa River, the1,749 acre Stoney I-ane Tiact on the Crystal River, the 719 acre Stark Tiactadjacent to Blue Spring State Parlg and the 68,000 acre Big Bend coastlineproject.

Two of the most important State land acquisition programs in Florida, theConservation and Recreational Lands Program (CARL) and the Save ourCoasts Program (SOC) have made fee-title acquisition of these important coastaland riverine habitats possible. Approximately 28,500 acres of land adjacent toprimary manatee habitat have been acquired by the CARL program, whileapproximately 25,000 acres have been acquired under SOC.

Subsequent to passing Florida's Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978, the Stateestablished 21 manatee protection zones, including some no entry zones (BIueSpring State Park and TECO). FWS established three inviolate sanctuaries inKingq Bay, and manatee protection zones on the Chassahowitzka and MerrittIsland NWRs. Additionally, the State of Florida's TIITF designated 34 coastalestuarine areas as aquatic preserves, and FDER strengthened the protectionafforded these areas by classiffing them as OFWs. The MMC, in an effort toprovide a basis for developing a region-wide network of protected manateehabitats, prepared reports on habitat protection needs in the Crystal River areaand the East Coast and supported acquisition efforts by FWS, FDNR, TNqand other groups and agencies.

C,omprehensive area-specific plans, such as the ResearchffanagementPlan for Crystal River Manatees, and the MPPs that are being developed forBrevard, Citrus, Ire and other coastal counties also have been and will continueto be extremely important in protecting and safeguarding important manateehabitat.

t7

3. GROWTH MANAGEMENT ACTIVTTIES

In terms of conservation, possibly one of the most iraportant pieces oflegislation enacted by the State of Florida was the Local GovernmentC;omprehensive Planning and I-and Development Reguiation Act (LPDA) of1985. The LPDA mandated that planners consider water quality; conservatiorluse, and protection of wildlife and marine habitats; protection of nativevegetation; and restriction of activities adverse to threatened or endangeredwildlife when developing county and local comprehensive development plans.These plans are due no later than July, 1991. The enactment of the LPDAtherefore made it mandatory for growth management plans to address impactsto manatees and their habitats. It also made it possible to involve local Floridagovernments in the development of MPPs that would, among other thg*,control siting of marinas, boat ramps, and dry storage facilities; regulateshoreline use and development; and protect important manatee habitats.

4. REGUI-ATORY. PERMITTING. AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVTTIES

T*'o Federal agencies, FWS and COE, and five state agencies, FDNR,GDNR, FDER, FDCA, and FGC have been actively involved in addressing theproblems of manatee protection and conservation by reviewing proposed dredge-and-fill activities and construction projects in waters of the United States whereprojects may jeopardize manatees or their habitats. In addition to reviewingpermit activities in waters of the United States pursuant to the Rivers andHarbor Act of 1899, the Clean Water Act, the Fish and Wildlife C-oordinationAct, and other related Federal laws, FWS and COE have responsibilities forprotecting manatees and their habitats through the Section 7 consultationprocesses of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. In 1987, forexample, the Service completed 337 Section 7 consultations with the Corps onconstruction projects in Florida. Of the L90 cases involving manatees, &1decisions resulted in non-jeopardy biological opinions, 15 were jeopardy opinions,and 91 were "no effect" (Wesley, 1987).

Participation by the State of Florida and local agencies in manatee issueshas been e:rpanded. FDNR's Marine Research Institute is responsible for reviewof development projects, with the goal of protecting manatees and their habitats.The Institute continually makes recommendations to the TIITF and to FDER'spermitting staff regarding projects which potentially affect manatees. TheHenderson Wetlands Protection Act, which became effective on October l, L984,requires FDER to consider adverse effects to endangered or threatened speciesor their habitats in its review of dredge and fill permit applications. Projectswhich are considered to have adverse effects on manatees may be denied ormay include stringent permit conditions for manatee protection. FDCA and

RPCb are responsive to manatee issues by monitoring dock and marina sitings,and in their review of projects which have regional impacts on State resources.In the future, FDCA will also be responsibie for review and approval of localgrowth management plans.

Knowledgeable and active participation by law enforcement officers of theFMP, the FWS's Division of I-aw Enforcemen! the USCG, FGC, and FWSwildlife officers assigned to NWRs has been crucial to the success of manymanatee prcgrams, and particularly to enforcement of sanctuary and boat speedzone regulations.

5. EDUCAilON AI{D PUBLIC AWARENESS

In addition to Federal, State, and local govemment efforts, numerousprivate organizations and groups have undertaken a wide range of publicawareness and educational activities including but not limited to, the following:

-Distnbuting materials directly to the public, such as bumper stickers andbrochures, ffid posting signs along waterways to inform boaters of the presenceof manatees and boat speed regulations. FPL, for example, has produced avariety of educational materials, and as of July 1987, distributed as a publicservice about 2L9,WA booklets entitled "Boaten Guide to Manatees"; 160,000booklets entitile "West Indian Manatee in Florida"; and 240,000 bumper stickers.SMC also produced 4000 non-regulatory "Caution - Manatee Area" signs,published a variety of educational materials, and gteatly improved publicawareness of the pfght of the manatee.

' -Publicizing upcoming events and providing information on particularhazards to manatees. The Manatee Alert program, for example, was started in1988 to advise the public of current manatee sightings in various waterwalNs.

-Producing television documentaries and public service announcementsabout manatees in Florida, and distributing copies to schools and groups at nocharge. For example, "silent Sirens: Manatees in Peril" was produced by FPIAudubon Society, and FDNR, and has been viewed by millions of people.

-Producing a limited edition series of high quality black and whitedrawings of manatees in numbered sets, the proceeds from which were donatedto manatee protection (FPL).

-Publishing materials specifically for divers emphasizing what does anddoes not constitute harassment of manatees.

t9

-Developing workshops to educate teachers and the general public.Worlshops conducted by FPL from L977 through July 1987, for example, havebeen attended by approximately 1(000 people.

-Publicizing radio tracking research. GDNR, for example, has printed anddistnbuted posters at marinas, boat ramps, fish houses, sporting goods stores,and bcating shops to inform the public of these research acivities and reportingprocedures to tbllow if an animal wearing a transmitter is sighted.

-Providing general interpretation and education. TECO 's observationplatform and CEE's posters for boat ramp projects are examples.

FDNR has spent wer $100,(X)0 on educational and public awarenessprograms, and FWS, primarily through its Division of Refuges, has spentbetween $40,000 and $5QfiX) on specific manatee publications. In 198& FWScommitted $650,000 for the acquisition of a site at cr)'rstal River for thesubsequent development of a manatee interpretive/education center, and theState of Florida purchased the Homosassa Nature World Attraction.

Oceanaria, in addition to supporting research, have also been extremelyactive in developing educational and pubiic awareness programs. Sea World, forexample, gave tours of their manatee rehabilitation facility to approximatelyL2fi000 people between February 1987 and February 1988. Disney's Living Seasat Epcot Center has recently become involved in manatee education, and will bedeveloping a comprehensive educational program in the near future. MiamiSeaquarium's work with captive manatees and rehabilitation has also been wellpublicized and has benefitted public education and awareness.

20

RECOVERY

II. RECOVERY

A Objective

The long range recovery goal for the Florida manatee, as required by the MarineMammal Protection Act of 1972, will be to maintain "the health and stability of themarine ecosystem" and to determine and maintain their numbers at "optimum

sustainable population" levels in the southeastern United States. As an interimobjective to reach this goal, this plan seela to downlist Florida manatees from"endangered" to "threatened" pursuant to the provisions of the Endangered Species Actof.1973, as amended. To achieve this objective, it will be necessary to establish andmaintain a viable, self-sustaining population of manatees on both the Atlantic and Gulfcoasts. The most effective way to reach this goal is to reduce mortality and injury;ensure the continued existence of suitable habitat, upgrading where possible; minimizeharassment; and monitor the status of manatee populations and their habitats. Aviable population level will be determined when appropriate methodologl and data areavailable to develop adequate population models. Dovrnlisting should be consideredwhen population modeling indicates that the population is growing or is stable, whenmoftality factors are controlled at acceptable levels or are decreasing, and whenhabitats are secure and threats are controlled or are decreasing.

B. Stepdown Outline

1. Minimize injtry and mortality to manatees, and better understand causes of naturalmortality.

,11. Determine causes of injury and mortality.

111. Insure the long-term maintenance and improvement of the salvageand necropsy program.

lLz. Maintain and improve the reporting s)4stenL

ll3. Determine muses of natural mortality and implement actions toreduce susceptibility to death from these c,auses.

12. Minimize water vessel mllisions with manatees.

l2l. Identi$linvestigate areas of geatest boat/barge mortality and/orinjury to improve understanding of specific problems.

122. Develop and implement specific solutions to actual and potentialboat/barge mortality and injury in particular areas.

2l

t22t.

tm.

1223.

tns.

Develop site-specific interagency manatee protectionplans at the local government level

Establish, post signs for, and enforce locakState/Rderalboat traffic regulations in areas where boats andmanatees are most likely to encounter each other.

Evaluate feasibility of manatee protection devices for theclass(es) of rrcssels identified as the caussr of mostpropeller-related manatee mortality.

Evaluate feasibility of additional methods to minimizeboatAarge mortality.

C-onduct review of permitting procedures and criteria, andutilize Section 7 mnsultation process to minimizepotential impacts to manate€s and manatee habitats.

13. Minimize manatee mortality caused by water control structures.

Investigate specific cases of structure-related mortality anddetermine types of problem structures.

Inform responsible agencies of problems and gain support forsoMng problems.

1321. C.onductsite-specific structure-related mortalitystudies.

13211. hr navigation structures, floodgates, culvertsand other structures, test and implementalternative operational techniques and/orstructural modifications and evaluateeffectiveness of modifications.

14.

131.

t3L

141.

Minimize other sources of human-related manatee mortality and injury.

Identi$ the extent to which other fishing apparatus (including crabtraps, buoy lines, nets, shrimp nets, trotlines, other monofilamentlines, and hooks), poaching, and vandalism are a problem anddevelop solutions.

Monitor levels of contaminants in manatee tissues.

Rescue and rehabilitate distressed manatees.

151. Dwelop/refine rescue mntingency plans for single and catastrophicevents.

t4L

15.

Develop safe and effective methods of capturing distressedmanatees in open water situations.

Develop criteria for release of rehabilitated manatees.

Develop mnsultation arangements with utilities, paPer companies,and other industries that produce warm-water outfalls to identi$plans (e.g., retirement of generating units, scheduled shutdoums, andmovement of outfall locations) that could adversely affect thearrailability of these warm-water sources for manatees.

L6. Evaluate effectiveness of current and future regulations and enforcementefforts, including the evaluation of and need for modified or expandedlegislative authority.

167. C,onductlawenforcementworlshops/trainingsessions-

162. Standardize fines, work with court systems, and educate judiciary

s)'stem.

163. Evaluate extent of poaching and implement measures to apprehendviolators.

17. Conduct programs to inform and educate the public, including tourists, and

encourage development of educational programs with other countries toprotect manate€s.

l7l. Expand educational and informational activities, and improve public

awareness.

172. C,onduct public information survey to evaluate effectiveness ofcurrent informationaVeducational programs and modi$ accordingly.

173. Expand boater and diver educational programs and target specificinformation to these group6.

174. C,ontinue posting and maintaining areas presenting greatest threatto manatees.

18. Develop bilateral or multilateral agreemens with other countries formanatee conservation and research.

Ensure existence of suitable habitat.

21. IdentiS habitat requirements and areas of special significance to manatees,emphasizing the use of state-of-the-art tracking technologr.

153.

r54.

22.

2ll. Determine routes of movement and location of primary fee.din&breeding, and resting areas of manatees.

zlL Determine food preferences, dietary requirements, and nutritionalrequirements of manatees.

Characterize and identi$ threats to areas of special significance to manatees.

U. Develop standard methods for characterizing, mapping, andmonitoring important. manatee habitats.

2n^ Ctaracterize and map important manatee habitats.

2n1. Evaluatedesirabilityof modiSing'CriticalHabitat"designations, and make changes as necessary.

223. Identi$ and evaluate potential threats to important manateehabitats.

2231. Evaluate effects of boat traffic.

2232. Evaluate effects of marina, dock and boat rampconstruction, shoreline restoration/stabilization, andmaintenance of navigational channels

2233. Evaluate efferts of urban dwelopmenf dredging andfilling, and other development projects.

2234. Evaluate efferts of point and non-point sources ofpollution, aquatic weed control, and other activitiesaffecting rrcgetation and water qualrty.

n35. Evaluate use of water r€sources affecting the function ofnatural spring aggregation sites in FloriCa.

2236. Evaluate industrial discharges used as warm-water refugiaby manate.

Protect and monitor areas of special significance to manatees.

231. Expand and increase number of state and Federal refuges, reserves,preserves, parks, and management areas in or adjacent to essentialmanatee habitats.

Provide for protection of manatees in management plans forFederal and state q6tems of protected areas.

23L

J .

233. Designate additional areas as'Critical Habitat."

234. Establish and expand a network of manatee "resenres" andpro0ected mnnecting travel corridors.

235. Protect and monitor quality and quantity of water flowing fromnatural springs in Florida.

236. Protect the integrity of artificial industrial eflluents as importantwinter habitar

237. Protect and maintain integrity of mastal ecos)'stems that supportmanatee habitats.

238. Maintain, protect, and monitor water quality and vegetation.

239. Properly locate boating facilities and navigational channels.

240. Monitor permit requests under Section 7 of the ESA fordevelopments in manatee habitats.

24. Determine desirability and feasibility of managing and/or developing habitatsfor enhancing use by manatees.

Minimize harassment of manatees.

31. Evaluate extent and minimize effects of harassment on manatees.

311. Minimize manatee harassment/disturbance by boat and barge traffic.

312. Minimize harassment bv divers and swimmers.

313. Minimize harassment by fishing-related activities.

314. Evaluate effectiveness of and expand educational programs,regulations, and enforcement efforts for reducing all forms ofharassment, and modi$ accordingly.

Determine and monitor status of manatee populations.

41. C-ontinue to utilize aerial survey and radio tracking techniques to monitorgeneral patterns of distribution and relative abundance in geographicalregions of special concern.

4lL. Designate a working group from among those culrently conductingor supervising aerial surve)E using existing methodologl.

4.

25

4t2. C.onvene an annual meeting of the working group to discussproblems, review exirsting data, and evaluate current populationstatus.

Refine methods to monitor status of manatee populations.

Continue development and evaluation of aerial survey methods forestimating or indexing manatee abundance in survey/managementareas, and ultimately Statewide.

Ftrrther evaluate feasibility of utilizing mark/recapture methodologrfor population estimates.

Determine aspects of life history and ecologr.

432.

C.ontinue assessment of the vital parameters (size, age/sex structure,age-specific survival and reproductive rates) of manatee populationsin: (a) Crystal River, (b) Blue Spring, and (c) other areas asidentified.

Utilize population modeling to develop insights into the relativeimportance of rrarious life history parameters in the manatee'spopulation dynamics.

