florida geological surveyufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/uf/00/00/02/24/00003/vid00003.pdfpreface florida...

OUR CHANGING NATURAL LANDSCAPE – The gray area in the picture above depictsFlorida’s land area during the low sea level stand of the late Pleistocene, about 18,000years ago. Florida’s current land area is outlined in white.

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYBiennial Report 232003 - 2004

Cover design by Tom Greenhalgh. Illustration used with permission of Tasa Graphic Arts.

STATE OF FLORIDADEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Colleen M. Castille, Secretary

DIVISION OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENTEdwin J. Conklin, Director

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWalter Schmidt, State Geologist and Chief

BIENNIAL REPORT 232003 – 2004

By

Tom Greenhalgh, P.G. #1277, Jim Ladner, P.G. #1726,and Frank Rupert, P.G. #0149

Published for the

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYTallahassee, Florida

2005

ISSN 1052-6536

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PREFACE

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYTallahassee, Florida

December 2005

The Florida Geological Survey (FGS), Division of Resource Assessment andManagement, Department of Environmental Protection is publishing Biennial Report 23,prepared by the Survey's professional staff. This report summarizes the activities of theFGS staff during the two-year period January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2004.Research results are reported in the Survey's various publication series, professional jour-nals, presentations, and contract deliverables. Reports for this period are listed here, alongwith a summary of extended services and other activities of the FGS.

Walt Schmidt, Ph.D, P.G.State Geologist and ChiefFlorida Geological Survey

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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

FGS CREATES THE HYDROGEOLOGY SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5FGS ACQUIRES ADDITIONAL OFFICE SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6THIS BIENNIAL REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

FGS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7ADMINISTRATIVE AND GEOLOGICAL DATA MANAGEMENT SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Geographic Informational Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Web Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Information Technologies (IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Earth Science Week 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Earth Science Week 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

RESEARCH LIBRARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Library Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Library Computer Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Publications Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

SPECIAL PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Leon County School System - Leon Advocacy and Resource Center

Coopertive Job Training Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13National Geologic Map Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13St. Johns River Water Management District Cooperative Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14COASTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

On-going Coastal Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Sedimentologic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Sedimentation Elevation Table (SET) Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Cooperative Coastal Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Offshore Sand Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Joint Coastal Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Gulf of Mexico State Geological Surveys Consortium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18FGS and Florida Marine Research Institute Scallop Research Project . . . .19Resistivity Survey Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

GEOLOGIC DATA ACQUISITION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20On going Geologic Data Acquistion Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Geologic Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Cooperative Geologic Data Acquistion Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Manatee Springs Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Upper Floridan Aquifer Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Manatee Springs Conduit Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Oleno State Park and River Rise State Preserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Leon Sinks/Floridan Aquifer Monitoring Well Construction . . . . . . . . . . .22City of Tallahassee Southeast Sprayfield Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Northwest Florida Water Management District Cooperative Program . . . . .22South Florida Water Management District Cooperative Program . . . . . . . .22

MINERAL RESOURCES PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

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Crushed Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Sand and Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Heavy Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Peat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Crude Oil and Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

SPRINGS PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24STATEMAP PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

HYDROGEOLOGY SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Aquifer Storage and Recovery Geochemistry Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Bench-Scale Geochemical Assessment of Water-Rock Interaction:

Seminole County ASR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Evaluation of Temporal Trends in the Groundwater Quality of Spring

Wells in Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29EDUCATION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Development of a Cave Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32“Explore Florida!” Website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Karst Short Course and Field Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

KARST HYDROGEOLOGY PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Spring Creek Tracing Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Wakulla In-Cave Meter Data Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Tide Gauging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Expansion of the Cave Metering Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Continuation of the Woodville Karst Plain Modeling Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Florida Cave Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Wakulla Springs-Statistical Analysis and Modeling of

Discharge and Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35PHYSICAL AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Estimating Ground Water Discharges via Radon Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Southwest Florida Hydrogeologic Framework Mapping Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

AQUIFER VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Wekiva Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Sensitive Karst Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Florida Springs Protection Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Evaluation of the Impacts of Land Use on the

Water Quality of Fanning Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42OTHER OUTSOURCED RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42THE HYDROGEOLOGY CONSORTIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

OIL AND GAS SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45REGULATORY PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45DRILLING AND PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47OFFSHORE ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47IMPORTED NATURAL GAS IN SOUTH FLORIDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47OIL AND GAS PLUGGING PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48OIL AND GAS DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48OIL AND GAS WEBSITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

SPECIAL PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

SINKHOLE SUMMIT II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49REVISION TO HYDROGEOLOGICAL UNITS OF FLORIDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

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EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES ACQUISITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY LAB AND SEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51CORE STORAGE FACILITY EXPANSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52NEW DRILL RIG AND WATER TRUCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52NEW OFFICE SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53FGS PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

BIENNIAL REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53BULLETIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53FLORIDA GEOLOGY FORUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53INFORMATION CIRCULAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53LEAFLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53MAP SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54OPEN FILE MAP SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54OPEN FILE REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55POSTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57VIDEO SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

PAPERS BY STAFF IN OUTSIDE PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61PRESENTATIONS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

PRESENTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

FIELD TRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

MEETINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

BOOTHS AND DISPLAYS (FGS STAFF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

PERSONNEL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93PERSONNEL CHANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

FULL TIME EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93RESEARCH ASSOCIATES & ASSISTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

FULL TIME EMPLOYEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND ASSISTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104OUTSIDE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

FGS AWARDS PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108FGS AWARDS FOR 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108FGS AWARDS FOR 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109OUTSIDE AWARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

RETIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111FGS BUDGET SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

vi

BIENNIAL REPORT NO. 23

1

As we entered 2005, the State ofFlorida was recovering economically andemotionally from one of the worst hurricaneseasons our state has ever seen. The peopleof Florida have been through great traumaand personal loss; however, through it all,many have shown their inner strength andability to persevere. The Governor and theSecretary of DEP praised and described, onseveral occasions, the many individuals andvolunteer groups that provided assistance,coordinated emergency response andresource follow-up assistance to those inneed. We can be proud of our efforts andappreciative of those who donated so muchof their time to assist our communities.Our Oil and Gas District Field Offices in Ft.Myers and Jay both escaped with nearmisses with no major damage, as did ourstaff's personal homes. Tallahassee was outof harms way from the main paths ofdestruction, but we had many downed treesand numerous power outages. All in all, wewere glad to see the 2004 hurricane seasonend.

During the 2003-2004 biennium, theFGS again proposed modifications to thedistribution formula for minerals severancetax revenue to more equitably include theminerals trust fund (MTF) in this distribu-tion. The DEP has agreed with this needeach year and put forward the proposal. Todate, however, legislative action has notoccurred. We have once more proposedmodifications to the Oil and Gas statues toupdate some outdated language and to closedown the MTF as a surety option for privateindustry. We have also proposed languageto allow the FGS to maintain certain datafrom sinkholes, caves, and springs confiden-tial from public records. This is intended toincrease our database for resource conser-

vation and ground-water dynamics under-standing and protection. These also havenot been acted upon yet....we will keep try-ing until these concerns are satisfactorilyaddressed.

The Florida Geological Survey has beenvery active and productive during 2003 and2004. In February 2003, the Departmentheld the Florida Springs Conference -"Natural Gems - Troubled Waters" inGainesville, Fl, attended by almost 400 pro-fessionals and private citizens. The confer-ence agenda included field trips to theIchetucknee Springs State Park and theSanta Fe River recharge basin, concurrentspeaker sessions, invited guest speakers,and the premier of a new documentaryvideo Waters Journey. The FGS was a sig-nificant participant with eight presenta-tions, hosting an educational booth, andparticipating in numerous discussions andplanning sessions. Later in 2003, the FGSpublished the Florida Spring ClassificationSystem and Spring Glossary, SpecialPublication No. 52, compiled by Dr. RickCopeland. Two staff also presented papersat the annual meeting of the FloridaAcademy of Sciences and published in-house reports on two projects funded in partby the "Florida Springs Initiative" estab-lished by Governor Bush. During this twoyear period, the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment (FAVA) projectwas completed, and will be published asBulletin 67. This important contribution toprotecting and conserving our valuableground-water resources was presented atseveral professional meetings and at plan-ning and elected officials' conferences. Wehave also contracted with several groups toprovide us with targeted research results onselected hydrogeology projects. Contractors

FORWARDby

Walt SchmidtState Geologist and ChiefFlorida Geological Survey

have included leading ProfessionalGeologists from Florida State University,the University of West Florida, the U.S.Geological Survey, and Hazlett-Kincaid Inc.One of the products was an educationalDVD in our video series titled Florida'sAquifer Adventure. This is a 20 minutevideo which describes Florida's aquifer sys-tems, springs, caves and environmentalissues. We published the transactions of aworkshop held in 2002 titled Workshop toDevelop Blue Prints for the Managementand Protection of Florida's Springs. Incooperation with the HydrogeologyConsortium, the FGS organized, hosted andpublished the transactions from a workshopheld in April of 2003, titled Significance ofCaves in Watershed Management andProtection in Florida. Again in 2004, weteamed with the Hydrogeology Consortiumand the American Ground Water Trust toput on the ASR (Aquifer Storage andRecovery) IV Forum in Tampa and pub-lished the transactions from this confer-ence. In May 2004, the FGS cooperatedwith the Cave Diving Section of theNational Speleological Society at theirworkshop The Science of Cave Diving. Thisfour day workshop brought together cavedivers, scientists, regulators, privatelandowners, and researchers to explorecooperative opportunities for the cave div-ing and scientific communities in the man-agement and protection of our karst envi-ronment. Finally, we published two educa-tional posters on Florida's Sinkholes and onFlorida's First Magnitude Springsheds in2004. Our Hydrogeology and GeologicalInvestigations staff have also been activecooperators with the Department ofCommunity Affairs, assisting as TechnicalAdvisory Committee members on their"Model Springs Land Development Code"and in preparing various springshed andstream to sink map products. In response tothis high level of activity and productivity,the FGS upgraded the HydrogeologyProgram to Section status in 2004. Dr. JonArthur oversees this section as the

Assistant State Geologist for Hydrogeology.

At the beginning of 2003, the Oil andGas Section moved out of the GunterBuilding into its new offices at the DEPWarehouse facility on CommonwealthBoulevard in Tallahassee. About one yearlater, our Geologic Data AcquisitionProgram also relocated to the Warehouse.This now puts the core / auger drilling oper-ations staff co-located with our GeologySample Repository. We built a 1,785 squarefoot drilling operations "barn" to housesome of our equipment on location.Additional core storage space adjacent tothe existing geologic sample library wasmade available to us by DEP. We havebegun installing a mobile aisle shelving sys-tem in this facility. We have also moved toand expanded several labs at theWarehouse facility. We now operate ourScanning Electron Microscope / MicroprobeLab and our Environmental GeochemistryLab at the Warehouse site. A visiting scien-tist lab is available for sample lay-out anddescription. A computer network stationhas been installed to allow access to ourwell log database and data entry on-site.

Our "minerals resource review" pro-gram to support the DEP Division of StateLands has continued to grow in regards todemands on our time. In response to sever-al conservation lands programs, there arecontinuing requests for mineral resourcepotential comments on numerous landparcels the state is considering for acquisi-tion, acquiring a conservation easement, orselling. Our Coastal Research Programcontinues with its cooperative partnershipwith the U. S. Minerals ManagementService to assess the sand resources off-shore of the northeastern coast of Floridafor potential beach renourishment use.

The Oil and Gas Section, responding toquestions about the potential for ground-water contamination from old, abandonedoil wells, designed a project to re-enter a

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

2

selected subset of old, plugged wells, toassess their status and plug them accordingto modern standards. This pilot program isintended to last five years, at which point aproject review will occur to determine if fur-ther action is warranted. The section alsohas been working tirelessly on their Oil andGas data management and upgrading thedatabase. Much information is now avail-able on the web and the full new capabili-ties should allow tracking of regulatorydeadlines, bonding, descriptive well data,and fluid production. The six chapters ofAdministrative Rules have undergone arevision and modern upgrade. Public work-shops have been held and we anticipate pro-posing full rule revisions in early 2005.

In 2003, the FGS teamed up with theLeon County School System to provide jobtraining for area high schools students withspecial needs. Our program provided vari-ous computer filing / scanning job experi-ences for the students. This continuingproject is helping the FGS work on thebacklog of well log data in need of digitalentry. Other outreach activities includedour annual open-house each Earth ScienceWeek, our participation at the FloridaCapitol during Earth Day, Mining Day, andOceans Day. We cooperated with teachersfrom the Florida Sheriff's Youth Ranch toprovide them with our earth science educa-tional materials and a brief on FloridaGeology. Staff also assisted in other inter-agency projects during 2003, including pro-viding articles and assisting theTallahassee Museum of History andNatural Science, cooperating with the DEPOffice of Environmental Education in theCommunity Classroom after school pro-gram, participating in the Marion CountySpring Festival, assisting the Departmentof Health with one of their workshops, andleading a fieldtrip for the National Ground

Water Association.

The Florida STATEMAP component ofthe National Cooperative Geologic MappingProgram continues its past successes. Wehave completed the Marianna 1:100,000scale Quadrangle and began fieldwork onthe Gainesville, 1:100,000 scale quadrangle.Staff held a one week lower SuwanneeRiver expedition using a rented houseboatas their field staging facility. Staff from theFlorida Museum of Natural History andOkaloosa-Walton Community Collegejoined our staff for the field work.

In the summer of 2004, the Florida Fishand Wildlife Commission, working with theUS Environmental Protection Agency andthe US Navy, requested our assistance toinvestigate the sea floor with our sonar sur-vey equipment. The site, about 36 kilome-ters southeast of Pensacola, is under consid-eration for sinking the USS Oriskany, aWorld War II aircraft carrier, for use as theworlds largest intentionally sunk, artificialreef.

In the fall of 2004, we organized andheld a meeting titled Sinkhole Summit II.This was in response to legislation request-ing the FSU College of Business and theDepartment of Risk Management andInsurance to recommend "uniform stan-dards" to evaluate sinkhole claims. TheFGS facilitated the discussion and compiledthe results for the university.

This is but a small fraction of the activ-ities and projects the staff of the FloridaGeological Survey has been involved inthese last two years. Details on these andmany other projects can be found on the fol-lowing pages.


3


4

State Geologist Elias Sellards (left) poses with Roland Harper (middle) and HermanGunter (right) on the steps of one of the FGS’s early offices (circa 1908 - 1920). Thebuilding was a former wood and coal-storage structure situated just south of the CapitolBuilding in Tallahassee (anonymous photo).

The Florida Geological Survey's (FGS)Main Office is located on the campus of theFlorida State University (FSU) in theHerman W. Gunter Building, adjacent tothe university's Department of GeologicalSciences. The FGS's Oil and Gas Sectionand Geological Data Acquisition Programare co-located in office space in theDepartment of Environmental Protection's(DEP) Warehouse on CommonwealthBoulevard. The FGS has a staff of 65 - 40full-time, permanent and 25 part-time OPSemployees.

Research facilities at the FGS include ageological research library, sample reposito-ries, and laboratories. The library containsan extensive collection of state and federalpublications, periodicals, and references.The sample repositories hold cores and wellcutting samples from more than 18,585wells (both onshore and offshore), as well assamples from approximately 5,400 out-crops.

The laboratory facilities at the GunterBuilding include a permeability labequipped with 44 falling-head permeame-ters; a sedimentology lab containing dia-mond-blade rock-saws, drill press corer, andcore saw for core processing, sieve shakers,ovens, and balances; sample preparationequipment for clay mineralogy, organic/car-

bonate content and micro/nannofossil stud-ies; and an alpha spectrometer.

A Hydrogeochemistry Lab and scan-ning electron microscope (SEM) laboratoryhave been set up at the Warehouse. Newequipment includes an alpha spectrometerand a radio-isotope fume hood, a Mega Pure3A Water Still, and a Jeol JXA-840A SEMand microprobe.

Field equipment includes a trailer-mounted auger rig, a truck-mountedFailing 1500 drill rig for continuous coring,a truck-mounted Mobile Drill and CMEauger/core rigs with wire-line coring capa-bility, various pickup trucks and four-wheeldrive vehicles, two research vessels and sixsmaller boats used for inland and marineresearch projects. In addition, the FGS hasa side scan sonar, a geopulse subsurfaceacoustic profiler, a vibracore sediment col-lection system, a jet probe and a number ofwater chemistry data loggers, GPS unitsand sediment core and grab samplingdevices.

The FGS acquired its "GeoLab" in 1998.The GeoLab is an aluminum step-van thathas been outfitted for mobile field and sim-ple laboratory work and can also be used foreducational demonstrations at environmen-tal fairs and schools. The FGS also hascooperative agreements with FSU'sDepartment of Geological Sciences to sharean x-ray diffractometer, an x-ray fluores-cence spectrometer, and an atomic absorp-tion spectrometer.

FGS CREATES THEHYDRODGEOLOGY SECTION

In June 2004, in recognition of theincreasingly important role of hydrogeologyresearch within the mission of the FGS andDEP, the Hydrogeology Program was reor-ganized to become a formal Section within


5

INTRODUCTION

FGS Main Office, Gunter Building, FSUCampus, Tallahassee, FL (photo by TomScott).

the FGS. The new Hydrogeology Sectionexpands hydrogeologic research to furtherthe protection and management of Florida'saquifers, ground-water resources andspringsheds. The Section is comprised ofProfessional Geologists, a Senior Scientist,and several OPS research staff who contin-ue to conduct in-house research, andadminister hydrogeological researchthrough outsourcing. Knowledge gainedthrough this research has been applied torule making, regulatory, and policy deci-sions that facilitate efficient, science-basedprotection of the quantity and quality ofFlorida's water resources.

FGS ACQUIRES ADDITIONALOFFICE SPACE

In the summer of 2003, the GeologicalData Acquisition Program staff moved tooffices in the Warehouse and Core StorageFacility located behind the FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection's(FDEP) Annex, across the street from theFDEP Douglas Building located just off ofCapitol Circle Northwest in Tallahassee.

THIS BIENNIAL REPORT

Biennial reports have been historicallycompiled by the FGS to not only chronicleits legacy but to inform the public as to itsactivities. They also serve to insureaccountability of FGS activities to Floridagovernment and the pubic pursuant to FGSmission goals prescribed by Chapter 377,Florida Statutes.

Following this introduction, eleven sec-tions provide information about our pro-gram, in the following order. Descriptionsof the general organization of the FGS areprovided in FGS ORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE.

Work conducted by the FGS either onits own or in conjunction with other agen-cies in the past two calendar years is chron-icled in the write ups for the four individualFGS Sections. The four sections are the:ADMINISTRATIVE AND GEOLOGICALDATA MANAGEMENT, GEOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS, HYDROGEOLOGYand OIL AND GAS.

Next, the SPECIAL PROJECTS sec-tion describes those projects which were notanticipated, but were important enough togarner special attention.

FGS scientists strive to maintain state-of-the-art status regarding field supportand measurement and laboratory analyticalequipment; new additions during the bien-nial period are described in EQUIPMENTAND FACILITIES ACQUISITION.

Florida Statute 377.075 is quite specif-ic about the role of the FGS; specific to itsmandate is the dissemination of geologicinformation forthcoming from investigationin published products. These are listed andabstracted in the PUBLICATIONS section.

In addition to written, published prod-ucts, the FGS is involved in in-house andoutside activities described in the PRE-SENTATIONS AND OTHER PROFES-SIONAL ACTIVITIES section.

The PERSONNEL INFORMATIONsection chronicles personnel changes duringthe past two-year period, and provides shortbiographies of FGS personnel. Accoladesreceived by our staff or the Survey aredescribed in the AWARDS section.

Finally, a short, one-page tabulatedrepresentation of FGS funding is providedin the FGS BUDGET SUMMARY.


6

OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST

The State Geologist carries a three-foldresponsibility: Chief of the Survey, StateGeologist, and Administrator of Oil and Gasexploration and production operationsthroughout the State. The Chief exercisesthe general program leadership, direction,and management authority in planning,scheduling and executing the programs ofthe Survey. As State Geologist, he is thepoint of contact representing the State ofFlorida on geoscience inquiries from electedand appointed officials, government agen-cies, industry, mining companies, oil andgas companies, geologic and hydrogeologicconsultants, environmental consultants,academia, land and mineral owners, educa-tors, students, and the public. The respon-sibilities of the State Geologist and theduties of the Florida Geological Survey havebeen defined by the Florida Legislatureand are generally listed in Section 377.075,Florida Statutes. With this guidance andpolicy input from the Department ofEnvironmental Protection, the FGS has abroad mission. It is described as follows:

The mission of the FGS is twofold: First: to collect, interpret, dis-seminate, store and maintain geo-logic and earth science data, there-by contributing to the responsibleuse and understanding of Florida'snatural resources; and Second: toconserve the State of Florida's oiland gas resources and minimizeenvironmental impacts from explo-ration and production operationsthrough regulatory oversight usingpermits and inspections.

The FGS is presently organized into

four sections which are administered by theState Geologist as Chief of the Survey. Thisorganizational structure is shown in theorganizational chart on the following page.

The sections include: theAdministrative and Geological DataManagement Section, the GeologicalInvestigations Section, the HydrogeologySection, and the Oil and Gas Section. Eachof these sections is managed by a SectionAdministrator. In addition to the overalladministration of the FGS, the primaryresponsibilities of the State Geologistinclude the historical functions of acting asthe chief geoscientist for the State in vari-ous capacities and needs, and overseeingthe overall production and quality of thegeological research produced by the staff.The State Geologist is also ultimatelyresponsible for implementing the State's oiland gas exploration and production regula-tions.