Expand assessment of manatee population genetics (i.e. variability,minimum population size, local genetic structures of populations,etc.).

C,ontinue development and evaluation of age determinationterhniques.

C.ontinue long-term studies of social structure and behavior,emphasizing the use of radio telemetry.

Conduct bio-telemetry or other studies with captive and/or freeranging manatees to determine phpical, phpiological and metabolicresponse to changes in water temperature, harassment, salinity, andother variables.

434.

435.

436.

4Zt.

43t.

Maintain and expand captive research programs with associated supportfacilities.

C-oordinate implementation of recovery activities, monitor and evaluate progress,and update/revise the Recovery Plan.

26

51.

52.

53.

54.

Maintain State and Federal manatee coordinator staff positions.

Maintain the Florida Manatee Recovery Tbam and FDNR'�s ManateeTbchnical Advisory C.ouncil

Update the Florida Manatee Recovery Plan-

Develop annual work plans.

541. Publish an annual report on the prwious year's accomplishments'including a detailed account of agency expenditures for manateeprotection.

27

C. Narrative

Minimize injury and mortality to manatees. and better understand causes ofnatural mortali$.

The causes of known manatee mortality (Ihble 2) are categorized by thesalvage/necropsy program as 'human-related," "naturalr" and "undetermined."

These three major categories are further subdivided to distinguish betweenthe speeific tlpes or causes of death. The 'human-related" categoriesinclude identifiable causes of death associated with 'boat/barge collisions"(e.g. impacts with boat hulls, crushing or propeller strikes);"crushing/drowning in flood gates or canal locks"; and "other human"activities (e.g. entanglement in fishing gear, ingestion of plastics, poaching orvandalism). The'hatural" category includes perinatal deaths (deaths ofanimals less than 150 cm (4 ft. 10 in.) in length for which a cause of deathcan not be identified), and "other natural" deaths (identifiable deaths fromdisease, cold stress, heart failure, etc.). The "undetermined" categoryincludes cases that were verified dead but not recovered, were recoveredwith no recognizable cause of death, or were recovered in such an advancedstate of decomposition that the cause of death could not be determined.

The human-related mortality categories continue to be the greatestidentifiable causes of manatee deaths in the southeastern United States.Since 1980, between 26 and 54 manatees have been killed annually byboatTbarge collisions, propeller strikes, entrapment in water controlstructures, entanglement in fishing gear, poaching vandalism, and otherhuman-related activities. Despite the promulgation and enactment ofadditional laws and regulations and implementation of a variety ofmanagement actions, human-related mortality has increased from an averageof approximately 30 each year from 1979 through 1983, to an average ofapproximately 37 annually from 1984 through 1988.

Perinatal deaths have increased from an average of approximately 13 peryear to an average of approximately 27 per year during respective timeperiods. Deaths in the "other natural" and "undetermined" categories,however, have been more consistent during these periods, yet deaths inthese categories have averaged approximately l8 and 38 annually during thepast four years, respectively.

Injuries have also continued to be a problem as evidenced by propeller scarsand gashes, which are visible on a majority of manatees, and by mangledflippen resulting from entanglement in crab trap or fishing lines. Suchinjuries may cause the indirect death of some animals, particularly

dependent calves. For example, serious injuries to a female could impairabilities to care for offspring or could result in abortion of the fetus.

The following actions must be taken to reduce and/or eliminate mortalityand injury.

11. Determine causes of injury and mortality.

The manatee sahage and necropsy program has been critical todocumenting cause,s and locations of manatee mortality. It hasprovided important information on general biolory, reproductior;population structure, agng techniques, food habits, genetics, diseases,parasites and contaminants. Information from this program has alsobeen fundamental to the Section 7 consultation process, and foridentiffing needs for boat speed regulatory zones. However, almost60 percent of all deaths have been categorized in the "perinatal" and"undetermined" categories where the cause of death could not bedetermined. FDNR will continue the program, and will makeimprovements to better determine causes of death.

111. Insure the long-term maintenance and improvement of thesalvage and necropsy program.

Although the salvage and necropsy program has steadilyimproved over the years, support to FDNR will be improved,increased funding will be provided, and FDNR will hireadditional staff for coordination of the salvage/necropsyprogram, including processing and examining specimens.These improvements will ensure that salvage/necropsy effortsare centralized and consistently performed, and that personnelare properly equipped with the necessary field equipmenttraining base necropsy facilities in appropriate geographicallocations, and support to ma:rimize salvage/necropsy efforts,perform comprehensive necropsies, and properly preservespecimens and samples. The salvage program will continueto collect and preserve specimens, and encourage their usefor research by qualified researchers. FDNR will continue itsefforts to reduce the number of manatee deaths beingdiagnosed as "undetermined." (See Tbsk ll3.) To manage andproperly analyze the large amount of current and historicalinformation that is obtained and reported by thesalvage/necropsy program, FDNR will incorporate relevant

mortality data into its GIS data base by 1990. Thisinformation wiil be maintained on a monthly basis, and wilibe available to local, State, and Federal agencies' resourceand community planners, and developers, the media andothers. The information network will be evaluated every twcyea$ by FDNR to determine if information needs are beingmet.

FW$ FDN& and GDNR will review sahage/necroPqy effortsfor manatees recovered in Georgia, and will improve ordevelop reporting/recovery/necropsy procedures as necessary.

ll2. Maintain and improve the reporting system.

Th€ toll-free hotline, which was established to provide 24-

hour, statewide reporting of injured or dead manatees in

Florida, and the mechanics for responding to these reportswill be maintained by FDNR. Florida's reporting system will

be improved by continuing public education and awareness,providing shorter response time, motivating field personnel,and periodically reviewing and monitoring the program'seffectiveness to insure maximum benefit to the salvage andrescue/rehabilitation efforts. Examples of methods that will

be used to make improvements include installing an

automated priority answering system and regular training for

dispatchers

Similar improvements will be made in the reporting system

for animals recovered in Georgia. GDNR will cooperate with

FWS and FDNR in evaluating current rePorting procedures,

and will make improvements to insure expedient reporting

and recovery of dead animals.

113.to reduce susceptibility to death from these causes.

Although direct human-caused mortality is of major concern'there ii tittte knowledge about natural mortality in manateesdespite a large number of deaths from unknown sources'particularly at perinatal stages. The average annual numberof perinatit Oelttrs slightly more than doubled during theperiod 1984 through 1988 as compared to the period 1979itrrough 1983. FDNR, the oceanaria, and cooperators will

L2.

make further efforts to better understand proximate causes ofnatural mortality, including disease, malnutrition, and coldstress. Contnbutions of human-related factors to perinatalmortality will also be evaluated. Blood serum from wild andrecent$ acquired captive manatees will be screened usingseroiogical techniques to determine incidence of exposure tovarious viral, bacteria[ and parasitic diseases of wildlife (e.g.,Tbxoplasma). Intensive histopathological and microbiologicalstudy of tissues of all fresh salvaged carcasses and sick orinjured manatees will be routinely conducted, and efforts willbe expanded to better classi$ the nutritiorral status ofmanatees. Implementation of management efforts to reducethe susceptibility of manatees will follow as these sources ofmortality are recognized and better understood.

Minimize water vessel collisions With manatees.

As documented in Table 2, the boatTbarge category accounts for moremanatee deaths than any other single category except "undetermined."

During the period 1979 through 1983, manatee deaths from boatlbargecollisions averaged approximately ?.0 annually. Beginning in 1984through 1988, boatlbarge-related mortality averaged almost 37 deathseach year, and reached a record high of 43 in 1988. The followingefforts will be implemented to minimize boatTbarge collisions.

l2I. Identiff/investigate areas of greatest boat/barge mortalityand/or injury to improve understanding of specific problems.

Although the salvage/necropsy program has improved theknowledge of where boat/barge mortality has occurred mostfrequently, and has improved our understanding of specificcauses of death (propeller strike vs. hull impacg etc.), FWS,FDNR, and GDNR will continue to monitor problem areas.With assistance from MId these agencies will also investigatethe interrelationships of boat/barge use patterns, waterwaydlmamics, bottom configurations, and waterway infrastructuresin association with manatee abundance, mortality, distnbution,migration routes, spatial and temporal variations, andpreferred habitats to determine remedial actions. Countygovernments will support these studies, and will beencouraged to utilize funding from the Boating ImprovementTinrst Fund and other sources.

3l

tzz.

Examples of efforts which have been developed andimplemented to minimize boat/barge-related mortality inRoriOa include slow and idle boat speed zone regulations,with and without channel exemptions, and no-entrysanctuaries. Continued efforts and renewed commitments to

find better solutions are necessary.

1221.plans at the local government level.

Local governments in Florida will develop MPPswith assistance from FWS, FDCA' FDER, FDN&COE, MIA" RPCb, the public, and other Federal,State, and local govenrments. Each plan willconsider the cumulative impacts of boating facilitiesfor a specific geographical area" and will includesuch features as identiffing appropriate orinappropriate locations for marina sitings and boat

ramps, establishing boat speed zones' determiningdock densities, and evaluating boater use patternsand activities. These plans will assist in ensuringthat future development is compatible with manateeprotection, ffid will improve local governmentinvolvement in manatee protection efforts. NewFlorida growth management legislation, whichrequires local governments to adopt improved Ilcal

Government Comprehensive Plans and ordinancesby July 1991, emphasizes the timeliness ofcompleting MPPs. FDCA will insure compliancewith provisions of the LPD,{

1222. Establish. post signs for. and enforcelocallstate/Federal boat traffic regulations in areaswhere boats and manatees are most likel]'toencounter each other.

If warranted, actions will be taken by FWS, FDNR,GDNR, and local governments, with assistance from

MIA to establish additional regulations for new

potential boaUbarge mortality and iniury in particular areas.

t223.

1224.

boat speed zones, no entry sanctuaries, manimumspced limils, slow speed - moderate wake zones, and"reserves" (see Tbsk 234). Efforts will also be madeto support and increase enforcement. Existingzones and sanctuaries will be evaluated to determineappropriateness, proper location, proper dates ofregulation, and adequacy of sign posting andenforcement. FMP will develop and updateannually enforcement strategies for the variousmanatee protection zones in Florida, taking intoaccount the most appropriate times and locations toprovide enforcement. The Banana Island andSunset Shores sanctuaries at Crystal RiverAfings Baywill be evaluated by FWS, based on completion ofongoing man/manatee interaction studies, todetermine feasibility of alternative regulations suchas "time-sharing" (i.e. in certain areas it may bedesirable to restrict waterborne activities to specifictime periods of the day).

Evaluate feasibility of manatee protection devicesfor the class(es) of vessels identified as the causes ofmost propeller-related manatee mortalilv.

With over 650,000 registered boats of all types andsize classes in Florida and another estimated 300,000annual out-of-State transients, FDNR, FWS, andMIA will focus greater attention on designjng,evaluating and testing manatee protection devices,including propeller guards, kort nozzles, jetthrusters, collision warning devices, etc. Support todevelop appropriate protection devices wiil besolicited from national boating organizations.

Evaluate feasibility of additional methods tominimize boatlbarge mortality.

Additional methods to minimize boat/barge-relatedmortality will be evaluated by FDNR, FWS, andMIA including, but not limited to: 1) Evaluation ofbiologicaVphpical bases for collisions (i.e.examination of the inner ear of salvaged manateesto determine if physical damage to hearing by

13.

t2?5.

exposure to loud undenrater sounds plays a role insubsequent susceptibility to collisions); 2) requiredboater education and/or licensing and testing; 3) theuse of temporary buoys or signs; and 4) research onboat avoidance W manatees.

Conduct review of permitting procedures andcriteria" and utilize Section 7 consultation proccss tominimize potential impacts to manatees andmanatee habitats.

The COE, FDER, and TIIIE with assistance fromFWS and FDNR, will review permitting proceduresand criteria, and will implement actions to improveinteragency communications. Based on this review,appropriate changes to strengthen permittingprocedures and criteria for protecting manatees andtheir habitats, including rule making will be made.COE will develop, as appropriate, general permitsor special area management plans consistent withlocal gwernment MPPs. lhrough Section 7consultations, FWS will issue jeopardy biologicalopinions on permit applications for constructionactivities which are not consistent with these plans

and which jeopardize the continued existence ofmanatees.

Water control structure-related deaths are second only to boat/barge

collisions as identified sources of human-caused mortality. Although

major efforts have been made to minimize the number of injuries and

aeattrs associated with this cause of mortalif, ?n average of

approximatety five deaths p€r year have been caused by water control

structures since 1979.

determine types of problem structures.

Water control structure-related deaths have occurred most

frequently in south Florida where floodgates and n_avigationlocks are common. FWS, FDNR, COE and the WMDs will

cooperate to identify offending structures. FDNR, as part of

l3l.

t32.

the sahage/necropsy effort will investigate specific cases, andwill provide the other agencies with appropriate informationas soon as a reasonable conclusion concerning a structuie-related mortality is reached.

Inform responsible agencies of problems and gain support forsolvins Droblems.

When water control structures are identified as causingmanatee deaths, the agency(ies) responsible for theirconstruction and operation must be informed. FDNR willwork with FWS, COE, and WMDs to improvecommunications. After the responsible agency(ies) has beengiven due and official notice by FDNR and/or FW$ it (they)will, within the scope of its (their) authorities and funding,support necessary research or analyses, changes in operationalschedules, and/or partial or complete structural modificationsif necessary to eliminate structure-related mortality.

1321. Conduct site-specific structure-related mortalitystudies.

FWS, with assistance from FDNR, COE, andWMDs will continue to conduct case studies tobetter interpret manatee behavior in relation tospecific navigation locks, floodgates, culverts andother structures.

t32U.. For navigation structures. floodgates.culverts. and other structures. test andimplement alternative operationaltechniques and/or structuralmodifications and evaluate effectivenessof modifications.

WMDs and COE will monitor problemstructures at least weekly on 1 minuteintervals to ensure proper operation.COE and/or WMDs will notiff FDNRand FWS within one working day if astructure, that has a history of manateeassociation, malfunctions and poses athreat to manatee safety. This

35

corrmunication will rePort the nature ofthe malfunction, anticipated duration,number and location of nearby manatees,and precauiionary measures that are ineffect. FDNR and FWS will monitor the

area anci take necessary actions tocooperate with the involved agency to

ensure manatee safety. COE and WMDswill also notfy FDNR and FWS well in

advance of scheduled maintenance orreconstruction.

When a stnrcture has been identified as aresponsible agent in a manatee mortality,WMDs and Cl)E will test and/orimplement alternative operationaltechniques and/or structural modificationsin agreement with FDNR and FWS assoon as it is reasonablY Possible.Structures operating under this test modewill be closely monitored under a varietyof conditions for a period sufficient toascertain the effectiveness of theoperational or structural changes to the

satisfaction of all the cooperatingagencies. A detailed rePort of thefindings of these test operations will be

available to all interested pafties through

submission to FDNR and FWS. UPonconcurrence that the change(s) itbeneficial to the safety of the manatees,does not adversely affect the structuralintegrity of the structure(s), and does not

alter the water management function ofthe structure, modifications witl b€ madepermanent as soon as Posible. Allsimilar structures implicated in manateemortalities or posing an immediate threatwill be similarly modified within a period

of twelve months, if reasonably possible.

The WMDs and COE will Providereports by January 31, 1990, to FDNR

%

14.

and FWS that outline the previous yearsstructural and operational changes, andgoals for 1990. A similar annual reportwill follow every year thereafter. Theinvolved agencies will also periodicallyreassess water management structures asadditional manatee habitat informationbecomes available. Structures that aremutually agreed to pose potential threatsto manatees will be investigated, and aplan will be developed to improveoperation to prevent future mortality.

Minimize other sources of human-related manatee mortalitv andinjury.

Manatees have been drowned in shrimp, gill and hoop nets.Additional animals have died from septicemia, created by knottedcrab trap and nylon fishing lines around the flipper. In addition tothe unintentional "taking" of manatees by fishing activities, a few arestill directly and purposefully being taken for food and sport.

l4l. Identiff the extent to which other fishing apparatus (includingcrab traps. buoy lines. nets. shrimp nets. trotlines. othermonofilament lines. and hooks). poaching. and vandalism area problem and develop solutions.

These activities have resulted in an average of approximatelyfour deaths each year since 1979. FWS, GDNR, and FDNRwill determine where and to what extent these activities areproblems for manatees, and will evaluate threats associatedwith fishing in or around power plant effluents so thatnecessary steps can be taken to reduce these causes ofmortality and injury.

Monitor levels of contaminants in manatee tissues.

FDNR will continue to collect tissues of manatees recoveredby the salvage program, and will monitor levels ofcontaminants. If high levels of contaminants are found,FDNR will immediately notiry EPA and FWS. FWS v/illimmediately notiff regional contaminant specialists.

142.

37

15. Rescue and rehabilitate distressed manatees.

The need to rescue and rehabilitate siclg injured, orphaned orotherwise distressed manatees is increasing and it is important thatrescue/rehabilitation efforts be improved. In Florida, Sea World ofFlorida and the Miami Seaquarium are the only authorized manateerescue teams. When an injured or sick manatee is reported theFMP field officer locates and remains with the animal, when practical,and requests that the duty officer contact Sea World of Florida Ifrequired, Miami Seaquarium will be contacted for assistance. Thereis no authorized rsscue team in Georgia.

FWS, FDNR, and GDNR will waluate the need to establishadditional rescue teams, and will continue to work cooperatively withthe oceanaria and other qualified organizations to rescue injured ordistressed animals.

l5l. Develop/refine rescue contingency plans for single andcatastrophic events.

FDNR and FWS will develop comprehensive rescuecontingency plans for catastrophic events and refine plans forsingle events. Contingency plans will be refined and/ordeveloped for single and multiple rescues, i.e., boat strikes,extrem€ freezes, power plant failures, toxic spills, red tides,epidemics, other catastrophic events. Medical or fieldobservational evaluation procedures will be incorporated intothe contingency plans. These plans will address notificationand response time, and will be detailed enough so that eachagency's level of inrolvement and responsibilities are clearlyunderstood ahead of time and can be implemented an a 24hour a day basis. FDN& FWS, and other appropriategroups will develop and update contingency plans by January

1990, and every 2Years thereafter.

L52.manatees in open water situations.

FWS and FDNR will explore and investigate the potential fordeveloping capture techniques to supplement or replace the

current methods. Techniques to facilitate capture in open

water areas, where there are varying and demanding physicaliitll ttIfi

t$llt

lll 38

153.

154.

problems, and techniques to inducc animals to move tosuitable areas for capture will be developed.

Develop criteria for release of rehabilitated manatees.

f-onsideration must be given to determining if, when, where,and horv rehabilitated manatees will be released. The needfor establishing reacclimitization procedures prior to releasewill also be evaluated. Criteria will be developed by FWSand FDNR by October 1989, with assistance from Sea Worldof Florida and Miami Seaquarium, and made part of therescue plans.

Develop consultation arrangements with utilities. papercompanies. and other industries that produce warm-wateroutfalls to identiff plans (e.g.. retirement of generating units.scheduled shutdowns. and movement of outfall locations) thatcould adversely affect the availability of these warm-watersources for manatees.

See Thsk 2236 and 236.

16. Evaluate effectiveness of current and future regulations andenforcement efforts. including the evaluation of and need for modifiedor expanded legislative authority.

Manatee regulations will be evaluated annually by FWS's Division ofI-aw Enforcement, FMB USCG, and FGC to insure that theyadequately protect manatees and their habitats. Furthermore, tobetter identif law enforcement needs, as well as to assess currentenforcement efforts, the law enforcement agencies will developintegrated law enforcement programs and strategies which willinclude: l) An assessment of current law enforcement activities,including a delineation of duties, personnel involved (includingcooperative programs with other agencies), and rplative success and/orshortcomings of each program; and 2) recommended changesnecessary to provide manatees full protection under the law will bemade to the appropriate governing body, including funding foradditional manpower and equipment if necessary. When a newregulation has been adopted, its effectiveness will be evaluated todetermine if the desired results are being achieved. The responsibleagencies will annually review both the adequacy of the regulation andthe ensuing enforcement efforts. Such factoni as manatee presence,

manatee mortality and injury statistics, sign posting, of,ficer familiaritywith rules, voluntary puutir compriance, number of citations issuednumber of convictions, public sentiment, etc., when appricabre, will beconsidered in each annual review. If enforcement edorts are judged

!51.

Because of the numerous raws that must be enforced, it isoften difficurt for raw enforcement personner to be aiequatelyinformed of exactry what their responsibilities are in enrbrcinga particular statute, rure, or reguration. For this reasog

etraining sessions, which witt exptain to officers the reasons forthese rules and regurations and wiil alow them to provideinput into the p'acticality and day-to-day logisticar

-

requireme$ {gf:rcing regulaiions, *iU U-" developed byFWS, FDNR, USCG, anO fGC.

162.judiciary slatem.

The FWS's Division of I-aw Enforcement will take the lead inworking with the FMp and FGC to standardize fines i.p;;;for violating mSlatee regulations. Currently, fines differconsiderably within the Federal court districts, and there arealso considerable differences between state and Federal fines.Florida's Senior FWS Resident Agent, with sufport from theo-th"r agencies, will work with the-varioo, .ourt s,4stems toalleviate this problem, to strengthen court relations, and toeducate the judiciary s)4stem about manatee conservationproblems.

t63.apprehend violators.

Tils- special agents, in cooperation with FMp and FGc, willdwelop a plan to investigaie the incidence of manateepoaching and will initiate undercover or sting operations toapprehend violators. The possibility of usingfmon etaryrewards for informants, donated by SMC und/o, FGC,sWildlife Alert Ttust Fund, will be pursued.

Q

17. Conduct programs to inform and educate the public includingtourists. and encourage development of educational programs withother__coulntries to protect manatees.

t7t. Elrpand educational and informational activities. and improveoublic awareness.

It is imperative that all agencies involved in this recovery planincrease their emphasis on effectively educating the publicabout the plight of the manatee, enhancing public awareness,and improving the availability and distribution of educationalinformation and literature. Efforts will be directed toinforming the public of how private citizens can help, such asby reporting violators and radio tags, complying withregulations, reporting sightings, providing information on t,?esand causes of mortality, etc. Unless people who are aware ofthe manatee's existence can understand how man isthreatening it and its environment, and are cognizant of howcitizen action can aid in mmbating these problems, the highdegree of public cooperation which is needed to save themanatee cannot be expected. Important actions to beaccomplished will include, for example, updating generalinformation brochures and leaflets, utilizing multiagencysupport to increase volume and improve distribution ofboating and general information brochures, distributingmanatee literature to boaters (MIA), revising the film "Silent

Sirens", developing a manatee interpretive/education center atCryntal River NIWR, and utilizing marine and car radio publicinformation broadcasts to inform the public, particularlytourists.

172. C-onduct public information surveys to evaluate effectivenessof current informational/educational programs and modiffaccordingly.

There is a very real need to conduct public informationsurveys to assess current public knowledge and opinions inFlorida so as to judge the effectiveness of past programs.The surveln will be conducted by FDNR before January 1990to provide information necessary to target areas, anddetermine emphases and goals for future efforts ininformation and education, law enforcement and habitatprotection.

4t

I

173.

t74.

A list of all the variables to be considered wilr be preparedfor interagency review so that the surveys can be as inclusiveas possible. Followup surveys, capable of documentingeffectiveness as welr as future ne"dr, will be conducted every3 years.

A special effort win be made to expand educationar andinformational programs for boatersi diuers, and other users ofareas frequented by manatees. The essential information willbe provided by enforcement, managemen! and/or researchpersonnel, and worked into a dynamic program by education-information specialists. fire program, inchiding aninformational packet and sfidl piesentation, arid/or highquality movie, will be targeted for power squadrons, &*tSu.ard Auiliary groups, captain sciools, Uoating anb yactrtclubs, water ski clubs, diver clubs and other grJup, "iidentified. The various professional diving ins-truciion schoolswill-also be approached about including inanatee informationin their training programs.

The manatee interpretive/education center, to be developedb{ ry.S at Crystal River NWR, will serve to provideeducation and information to divers and other'waterbornerecreationists in the Florida Big Bend area. It will also beimportant in developing. testing, and coordinating interpretiveefforts throughout Florida. In addition, an inforirationalbrochure will be developed by FDNR, with assistance fromMIA and sMc' for marina dearers to distribute to boatowners and users of their facilities.

threat to manatees.

In some circumstances, it may be in the manatee's bestinterest to draw attention to those areas where they arehighly wlnerable by continuing to post "caution - foanateeArea" signs which urge boaters, fishermen and divers to usecaution so as not to injure or harass manatees. Examples ofsuch areas would be boat ramps adjacent to warm-water

l ,

r l,1j

iii i

power-plant refugia, and within the primary core of therefugia themselves where winter public use pressures oftenreach unduly high proportions. Othcr areas might be aroundmarinas and docks that manatees frequent on a regular basis,or by gas pumps servicing marina traffic. Applicants whoapply for permits to construct boat ramps, mannas, or otherfacilities in or adjacent to waterways will also be required topost such signs. FDNR will test new sigting methcds, suchas posting maps at boat ramps, to show boaters where speedzones and important manatee habitats are located withinwatenrays. If these methods prove successful and beneficial,local Florida governments will include such measures in theirMPPs, and GDNR will evaluate similar actions for importantmanatee use areas in southeastern Georgia.

In addition to posting signs to draw attention to highlyvulnerable areas, MMC will request NOAA to includemanatee sanctuaries and boat regulatory zones onnavigational charts.

18. Develop bilateral or multilateral ageements with other countries formanatee conservation and research.

The ESA and the MMPA both encourage the development ofbilateral or multilateral agreements with other nations for theprotection and conservation of endangered species. With respect tomanatees, agreements will be developed by FWS, with assistance fromMMC, to cover the following items as appropriate: (l) Reviern'ofexisting scientific data and establishment of joint research projects; (2)review of adequacy of existing international and national law andrelated regulations, proposals for new laws or amendments; (3)protection of habitat; (a) administration and enforcement of laws andregulations; (5) plans for public education; (6) identification andrecommendations of conservation roles to be played by all interestedparties; and (7) proposals for funding.

Ensure existence of suitable manatee habitat.

Even if mortality and injury are minimued or eliminated, the continuedexistence and recovery of manatee populations will be dependent upon theidentification and protection of suitable habitats and other areas of specialbiological importance. Habitat loss and degradation may prove to be themajor impacts jeopardizing the continued existence of manatees in the

future' Therefore, efforts shourd be made to minimize habitat arteration.degradation, or destruction. rv rur''rrz

21.

In order to identify and protect areas.of.speciar biorogicar importanceto manatees, state-of+he-art tracking- technorory win be used to folowmovements of indMd.ual manate"r, ih"r"by-irir""i"g ,t"understanding of hab{at r"qrir"-;nts, und to determine areas ofcritical importance. characi..iruo-lr'the fooJies;;;;, will also bedetermined in order to evaruate the potentiar importance of variousareas to manatees in relation to feeding "rolog..----'

ztr.

It is we'known that manatees aggregate in certain warm-water refugia during winter. naaiiteis reave these refugra forshort periods during the winteri. f""g. However, theydisperse in the toring, and for rori or the annuar cycre littreinformation exists on manatee ecorogy and habitat use. Muchcan be learned "T:1 daily activity patterns, migration routes,interchange of individuutri"tu"*i aggregation sites, andsumrnsl habitats by radio tracking n"oil, terernetrictechnologr wil be continualry ur""J, io.o.poiuti'g s'ta-te-or+ne-art developmenb such as saiettite-monitoied ,r"irrirrlrs, roassess.these parameters and to determine rocar areas oflmportance to manatees.

}.dig rracking studies will emphasize broad geographiclocations of concern, and n"*itudi"s w'r be initiated invarious broad areas as information needs arise. Aphotographic scar catalogue of indiviouaty recogn izabremanatees will arso be maintained to suppiemenitru"tingstudies with repeated sightings. Aerialiu_y, "nJr"r*r,salvage results will be integriteo *iit, t"l"r"trywork for comprehensive eiaruation of ur"u, oii,opo*unr".

i,i,

lil1,1r r l

2r2.

Knowledge of the importance of various vegetation tlpes as

u

22.

manatee foods will assist in evaluating the need to protect

local habitats subject to development, degradation oralteration. Studies will be continued to determine the diet,feeding habits, food preferenoes, and nutritional requirementsof manatees. Information on the diet of manatees and the

relative importance of various dietary components is beingderived from analyses of stomach contents from manateesacquired via the salvage program. These studies will becontinued by FWS until a thorough documentation of food

habits is completed. Follow-up studies, based on results ofstomach content analyses, will investigate the relativeabundance of the various food plants, their nutritional value,

and the nutritional requirements and digestive physiologt of

manatees relative to these foods. This research will beconducted by qualified FWS, FDNR, GDNR, oceanaria"university, or private investigators as needs and resourcesarise.

manatees.

As areas of special biological significance to manatees are identified

(see Thsk 2l ibove), they will be mapped and characterized using

itate-of-the-art techniques and procedures, such as geogfaphical

information s)'stems, to provide a baseline for detecting and

monitoring changes in critical parameters. Additionally' existing and

potential ihreats to those areas will be identified and evaluated to

determine actions that might be needed to protect the areas.or their

critical elements.

221.monitoring important manatee ilabitats.

Areas of special importance to manatees will be descnlbed or

characterized with respect to certain physicaf chemical and

biological features (e.g" physical dimension; watertemperature, depth, salimty, and clarity; species compositionand density of aquatic vegetation). !b facilitate description,chataeerization, monitoring, and detection of habitatdegradation or destruction, standardsampling/mapping/analytical techniques and procedures,compatible with geographical information systems, will bedeveloped. The MMC sponsored a workshop in March 1989

to review state-of-the-art capabilities for developing and usinggeographical information s),stems, and for establshing aprocedure to benefit information sharing among theagencies/groups involved. Recommendations and findings ofthis workshop will be published in r9g9 and implemented assoon as possible.