7

FGS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Dr. Walter “Walt” Schmidt, State Geologistand Chief, Florida Geological Survey(photo by Harley Means).


8

ADMINISTRATIVE AND GEOLOGICALDATA MANAGEMENT SECTION

The Survey's Administrative andGeological Data Management Sectionincludes the Administrative Secretary tothe State Geologist, administrative supportstaff, the building custodian, the surveylibrarian, the FGS network administrator,the geological mapping and analysis staff,and the environmental geology and educa-tional outreach staff.

This section is responsible for adminis-tration (budget, department and intera-gency liaison, etc.) and personnel manage-ment (travel, leave, benefits, etc.), GunterBuilding maintenance and repair, computersystem management and network adminis-tration, web design, development and main-tenance, and contract and grant tracking.This group's functions also include graphicsdesign, geological mapping and map inter-pretation through GIS and CAD analysis,geological research library services, publi-cation production and distribution, geologi-cal education and public outreach, and envi-ronmental geology research.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAM

Geographic Information Systems

The Geographic Information Systems(GIS) capability of the FGS consists of afull-time GIS Analyst, a CAD analyst, ageneral support group who contribute tospecific projects, three OPS techniciansspecifically working on the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment Program (FAVA)Hydrogeology project, and the support ofBIS/GIS division.

Tasks undertaken by GIS include:assistance in map production, developmentof GIS applications, imagery manipulationsupport, and technical support to all usersof GIS software (ArcView 3.2a, ArcGIS 8.x,ESRI Extensions, ERDAS Imagine and

Surfer.) Other tasks include software evalu-ation, development and maintenance of GISdata on the FGS and DEP Intranet, instal-lation and maintenance of GIS software,scanning, digitizing, map series productionand maintenance, image processing, inter-active web-based map development andmaintenance and development of GIS data-bases and tools through programming lan-guages such as Avenue and Visual Basic.

Major accomplishments for projectsduring the time period of January 1, 2003through December 31, 2004 include: revi-sion of Florida Oil and Gas maps, comple-tion of the FGS/MMS coastal sand searchprogram years 1 and 2, revision of the FGSGIS data library directory, revision ofWakulla County karst coverage mappingproject, addition of quarter/quarter/quartersections to PLSS boundary data layer,assisted with the development of the Stateof Florida Geologic Map at 1:100,000 scaleprogram and continued data conversion andprogram transition to the ArcGIS 8.x for-mat.


9

Jacqueline “Jackie” M. Lloyd, AssistantState Geologist, Administrator of theAdministrative and Geological DataManagement Section (photo by Harley Means).

In support of the FAVA program, majoraccomplishments include: development andrevision of a statewide 15m digital elevationmodel at state level, development of closedtopographic depressions (CTD's) coverage,refinement of soil permeability anddrainage grid, development of effectivekarst features coverage for the FloridanAquifer System, and development of aquiferthickness layers for FAVA. For details onother FAVA maps, see page 38.

Web Technologies

The web capabilities of the FGS consistof a full-time webmaster, who maintains,enhances and adds to the FGS Internet andIntranet web sites. All content on both sitesare supplied to the webmaster by full-timeand OPS employees of the FGS. These websites are part of the larger DEP website,which is made up of all websites maintainedby the Department's Bureaus andDivisions. The goal of the FGS Internet is topresent available geological information tothe citizens of the State of Florida. The goalof the FGS Intranet is to supply forms,graphics, library resources and helpfulinformation to FGS and DEP employees.

Tasks undertaken by the webmasterinclude: preparation of information intoweb pages for the Internet and Intranet incompliance with ADA section 508 require-ments and DEP web standards, develop-ment of websites presenting geologic infor-mation for CD's and DVD's, burning andlabel printing of CD's and DVD's intendedfor mass distribution, graphics for websites,poster presentations and development ofCD/DVD labels.

Major accomplishments during thetime period of January 1, 2003 to December31, 2004 include: redesign of the Internetand Intranet to comply with DEP's new lookand feel and ADA section 508 compliancyrequirements. New additions to theInternet include: Florida Rocks and

Minerals - a subweb with pictures anddescription of Florida's most common rocksand minerals, an Oil and Gas subweb tosupply information to the Oil and Gasindustry, Springs of Florida - FGS Bulletin66, education web page to direct teachersand students to educational material pro-vided by the FGS and a page for sinkholefrequently asked questions. Products creat-ed for CD's and DVD's include: A GeologicInvestigation of the Offshore Area AlongFlorida's Northeast Coast Year 1 and Year 2Annual Reports.

Information Technologies

The Information Technologies (IT)capabilities of the FGS include a full-timeSystems Programmer and an OPS automa-tion specialist who are supplemented by theBureau of Information Systems (BIS). Mostcomputer hardware and software issues areaddressed by the systems programmer andautomation specialist. FGS primarily usesMicrosoft operating systems in conjunctionwith office utilities from Microsoft.

Tasks undertaken by IT include: instal-lation of newly acquired software, mainte-nance and upgrading of all FGS computerhardware systems including installation ofnew devices, maintenance of networkedcomputer systems capabilities and periph-eral devices, equipment storage and sup-port for FGS network servers maintainedon-site.

Major accomplishments for the IT sec-tion from January 1, 2003 throughDecember 31, 2004 include: All computersystems were protected from virus attacksby McAfee Enterprise virus scan and wereupdated automatically by the ePo agent incooperation with BIS. Operating systemsin use by the FGS were setup to randomlyreceive new updates that have been testedby BIS and corresponding IT technical rep-resentatives by the Software UpdateService server. All data generated by the


10

FGS is now backed up in house on aCertance DAT 72 Autoloader. Backupstrategies and contingency plans have beenimplemented in compliance with BIS back-up standards and retention schedules.

PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAM

As an ongoing public education andoutreach effort, FGS staff members givetalks on Florida geology to local civicgroups, clubs and school classes throughoutthe year. Resources permitting, we alsoprovide booths and displays at various localfestivals and celebrations such as EarthDay. In 2003 and 2004, the FGS hostedday-long open houses at its main office dur-ing Earth Science Week of each year.

Earth Science Week 2003

October 12-18, 2003 was Earth ScienceWeek (ESW), a national event initiated andsponsored by the American GeologicalInstitute (AGI) to raise public awareness ofthe earth sciences and their role in our dailylives. The theme for the 2003 event was"Eyes on Planet Earth: Monitoring ourChanging World." In celebration of ESWthe FGS hosted its annual Open-House on

Wednesday, October 15 at the GunterBuilding on the campus of Florida StateUniversity. The local home schooling com-munity was invited as well as the generalpublic. The Open-House featured buildingtours and various interactive activities.FGS staff members also gave talks in localmiddle schools on earth science topics dur-ing ESW.

Earth Science Week 2004

On October 13, 2004 the FloridaGeological Survey held its annual OpenHouse celebrating Earth Science Week atits main facility, the Gunter Building, onthe campus of Florida State University. Weespecially enjoyed the attendance of fami-lies from our local home schooling commu-nity. The AGI theme for the 2004 event was"Living on a Restless Earth". Interactiveactivities appropriate for various agegroups were planned. Tours of our facilityat the Gunter Building were run through-out the day. For the first time this year, theDepartment of Environmental Protection'sOffice of Environmental Education partici-pated with Greg Ira and Jenny Dambek inpresenting an interactive ground-wateractivity. Faith Eidse represented


11

Walt Schmidt leading a tour of the FGS building during Earth Science Week, 2004 (photoby Frank Rupert).

Northwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict, demonstrating various ways bywhich water is polluted, using theirEnviroscape Model.

This year, we planned special activitiesto assist Webelos Scouts in earning theirGeology Badges. We extended Open Househours from 6:30 to 8:30 pm so that Scoutswho usually meet in the evening could takeadvantage of Open House activities.Approximately 50 scouts, parents, and lead-ers joined us for building tours, movies ofvolcanic eruptions, hands-on identificationof volcanic rocks and an introduction tocommon Florida rocks and minerals.

RESEARCH LIBRARY

The Research library is an integral partof the Survey's research and regulatory pro-grams. In support of the information needsof staff, students, and researchers from thepublic sector, the library staff providesaccess to basic research materials includingbooks, maps, state and federal documents,photographs and periodicals. Materialscontinue to be collected and purchased onvarious aspects of geology, including miningand mineral resources, environmental geol-

ogy, hydrogeology and other related topics.The library has one of the largest and oldestgeologic map collections in the state ofFlorida.

Library Services

The library is used by the general pub-lic, students, other government agencies,and private consulting companies. Whilecirculation is restricted to Survey staff, andthe faculty of the Florida State University,Department of Geological Sciences, thelibrary is open to the general public forresearch. In addition, library materials areavailable to libraries throughout the worldvia the Interlibrary Loan system.

The library participates in a nation-wide Interlibrary Loan network throughwhich the staff has access to other public,special and academic collections. Thelibrary cooperates with other librariesthrough various networking groups on thelocal, state, and national level. The librari-an participates in the activities of thePanhandle Library Access Network(PLAN), the Florida Library Network(FLIN), The North Florida LibraryAssociation (NFLA), and various otherlibrary and geoscience cooperatives.

The library has a new automation sys-tem and is currently beginning the longproject of barcoding all of the holdings toenable more accurate records for circulationand inventory. An assessment of all of thecollections is in progress to determine it'svalue and usefulness to the mission of thesurvey. Many documents from non-coastalplain states have been returned to thosestates, or donated to libraries wishing toincrease their holdings in geological materi-als.

Library Computer Services

The Research Library currently hasaccess to the GEOREF database, as well as


12

Florida Geological Survey Library (photoby Jim Balsillie).

more than 25 other major databases,through the State Library. Many of thesedatabases are full-text, expanding ouraccess to periodical literature.

Publications Distribution

The library is responsible for providingdetailed information on the survey's nearly745 published documents and reports, andoversees the distribution of all documentscurrently in print. During 2003-2004 thisincluded more than 1,000 requests for atotal of approximately 7,000 documents. Inaddition to individual requests, publica-tions are distributed to more than 130libraries, throughout Florida, the U.S. andaround the world, which maintain deposito-ry collections of Florida Geological Surveypublications. FGS Publications arerequested by students, environmental con-sultants, government agencies, libraries,schools, geologists studying for professionallicensure, and the general public.