As areas of special importance to manatees are identified(see Thsk 2l), they will be characterized and mapped usingthe techniques and procedures developed in Thsk- 221 above.

222.

223.

2221.

I-and acquisition and regulatory programs may bebenefitted by official designation of core habilatareas as "Critical Habitat" under the ESA Thebenefits of such designation will be evaluated byFWS with input from other agencies.

Ar purt of the process of characteriang and computermapping important manatee habitats, existing and potentialsources of pollution, siltation, disturbance, alteration, and/ordestruction will be identified and evaluated.

223l, Evaluate effects of boat traffic.

As part of the MPPs and tasks previouslymentioned, boat traffic patterns and activities will bedetermined, charactenzed, mapped and analped todetermine effects on manatees and manateehabitats. Boating studies and studies evaluating theeffects of boat traffic on seagrasses and otherimportant manatee habitats will be expanded andadequately funded. The Hobe Sound SeagrassStudy, for example, will continue to receivenecessary funding commitments from FWS, FDNR,and NMFS.

2232^

2234.

Evaluate effects of marina dock and boat rampconstruction. shoreline restoration/stabilization andmaintenance of navigation channels.

Marina, docb and boat ramp construction, shorelinerestoration and stabilization, and navigationalchannel maintenance can directly affect manateehabitats by reducing aquatic vegetation in feedingareas, prouiOing sources of contaminants, disruptingnatural hydrolcgic regimes, and/or by increasing-turbidity or siltation. Equally importan! the sitingof boating facilities and channel maintenance ordredging

-can influence densities and patterns of

uoating traffic. As important habitats or other areasof speiial significancc are characterized andmapped, boating facility siting and channelmaintenance or dredging in or adjacent to theseareas will be analyred and evaluated, and theinforrration madc Part of MPPs.

Evaluate effects of urban development. dredging andfilling. and other development projects'

The impacts of urban development and dredge and

fill projects on important wetland habitats will beevaiuaied to determine effects on the quality andquantity of manatee food resources' impacts on the

natural functions of coastal wetland ecosystems'disturbance and/or alteration of plant communities(vegetative abundance, composition, andOirttttotion), alteration of drainage patterns' andaffects on water quality and clarity. Potentialimpacts of urban development adjacent to importantmanatee habitats identified by Tbsk 222 wtll bestudied, and the information made part of MPPs'

Manatees and their habitats can be suscoptible to a

variety of water contaminants, including pesticides'

n

herbicides, industrial blproducts (pCB,s, oil,radioactive wastes, etc), and pathogens associatedwith human sewage. Aquatic'weid control candirectly affect food resources, and can directlyandor indirectly degrade *ie, quality. Sto;waterrunoff may carry heavy metals frtm roadsides andparking lots, and/or pesticides or nutrients fromresidential gardens and lawns. Agricultural landuses also provide potential ,our""-, of pollutantswhich can be carried in rivers to coastal areas.\4bstewater input from sewer and septic qntems canincrease nutrient levels, over-stimutate plant grilil;encourage growth of epiphytic algae on nativeplants, and increase susplnded sJrids. Sources ofpoint/non-point polrution or other activities that mayunqact important manatee habitats identified in

JTask 222 will be identified and mapped. Theeffects of the sources of polrutants and activities wfllbe studied and evaluated by FWS, FDNIR, GiNR;EPA, WMDs, FDER, and iocal gwernments. Theoverlap of manatee feeding areai with aquari, plntcontrol programs and water quality probllms ,*iU U"analyzed by these agencies foi all important riverineor estuarine habitats identified n Task 222.Alternatives to chemicar weed contror programs wilrbe evaluated in these areas, i.e. mechanicalharvesting. Also the use of alternative chemicalsand periods of use will be evaluated. Aquaticecosystems that compose or support importantmanatee habitats will be evaluatld by FDER interms of biological and human-relate-d inputs andoutputs to aid in determining cumulative effects ofpollution. In addition, FDER will determine ifaquatic ecosystem modeling will be necessary toproperly determine effects. If necessary, ffien *inrequest assistance an_d support from gp{ FDNR,FWS, and COE. FDER and WMDs will take theIead in studying and. evaluating water quality issues.

ihllll

Itilil$

48

2235.

2236.

Evaluate use of water resources affecting thefunction of natural spring aggegation sites inFlorida.

If the quantity or quality (salinity, temperature, etc.)of water flowing from natural springs in Flor'rdawere altered due to wells, mining dredging orreduced recharge, for example, the value of theseareas as warm-water refugia could change. At areduced flow rate, less water would be warmedduring winter, and manatees would bc more likelyto be exposed to cold stress. Reduced flow orincreased salinity could also adversely affectvegetative abundance and/or composition.Therefore, the effects of water withdrawal andalteration of recharge areas on the flow of majorsprings identified in Thsk 222wrf,l be studied andevaluated by WMDs with assistance from USGS.Information gained will be used to establishminimum flows necessary for maintaining naturalwarm-water refugia for manatees (as well asdetermining allowable water consumption standards).

Evaluate industrial discharges used as warm-waterrefusia bv manatees.

Artificial refugia are no substitute for the reliabilityof natural warm-water springs, and can createhazards to manatees if operations are intemrpted orif manatees become trapped in intake or dischargepipes. Nevertheless, artificial warm-water refugiacreated by industrial effluents, as seen in Thble 1,provide important winter habitat for the Floridamanatee. These sites will be evaluated by FDNRand GDNR, with information provided by thevarious industries, to determine life expectancy'condition, plans for remodeling, phase out dates,maintenance/shutdov'rn schedules, and otheroperating criteria that may adversely affectmanatees. Methods will be explored to minimizeimpacts to manatees when plants are temporarilyout of service during major aggregation periods (i.e.,solar water heaters, well water discharge, etc.). The

23.

possibility of creating additional .a1{cial warm'water

'"t""t in br adpcent to prefened-habitats and the

need to phase out some marginal warm-w-ater

souroes will also be evaluated'

UsinginformationgainedfromTbsks222and223'thefollowingactions will be implemente<i to protect and monitor manatee habitats

and areas of sPecial significance'

23L. Expand and increase number of statc and Federal refuges'

r"r"w"*. Tand management areas in or

adiacent to essential manatee habitat'

Incorporation of a full complement of essential surlmer'

winter, and migratoty ttuuitit into existing sqry and Federal

s}'stemsofprotectedareascanprwidevaluableprotectionforcoastal "*r1o,".r-*Uif" pt*iding for human activities and

uses compatible with manatce Protection' F'WS, NPS' FDNR'

GDN& FGC, and MMC *"iff toop"ratively develop and

implement a comprehensive land a-cguisition plan to Protect

important *unurJ" *J oitnt rquutii habitats in Georgia and

n6tia". The plan will establish priorities; describe

;gttfi;* of tft" area to manatees' other endangered

species, and other wildlife resources; and give reasons for

acquisition versus ptot"ttioo by other measures' Incal

Florida gou"*-"ri,, "off O"t"tti"" the feasibility and need

for acquiring fee Li" ; development rights to- wetlands in

their Comprehensive Development Plans' FDNR' as a

memberofthestut"''r,oaAcquisitionSelectionCommittee,will review lands fitttO under ttri CAru' Progam; where

justifiable, will recommend that manatee habitats receive

priority ,onria"tuii*; "oO-*'iU T:j.Sdddonal projects with this

program rot ntoiio!.' -ttwill,likewise review the Save

Our Riverc progru;; and will -t*" appropriate acquisition

recommendations to the State's five water management

districts. Florida's TIITF will approvc acquisition of

io,p"r,"r, habitats identifred by State acquisition -programs'and will request recomrnendations from local and state

agencies. GDIlId' *ilI review its acquisition programs and will

suPport r"rot*"oOtO "tqttlti.tlon.oi manatse habitats' FWS

will complete P;;i;inary Project Proposals and l:nd

232.

Protection Plans on areas already identified in the MarineMammal Commission's reports on acquisition needs, willsuppoft state and local acquisition proposais, anci as f,:ndsbecome available, expand national wildlife refuges to protectmanatee habitats. NPS will likewise develop and pursueacquisition proposals to expand national parks and seashoreswhere needs to protect manatee habitats have been identified.

Specific acquisition efforts will include, but will not be limitedto, completion of Florida's CARL projects on the Cryntal andSt. Martin's rivers, and FWS's expansion of Chassahowitzka,Lower Suwannee, and Crystal River NWRs. FWS, and otheragencies as appropriate, will also support and pursuerecommendations made by MMC in its preliminary east coastacquisition report. Private groups, such as TNq Sierra Clubs,and Audubon Societies, will be encouraged to supportacquisition efforts.

Provide for protection of manatees in management plans for

Current$ there are many existing Federal and state systemsof protected areas with immediately adjacent waters and/orwatenvays which pass through these areas that provideessential manatee habitats. However, because of conflictingauthorities for managing coastal and/or navigable waterqthese adjacent watersAratenilays are frequently not included inarea management plans. Therefore, many areas may not becontributing to manatee protection efforts to the extent thatis possible

-o, o"""ttury. Additionally, some agencies, even

though they do have the authority to protect manatees' maynot have addressed manatees in their management plan(s)and therefore are not implementing protective measures.The MMC has completed a preliminary report on habitatprotection needs for eastern Georgia and Florida. Thisreport identified existing Federal and state refuges, Pilh,preserves, etc. containing or adjacent to manatee habitat. Italso provided recommendations for strengtheningmanagement actions and expanding the boundaries of someof those areas that are of particular importance to manatees.FWS, NPS, FDNR, GDNR, FGC, and other agencies willrequire the development and implementation of research andmanagement plans and programs to address manatee

51

protection needs at established refuges' preserves' reserves'

i** and wildlife management areas, which contain essential

-*ut".habitat.TheI-andManagementAdvisoryCommittee,FloridaDivisionofstatelsnds'whenreviewingState agency management plans, will ensure that manatee

protecttn needs aie addressed where appropriate'

233.

If additional areas (such as the Homosassa River; the

estuaries and lower portions of the lower Suwannee'

Chassahowitzka and Withlacoochee rivers; certain. core use

areas on Florida's and Georgia's east coasts) and/or-additional

importantmanateehabitatsortravelcorridorsaredeterminedby Thsk 2221to "L"J;cri ical Habitat" designation, FWS will

uL*a Title 50, CoO" of Federal Regulations' Part 17'95(a)'

234.i6G.t"d "oon"iting ttau"l *ttidon'

tu information determines the need(t), YS:9Dj} "nd

FDNR, with support from MIA FDCA FDER' QQF' and

local gove*rrr"n,r, tiU expand and establish a network of

"reserves" with connJing corridors to protect manatees and

their habitats. pependn-g on the type and degree of threat

identified in Thsks 1222,'23, and 31' "reserves" will be

established with varying objectives and regulations'

fot "tu-pfe, FWS, aslrovided..by 50 CFR 17'103' may

establish two diff;nt iyp"r of "riserves" known officially as

"manatee protection *"u''" Such areas are further defined

as either "manateJ ,"tog"S' or "manatee sanctuaries"' A

manatee refuge i, ,'un #ea in which the Director of the FWS

has determined that certain (emphasis added) waterborne

activities would result in the taking of one or more manatees'

or that certain waierborne activities must be restricted to

p**t the taking of one or more.manatees' includinq^-!11. '-

not limited to tuklog by harassment." A manatee sanctuary ts

more restrictive ;h; ; "refuger" and is "an area in which the

Director has determined thai any (emphasis added)

waterborne actMty would result in the taking of one or more

manatees, includirig U"i oot limited to taking by harassment"'ll{llil l

til52

Therefore, depending on the desired objective, resultingregulations may allow human activities on some "resefves"

wliile other areas rnay be designated as inviolate sanctuaries.I-ocal Florida governments will address the need to establishsuch "reserves" and protective travel corridors in theirComprehensive Development Plans and MPPs-

235. Protect and monitor quality and quantity of water flowingfrom natural springs in Florida.

The consumptive use of water is regulated by the variousWMDs. The importance of maintaining the flow of springswill be included by wMDs and local governments in thewater use plans and Comprehensive Development Plans,respectively. WMDs will adopt policies to ensure that use of

warm-water springs by manatees have priority overconsumptive water use. FDER will monitor WMD permits to

ensure that these policies are enforced. WMDs will monitorcumulative effects of water withdrawals and potential changes

in recharge rates in evaluating effects of proposed waterconsumption. FDER and the districts will also monitor water

in and adjacent to major springs to ensure that wastewaterdischarge and land use in recharge areas does not reduceeither quality or quantity of spring flows below State waterquality standards. Counties and local governments will adopt

regulations to further protect these waters.

236. Protect the integrity of artificial industrial effluents asimportant winter habitat.

Utilities and industries producing warm-water effluents used

by manatees, such as FPL and Gilman Paper Company, (see

Table 1), will cooperate with FWS, FDNR, and GDNR to

develop operational plans for facility retirements or majoroverhauls that would significantly disrupt warm-waterdischarges during the winter aggregation period. Notice ofplanned retirement of a facility will be given as soon as

information is available or if possible at least 5 years prior tothe date of such retirement. FWS, FDNR, and GDNR will

cooperatively work with utilities and industries to mitigateposifol" detrimental effects of operational changes, and willrecommend alternative methods identified in Task 2/36'Unplanned failures, shutdowns, or other major reductions in

237.

effluents will be reported to FWS, FDNR and/or GDNR as

soonaspossibleiftheyoccurduringthewinteraggregationperiod (October - March).

support manatee habitats.

Coastal management planning will be an integral part of

protecting the-marshei, estuaries, dd river systems that

iupport ianatee habitats. In Florida, the State and local

go**trltots will address coastal zone management and

Ionservation in their Comprehensive Development and MPPs'

I-ocal governments will reione wetlands to conserve and

proteci marshes and wetlands, and deny applications for

DRI's within the coastal zone if they are not consistent with

ih"r" plans. FDCA will review local government plans'

"ort r" that they address these policies, and recommend

denial of DRfi that are inconsistent with these plans and

policies.FDERandWMDswillreviewpermittingprocessesanaregutations,willdraftlegislationtoconsiderimpactsfromnon-point sources of pollution, wiil develop and require

design permitting critiria and/or performance standards for

construction in or adjacent to wetlands, and consider indirect

and cumulative impacts of projects on coastal wetlands.

FDNR's Division of stut" I-ands and coE will implement

established procedures for evaluating individual permit

applications in terms of cumulative impactst a1d will deny

apptirutioos where these criteria are exceeded as defined in

g3-CFR 32A' 330 and 40 CFR 230'

GDNRwill,wherenecessaryimplementsimilaractionstoprotect and maintain manatee habitats'

To improve the coastal management planning process' the

invoGd agencies will attempt to work more closely together

by promoting the exchange bf information and research

nndings, uoO tty identifing and mapping important manatee

habitats. Information shiring will be benefitted by completion

of FDNR's GIS.

In areas of special significance to manatees' needs exist to

54

ItIt 1I,t

238.

239.

establish and enforce water quality standards, establish and

enforce effluent standards, control construction of sewage

systems, monitor water quality and effluent dischargeg reduce

orposure of manatees to aquatic herbicides, and maintain,

protect, and improve amounts of vegetation available to

manatees as food.

To meet these needs, local governments in Florida will adopt

appropriate ordinances, based upon studies completed in

mik iZZ+. that provide for on-land retention of runoffadjacent to manitee habitat. They will also develop regional

soiutions to sewage treatment and disposal, and with

assistance from FDER, will establish monitoring schedules for

sewage treatment plants. I-ocal aquatic weed control divisions

will support and implement aquatic weed control programs

(to be-developed cooperatively with COE, FWS, and FDNR)

by using alternative treatment schedules and/or mechanical

trawesting during periods when manatees are most susceptible

to herbicides. FDER will deny renewal of sewage treatment

plant certification if studies indicate degradation of water

quality. FDER will also strengthen runoff regulations_ and

estattish water quality based effluent standards. FDNR will

continue to anallze contaminants in tissues sampled from

manatee carcasses recovered through the salvage program'

EPA will review certification of herbicides and pesticides used

in manatee habitats and establish gUidelines to strengthenlabel precautions. COE, FWS, FDNR, and local aquatic

weed control divisions will develop appropriate aquatic weed

control plans (similar to plans at crystal River), and aquatic

weed control agencies will comply with recommendations to

protect vegetation in designated feeding areas. COE will

annually summarize chemical treatments to update these

plans.

GDNR will urge local governments in Georgia to take similar

efforts to protect areas of special significance to manatees in

southeastern Georgia.

ln Florida, local governments, through their MPPs, will take

the lead in planning boating facilities to ensure protection of

manatees. FDCA will ensure that these plans address proper

55

siting of boating facilities. I-ocal governments, FDER, andTIITF will deny permit applications and submerged landleases that are inconsistent with these plans. COE willsubsequently deny applications without prejudice. FDNp. andFWS will review COE permits and projects to waluateconsistency with these plans.

FDNR, GDNR, USCG, Navigation Districts, and localgovernments will develop, install, and properly maintain signsand channel markers to regulate boating actMties in manateehabitats.

As continuing research indicates the need, GDNR will alsodevelop procedures and permitting criteria for properly sitingboating facilities in southeastern Georgia.

240. Monitor permit requests under Section ? of the ESA fordevelopments in manatee habitats.

See Task 1225.

24. Determine desirability and feasibility of managing andror developinghabitats for enhancing use by manatees.

It may be desirable to manage habitat(s) to enhance its use bymanatees. For example, dredging may be necessary to provide accessto otherwise inaccessible feeding areas. (The MMC's preliminaryreport on habitat protection needs on the east coast of Florida andGeorgia gives some specific recommendations.) Therefore, thedesirability and feasibility of managing habitat for manatee utilizationin unoccupied areas will be evaluated by FDNR, GDNR, and FWS.Likewise, the development of new habitats will be evaluated by theseagencies.

Minimize harassment of manatees.

Manatee harassment takes many forms, varies in intensity, and affectsindividual manatees in different ways, most of which are not wellunderstood.

31. Evaluate extent and minimize effects of harassment on manatees.

As man's activities continue to intensiff and e:rpand into additional

manatee habitat, it is increasingly important to have sound methodsfor defining and measuring the effects of the resultant harassment.

3ll. Minimize manatee harassment/disturbance by boat and bargetraffic.

Very little is known about the effects of boatTbargeharassment and disturbance on manatees. In addition tothose measures described in Thsk 31, the subject should befurther studied in conjunction with the aforementioned tasksunder Section l. E:ramples of harassment that are currentlybeing addressed to some extent are the problems of boatsand divers disturbing manatees in Crystal River, Florida andat other refugia. These need to be studied further todetermine if there is a threshold at which manatees will leaveif the disturbance(s) becomes too great.

Minimize harassment by divers and swimmers.

Although harassment as a result of swimming and divingactivities is mostly confined to a few particular areas inFlorida, such as Cryrstal River, Blue Spring, Fanning Spring,Riviera Power Plant, and a few other clear water areas, theharassment problem is often so intense that manatees aredriven out of their preferred habitat. The direct and indirecteffects of this type of harassment will be determined.

lv-{3ny harassment problems associated with swimming anddiving acfivities fall into several categories depending on thearea and the manatee's previous exposure to divers: l) Merepresence of diver(s); 2) non-contact advance by diver(chasing); 3) grabbing, riding or other physical contact; and 4)equipment noise (SCLJBA). Since much of the informationon diver-related harassment has to date been obtained by wayof secondary observations and interpretations, specific studieswilt be designed to determine the nature and frequency ofmanatee/diver interaction under various circumstances. Thework that is presently being done at Crystal River NationalWildlife Refuge should be expanded to benefit necessarymanagement practices that will minimize harassment in theCrystal River area and elsewhere.

312.

57

4.

313. Minimize harassment by fishing-related activities.

Fishing activities in the outfalls of utilities, paper companies,and oiher industries that produce wann-water discharges will

be evaluated by FDNR, GDNR, and FWS to determineextent of harassment. Where necessary' such activities will be

eliminated. Also see Thsk l4l.

3L4. Evaluate effectiveness of and expand educational programs.

harassment. and modiff accordingly.

Educational programs, enforcement efforts, and regulations to

minimize or eliminate harassment will be monitored/evaluatedto ensure their effectiveness (See Task 17). These efforts will

be expanded as needs are identified.

Current information regarding the status of manatee populations in,the

southeastern United States is incomplete. There is a critical need for

improved'information on population sizes and dynamics to evaluate threats

to populations and successes or failures of management actions.

Reiponsible agencies will immediately begin to explole and implement new

and improvedhethods to satisfactorily estimate and/or index population size.

4t.

Aerial surve]ts provide valuable information, and will be continued

and expanOiO Uy various organizations and agencies where a long-

term data base has been esiablished or where specific needs can be

met using these techniques. For example, GDNR will initiate

summer and winter suweys.

4L1,.

Until better survey techniques are available, a working gfoup

of biologists familiar with current manatee aerial survey

methodo'logy will be established to improve communications

ggographic regions of special concern.

methodolory.

42.

about and standardization of these methods. This group willbe supported by statisticians and population ecologists, whohave experience in aerial survey techniques anri populationmodeling, and by a representative from MIA Emphasis willbe placed on standardization of winter counts at selectedsites, summer counts in selected areas, determination of thepercentage of calves, stratification of individualq designationof survey units, an<i use of appropriately scaled maps.

4L2. C-onvene an annual meeting of the working group to discussproblems. review existing data. and evaluate currentoooulation status.

Available population information will be evaluated annuallyby the working gfoup to assess population status.Information reviewed could include: Winter counts, summercounts, and percentage of calves determined by aerial surveys;life history data collected by snorkeling at selected sites (BlueSpring, Crystal River, and power plants); and mortality dataobtained through salvage.

Refine methods to monitor status of manatee populations.

Current methods for counting manatees lack a statistical basis forestimating or indexing population size; thus evidence is inconclusiveon whether the population is increasing or decreasing. Current aerialsurvey techniques involve variable effort (inverse sampling) over thesurvey area. For example, more time is spent circling over.portionsof the survey area in which manatees are expected to occur or where

difEcult survey conditions (especially turbid water) require greatereffort for the observer to feel confident that the number of manateescounted is the number present. Statistically vaiid estimation orindexing procedures require standardized, repeatable samplingmethods. Until environmental factors that influence the visibility ofmanatees during surveys can be controlled or corrected for, biologistsdo not believe conventional survey methodology results will bereliable and comparable.

Continue development and evaluation of aerial surveymethods for estimating or indexing manatee abundance insurvey/management areas. and ultimately Statewide.

Standard survey techniques will be developed by FDNR and

421..

43.

FWS to control or correct for variables such as temperature,visibility, and observer bias that affect accuracy andcomparability of surveys. Two major objectives have beenidentified. The first is to develop an index to predict trendsin rnanatee population size over time, and the second is todevelop survey/census methods that produce populationestimates with acceptable confidence intervals. Beginning in

1989, methods will be developed and tested at specific suwey

areas. Some methods will probably be site'specific. Within 1

year after developing successful methodology, criteria will beestablished for combining results from surveys at differentsites to produce annual Statewide population estimates.FDNR will hire additional full time personnel to superviseand coordinate the development and evaluation of aerialsurvey methodoiogy. This methodology will subsequently be

used by GDNR for suweying manatees in southeasternGeorgia, and contribute to a southeastern united statespopulation estimate.

422. Furthel evaluate the feasibility of utilizing marla/recapturemethodology for population estimates.

Preliminary evaluation of utilizing marldrecapture techniques

to estimate manatee population size indicates that therequirements for an active tagging Program are impractical.This is due to the large number of manatees that are

required, and the length of time needed to recover data for

any useful estimate (Packard and Nichols, L983). However,

the potential for an experimental design that integrates use of

pre-ixisting scar patterns with mark/recapture models requires

further study. Scar cataloglng of individual manatees has

been of proven value, and a large data base for scarred

individuals currently exists for some regions. FWS and

FDNR will cooperatively explore the possibility of using such

methods to estimate populations, and will periodically review

the use of other marUrecaPture techniques for population

studies.

Determine aspects of life history and ecology.

The importance of long-term, comparative studies of basic life history

traits is well established. Because manatees are endangered and

protected" there are no alternatives to long-tenn research for

gathering many types of life history information. The majority of thework must be conducted under field conditions, supolemented withdata collected from captive animals if possible.

431- c-ontinue assessment of the vital parameters (size. age/sexstructure. age-specific suwival and reproductive rates) ofmanatee populations in: (a) Crystal River. (b) Blue Spring.and (c) other areas as identified.

One of the principal objectives of life history field research isto gather basic information necessary to understand manateepopulation dynamics. FWS will continue long-termcomparative studies of individuals in clear water conditions.Information on age and sex structure, age at firstreproduction, lifetime reproductive output, and longevity willbe required. Information on breeding season, gestationperiod, and calving intervals is important. Variablereproductive traits are also useful indicators of populationquality and status. FWS will continue long-term monitoringof life history traits to determine variability in populationdynamics within and between areas.

432. Utilize population modeling to develop insights into therelative importance of various life history parameters in themanatee's population dynamics.

As outlined in Thsk 431, life history data are being collectedat several sites in Florida, providing a range of valugs for lifehistory parameters which can be used to construct alternativepopulation models. The process of model construction willallow manatee biologists to synthesizn, data and comparealternative life history concepts of importance to manateemanagement. FDNR and FWS will further explorepopulation modeling, and will develop computer programs forthis purpose.

Expand assessment of manatee population genetics (i.e.variability. minimum population size. local genetic structuresof populations. etc.)

Genetic research will be expanded by FWS and FDNR (andsupported by MMC) to enable determination and monitoringof genetic diversig, heterozygosity, regional variation, effective

433.

61

434.

population size, kinship probabilities, and individualidentification. New molecular tools will be applied asappropriate, including the analpis of hypervariableminisatellite DNA ("DNA fingerprinting'). Tissue sampleswil be collected and preserved by FDNR from all suitablesahaged carcasses and captive manatees for future geneticresearch. MMC is currently funding a pilot study to assessthe feasibility of using DNA fingerprinting.

Continue development and evaluation of age determinationtechniques.

Age determination techniques have not been developed formanatees. Microscopic layering of bone tissue is evident, butit is not clear if the gro\ilth layers or groups of growth layersare age related. Tetracycline injection provides a time markby causing fluorescence in bone layers. By examining thenumber of layers deposited subsequent to injection, thecorrespondence of layers to various time periods can beestablished. Knowledge of true age can provide a controlledcheck. To date, over 50 manatees in Florida have beentetracycline-marked in anticipation of eventual recovery ofcarcasses for bone layer examination. Currently a smallnumber of suitable skeletons have been recovered, and theskeleton of one known age wild animal has recently becomeavailable. An initial study to determine if bone layeringprovides a suitable technique for age determination is beingsupported by MMC. If the technique proves successful, FWSand FDNR will develop experimental designs to employ it ina number of wap to better understand manatee populationbiolory. These will include establishing the degree ofcorrelation between true age and measures of relative age(such as size, eye lens weight, epiphyseal closure and sutureossification, collagen breaking strength' and proteinracemization rate); investigating age related aspects ofreproduction; and estimating population age structure andsurvival schedules.

Continue long-term studies of social structure and behavior.emphasizing the use of radio telemetry.

Information on social structure and dynamics, dispersal,immigration and emigration will be obtained by FWS and

435.

44.

FDNR using observational methods and radiotelemetrytechniques over long periods of time. Information onbehavicr patterns will be related to life history phenomen4including population genetics. Visual, auditory-, and chemicalsenses will be examined, including their roie in intraspecificcommunication. Research is presently being conducted alongthese lines, and will be expanded by FWS and FDNR.

436. Conduct bio-telemetry or other studies with captive and/olfree-ranging manatees to determine physical. ph]ryiological andmetabolic response to changes in water temperature.harassment. salinity. and other variables.

The assessment of aspects of metabolic physiolory willcontinue to prove invaluable in immediate and long-termrecovery efforts, and will be evaluated by FWS, FDNR, andoceanaria.

Maintain and expand captive research programs with associatedsuppoft facilities.

Manatees in captivity will be used to aid in the recovery of thespecies. Since there are presently about 28 manatees in captivity'research programs by FWS, FDNR, and oceanaria will be expandedto study rehabilitation, tagging, ffid other management techniques.Research will also be carried out on behavior, ecolory, nutrition, andphysiolog using captive manatees in conjunction with free-ranginganimals.

Facilities need to be specifically designed to carry out research.Therefore, design and operating specifications will be developed forcooperating oceanaria to ensure compliance with the Animal WeHareAct and USDA regulations. Additional qualified oceanaria will begranted permits by FWS and FDNR to assist with these efforts as theneed arises.

FWS and FDNR will also develop reporting criteria for manateesheld in captivity. Oceanaria will be required to keep detailed recordson individuals maintained in their facilities, and report thisinformation at least annually to FDNR and FWS. FWS and FDNRwill maintain this information in a computer based program to aidresearchers in tracking individual manatee life histories and pedigrees.

63

Captive research wiU be conducted on salvaged animals and thmeborn in captivity. There will be no effort to remove healthy animalsfrom the wiid to conduct captive research.

Coordinate implementation of recovery activities. monitor and evaluateprogress. and update/revise the Recovery Plan.

Coordination ancl cooperation are essential for the successful implementationof this recover,v plan. The following actions will be taken to ensure that theidentified recovery tasks and efforts by the various responsible Federaf state,and private organizations are properly coordinated prioritized, carried out,and periodically evaluated.