The List of Publications is also nowavailable online, with many of the Survey'spublications available in full text at nocharge. Thanks go to the Publication ofArchival Library and Museum Materials(PALMM) of the libraries of the StateUniversity System's Division of Collegesand Universities, for continuing to scan inmany of our publications. This allows thepublic fast and free access to many titles.The online version of the List ofPublications is:http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/publi-cations/index.htm

SPECIAL PROJECTS

Leon County School System - LeonAdvocacy and Resource CenterCooperative Job Training Program

In 2003, the FGS teamed up with theLeon County School System to provide jobtraining for local area high schools students

with special needs. The FGS program pro-vides various computer filing / scanning jobexperiences for the students. This continu-ing project is helping the FGS digitize itsextensive collection of older, hard-copylithologic well logs.

National Geologic Map Database

During 2003-2004, the FloridaGeological Survey continued inputting FGSpublished geologic maps into the NationalGeologic Map Database. The NationalGeologic Map Database is a project spon-sored by the U.S. Geological Survey'sNational Geologic Mapping Program incooperation with the Association ofAmerican State Geologists. The goal of theproject is to establish a database of allnational and state produced geologic maps,both paper and digital, and to provide key-word and geographic searching capabilitiesfor the database. All published maps of theFlorida Geological Survey are included inthe database on an annual basis. TheNational Geologic Map Database may beaccessed at: http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/.

St. Johns River Water ManagementDistrict Cooperative Program

In 1993, a cooperative program wasdeveloped between the St. Johns RiverWater Management District (SJRWMD)and the FGS. In this program, samplesobtained from wells drilled as part of theDistrict Observation Well Network(DOWN) are shipped to the FGS for prepa-ration, description, and entry into an elec-tronic database. SJRWMD funds a studentresearch assistant to describe samples. Thework is beneficial to both the District andthe FGS. The FGS is able to augment itslithologic coverage of the counties coveredby the SJRWMD. SJRWMD obtainsdescriptions of samples from its observationwells providing it with site specific datavital in understanding local and regionalhydrogeologic conditions.


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GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONSSECTION

The Geological Investigations Sectionis comprised of the Coastal ResearchProgram, the Geologic Data AcquisitionProgram, the Mineral Resources Program,the Springs Initiative Program (created in2001), Geologic Mapping Program(National Cooperative Geologic MappingAct “STATEMAP”) and the WaterManagement District Cooperative Program.In 2004, the Hydrogeology Program waselevated to section status and removed fromthe Geological Investigations Section. TheGeological Investigations Section conductsresearch projects covering a wide range oftopics with section scientists being involvedin many basic and applied research proj-ects. The projects are designed to produceand interpret geological data to aid ingrowth planning, resource managementand a better understanding of earth sys-tems.

Under the auspices of the Governor'sFlorida Springs Initiative, the 2001 FloridaLegislature authorized the inclusion of theFlorida Spring's Initiative in theDepartment of Environmental Protection'sbudget. The FGS was tasked with creatingan inventory of the State's more than 700springs. The FGS began an investigation ofthe springs which included land usesaround the springs and spring-water quali-ty. In 2003-04, the Survey published FGSBulletin 66 Springs of Florida by T. M.Scott, G. H. Means, R. P. Meegan, R. C.Means, S. B. Upchurch, R. E. Copeland, J.Jones, T. Roberts and A. Willet. Included inBulletin 66 are chemical analyses of thespring water for 126 springs and maps anddescriptions of more than 460 springs. A CDaccompanies the printed version and con-tains all the published information plus thedescriptions and photographs of more than350 springs that were not sampled. Theentire volume is also available on the FGSwebsite.

The Florida Springs Initiative beganfunding an investigation of swallets in2004. Swallets, those sinkholes that cap-ture water from surface streams and rivers,provide direct avenues of recharge to theFloridan Aquifer System and, therefore, arehighly susceptible to pollution. FGS teamsare locating and describing swallets inorder to provide the first comprehensivelisting of the features and their distribu-tion.

Ongoing cooperative research with theState's water management districts and theFGS Hydrogeology Section is delineatinghydrostratigraphic and lithostratigraphicunits. The FGS is studying potential beachrenourishment sands offshore from thestate's northeast coast in cooperation withthe U.S. Minerals Management Service.Other investigations include mapping fund-ed through the STATEMAP program in theeastern portion of the Marianna 1:100,000scale quadrangle (2003), the western por-tion of the Gainesville 1:100,000 scale quad-rangle (2004), and ongoing mapping for2004-05 in the eastern portion of theGainesville 1:100,000 scale quadrangle,


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Dr. Tom Scott, Assistant State Geologistfor Geological Investigations (photo byHarley Means).

research on the Citronelle Formation in thewestern Florida panhandle and cooperationwith State archeologists on the investiga-tion of Native American sites. Work contin-ues on the development of a new state geo-morphic map which will delineate landformdistribution throughout the state and aid inunderstanding the processes that developedthe state's land surface.

The section also consults with othergovernment agencies because the knowl-edge of regional and local geology of a givenarea is fundamental in the evaluation ofnumerous environmental problems. TheGeological Investigations Section respondsto inquiries regarding aquifer recharge andcontamination, geologic hazards, geologicmapping, Florida's geologic history, andproblems related to community planningand development. The group preparesdetailed lithologic logs for wells that are onfile at the FGS. This information is addedto the Survey's digital data base which cur-rently contains logs for more than 5,400wells. This data base and the programsdesigned to manipulate it are currentlyused by other governmental agencies and anumber of private firms.

COASTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM

The Coastal Research Program (CRP)is committed to continuing fundamentalresearch to improve our understanding ofFlorida's coastal ecosystems and environ-mental processes. This research providesinformation that is essential for planning,ecosystem management, conservation, andprotection of Florida's valuable coastal andunderwater resources.

Ongoing Coastal Projects

Sedimentological Research

A comprehensive comparative studywas initiated in 2002 and was published in2003. In this study, a new type of sieve

shaker, the British-designed Meinzer II®,was compared to the long-used "industrystandard" Rotap® shaker. Twenty sand-sized sediment sample pair tests were con-ducted using four different sieving protocolsto determine if Meinzer shakers duplicateresults from Rotap shakers. It was found,based on qualitative visual assessments ofsample pair cumulative probability distri-butions and on quantitative statisticalanalyses, that Rotap and Meinzer shakersresult in essentially identical outcomes.

GRANPLOT, an analytic granulmetrytools software application, was installed onthe FGS web site in 2002 and has beenviewed over 3,300 times. In addition, vari-ous communiqués have been received by theauthors. B. A. Cheadle, President ofDarkMatter Energy ConsultingCorporation, Calgary, Alberta, Canadawrote "… with some interest as I have oftenstruggled with devising an appropriatemanner to trick EXCEL into faking a probitscale for probability plots". M. J. Johnsson,a coastal geologist with the CaliforniaCoastal Commission, congratulated theeffort by stating "… I am impressed withthe wonderful job you have doneGRANPLOT certainly far exceeds my hum-ble spreadsheets in utility and design."Professor Jorge Ledesma-Vaczques,Chairman of the Geology Department,Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada,Mexico, teaches undergrad and graduatesedimentology and was "… very much inter-ested in getting a copy of GRANPLOT …"for use by his students.

Sedimentation Elevation Table Project

Florida Gulf Coast marshes along theBig Bend are experiencing sea-level riseand an insufficient sediment supply tomaintain marsh surface elevation. Localmean sea level is rising at an approximaterate of 1.5 to 2.4 millimeters (mm) per yearand the spring-fed or controlled (dammed)rivers of the Florida Gulf Coast do not pro-


15

vide sufficient sediments to maintain long-term health of the marshes. Marsh healthis determined by several factors; sedimentsupply, sea-level rise, storm events, erosionrate of waves and marsh subsidence. Overthe last 12 years the Florida GeologicalSurvey's Coastal Research Program, incooperation with the United StatesGeological Survey, installed SedimentElevation Tables (SET) at a number of sitesalong the Florida Gulf Coast (St. Joe Bay,Apalachicola River, Ochlockonee River, St.Marks River, Aucilla River, Rocky Creek,Cedar Key area and Waccasassa Riverarea) to measure elevation changes of themarsh surface. SET measurements werecombined with feldspar marker horizonmeasurements to quantify changes inmarsh topography. The sediment supplyfor the majority of these marshes is not suf-ficient to keep pace with sea level rise,resulting in a marsh surface elevation lossof -0.3 to -15.0 mm/year. As a result, thisdata suggests that the Big Bend coastalareas are at risk, a finding that points outthe dynamic and mobile nature of coastalenvironments.

The Coastal Program continued moni-toring SET sites during the 2003-2004 peri-od, evaluating the response of marshes tosea level rise. A report of this data withinterpretations will be issued as an interac-tive report (CD) in 2006.

Cooperative Coastal Projects

Offshore Sand Investigation

In 2002, the Florida Geological Surveyand the U.S. Minerals ManagementService (MMS) entered into a second multi-year cooperative agreement with the specif-ic goal of locating and characterizing boththe aerial extent and volume of availablesands suitable for beach nourishment lyingin federal waters adjacent to state sub-merged lands off the northeast coast ofFlorida.

The area of investigation in Year 1(2003) comprised shallow sediments in fed-eral waters off Nassau and Duval Counties,from three to approximately ten miles off-shore, and the sediments on the beachesimmediately adjacent to that area. During2003, over 230 miles of sub-bottom profiledata were collected off Nassau and DuvalCounties and interpreted to determine loca-tions thought to be favorable for the deposi-tion of beach-quality sand. A total of 34beach sampling locations were identified InNassau and Duval Counties and 106 sur-face samples collected. A total of 18 off-shore seabed grab samples were collected.A total of 10 offshore seabed grab samplelocations were visited with grab samplesbeing collected from nine locations. Threepush cores were collected on the ebb tidaldelta of the Nassau River. Descriptionswere made and grain size distributionswere determined for all beach and offshore


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Jim Ladner conducts cryogenic coring ata SET site (photo by Dan Phelps).

seabed grab samples and push cores. A pre-liminary seismic stratigraphic analysis ofsub-bottom profiler data collected was com-pleted. As a result of the seismic strati-graphic analysis conducted, several fea-tures indicative of high potential for theoccurrence of beach restoration qualitysand in federal waters off Duval Countywere identified. This analysis was discussedwith representatives of the U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Jacksonville DistrictOffice and a copy of the preliminary workmap delineating those features was provid-ed to them. They then selected 45 locationsin the study area of particular interest forvibracoring in 2004. The results of thetasks completed in 2003 for this investiga-tion are detailed in A GeologicalInvestigation of the Offshore Area alongFlorida's Northeast Coast, Year 1 AnnualReport to the United States Department ofInterior Minerals Management Service(Phelps et al., 2003). This report will beavailable on CD, via the MMS web site orfrom the FGS.