51. Maintain State and Federal manatee coordinator staff positions.

FWS and FDNR will maintain staff positions with responsibilities forplanning, coordinating and monitoring all activities relating to therecovery of the Florida manatee. FWS's manatee coordinator willserve as the central focus for all Federally-related manatee activities.As such, the coordinator will serve as the chairperson for the FloridaManatee Recovery Team, and will foster coordination among statesand private organizations in the southeastern United States activelyengaged in manatee restoration and management. State staff willcoordinate with the FWS's manatee coordinator, serve on therecovery team, provide the central focus for all related state recoveryresponsibilities, and provide oversight to other state agencies andprivate organizations.

GDNR will evaluate the need to designate a staff position tocoordinate these responsibilities.

52. Maintain the Florida Manatee Recovery Tbam and FDNR's ManateeTi:chnical Advisory C-ouncil.

The Florida Manatee Recovery Team will be maintained. Teammembership will be approved by the Regional Director for FIVS'sSoutheast Region. Each primary agency or group engaged inrecovery activities will maintain a representative on the team. TheRecovery Team will meet semiannually to coordinate and monitorimplementation of recovery tasks, develop annual work plans, andupdate the recovery plan. (See Thsks 53 and 54.)

&

The Manatee Technical Advisory C.ouncil will be maintained toprovide advice, oversight and assistance to FDNR in coordinating theaccomplishment of manatee recovcry activities.

Update the Florida Manatee Recovery Plan.

The Recovery Team will be responsible for updating and revising theRecovery Plan 5 years from the date the final (or last revised) plan isapproved.

Develoo Annual Work Plans.

The Recovery Team will meet during the second quarter of each yearto identi$ and place in priority order the most important recoveryactivities which the participating agencies, groups, and organizationsshould attempt to fund and accomplish during the following year.These specific projects will be recommended to the heads of theresponsible Federal, state, or private organizations who will meet inAugust each year to decide what their organizations will or will notattempt to accomplish. Following agreements by the heads of theparticipating organizations, the Recovery Team will develop anAnnual Work Plan and implementation schedule.

54L. Publish an annual report on the previous year'saccomplishments. including a detailed account of agencyemenditures for manatee protection.

The Recovery Team will be responsible for completing anddisseminating this annual report by March 1.

65

D. Literature Cited and Selected Bibliography

Allsopp, V[H.L. 1969. Aquatic n'eed ontroi by manatees: its prospeca and problems. p. 335 - 351.In man-ma<ie lakes. The Aara Symposium, Ghana Univ. hess.

Bangs, O. 1895. The present standing cf the Florida manate,e, Tticlrcclws lairostris (Harlan) in theIndian River waters. Amer. Nat 292783-787.

Barrett, O.W. 1935. Notes concerning manatees and dugongp. J. Mammal. l6:2162?fi.

Bartram, W l79l. ltavels througb North and South Carolin4 Georgia, East and West Florida Jamesand Johnson, Philadelphia. .(Reprinted 1928, Dover Publications, N.Y.).

Beck, C.A and D.J. Forrester. 198& Helminths of the Florida manate€, ftichechus manaag latirostris,with a discussion and summary of the parasites of Sirenians. J. of Parasitologr 74:628-637.

--------, R.K Bonde, and G.B. Rathbun 1982. Anatyses of propeller wounds on manate€s in Florida. J.Wildt. Manage. 46:531-535.

Beeler, I.E. and TJ. O'Shea. 1988. Distribution and mortality of the West lndian manatee (Ilichechusmanatus'1in the Southeastern United States: a compilation and review of recent infonnation.Natl. Tbch. Inf. Ser., PB 88-2m980/AS: Springfield, Vr|" Tirvo volumes, 613 pp.

Bengtson, J.L 1981. Ecolog of manatees (Tlicluchus manaus) in the St. Johns Rirrer, Florida. Ph.D.Thesis, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. l?6pp.

Bertram, G.C.L and CKR Bertram. 1973. The modern Sirenia: their distribution and status. Linn.Soc. Lond., Biol. J., 5:29-338.

B€st, R.C. 1981. Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia. Mamm. Rer,. lt3-29.

Bonde, R.K, TJ. O'Shea, and CA" Beclc 1983. A manual of procedures for the salrage and necropsyof carcasses of the West Indian manate€ (ftkheclws manaus\. Natl. Tbch. Inf. Ser., PB$S-?55273, Springfield, Va. l75pp.

Brownell, R.L, Jr., K Ralls, and RR. Reeves. 1981. Report of the West Indian manatee worlshop.Pages 3-16 in R.L Brownell, Jr. and K Ralls, eds. The West Indian manat@ in Florida FDNR,Thllahassee, Fl.

Buergelt, C.D. and R.IC Bonde. 1983. Tbxoplasmic neningoencephalitis in a West Indian manatee. J.Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. Vol 183, No. 11, Pages L294-1296.

C.A Beclq and AI. O'Shea. 1984. Pathologic findingp in manatees in Florida. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc. 185:l!i3l-1334.

Campbell, H.W, and J.A Powell. 1916. Endangered species: the manatee. Fla. Nat. 49:15-2fr.

Cardeilhag P.T, J.R. White, and R. Francis-Floyd. 1984. Initial information on the reproductivebiolog of the Florida manat@. Proceedinp International Assoc. for Aquatic Medicine 1:3542.

Dekker, D. 1980. Pre- and postnatal behavior in the manatee (Ilbhechus manaus) in captivity.Aquatic Mammals 8:?L-?5.

Domning D.P. lW. An ecological model for late tertiary sirenian evolution in the N. Paciftc Ocean.SJNI Zool.,25352-%L

and LC Hayek 1986. Intenpecific and intraspecific morphological variaticn in manate€s(Sirenia: Tlicluclus\. Marine Mammal Sci. 2:Ei/144.

Etheridgg tri, G.B. Rathbuq J..{. Powell, and }LL Kochman. l9&5. Consumption of aquatic plants bythe West Indian manatee. J. Aquar Plant Manage.23:21-?5.

Gunter, G. 1941. Oocunence of the manat@ in the United States, with records from Tbas. J.Mammal 22:ffi44.

-------. 1942 Further miscellaneous notes on American manatees. J. Mammal 23:89-90.

Harlan, R l&24. On a species of I:mantin resembling the Manatus Senegalensis (CuvieQ inhabitingthe coast of east Florida. J. Acad. Natu. Sci., Philadelphia 3:39G394.

Hartman, D.S. 1968. The status of the Florida manatee in captivity. Dep. of NaL Res., Tbllahassee,Fla., Manusu.22 ppt suppl.

--------, 1969. Florida's manate€s, mermaids in peril. Natl. Geog. Mag. B6(3): 3tl2-353.

lnl, Behavior and ecologr of the Florida manat@, Trichecfun manadts latirostis (Harlan) atCrystal River, Citrus County. Ph.D. Thesis. C.ornell Univ. Ithaca, N.Y. 285pp.

1974. Distribution, status, and conservation of the manatee in the United States. Natl. Tbch.Inf. Ser., ?B8L-1fi725, Springfield, Ya. 26pp.

lng. Ecologr and behavior of the manat@ (Tlicluchus manatus) in Florida Am. Soc.Mammal Spec Publ 5:1-153.

Hatt, R.T 1914. The American Museum Congo Expedition manatee and other recent manatees. Bull.Am. Mus. Nat Hist. 66:533-566, 1 pl.

Husar, S.L 197. ltre West Indian manatee (Tricheclws manaus). U.S. Fish and Wildl. Ser. Wildl.Res. Rept. 7:l-?2

ln8. Tlicrrecrus manatus. The American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species No.93:1-5.

Irvine, AB. 1983. Manatee metabolism and its influence on distribution in Florida" BioL C-onserv.2523L5-334.

----- and H.W CampbelL ln8. Aerial census of the West Indian manatee, Tiichechus manafrts, inthe southeastern United States. J. Mammal. 59:613417.

J.E" Caffin, and H.L Kochman. 1982 Aerial survg6 for manatees and dolphins in westernpeninsular Florida. Fish Bull. ffi:621430.

D.trC Odell" and [LW. C-ampbell. 1981. Manatee mortality in the southeastern United Statesfrom l9l4 through Wl1. Pag* 6l-75 b R.L Brovmell, Jr. and K Ralls, eds. The West Indianmanat@ in Florida F'DNR, thllahassee, FL

Kinnaird, M.E 1983. Site-specific analysis of factors influencing boat-related mortality in manatees.Coop. Agree. No. 14-16-004-81-923. The site-specific reduction of manatee boatibarge mortality.Report No.4. Fla. (bop. Fish and Wildt. Res Unit" Univ. Florida, Gainesrille, FL 41pp.

1985. Aerial census of manaters in northeastern Florida Biol. Conserv. 32:59-79.

and J. Valade. 1983. Manat@ use of two power plant effluenn on the St. Johns River inJacksonville, FL Report prepared for FWS. Coop. Agree. No. 14-16-0004{l-93. The site-specific reduction of manatee boatDarge mortality. Report No. l. Fla. Coop. Fish & Wildl. Res.Unit, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 63pp.

Kochman, fLI., C.B. Rathbun, and J.d Powell. 1983. Use of Kingp Bay, Crystal River, Florida by theWest Indian manatee (Tliclwclws manaus). p.ffi-124. i!: J.M. Packard, ed., ProposedResearch/Mgmt Plan for Crystal River Manatees. VoL III. Compendium. Tbch. Repr No. 7.Fla. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit, Univ. Florida" Gainesvillg FL 3,l6pp.

1985. Tbmporal and spatial disribution of manatees in Kingp Bay, Crystal River,Florida. J. Wildl. Manage. 49(4):921-V24.

I:yne, J.N. 1965. Observations on marine mammals in Florida waters. Bull. Fla. State Mus. 9:131-181.

I-eatherwood, S. ln9. /ret'lal survey of the bottlenosed dolphin, furciops tntncatus, and the WestIndian manatee, Tliclwclws manatuE, in the Indian and Banana Rivers, Florida. Fish Bull. 77247-59.

Irdder, DA 1986. Food habits of the West Indian Manatee, Tiichechus manatus latirostris, in southFlorida. M.S. Thesis. Univ. Miami, Coral Gables,FIn l2lt5.llapp.

Irfebwe, LW., TJ. O'Shea, G.B. Rathbun, and R.C. Best in press. Distribution, status, andbiogeography of the West Indian manatee. In Woods, C.A" (ed.) Symposium on the Biogeographyof the Wesr Indies. E"J. Brill Publishen, lriden, The Netherlands.

Lowery, G.FL Jr. 1914. T\e mammals of Louisiana and its adjacent waters. Louisiana Univ. Press,s65pp.

Manh, FL 1980. Age determination of the dugong (Dugong dugon Miller) in northern Australia andia biological implications. Pp. 181-201 in Penin, WE and AC Myrick, Jr. (eds). Agedetermination of toothed whales and sirenians. International Whaling Commission Report Specialksue No. 3, C-ambridge, England. 229pp.

Mc€lenaghan, LR., Jr. and TJ. O'Shea. 1988. Genetic variability in the Florida manatee (Ti,ichechusmanatus). J. Mammal. 69(3): 481488.

Moore, J.C. 1951. The range of the Florida manatee. Quart. J. Fl. Acad. Sci. 14:1-19.

1956. Observations of manatees in aggregations. Am. Mus. Novit. lSll:l-24.

Nowak, R.M. and J.L Paradiso. 1983. \lhlker's mammals of the world. The John Hopkins Press,Baltimore. 1362 pp.

68

Odell, D.trC 1981. Growth of a West lndian manatee, Ttirhcchus manatus, born in captivity. Pages 131-

140 in R.L Brownell and IL Ralls, eds. The West Indian Manatee in Florida. Proceedings of a

workshop held in Orlando, FiL- n - 29 March 1978. FDNR. 15app.

1982. The West Inciian manatee, Tlbhcchus manatus Linnaeus. Pages 828-837 in J-A. Chapman

and G.A Rldhamer, eds. Wild Mammals of N.A Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.

1184pp.

and J.E. Reynolds, III. lng. Observations on manat@ mortality in South Florida J. Wildl

Manage. 43:572-577.

DJ. Forrester and ED. Asper. 1981. A preliminary analpis of organ weigla_ and sorual

maturity in the West Indian manatee 1Ificne*us manaus). Pages 52{5 in R.L Brownell and IC

Ralls, eds. The West Indian manatee in Florida. Proceedinp of a workshop in Orlando, Florida.

27-29 March 1978. FDNR. l54PP.

O,Shea, TJ. 1986. Mast foraging by West Indian manate€s (Tlichechus matnus). J. Mammal. 67:183-

185.

1988. The past, present, and future of manatees in the southeastern United States: realities,

misunderstandinp ind enigmas. Pages l8/.-z04 in Proceedings of The So_utheastern Nongame and

Endangered Wititife Symposium, R.R. Odom, ICA Riddleberger, and J.C. Ozier, eds. Georgia

Dept. Natural Resources, Game & Fish Div., Social Circle, G.d 253 pp'

CA Becll R.K Bonde, H.I. Kochman, and D.IC Odell. 1985. An analpis of manatee mortality

pattems in Florida, 1976-81. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:t-11.

J.E, Moore, and H.I. Kochman. 1984. Contaminant concentrations in manatees in Florida- J.

Wildl. Manage. 8:741-743,.

packard, J.M. 1983. Proposed research/management plan for Crystal River,manatees. Vol. I, II, and III.

f!"n. n"p. No. 7, i.f". Coop. Fish and WitOt. Res. Unit, Univ. Fla., Gainesville, FL 31pp' 235PP'

and 345pp.

1984 ImpaA of manatees, Trichechus manatus, on seagrass communities in eastern Florida.

Actt 7nol. Rnnica 172:21-22.

1985a. Development of manatee aerial survey techniques. Manatee Pop. Res. Rep. No. 7.

Tbch. Rep. No. i-2. Fla. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 68pp.

1985b. Preliminary assessment of uncertainty involved in modeling manatee populations. __ -Manatee Pop. Res. ifep. No. 9. Tbch. Rep. No.8-9. Fla. Coop. Fish and Wldl. Res. Unit, Univ.

Fla., Gainesville. 19PP.

and R. Mulholland. 1983. Analysis of manatee aerial surveyt: A compilation and preliminary

analysis of \pinter aerial suwep conducted in Florida between lTlT and l98L Manatee Pop. Res.

nep. No. Z Tbch. Rep. No. 8-2. Fla. Coop. Fish Wildl. Res. Unit" Univ. Fla., Gainesville.

119PP.

and J.D. Nichols. l!)83. Sample size estimates. Manatee Pop. Res. Rep. No. 4. Tbch. Rep. No.

8. Fta. Coop. Fish and Wildl. Res. Unit, Univ. Fla., Gainesville. l4pp'

69

R.C Summen, and LB. Barnes. lS5. rvbriation of visibility bias during aerial survep ofmanatees. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:34735I.

D.B. Siniff, and J.A CornelL 1986. Use of replicate @unts to improve indices of trends inmanatee abundance. Wildl. Soc. BulL 14:?65-275.

Phillips, C l!)64. The captive sea. Chilton Books, philadelphia,?84pp.

Phillips, W.V[A. 1927. Guide to the mammals of Ceylon 7. Sirenia. Ceylon J. Sci., 14:51-55.

Powelf J.A- and G.B. Rathbun l9&t. Distribution and abundance of manatees along the northern coastof the Gulf of Mexioo. Northeast Gulf Scl 7:l-28.

Rathbun, G.8., R.K Bondg and D. Clry l98Z The btatus of the West Indian manatee on the Atlanticcoast north of Florida- Pages 152-165 !! R.R. Odom and J.\{ Guthrig eds. hoceedinp of thenongame and endangered wildlife symposium. Georgia Dep. Nat. Res., Game Fish Div. Tbch.Bull. WIJ.

and TJ. O'Shea 1984. The manat@'s simple social life. pp.30G301 ig D. Macdonald ed.,Encyclopedia of Mammals. Rcts on File, New York 94pp.

J.A. Powell, and J.P. Reid. 1983. Movements of nanatees (Tiichechus manatus) using powerplant effluents in southern Florida Final Repor! P.O. No. 88798-87154, FL Power and LightCompany,26pp.

J.P. Reid, and G. Carowan. in press. Manatee distribution and movement pattems in northwestpeninsular Florida Fla. Marine Res. Publ.

Reynolds. J.E, IIL 1981. Aspecs of the social behavior and herd structure of a semi-isolated colony ofWest Indian manatees, Tiicheclws manafr$. Mammalia 45:431451.

and J.R. Wilcor 1985. Abundance of West Indian manatees (Tricheclus manaus) aroundselected Florida power plants following winter cold ftonts, t982-83. Bull. Mar. *i.36:413422.

and -------. 1986. Distribution and abundance of the West Indian manatee Tiichechus manatusaround selecled Florida power plants following winter oold fronts: 1984S5. Biol. Conserv. 38:103-113.

and CJ. Gluckman. 1988. Proteclion of West lndian manat@ (Tiichechus manatus) in Florida.NTS Report PB-8-2229n A report to the Marine Mammal Commission. 85 pp.

Ronald, IC, LJ. Selley, and EC. Amoroso. 1978. Biological synopsis of the manatee. IDRGTS l3e.r22pp.

Rose, P.M. and S.P. McCutcheon. 1980. Manate€s (Tlichechus manans): abundance and distribution inand around Florida power plant effluenn. Fla. Pou,er Light Co., Contract Rep. No. 31534-ffi26.r28pp.

Shane, S.H. 1983. Abundance, distribution, and movements of manatea (Tiicheclws manaus) inBrevard County, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci.33:1-9.

lg8y'.. Manatee usc of porver plant effluents in Brevard C-ounty, Florida. Fla. Sci. 47:180-187.

Tledemann, J.A 1983. Observations of the West Indian manatee, Ttichechus marurtus, in Tbrkey Creek,Brevard County, Florida. Fla. Sci. 46:23,

Van Meter, VB. 1987. The West lndian manatee in Florida. Florida Power & Light Company. 41pp.

Weigle, B.L, J.E" Reynolds III, G.lV Patton, and J.R. Wilor i988. Manatee (Tlicheclus manatus)winter use of warm water discharges in ?mpa Bay. Pages 153-164 in I( Mahadevan, R.K Evans,P. Behrens, T Biffar and L Olsen, eds. Proceedings of Southeastern Workshop on AquaticEcological Effects of Power Generation, Decernber 1986. Report No. 124, Mote Marinelaboratory 1600 City Island Park, Sarasota, FL 546pp.

Wesley, DJ. l9EiI. Permits: Marinas, Docks, Ramps, Dredging, Filling Presentation to 28th Mtg.Marine Mammal C-ommission and 22nd Mtg. of Committee of Scientific Advisors on MarineMammals. lGl2 December 1987, Miami, Florida.

7l

IMPLEMENTPTNON SCHEDULE

III. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Priorities in Column 4 of the following Implementation Schedule are assigned as

follows:

Priority 1 - fui action that must be taken to prevent extinction or toprevent the species from declining irreversibly in theforeseeable future.

An action that must be taken to prevent a significant declinein species population/habitat quality or some other significantnegative impact short of extinction.

All other actions necessary to provide for full recovery of thespecies.

Priority 2 -

Priority 3 -

NOTE: Each task in the Implementation Schedule is given one of the above described

priority numbers. While these numbers reflect the importance of the activity, they do

not reiate to the order in which tasls will be accomplished. For example, while a task

may be identified as a priority \ or one which must be taken to prevent a significant

deiline in the manatee population, it may be one of the first actions that the agencieswill undertake. Ttre specific tasks will be organized in priority order of accomplishment

in Annual Work Plans.

72

GENERAL CATEGORIES FOR IMPLEMENTAIION SCTIEDI.'LES

Information Gathering - I or Research - R

1. Population statusZ Habitat status3. Habitat requirements4. Management techniques5. Thxonomic studies6. Demographic studies7. Propagation& Migration9. Predation

10. Competition11. Disease12. Environmental contaminant13. Reintroduction14. Other information

Management - M

1. Propagation2. Reintroduction3. Habitat maintenance and manipulation4. Predator and mmpetitor control5. Depredation mntrol6. Disease control7. Other management

Acquisition - A

1. Lease2. Easement3. Management agreement4. E:rchange5. Withdrawal6. Fee title7. Other

Other - O

Information and educationI-aw enforcementRegulationsAdministration

t.2.3.4.

73

1.

IMPLEME}.ITATION SCFIEDULE COST INFORMATION

Cost estimates are for planning purposes and will be refined through the agencybudget p(rc€ss as new research findings or management information dictates.

All agencies will strive to carry out all tasks identified in the implementationschedule. Howwer, this will be mntingent upon appropriations, personnelavailability and other constraints. Each agency will develop an individualparticipation schedule which will outline the specific tasls the agency willaccomplish and the time frame for accomplishment.

Routine agency activities that do not lend themselves to separating out costs formanatee recovery such as ongoing law enforcement, coordination, or otherprograms, may not be included in the schedule.

I-and acquisition costs are not included in this schedule because these effortsserve multiple resourco objectives. The one exception is the Crystal RiverNational Wildlife Refuge where lands are being acquired for the primary purposeof protecting habitats for the Florida manatee.

Costs may rise or be modified for future years as current research programsprovide management recomrnendations that are currently not planned.Additionally, the initiation of some tasls are contingent on the completion/resultsof othen. Therefore, target dates for some actions may require adjustments overtime.

3.

74

FLORIDA MANATEE RECOVERY pI-AtI FLJNDING SLTMMARY ($000'5)*

AGENCY CT'RRENT FT'NDS

I

IIIl lt l! r v z ! r " ' l r " n l r " u i| ^ ^ o | . . " | . . - | . ^ - |

| ' o | ' o l ' o l . ' ll , r ,azo ! t , s r t I t , u r , ! t , r r , !L , 4 2 o I t , s r t I t , u r , l r , t n ,

3 , 6 s 3 ! t , t . , ! r , e r s l t t o83 |

3 , r -5e I

r , ,61e i

760

6 3 | . . 1 . r i 7 2. r . r | . . . , | " r - , I " " . ,

FUIJDS NEEDEDTI*

L : r 2 | t t r l t t r l u z

coE

FDNR

rws

rPL

OCEANARIA

MIA

sMc

GDNR

I'tuc

8 5

7 9 0

1 , O 7 0 * * *

6 1

L1.4

Lo

L22

1

4 0

t L ' | . * - o |

* * o I

- -

25 ! - | - I -t l l

1 3 6 ! t n r ! r s r ! t u tt t l

1 6 | ' . | 1 c ' | , o

L ' | * - o | * * o I - -

2s ! - ! - ! -

l s I t t l t ' l t 'l _ l _ lt t l

s , s 3 7 ! s , r o t ! 3 , 5 6 5 | t , t t tTOTAL 2 r293

* Note: Does not include cost estimates for other agencies such as Iocal Governments,Regional pl3aning Councils, Water Management Districts, U.S. C.oast Guard, etc. Also doesnot include routine agency activities that are not subject to acrurate cost estimates such as lawenforcement-

** Note: The findings of research studies and the response of the Florida manatee to therecovery program will result in changes in these cost estimates.

*'t* Note' FWScosts for Current Yearand FY2- FY4include acquisition costs. See Task 231in the Implementation Schedule for further explanation.

75

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APPENDICES

APPENDD( A

List of Reviewers

fup.r, Mr. EdSenior Vice Presiden t-Tnological

DirectorSea World Enterprises, Inc.7007 Sea World driveOrlando, Florida 32821

Baker, Mr. Robert M.Regional DirectorNational Park Service75 Spring Street, SIV Room 1094Atlanta, Georgia 30303

Bengtson, Dr. JohnNational Marine Mammal LabNOAA/NMEA (Bin C15700 Bldg. a)7600 Sand Point Why, N.E.Seattle, Washington 98115

Blume, Mr. CharlesApalachee Regional Planning Council314 E" Central Arrcnue, Room 119Blountstown, Florida 32424

Bossart Dr. Gregory D.Miami Seaquarium44fi) Rickenbacker CausewayMiami, Florida 33149

Brock, Mr. FredFort Pierce Utilities AuthorityP.O. Box 1298Fort Pierce, Florida 34954

Brownell, Jr., Dr. Robert L.U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceP.O. Box 70San Simeon, California 93452

Carlson, Mr. PeteEnvironmental Policy Institute218 D Streeq SEWashington, D.C 20003

Cary, Mr. Daniel M.teasure Coast Regional Planning

C.ouncilPost Office Box 1529Paln City, Florida 33490

C;atlett, Mr. JimNortheast Florida Regional Planning

Council8&t9 Baypine Road, Suite 110Jaclaonville, Florida 32256

Chandler, Mr. BillChandler and Associates1511 K StreetSuite 1100Washington, D.C. 20005

Chase, lvls. GlenThe Fund for Animals, Inc.1506 1fth Street S\Y Suite 3Washington, D.C. 2ffi36

Chiles, Honorable LawtonUnited States SenateWashington, D.C. 20510

Christian, Mr. JohnU.S. Fish and Mldlife Service75 Spring Street, S.W.Room 1282Atlanta, Georgia 30303

6E

Clemente, Mr. AnthonyDade Environmental Resources

Management111 N.W 1st Street, Suite 1310Miami, Florida 33128-i971

Cohen, Mr. HankBoard of Citrus County

Commissioners110 N. Apopka AvenueInverness, Florida 3'2650

Coolq Mr. JohnState DirectorThe Nature Consemanry1353 Palmetto AvenueWinter Parl Florida 32789

Corrigan, lvls. Mary BethSouth Florida Regional Planning

Council3440 Holl)^rcod Boulward, Suite 140Hollywood, Florida 33021

Dalry Mr. Wayne ESouthwest Florida Regional Planning

Council2121 West Fint StreetFt. Myers, Florida 33901

Diaz-Soltero, I\[s. HildaU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceCaribbean Field Of{iceP.O. Box 491Boqueron, PR 0fJ6.22

Division of Public Affain(PA\ 3240 MIB)U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, D.C. 2A240

Division Of Refuges(RE 2343 MrB)U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, D.C. 20240

Division of Realty(RE 524 Matomic)U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, D.C 2U24O

Office of Research Support(RD$IORS, 527 Matomic)U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWashington, D.C. 2ff...240

Domning, Dr. Daryl P.Dept of Anatomy, College of

MedicineHoward University520 W Street, NWWashington, D.C 2n59

Douglas, lvls. Marjory StonemanFriends of the Everglades3744 Stewart AvenueCoconut Grove, Florida 33133

Duane, Mr. JamesCrntral Florida Regional Planning

C.ouncilPost Office DrawerBartow, Florida 33830

Ellington, C,olonel DonaldDirector, Division of Law

EnforcementDepartment of Natural Resources3900 C-ommonwealth BoulevardTallahassee, Florida 32399

Environmental Protection AgencyHazard Evaluation Division - EEB(rs76ec)401 M Street, S.W.Washington, D.C. 2W

Fitzgerald, Mr. CaseyDepartment of Natural Resources3900 C-ommonwealth BoulevardRoom 203Thllahassee, Florida 32303

89

Freeman, Dr. JerryInterAmerican UnivenitySan German, PR W753

hitz-Quincy, I\rIs. DebbieHobe Sound Nature CenterP.O. Box 955Hobe Sound, Florida 33455

Rrller, Mr. ManleyNational Wildlife Rderation1718 Peachtree Street, Suite 592Atlanta" Georgia 30309

Gardner, Mrs. Jerol5087 Riveredge DriveTitusville, Florida 3nn

Gardner, Mr. TomExecutive DirectorFlorida Department of NaturalResources

3900 Commonwealth BoulevardThllahassee, Florida 32303

Gluckman, lvIs. CaseyAttorney at LawRoute 5, Box 3965Ibllahassee, Florida 32301

Gooch, Mr. RichardSouthwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict

2379 Broad StreetBrooksville, Florida 33512-nl2

Graham, Honorable RobertUnited States SenateWashington" D.C 20510

Gr@n, lvIs. Juliathmpa Bay Regional Planning C,ouncil9{55 Ifuger BoulevardSt. Petersburg, Florida 33702

Griner, lvIs. Lynetta UsherP.O. Box 1493Chiefland, Florida 3?526

Guilleq Mr. CliffordEast Central Florida Regional

Planning Council1011 Wlmore Road, Suite 105Winter Parlq Florida 3?i189

Hagan, Mr. Patrick, Refuge ManagerChassahon itzka National Wildlife

Refuge77S South Suncoast BoulevardHomosassa Springs, Florida 32646

Hansen, Captain BlP.O. Box 1890FL Myers, Florida nnz

Harris, Mr. MikeGeorgia Department of Natural

Resources1200 Glynn AvenueBrunswick, Georgia 31523-9990

Hawey, IvIr. Mitchell N.Broward CountyOffice of PlanningGovernmental CrnterRoom 329, Third Floor115 S. Andrews Ave.Fr Lauderdale, Florida 33301

Harnood, Mr. CharlesWithlacoochee Regional Planning

C.ouncil1241 SW lfth StreetOcala, Florida 32674-nq|

Hight, Mr. RonProject IraderJ.N. Ding" Darling National

Refuge1 Wildlife DriveSanibel, Florida 33957

Wildlife

90

Herhold, Mr. Frank531 West River Oab DriveIndiatlantic, Florida 3?903

Herndon, C,olonel Robert LU.S. Army Corps of EngineenPO. Box 4970Jacksonville, Florida 32232-C/lllg

Hicla, Mr. RobertEn-"ironmental DivhionOrlando UtilitiesP.O. Box 3193Orlando, Florida 3?8f.l

Hoffacker, I\rIr. Allen\il Dexter Bender and Associates,Inc.