In 2004, the CRP continued its secondmultiyear program of offshore investiga-tions in cooperation with the MineralsManagement Service. Data collection inYear 2 of this study concentrated primarilyon the areas offshore of Nassau and DuvalCounties as well as the northern half of St.Johns County from three to approximatelyten miles offshore and the sediments on thebeaches immediately adjacent to that area.During Year 2, over 190 miles of seismicdata were collected and interpreted todetermine locations thought to be favorablefor the deposition of beach-quality sand Atotal of 63 beach sampling locations in St.Johns and Flagler Counties were identifiedand 127 points sampled. Samples collectedfrom the beaches of St. Johns County wereanalyzed and the results included in theYear 2 Report. Samples collected from thebeaches of Flagler County will be includedin the Year 3 Report. A total of 52 vibra-cores were collected offshore of Nassau andDuval Counties. Of that total, 11 vibracoreswere collected by the FGS and 41 were col-


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The 50’ RV Geoquest (photo by Dan Phelps).

lected by the FGS's subcontractor AthenaTechnologies Inc. offshore of southernDuval County.

The results of the tasks completed inYear 2 of this investigation are detailed inA Geological Investigation of the OffshoreArea along Florida's Northeast Coast, Year2 Annual Report to the United StatesDepartment of Interior MineralsManagement Service (Phelps et al., 2004).This report will be available on DVD via theMMS web site or from the FGS.

Joint Coastal Research

During 2003, discussions were conduct-ed between the Naval Surface WarfareCenter, Coastal Systems Station, theCoastal Operations Institute and the FGS

Coastal Research Program resulting in anew memorandum of agreement betweenthese three groups in July, 2003. The pur-pose of this agreement provides a mecha-nism to develop a working relationshipbetween the three participating organiza-tions and was established to facilitate coop-erative efforts, and to leverage mutualexpertise in the broad areas of coastal sci-ence, engineering and technology.Investigations involving common needs ofthe state and federal agencies will be car-ried out in Florida's near-shore and OCSwaters.

Gulf of Mexico State GeologicalSurveys Consortium

A memorandum of agreement of StateGeologists, representing the five states bor-dering the Gulf of Mexico, Florida,Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, andTexas, forms the Gulf of Mexico StateGeological Surveys Consortium. This asso-ciation was formed to provide for joint coop-eration in investigations and scientificexchanges concerning earth sciences(including geology, geochemistry,geochronology, geophysical, and geotechni-cal studies) on subjects of mutual interest.This cooperation strives to advance theunderstanding of the Gulf of Mexicoonshore and offshore and promote coopera-tion on regional studies. An improvedunderstanding of the geologic processesimpacting the Gulf of Mexico is essential forthe formulation of wise decisions regardingthe use and preservation of the region's nat-ural resources.

In 2003, the consortium met to developa framework of identified needs and areasof cooperation for future research in theGulf of Mexico. These were formalized in areport that was given to the USGS and con-gressional staff for potential funding.


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Jim Balsillie and Jim Ladner procure avibracore in the Atlantic Ocean (photo byDan Phelps).

FGS and Florida Marine Research InstituteScallop Research Project

In 2004, the FGS CRP and the FloridaMarine Research Institute (FMRI) conduct-ed an investigation of the offshore area offPort Canaveral using an established con-trol-grid to monitor the health of scallopsand associated biota (Calico Project). Theestablished research grid was located in anarea 15 to 30 miles offshore in water depthsranging from 50 to 250 feet. Utilizing the50' FGS RV GeoQuest, 60 trawl sampleswere collected. In order to accomplish thistask, it was required that the RV GeoQuestbe fitted with a stern-mounted fast-retrieval winch, which was built andinstalled by Wade Stringer, the ship's cap-tain.

The cruise was conducted on November20 - 24, 2004. Scallop collection was accom-plished using a mesh-bag attached to atethered trawl frame and dragged on theocean bottom a speed of one to four knots.Upon retrieval, the contents were sortedand weighed and the scallop tissue sam-pled.

FGS personnel included Wade Stringerand James H. Balsillie. FMRI personnel forthis Calico Project included Steve Geiger(Assoc. Research Scientist, PrincipalInvestigator for the Calico Project), JanessaCobb (research staff), Carla Beals (researchstaff), Bill Arnold (fisheries supervisor), andBrett Pittinger (research staff).

Resistivity Survey Project

In the spring of 2003, staff from theFGS Coastal Research Program and theFGS Hydrogeology Section conducted aresistivity survey of eleven coastal andestuarine areas around Florida. Using twoboats and a 400-feet-long towed cable, resis-

tivity data were recorded in the surveyedwater bodies up to 90 feet deep. The methodmeasures differences in conductivitybetween saltwater and freshwater andbetween polluted water and clean water.Physical parameters such as temperature,pH, and salinity were concurrently meas-ured. In some locations a side-scan sonarrecord of bottom features was also obtained.The acquired data showed that the methodis a feasible and economical initial step inlocating areas of ground-water dischargethat can be “ground truthed” at a later date.The survey suggests that remote-sensingtechniques such as thermography, satelliteimaging and resistivity may be practicalapproaches to estimating ground-water con-tribution over large areas of surface water.Quantification of ground-water contribu-tion as base flow to surface water is essen-tial to regulatory programs such as TotalMaximum Daily Loads (TMDL) and others.


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Dan Phelps examining Volusia Countybeach erosion (photo by Jim Ladner).

GEOLOGIC DATA ACQUISITIONPROGRAM

The FGS maintains an active scientificdrilling program. Very low topographicrelief characterizes the state and dataobtained from cores is essential to theunderstanding of subsurface stratigraphy,hydrogeology and hydrology.

During 2003-2004, the FGS operatedthree rigs; a Failing 1500, a Mobile Drill B-31 and a CME 75. The Failing 1500 wastaken out of service in 2004 and the fulltime crew (a licensed driller and an assis-tant), is now operating the CME 75, pend-ing delivery of a new Schramm T450M11Adrill rig. The Mobile Drill and CMEauger/core rigs have been outfitted for con-tinuous coring in rock or unconsolidatedsediments. These two rigs are utilized forshallow (about 230 feet) and intermediate(about 800 feet) depth coring.

During 2003-2004, the FGS drillingprogram drilled 20 core holes in six countiesin support of five different projects. Coreholes ranged from 29.5 to 900 feet in depthfor a total of 4592 feet cored. Monitor wellswere constructed in 13 of these core holes incooperation with Collier County, theNorthwest Florida and Suwannee RiverWater Management Districts, FloridaDepartment of Health and the Departmentof Environmental Protection Bureau ofWatershed Management.

Ongoing Geologic DataAcquisition Projects

Geologic Sample Collection

The FGS maintains separate collec-tions of well and surface outcrop samples.The well sample collection contains morethan 18,585 sets of samples from explo-ration, water and oil wells. Most wells arerepresented by sets of drill cuttings.Approximately 1100 wells are represented

by continuous core or core samples (a totalof approximately 200,500 feet). The FGS,USGS, Water Management Districts andgeologic consultants drill new core samplesets and add them to the archives. Thesample repository facility occupies 12,090square feet, with almost 30,000 cubic feet ofshelf space, with room for expansion.

A collection of approximately 5,750 out-crop samples and mineral specimens ismaintained by the FGS at its headquartersin the Gunter Building. These samples arecross-indexed by formation, lithology, coun-ty and location. The collection is referred toas the "M-Series." The M-Series is particu-larly valuable given Florida's high popula-tion growth and development. Surfaceexposures of critical lithologies have becomeinaccessible with the continued prolifera-tion of roadways, shopping centers, parkinglots and high-rise housing.

These sample archives and the database they represent are utilized by geolo-


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FGS's new Schramm T450 drill riginstalling monitoring wells for SoutheastSprayfield Investigation (photo by KenCampbell).

gists at the FGS, other state, federal andlocal governmental agencies, universities(both in and out of the state), geological con-sultants, well drillers, and the public.

Cooperative Geologic DataAcquisition Projects

Manatee Springs Investigation

The Florida Department of Health,Bureau of Onsite Sewage Programs, con-tracted with the FGS to investigate foursites in and around Manatee Springs StatePark. Ten shallow core holes and monitorwells were drilled in each of two camp-grounds within the park during 2002 to

investigate the operation of septic systemsin a karst environment. The remaining twosites outside the park had a total of threecores drilled and monitor wells constructedduring 2003. Core samples were examined,lithologic logs generated, formation picksmade and the logs were entered into theFGS database. Hydraulic conductivityanalyses were also conducted on selectedsamples from each core. Manatee SpringsState Park, Suwannee River WaterManagement District and Florida StateUniversity were also cooperators.

Upper Floridan Aquifer Assessment

In this cooperative agreement, the FGSagreed to drill three 1000-foot holes at loca-tions specified by Collier County to beestablished as monitoring wells for continu-ous aquifer monitoring and to obtain core todetermine hydrostratigraphy. The secondwell was completed and the third welldrilled during this period. Lithologicdescriptions were generated for the FGScomputer database. Collier County decidednot to install monitor wells at these sites.This project is complete.

Manatee Springs Conduit Investigation

Three core holes were drilled intersect-ing the Main, Blue Water and Sewer tun-nels (conduits). Drill sites were selectedutilizing cave divers to set up radio beaconsin the spring conduits and using a radioreceiver at the surface to locate the surfacelocation directly over the beacon. Four inchmonitor wells were constructed with opencompletions in the spring conduits. TheSRWMD has installed dedicated instru-mentation thru these wells to collect con-duit specific water quality and quantityinformation previously available only bysending a cave diving team to physicallycollect the water samples. Lithologicdescriptions of the core samples were gener-ated for the FGS wells database.


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Installation of Manatee Springs conduitmonitoring wells (photo by David Paul).

Oleno State Park and River RiseState Preserve

Two core holes were drilled and moni-tor wells constructed in support of an ongo-ing investigation into the hydrogeology ofthe Oleno/River Rise area. These coreswere also in support of the ongoingSTATEMAP project.

Leon Sinks/Floridan Aquifer SystemMonitor Well Construction

Three coreholes were drilled proximalto the water filled conduits comprising theSullivan Sink portion of the Leon SinksCave System within the ApalachicolaNational Forest. Monitor wells wereinstalled in each borehole with thescreened/open hole portion of the wells cor-responding to the same depths as the adja-cent conduit. Lithologic logs were generat-ed, formation picks made and hydraulicconductivity analysis made on selectedsamples of each core.

City of Tallahassee SoutheastSprayfield Investigation

The FGS is participating in an ongoinginvestigation to determine whether thesprayfield is contributing to the nutrientload being delivered to springs in the area(including Wakulla Spring). A series ofwells will be drilled to monitor leachatefrom the sprayfield and serve as dye injec-tion points for tracing studies. Each drillsite will have two wells (125-feet and 250-feet deep). The deep hole will be continouscore. Drilling commenced in late 2004, andthe first of two wells at the initial drillingsite was completed by the end of that year.Cuttings from this 125-foot well weredescribed and the lithologic log added to theFGS wells database.

Northwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict Cooperative Program

During fiscal years 2003 and 2004, FGSstaff described well cuttings and enteredthe data into the FGS wells database undera purchase order agreement with theNorthwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict. Kenji Butler and Harley Meansworked on the project. In 2003, Kenjidescribed 180 cuttings samples fromNWFWMD. In fiscal year 2004, Kenjidescribed another 902 samples. The datafrom this project helped to refine knowledgeon the lithostratigraphy of Walton Countyand vicinity.

South Florida Water Management DistrictCooperative Program

South Florida is experiencing rapidpopulation growth and water managementpractices must be predicated on an ade-quate understanding of the lithologic unitswhich comprise aquifer systems. In 1992,the FGS and the South Florida WaterManagement District (SFWMD) began acooperative project in Collier, Lee, Glades,Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, St. Lucie,Palm Beach, Broward and Dade Counties toprovide geologic information in support ofthis need. Several OPS staff membersdescribed samples for the SFWMD during2003-2004, resulting in an addition of over60,000 feet of new descriptions from the dis-trict.

MINERAL RESOURCES PROGRAM

The Mineral Resource Program main-tains communication with the mineralindustry in Florida. The section publishes abiennial status report related to industryactivity. The program is also responsiblefor providing mineral resource assessmentson parcels of land that are targeted for pur-chase by the state. These assessments arecompleted on an as-needed basis. We arecontinuing to provide geologic input into the


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mineral lands transfer between the FederalBureau of Land Management and the stateof Florida.

For the year 2003, the USGS rankedFlorida fifth in the U.S. with an estimatednon-fuel mineral production value of $2 bil-lion. Following is a description of mineralresources.

Phosphate

Florida supplies approximately one-quarter of the world's phosphate needs andthree-quarters of US domestic needs.Nearly all of the phosphate rock that ismined in Florida is used to manufacturefertilizer which, in turn, is used for agricul-tural purposes. What is not used in themanufacture of fertilizer is typically used ina number of products including feed supple-ments, vitamins, soft drinks, and tooth-paste. In recent years, fertilizer exportsfrom Florida have exceeded a billion dollarsin value, making it another one of Florida'sleading export commodities.

Crushed Stone

Florida rose to second in the UnitedStates in the production of crushed stone(limestone and dolostone). Most of thestone that is mined in Florida is used forroad construction. Limestone of high puri-ty can undergo calcination (heating) and,together with other ingredients, be used tomanufacture portland and masonrycement. Florida ranked seventh in the pro-duction of portland cement and is first inthe production of masonry cement.

Sand and Gravel

Florida ranks in the top one-third ofstates in the country in sand and gravelused and produced. Sand and gravel is sub-divided into construction and industrialsand, the bulk of which is, in Florida, con-struction grade.

Heavy Minerals

These are mineral grains with specificgravities generally in excess of 2.9. Theyinclude ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and leucox-ene. Ilmenite and rutile are primary ingre-dients in the manufacture of titanium diox-ide pigments, used in the manufacture ofpaint, varnish and lacquers, plastics, andpaper. Florida is the top heavy mineralproducer in the nation.

Peat

Peat is an organic-rich accumulation ofdecaying plant material. Although peatdeparts from the inorganic definition of amineral, it is generally considered an eco-nomic mineral. Florida ranked first in thenation in the production of horticulturalpeat.

Clay

Fuller's earth, common clay, and kaolinare mined in a few locations in Florida.Fuller's earth is typically used as anabsorbent material, while kaolin is used inthe manufacture of paper and refractories.Common clay, mined in small quantitiesfrom various locations throughout the state,is used in the manufacture of brick, cementand lightweight aggregate.

The state led the nation during 2003 inproduction of phosphate rock, titanium con-centrates, and peat. Florida tied for first inmasonry cement production, fourth in pro-duction of Fuller's earth, second in crushedstone, third in magnesium compounds, andseventh in Portland cement. Florida contin-ues to produce substantial quantities ofsand and gravel and ranks approximately13th in sand and gravel used by producersin 2003. (The USGS prepares state rankinginformation every two years based uponconfidential data returned to them fromFlorida mine operators.)


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Crude Oil and Natural Gas

Oil and gas are produced from two pri-mary oil field areas of Florida. Productionbegan in 1943 in south Florida near FortMyers, where the Cretaceous SunnilandFormation yields oil from depths between11,000 and 13,000 feet. In northwesternFlorida, near Jay, oil has been producedsince 1970 from the Jurassic Smackoverand Norphlet Formations at depthsbetween 14,000 and 17,000 feet. Productionpeaked in the late 1970s at 48 million bar-rels of crude oil and 52 billion cubic feet ofnatural gas per year. For additional,detailed information see the section on theOil and Gas Regulatory Program.

SPRINGS PROGRAM

The Florida Springs Initiative, estab-lished by Governor Bush in 2001, continuedto receive legislative funding in 2003/04. Ofthe $2.5 million dollar per year allocationthe Initiative received, the Florida

Geological Survey was granted over$400,000 to continue research and monitor-ing of springs through several projects.Those projects include the revision ofBulletin 31, Springs of Florida, QuarterlyWater Quality and Discharge Monitoring,and the Swallet Inventory Project.

In 2003, work continued on the revisionof Bulletin 31, Springs of Florida. Fieldteams visited and described 463 springsacross the state almost doubling the num-ber of springs listed in Bulletin 31, Revised(1977). Water quality and discharge meas-urements were also taken at 126 springs.This work culminated in the publication ofa new volume, Bulletin 66, Springs ofFlorida, which was released in Septemberof 2004. This work was the third iterationin the Springs of Florida series and themost comprehensive to date. The volumeincludes color photos, maps, water qualitytables and a CD in the back cover that con-tains the entire document in digital format.


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Jackson Blue Spring (Photo by Tom Scott).

The entire volume is also available onlineat:http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/geolog-ictopics/springs/bulletin66.htm.

Springs field teams continued to sam-ple water quality and measure discharge ofmost of Florida's first magnitude springsand some selected second magnitudesprings in 2003/04. The work is done on aquarterly basis starting in January.Samplers Ryan Means and Rebecca Meegansampled springs as part of an ongoing proj-ect that will look at water quality and quan-tity trends through time. James McCleanand Brie Coane began measuring the dis-charge at sampled springs in 2004. Thewater samples are analyzed by the FDEPlab and the data are uploaded into an inter-net accessible database.

In July 2004, the Florida GeologicalSurvey started the Swallet InventoryProject. Swallets are karst features thatreceive surface water. These features areimportant because they provide directaccess to the aquifer system without anypossibility for filtering out contaminants.Many swallets exist in spring basins andmay be contributing contaminated water tosprings. Ed Chelette and Diana Thurman-Nowack were hired to conduct an inventoryof major swallets in first magnitude springbasins. Their work includes inspectingtopographic maps, aerial maps and other

sources to locate potential swallets then vis-iting the site to record data about eachswallet. The data are stored in a databasewhich is used to create maps. These mapsare useful to local land managers and plan-ners who make decisions about land use inthese vulnerable areas.

STATEMAP PROGRAM

The STATEMAP Program is a coopera-tive project funded jointly by the FGS andthe National Cooperative Geologic MappingProgram under the State Geologic MappingComponent (STATEMAP). For each of thelast ten years, staff members from the FGShave performed detailed geologic mappingof 1:100,000 scale USGS quadrangles andpublished the results as part of the FGSOpen-File Map Series (OFMS).


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T. Scott, R. Green and H. Means in BrooksCave (photo by Sean Roberts).

W. Evans and J. Halfhill identifying fossilsin rock quarry (photo by Rick Green).

In 2002-2003, FGS staff geologistsRichard Green, William L. Evans III, DavePaul, and Jake Halfhill, together with JohnBryan, a professor with Okaloosa-WaltonCommunity College, with the help of RogerPortell, a paleontologist from the FloridaMuseum of Natural History, produced ageologic map, a surficial sediments map,and several geologic cross sections for theeastern portion of the Marianna 1:100,000Quadrangle. These maps and cross sectionsare available through the FGS Open FileMap Series (OFMS No. 92).

In 2003-2004, Richard Green, WilliamL. Evans III, Dave Paul, John Bryan, andRoger Portell, produced a geologic map forthe western portion of the 1:100,000 scaleGainesville Quadrangle. The projectincluded a bedrock geologic map, a postershowing descriptions and key fossil for theunits, and several geologic cross sections.These maps and cross sections are alsoavailable through the FGS Open File MapSeries (OFMS No. 93).

As part of the field mapping for the2003-2004 western portion of Gainesville1:100,1000 Quadrangle, STATEMAPProject staff from the FGS STATEMAP,Coastal Research Program, andHydrogeology Section, together with JonBryan, and Roger Portell completed anextensive geologic mapping expedition ofthe lower Suwannee River system withinthe study area. Utilizing two scout/supportboats and a live-aboard vessel as a base ofoperations, expedition geologists mappedover 100 miles of the lower Suwannee Riverand approximately 10 miles of the Santa FeRiver. This included the collection ofnumerous geologic samples and the rescueof a young Barred Owl that had been hope-lessly snared in an abandoned catfish linealong the banks of the Suwannee River.

In September, 2004, the FGS beganworking on production of a bedrock geologicmap, and several geologic cross sections for

the eastern portion of the 1:100,000 scaleGainesville Quadrangle. Field mappingbegan in October, with a planned comple-tion date of October, 2005. The maps andcross sections for this area will be availablethrough the FGS Open File Map Seriesbeginning in November of 2005.

After input and an October workshopwith the Florida Geological MappingAdvisory Committee, the USGS 1:100,000Lake City Quadrangle in north-centralFlorida was selected for the next area to bemapped under the STATEMAP program. Ifthe National STATEMAP AdvisoryCommittee approves the project, mappingwill begin in this area in November of 2005.


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Will Evans’ rescue of a Barred Owl (photoby Rick Green).

Live-aboard house boat utilized duringthe lower Suwannee River mapping proj-ect (photo by Rick Green).

HYDROGEOLOGY SECTION

In June 2004, in recognition of theincreasingly important role of hydrogeologyresearch within the mission of the FGS andDEP, the Hydrogeology Program was reor-ganized to become a formal Section withinthe FGS. The mission of the HydrogeologySection is to disseminate hydrogeologicinformation, conduct hydrogeologicresearch, and administer such researchthrough outsourcing in support of the needfor unbiased, scientific knowledge ofFlorida’s water resources with specificemphasis on aquifer system dynamics andthe sustainability of ground water andwatersheds. This knowledge is applicable torule making, regulatory, and policy deci-sions that facilitate efficient, science-basedprotection of the quantity and quality ofFlorida’s water resources – a critical compo-nent of Florida’s environment. Five interre-lated program areas comprise the Section:1) hydrogeochemistry, 2) physical aquifercharacterization, 3) aquifer vulnerabilityassessment, 4) karst hydrogeology and 5)education.

HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM

Laboratory facilities and research with-in Hydrogeochemistry Program has signifi-cantly expanded in response to the increas-ing need for understanding water-rockinteractions, especially with regard toaquifer storage and recovery (ASR) prac-tices. Research on water quality changesduring ASR continue at the field scale (i.e.,cycle testing) and at the bench scale. Thebench-scale studies focus on developing apredictive tool for potential water-rock reac-tions in the field. The following are hydro-geochemistry projects worked on during2003-2004.

Aquifer Storage and RecoveryGeochemical Studies

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a

cost-effective, viable solution to addressdrinking-water shortages in Florida. ASRwells are Class 5 injection wells regulatedby the Underground Injection ControlProgram of the Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection Division ofWater Resource Management (FDEP-UIC).Twenty-six ASR facilities are in operationin Florida and more than 15 sites are underdevelopment. Some of the sites includereclaimed water ASR facilities, which arealso cost-effective solutions to local watershortages. The FGS is working with theFDEP-UIC Program, the University ofSouth Florida, SWFWMD, SFWMD andconsulting firms to characterize water rockgeochemistry during ASR at the bench scaleand in the field.

The Florida Aquifer Storage andRecovery Geochemical Study is an ongoinginvestigation by the FGS to examine water-rock geochemical interactions that takeplace during ASR cycle testing. Water-quality variations and aquifer system char-acteristics at five ASR facilities are thefocus of the current study. In addition, geo-


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Dr. Jon Arthur, Assistant State Geologistfor Hydrogeology (photo by Harley Means).

chemical and mineralogical data from corestaken within and outside the influence of anASR storage zone are currently being col-lected.

FGS research funded by the FDEP-UICProgram has confirmed that understandingwater-rock geochemical interactions isimportant to the continued success of ASRin Florida. Results of this investigationindicate the following: 1) chemical (includ-ing isotopic) variability exists withinground water and carbonates of theFloridan Aquifer System, 2) this variabilitymay result in site-specific geochemicalprocesses affecting ASR wells and waterquality, 3) in some localities, oxygen-richsurface waters, once injected into theFloridan Aquifer System causes the releaseof trace metals such as arsenic (As), iron(Fe), manganese (Mn), uranium (U) andperhaps nickel (Ni) into the recharged (andeventually recovered) waters, 4) the designof recharge-storage-recovery cycle tests andthe location of monitor wells are importantaspects of understanding these geochemicalprocesses. Of the nine cycle tests investi-gated to date, most recovered samplesexceed the new maximum contaminantlevel (MCL) for As (10 ug/l). Research onthe source of As in the Floridan AquiferSystem matrix, results of cycle testing indifferent hydrogeological settings and theeffects of repeated cycles tests continues.

The FGS is also engaged in research aspart of the Comprehensive EvergladesRestoration Plan to conduct a geochemicalreconnaissance of the Floridan AquiferSystem carbonates in southern Florida.This investigation will focus on carbonatemineralogy, mineral chemistry, rock geo-chemistry (including a series of isotopicanalyses), and bench-scale studies. Twotypes of bench scale studies are planned:sequential extraction, which identifies asso-ciations between minerals and metals, andleaching studies that assess solubility ofmetals during simulated cycle tests under

high-dissolved oxygen conditions in the lab-oratory. Similar experiments are being con-ducted for consulting firms, who have recog-nized the expertise and the unique analyti-cal capabilities of the FGS hydrogeochem-istry lab (see below).

Results of this research underscore theneed for continued research on the geo-chemistry of ASR in Florida, especially inconsideration of the 300+ ASR wells pro-posed as part of the ComprehensiveEverglades Restoration Plan. There existsa need to improve our understanding of thewater-rock dynamics in different hydrogeo-logical settings in which ASR may beapplied.

Bench Scale Geochemical Assessmentof Water-rock Interaction: SeminoleCounty ASR

The purpose of this study is to charac-terize bench-scale leachability of FloridanAquifer System carbonate rocks in responseto high concentrations of dissolve oxygen(DO), and identify sources of metals inthese rocks. This study is divided into fivemain parts: 1) lithological descriptions ofthe ASR well rock samples of Avon ParkFormation, Seminole County, 2) permeabil-ity study for both vertical and horizontalcore samples of the ASR well, 3) geochem-istry of the water samples (leachate) whenexposed to aquifer rocks under high concen-trations of dissolved oxygen, 4) geochem-istry of the aquifer rocks to identify sourcesof metals in these rocks, and 5) sequentialextraction of the storage-zone carbonates toidentify mineral and non-mineral phases inthe aquifer matrix that may be leachableunder ASR conditions.

Four hundred sixty five water samples,seven whole rock samples, and sevensequential leaching samples have been ana-lyzed for 64 elements at a commercial labo-ratory using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer and optical emissionspectrometer analytical techniques.


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Water-quality changes during fourbench-scale cycles have been evaluated.Time-series graphs allow comparison ofwater chemistry changes during periods ofaeration and non-aeration for each cycle.The graphs of water quality changes duringbench-scale cycles (see following figure) alsoclearly define concentrations and mobiliza-tion, depending on the initial concentra-tions of the source rock. Mobilization of As,U and other trace metals during four cyclesfor the Seminole ASR aquifer rocks are evi-dent. Comparable results for leached Aswere evident in all four cycle tests.Leachates collected from cycle test 1 dis-played greater As concentrations comparedto the other three cycles. During this cycle,leachates collected during pump off showedan increase of As concentrations with timewhereas during pump on, As peaked, thenshowed decrease in concentrations withtime. On the other hand, other samplesshowed more than one As peak.

From the whole-rock geochemistrydata, trace metals such as As, Cr, Ni, V, Mo,U, Zn, Sb, S, Sc, Th, La, and Sm showedhigh concentrations. When compared toglobal averages for limestone, these select-ed trace metals far exceed global averages.The linear co-variations of As and Mo sug-gest that Mo is possibly associated in As-bearing phases such as arsenian pyrite.Other minerals or phases containing As inthese carbonate rocks include organic mate-rial and Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxide coatings.Arsenian pyrite is among the sources of Asin the ASR aquifer rocks; however, sequen-tial extraction studies suggest other phases(e.g., Fe-oxides and organics) may containAs and associate metals as well. Organicmaterial may contain U, which is alsothought to be associated with carbonatephases.

Sequential extraction bench tests sug-gest that dominant As-bearing phasesreside within the "organic plus insolubleresidue" fraction of the matrix, which

includes sulfide minerals (see Results ofsequential extraction figure).

The results also demonstrate that the"organic plus insoluble residue" fraction isstrongly associated with Al, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe,La, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, Th and U whereas Zn isassociated with carbonate minerals.Organic material is recognized as asource/sink for uranium. The sources ofarsenic may also include organics in addi-tion to pyrite. These extraction results alsoprovide evidence for presence of As andother mobilized metals in "non-sulfide" frac-tions of the aquifer matrix (e.g., the carbon-ate and Fe-oxide fractions). In summary,four different chemical forms of As wereextracted from the core samples. Theextracted chemical forms are as follows: (1)soluble form, (2) acid soluble form (As main-ly fixed in carbonates), (3) reducible form(As fixed in Fe and/or Mn-oxides), (4) insol-uble form (As fixed mainly in sulfides andrarely in silicates). Arsenic occurs predomi-nantly in the reducible form, organic formand insoluble form.

Evaluation of Temporal Trends in theGround-water Quality of Springs andWells in Florida

For decades, Floridians have beeninterested in the quality of spring and wellwater. By the early 1900s, only a handful ofsprings had been analyzed for their chemi-cal constituents. However, the number ofsprings sampled and the chemical con-stituents analyzed increased through thefirst half of the 20th century. In 1947, theFGS published an inventory of springs inFlorida, which included water qualityanalyses (Ferguson et al., 1947). The publi-cation was revised in 1977 (Rosenau et al.,1977), and in 2004, a third publicationregarding the springs of Florida, includingwater quality analyses, was published bythe FGS (Scott et al., 2004).

It should be noted that nitrate (nitrate


29


30

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31

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plus nitrite as N, but referred to as nitrate)concentrations have been increasing insprings for the past several decades.Although this has been an impetus inrecent years for increased spring monitor-ing, the state is interested in many chemi-cals, not only from springs, but also wells.Over the years, the water management dis-tricts and other organizations began sam-pling and analyzing the water quality fromboth springs and wells. Although today itcan be said that many springs and wellshave been sampled, only a few have beenmonitored consistently for an entire suite ofchemicals for more than a decade.However, by the early 1990s, over 70springs and about 50 wells were being mon-itored for water quality on a fairly regularbasis.

The purpose of this project is to statis-tically evaluate data collected from thesprings and wells for the period 1991 - 2003.Before the evaluation can be conducted, thedata needs to be obtained. During 2003 and2004, the FGS collected the water-qualityand flow data from these springs and wells.In addition, the data was compiled and pre-pared for statistical analyses. The antici-pated completion date of the trends reportis 2006.

EDUCATION PROGRAM

The Education Program within theHydrogeology Section emphasizes develop-ment of workshops, posters and curriculummaterials that promote a better under-standing of Florida’s complex hydrogeologicsystems. Intended end-users vary by proj-ect and range from elected officials, second-ary school students, private industry andthe general public.

Development of a Cave Glossary

In April 2003, the FGS co-sponsored aworkshop (Significance of Caves inWatershed Management and Protection in

Florida) in which the theme was to providea forum to facilitate discussions among sci-entists, resource managers, cavers and thepublic regarding the significance of cavesand springs in Florida. During the work-shop, it was pointed out that caves: (1) con-tain archeological and cultural artifacts; (2)can act as laboratories for medical, biologi-cal, geological, hydrogeological, and otherscientific studies; (3) are valuable tools forunderstanding ground-water flow and con-tamination transport in karst terrains; and(4) because of 1-3, can significantly impactlocal and statewide economies.

Because of the importance of caves, andbecause cavers spend a considerableamount of time inside caves, it is imperativethat cavers communicate their considerableknowledge of caves in a standardized proto-col with each other and with the scientificcommunity. For these reasons, it was rec-ommended that a cave glossary be devel-oped, emphasizing terms used in and nearFlorida, including the Caribbean.

FGS took the lead in developing theglossary. It organized a committee to assistit in generating the glossary. The commit-tee, (The Florida Committee for theTerminology for Cave and Karst Systems),consisted of representatives from the drycaving, cave diving communities and FGSgeologists. The committee decided that thetwo major purposes in publishing the glos-sary were to improve: (1) the overall under-standing of wet and dry caves in and nearFlorida, and (2) consistency in the usage ofterms associated with caves. The draft ver-sion of the glossary contains over 1500terms. The final document should be com-pleted in 2006.