1533 Hendry Street, #302Ft. Myen, Florida 33901

Holloman" Mr. Jerry LSt. Vincent National WildlifeRefuge

P.O. Box 447Apalachicola, Florida 32320

Holle, lv{s. Deborah G.,Project IraderNational Key Deer RefugeP.O. Box 510Big Pine Key, Florida 33M3

Hornocker, Dr. MauriceWdlife Research InstitutionP.O. hx 3246University StationMoscorv, Idaho 83843

Howard, Mr. VctorBroward County Environmental

Quality Control Board500 S.\U 14th CourrFt. I:uderdale, Florida 33515

Houze, Mrs. Doris83(D lV Morgan StreetCrJEtal River, Florida 32629

Hunphrey, Dr. SteveFlorida State MuseumUniversity of Florida

Gainesviile, Florida 3ZGll

Jahn, Dr. Iaurence R.Vice PresidentWildlife Management Institute1101 14th Street, NW, Suite 725Washington, D.C. 20f,fJls

Johnson, Mr. RalphFlorida Wildlife Rderation295 NW 188th StreetMiam, Florida 33169

Johnson, Mr. trrf'Georgia Department of Natural

ResourcesRoute 3, Box 180hrsyth" Georgia 31U29

Jones, Jr., Mr. David M.David lvl Jones, Jr. andAssociates, Inc.

22UI Fin;t Streethrt Myen, Florida 33901

Jglce, Mr. Rickke County Depf of Growth Managementand Capital Imp.

Division of Planning1831 Hendry StreetP.O. Bolr 398FL Myers, Florida 33W2

Justice, Mr. Charles ENorth Central Florida Regional

Planning Council235 S. Main Street, Suite 205Gainesville Florida 32ffi14294

9l

Kenworthy, Mr. JudBeaufort I-abNational Marine Fisheries SewiceBeaufort, North Carolina 285L6

Key, Mr. KirbyChief of the EnvironmentalManagement StaffNASAMail Code DF-EMS lKennedy Space Center, Florida 32899

Kitchens, Dr. WileyFL Coop. Fish and Wildlife

Research Unit117 Newins-Zegler HallUnivenity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 32611

Krumel, Mr. Daniel EWest Florida Regional Planning

CouncilP.O. Box 486Pensacola, Florida 32593-04f35

Kuhl, Mr. Gary W.Executive DirectorSouthwest FL Water Mgmt. District2379 Broad StreetBroolrsville,'Florida 335L2-9712

Laboy, Prof. Eddie N.InterAmerican UniversityP.O. Box 1559Guayama, PR 00655

Iandrum, Mr. NeyFlorida Department of Natural ResourcesDirector, Division of Recreation and Parks3900 C.ommonwealth BoulevardTallahassee, Florida 32399

L.aumeyer, Mr. Philip H.U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceBrunswick Substation, BSFederal Bldg., Room 334Brunswiclq Georgia 31520

Irdbetter, Mr. J. Leonard, C,ommissionerGeorgia Department of Natural

Resourcesnoyd Tbwers East205 Butler Street S.E, Suite 1252Atlanta, Georga 30334

Ire, Mr. CharlesSenior Vice PresidentFlorida Audubon Society1101 Audubon WayMaitland, Florida 32751

Irfebwe, Dr. LynnNational Ecolog Research CenterU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service412 NE 16th Avenue, Room 250Gainesville, Florida 32ffi1

Irnhart, Ms. CynthiaWildlife SpecialistNational Audubon Society645 Pennsylvania Avenue SEWashington, D.C. 20003

Lewis, Ms. JenniferWildlife BiologistThe Humane Society of the U.S.2100 L Streeg N.WWashington, D.C. 2W37

Mahoney, Mr. TimothyWashington RepresentativeSiena Club330 Pennsylvania Avenue, SEWashington, D.C. 20003

92

Mallison, Mr. PeteDirector, Division of State IandsDepartment of Natural Resources3900 Commonwealth BoulevardThllahassee, Florida 3Z3g

Mantell, Mr. MichaelSenior AssociateThe Conservaiion Foundation?55 ZJrd Street" NWWashington, D.C. 2ffi37

Marinace, lvls. BrendaEnvironmental C.oalition of Florida1ml NW 62nd Street, Suite 203Ft. Iauderdale, Florida 33309

Marioq Dr. Wayne R.FL Chapter, Wildlife Society118 Newins-Ziegler HallUnivenity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 326ll

Martinez, Honorable BobGovernor of FloridaState CapitolThllahassee, Florida 32301

Massey, Mr. SchulerVero Beach Municipal power plant100 17th StreetVero Beach, Florida 3Z%z

McCartney, Mr. J. WilliamNorthwest Florida Water Management

DistrictRoute 1, Box 31CIHavana, Florida 32333

Mclane, Mr. KraigCitrus County Dept. of DevelopmentServices

1300 South Lecanto HighwayIrcanto, Florida 326f.1

McVety, lvls. PameliaDirector, Division of Marine ResourcesDepart'ment of Natural Resources3900 C,ommonwealth BoulevardTh[ahassee Florida 32399

Miller, Dr. S. DouglasVice PresidentResearch, Education and DevelopmentNational lVildlife Federationl4l2l6th Street, N.WWashington, D.C. ?ffi3fu2265

Morris, Dr. JohnDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida Institute of Technologr150 V{ Univenity Blvd.Melbourne, Florida 329[1-

Morgan, Mr. Donald O.Executive DirectorSuwannee River Water Management

DistrictRoute 3, Box 64Live Oalg Florida 3ZW

Neely, Jr. Mr. Burkett S.Refuge ManagerArthur R. Manhall Loxahatchee

National Wdlife RefugeRoute t, hx 278Boynton Beach, Florida 33437

Neuhauser, Mr. Hans711 SandtoumSavannah, Georgia 31410

Office of Endangered Speciesand Habitat C.onservation

(EHC,500 Broyhill)U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceWashingtoq D.C.zmq

Ohmit, Iv[s. Tbresal2L E. Bonefish CircleJupiter, Florida 33477

y3

Packard, Dr. JaneDepartment of Wdlife & Fisheries

SciencesNagle Hall, Texas A&M UnivenityCollege Station, T€xas 77843-2258

Patrowic4 Dr. Tully865 State Road 19AML Dora, Florida 3n57

Patton, Mr. GeofteyManager, Marine \,famnnal ProgramMote Marine Labortory1600 City Island ParkSarasota, Florida 33577

Paul, Captain DannyBlue Spring State ParkStar Route 3Orange City, Florida 32763

Pelham, Mr. Thomas G, SecretaryFlorida Dept. of Community Affain27 4O C-entervrevr DriveIhllahassee, Florida 3?301

Percival, Dr. FranHinFL Cooperative Fish and Wdlife

Research Unit117 Newins-Zeigler HallUnivenity of FloridaGainesville, Florida 326t2

Phillips, Mr. York LIee County Dept of Growth

Management and Capital Improvements1&31 Hendry StreetP.O. Box 398

Price, Mr. JamesSoutheastern RepresentativeSierra ClubP.O. Box ll248Kno:rville, Tennessee 37937-1248

Purcell, Mr. Patrick J.P.O. Box 1239Crystal River, Florida 32629

Pryor, Mr. RohertPaln Beach C.ounty Environmental

Resources Management3111 S. Dixie Highway, Suite 148West Patn Beach, Florida 33405

Puckett Mr. Maxke County Marine E:rtension Agent3406 Palm Beach BoulevardFL Myers, Florida 33905

Quintero, Dr. HectorInterAmerican UniversitySan German, PR 00753

Rathbun, Dr. Galen B.U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServicePO. Box 70San Simeon, California 93452

Ray, Mr. ChuckPort of the Islands ResortRoute 41Marco, Florida 33937

Ree4 Mr. Nathaniel PP.O. Box 375Hobe Sound, Florida 33455

Reynolds, III, Dr. John E"Biology DepartmentEckerd CollegeSt. Petenburg Florida 33733

Richards, Dr. NormanExecutive DirectorFlorida Defenders of the Environment,

Inc.1523 NW 4th StreetGainesville, Florida 32ffi1

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Riegel, lvls. CindyThmpa Electric C,ompanyP.O. Box 111Thmpa, Florida 33601

Ruesch, lvfs. Car$nVice PresidentThe Ttust for Public l-and3n Beard StreetThllahassee, Florida 3?3i03

Schaffer, Mr. MarkOffice of International Affain (Id MailStop 2058 MIB)

U.S. Fish and Wdlife ServiceWashington, D.C. 2U240

Sharpe, Mr. Maitland S.Conservation DirectorThe Izaak Walton kague ofAmerica, Inc.

1701 N. Fort Myen DriveSuite 1101Arlington, Virginia n20g

Silander, lvls. SusanU.S. Frsh and Wildlife ServicePO. Box 510Boqueron, Puerto Rim MZz

Spivey, lvls. HelenCrystal River City CouncilCryntal City, Florida 32i29

Steidinger, Dr. KarenMarine Research InstituteDepartment of Natural Resources100 8th Avenue SESt. Petenburg, Florida 33702-5095

Swain, I\[s. HilaryFlorida Institute of lbchnologr2915 Vassar StreetMelbourne, Florida 32901

Thomas, Dr. David250 South Thmiami IiailVenice, Florida 34285

Tipton, Mr. RonaldThe Wilderness Society3110 Maple Drive, NE, Suite 412Atlanta, Georgia 30305

Tollerton, Ms. Kathy\Yashington RepresentativeDefenden of Wildlife124r'- l%h Street, NWWashington, D.C. 2W36

Tircker, Mr. W SamuelFlorida Power & Light CompanyP.O. Box 14000Juno Beach, Florida 33408

Trachtmann, Mr. Dale, SecretaryFlorida Dept. of Environmental Reg.2600 Blaintone Roadthllahassee, Florida 32301

Tudss, Jr. John R.Marine Mammal Commission1625 Eye Street, N.\41Washington, DC 20006

Valade, Mr. JamesP.O. Box 11635Jacksonville, Florida 32239-1635

Vehrs, Mr. Stephen R.Refuge Manager

Merritt island National WildlifeRefugeP.O. Box 6504Tituwille, Florida 327W

Voights, Dr. David trLFlorida Power CorporationP.O. Box lMzSl Petenburg, Florida 33733

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Walker, Mr. Alfred E.Northeast Florida Regional Planning

Council8419 Baypine Roa4 Suite 110Jacksonville, Florida 32216

War4 P.E, Mr. Gerald M.Consulting EngineerP.O. Box l04r'.lRiviera Beach, Florida 33419

Watts, lv{s. Manha807 V,t 25th #103Austin, Texas 78705

Weigle, Mr. BradFL Department of Natural ResourcesBureau of Marine Research100 Eighth Avenue, SESt. Petersburg Florida 33701-5095

White, Dr. Jesse10 Lake Williams Rd.Dunnellon, Florida 32630

White, Mr. Joe D.Refuge Manager

St. Marla National Wdlife RefugeP.O. Box 68St. Marts, Florida 32355

Whitney, Mr. Steven CNational Parks and Conservation

Association1701 18th Street, NWWashington, D.C. 200(D

Willson, Mr. GeorgeThe Nature ConservancY203 North Gadsden, Suite 6Thllahasser, Florida 32301

Wood, Mr. DonFlorida Game and Fresh Water Fish

Commission620 South Meridian StreetTbllahassee, Florida 32301

Wodraska, Mr. John RExecutive DirectorSouth Florida Water Management

DistrictP.O. Box VW. Palnr Beach, Florida 33W2-9958

Yokel, Dr. BernieFlorida Audubon SocietY1101 Audubon WaYMaitland, Florida 3n5l

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1 . .

APPENDD( B.

Summary of Comments and Recovery Tbam Responges

The revised Florida Manatee Recovery Plan was drafted by the Florida Manatee

Recovery Tbam, and distibuted to approximateiy 14O individuals and organizations for technical

review oln November 2, 1983. On \iirch 2, 1989, neun releases wete sent to the major

newspape6 in Florida and coastal Georgia advising the public that the draft plan would be

avaitaUfe for re\riew through April tO, 1989. Primarily becatrse of the coordination and

cooperation received from the involved agencies, numerous groups, and knowledgeable

individuals during development of the plan, only 21 mmments were received.

All comments that were received supported the plan and remvery efforts-

Recommendations for changes ranged from-a few simple edilorial changes and-corrections, to

specific points of mncern. -These

iecommendations and suggestions were carefully reviewed by

tie Recovery Tbam, and incorporated into the plan as appropriate.

The following discussions provide a narrative summary of responses from the Recovery

Tbam to the few suggested changes that were not made-

C,omment: Several reviewen noted that the plan's format needed to be modified to

i6i-p.titiott, redundancy, and duplication. For example, it was suggcste! i.hat the

stepdown outline be eliminated since tasks were subsequently repeated in the Narrative

Section.

Response: Although these comments were worthwhile and deserving of implementation,

tn" pr"f"ce notes tlat the Recovery Team was required to follow the standardized

format for developing the Plan.

Comment: Some rerriewers were concerned that tasks were being delegated without

commitment and/or guarantee of cooperation.

Response: By endoning the plan, the identified agencies and groups have coogeratively

i@r"pport identified responsibilities. However, guaranteed implementation of

tit<s wiU be'mntingent upon adequate appropriations and available staff as noted in

Section IIL

Commenh There were ser/eral comments relative to the assigned task priorities in the

implementation schedule.

Response: Numerous changes were repeatedly made by the Recovery Team. The

pt*gnt "*igned numben should accurately reflect priority ranking as baled on the

g.riaun " pro*'iO"A on page 78. It should be noted that these priorities do not

neccssarily indicate the order tasks will be accomplished.

n

4. C.omment: Several reviewen requested that the Introduction Section be expanded toinclude more detailed information and maps on abundance, distribution, importantfeeding areas, locations of existing boat regulatory speed zones and sanctuaries,movement patterns, etc.

Response: The Recovery Team agreed that the plan's Introduction Section wasadequate, and that the cited literature and selected references in Appendix A wouldprovide additional detail for those requiring more information.

5. C.omment: There was some concern that many needed basic biological studies were notreceiving adequate emphasis; and that management actions were being implementedwithout solid data. Specifically, it was suggested that more emphasis be directed towardsindependent manatee re-search.

Reqponse: Recommended management actions will be based on the best availablebiological information. Additional biological research by both government and outsideresearchers has been recommended throughout the plan. Research by independentsources has not been deemphasized or rejected, and some changes were made in theappropriate sections to reiterate this fact. However, it should be noted that all scientiticresearch on endangered marine mammals overseen by the Department of Interior mustbe done under a permit granted by the Federal Wldlife Permit Office, following reviewby the agency and by the independent U.S. Marine Mammal C.ommission and theirC;ommittee of Scientific Advisors (no FWS or State manatee biologists are on thecommittee). Approval or rejection of the research is based on quality andappropriateness of the proposal as perceived by the committee. It is not an arbitraryprocess.

Summary

The-Recovery Team recognizes that the revised recovery plan for the Florida manateemay not entirely meet the satisfaction and approval of all parties and organizations. However,it is felt that the plan accurately reflects the basic problems associated with the Floridamanatee, and presents an orderly,- wgrkable plan of action that can be implemented toaccomplish recovery of the species. Successful rerovery efforts will require the cooperationand assistance of the many involved entities working together.

r U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:I e e 0 -7. 3 - | z o I

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