"Explore Florida!" Website

Explore Florida! is a Web-based cur-riculum that integrates multidisciplinarylesson plans with the use of maps andimages such as satellite and airborne


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imagery, aerial photography, topographicmaps, and other special-purpose carto-graphic products (e.g., 3D anaglyph maps).These materials allow middle and highschool students to visualize earth-systemprocesses and human impact while relatingthem to disciplines beyond earth science,such as mathematics, history, social scienceand language arts. Student and teachermanuals contain site-specific backgroundinformation and sets of "hands-on" and"minds-on" interdisciplinary activitieskeyed to the state science standards. Allmaterials can be used in the classroomstraight from the Web, or can be down-loaded and printed in black and white, orcolor. A series of workshops will be held tofamiliarize teachers with these resources.

By the end of fiscal year 2004, fourunits of Explore Florida! have been madeavailable: The Woodville Karst Plain studyarea features a comparison of topographicmaps with infrared aerial photographs toidentify karst features, infer recharge anddischarge of aquifers, and examine landuse, both historical and modern. Severalarcheological sites are included. TheFlorida Peninsula study area highlights thecontrasting land use exemplified by suchdiverse features as Cape Canaveral, theDisney Complex, the interior phosphatemining area, and paleo-shoreline featuressuch as the Lake Wales Ridge. Satelliteimages and topographic maps enable stu-dents to relate these land uses to the geolog-ic framework of the peninsula. The SouthFlorida study area focuses on the uniquehabitats of the Everglades, the FloridaKeys, and the impact of population pressurefrom the Miami area, which threatens toover-run these distinctive natural areas.Historic photos and sketches are comparedwith modern infrared aerial photographs todocument changes in land use throughtime.

Explore Florida! is designed for consis-

tent expansion and versatility. Each unit isframed around a template that includes thefollowing components: Purpose, StudentLearning Objectives, Goals, Rubrics forAssessment, Sunshine State Standards,Background Material (may be written forboth student and teacher or separate mate-rial for teacher and student), resources suchas places to visit, references, web sites, glos-sary, and newspaper articles. Each studentactivity includes a materials list and work-sheets. Enrichment activities and answerkeys are also included.

This task was conducted by the FloridaResource and Environmental AnalysisCenter in cooperation with the FGS; weanticipate using the same contractor todevelop additional Florida units in the2005-2006 time-frame. For more detailedinformation about this project one may logon to: http://www.exploreflorida.org.

Karst Short Course & Field Trip

The fundamental problem associatedwith effective hydrogeologic characteriza-tions of karst settings in Florida is a lack ofavailable formal education on karst hydro-geology at the academic and professionallevels in Florida. To address this problem ashort course (including a field trip) on karstin Florida was developed and tested in2003/2004. We anticipate continuing theseactivities in upcoming years in cooperationwith the Hydrogeology Consortium

KARST HYDROGEOLOGY PROGRAM

Ground-water flow in karst hydrogeo-logic settings is difficult to characterize.This program focuses on field studies andmodeling techniques to facilitate this char-acterization. Multifaceted field investiga-tions address the nature of ground-waterflow through conduit systems by employingdye tracing and tide gauging (along coastalkarstic areas), as well as monitoring spring


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discharge, rainfall, and water-qualityparameters within subsurface conduits sys-tems. These field studies provide calibra-tion and validation for complex ground-water flow models. Moreover, a cave data-base has been established to serve as a ref-erence for these modeling efforts as well ascharacterization of highly valuable and vul-nerable natural resources.

Spring Creek Tracing Feasibility Study

The quantitative ground-water tracingprogram, conducted by the FGS in collabo-ration with private sector firms, over thepast three fiscal years has been a success.Key flow paths in the Woodville Karst Plain(WKP) have been successfully documentedbetween disappearing streams, the LeonSinks and Wakulla cave systems, andWakulla Spring. The quantitative aspect ofthe tracer tests has permitted the calcula-tion of ground-water velocities and otherhydraulic parameters that will be crucial tofuture ground-water modeling efforts. Thepurpose of these studies was two-fold: (1) tocharacterize and identify the key karst fea-tures in the Woodville Karst Plain thathave a probable influence on water flow inthe watershed; (2) to determine the feasibil-ity of conducting quantitative ground-watertracing experiments in the basin aimed atidentifying flow direction and velocitiesalong karstic flow paths to Spring Creeksprings system. The study was also toassess the effect of tides and associatedhydrogeology in Spring Creek on theWakulla Spring system. While significantprogress was made in achieving these goalsin 2003-2004, work is on going using similarapproaches.

Wakulla In-cave Meter Data Management

Seven oceanographic meters, manufac-tured by Falmouth Scientific, weredeployed in the Wakulla cave system andbegan recording in late 2003. The meters

will be continually recording velocity, tem-perature, and specific conductance at 15-minute intervals. The data was storedonboard the devices then manually down-loaded on-site by FGS staff at approximate-ly 30 to 60-day intervals. Drs. Tim Hazlettand Todd Kincaid who are on the staff ofGFDI at FSU have developed a preliminarywebsite for the dissemination of the datawhich is updated at approximately 60 to 90-day intervals. The dataset that was devel-oped is one-of-a-kind and represents themost detailed characterization of a karstaquifer anywhere in the US, if not theworld.

In order to capitalize most fully on theexpanding dataset and consequently fostermultidisciplinary research efforts, effort tomake the data more readily available toresearchers world-wide was begun in 2004.This effort included steps to automate thedata collection and dissemination processesby: 1) installing cabling and radio telemetrysystems at the on-site data stations thatwill continuously communicate the datafrom the meters to a local computer server;2) constructing a local computer server tocollect the data, store it on local hard drives,and communicate it to a global computerserver via the Internet; 3) developing a com-puter program that will automaticallyreceive the data, process it into a desired setof graphical output, and post the outputregularly to a project website; and 4) archiv-ing the data, with enough redundancy (i.e.backups), such that it can be retrieved, inraw format, at will via an Internet inter-face. The complexity of the telemetry sys-tem will necessitate continuation of theseand similar activities into the 2005/2006 fis-cal year.

Tide Gauging

One of the most interesting insightsthat have come out, thus far, from theseactivities is the potential correlation


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between regular small-scale discharge fluc-tuations at Wakulla and the tides in theGulf of Mexico. In late 2004, the FGSinstalled two tide gauges close to SpringCreek that will be periodically harvested.We anticipate exploring this possible rela-tionship further in 2005/2006 to obtainadditional data on tidal fluctuations in theGulf of Mexico south of Wakulla Spring.

Expansion of the Cave Metering Network

The existing cave meter network effec-tively characterizes the flow to the springfrom four most significant known conduitsources; however, the results of the last twoground-water tracing experiments havedemonstrated that the Wakulla cave sys-tem is directly connected to the Leon Sinkscave system and that ground-water flowsbetween the two in approximately sevendays. Given this connection, and the statedgoal of the metering project, which was tocharacterize the source waters for WakullaSpring, we believe that additional metersare needed in the Leon Sinks cave system.

Continuation of the Woodville KarstPlain Modeling Efforts

In 2004, the FGS outsourced an inves-tigation to predict ground-water movementand contaminant transport in karst usingfinite-element models. The contractors usedexisting and accepted finite-elementnumerical strategies but employed thedetailed characterization data gleaned fromthe field studies to more accurately articu-late karst features in the model domain andcalibrate the model simulations to real-world conditions. Currently, the model con-tains all of the key karst features in thenorthern part of the WKP and calibratesfairly well to velocities measured throughground-water tracing and historical headlevels published in the literature. This

model has been sufficiently developed towarrant continuation of field testing andfull-scale calibration, and validation in the2005/2006 time-frame.

Florida Cave Database

The Florida Cave Database was initial-ly developed with funding from theHydrogeology Program in FY 2001-2002and augmented, revised, and refined in FYs2002-2003 and 2003-2004. The databasecurrently contains details from more than30 underwater caves, each of which are rep-resented by two ESRI GIS shape-files andassociated datasets: one representing thesurvey points or significant turning pointsin the caves, which contains sufficient data,when available, to render a 3D model of thecave; and one that represents the 2D trendof the cave passages. All the files are pro-jected to a custom FDEP Albers conformalconic projection. These files can be down-loaded from a project website and immedi-ately included in a GIS. Currently the database is being populated with additionaldata available to state or local governmentstaff as well as the private sector. Thisactivity is expected to continue for the fore-seeable future.

Wakulla Springs Statistical Analysisand Modeling of Discharge and Rainfall

It is reasonable to characterize thistask as the heart of past and on goingresearch in the "Wakulla Project."Understanding the hydrogeological com-plexity of Wakulla Spring, its interactionwith surface water sources and with landuse activities, has begun to yield informa-tion that can be applied to serve an overar-ching goal of effective management, andprotection of water within the entireWoodville Karst Plain Watershed. The datais being used to calibrate the finite elementmodel previously mentioned with an ulti-


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mate deliverable being a model which canaccurately simulate ground-water flow andcontaminant transport in karst settings.

With support by the FGS'sHydrogeology Program, beginning in 2002,a prototype of such a model, called KARST-MOD, has been developed by two membersof our research team: Drs. David Loper andTim Hazlett. The method utilizes a statisti-cal scheme to define probable pathwaysbetween discrete sources of recharge suchas sinkholes or sinking streams and springdischarges. Once a probabilistic network ofpathways has been established, a combina-tion of statistical and deterministic meth-ods is used to simulate the travel-timebetween any point in a basin and a spring.To date, the model has been developed tothe point where testing is appropriate. Thenext step is to calibrate KARSTMOD, usingdata on flow, temperature and electricalconductivity. In this context, temperatureand conductivity are to be used as proxiesfor contaminants.

During 2004, calibration of the flowand transport characteristics of KARST-MOD was initiated using data collected(over the past 6 years) by the S-4 meter(installed by the NWFWMD) in the mainvent of Wakulla Spring. In subsequentyears, we intend to expand this calibrationprocess to include the data currently beingharvested from the seven Falmouth metersdeployed in the conduits leading to WakullaSpring. The S-4 data contains a surprising-ly rich spectrum of variations in dischargeand other variables, on all timescales fromhourly to (at least) annual. This variability,when properly analyzed and cross-correlat-ed with rainfall and flow in sinkingstreams, can shed considerable light on howthe Wakulla Springs flow system respondsto events and activities on the land surface.This in turn will provide the basis for thecalibration of KARSTMOD model that will

eventually serve as a tool to protect andmanage the quality of the spring systemand the entire watershed.

PHYSICAL AQUIFERCHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM

Characterization of Florida’s hydrogeo-logical framework is of paramount impor-tance with regard to the protection, conser-vation and management of Florida’sground-water resources. Aspects of thischaracterization include developing physi-cal models of aquifer systems, developmentof physical aquifer property databases, andcompletion of applied research to assesssurface-water - ground-water interactions.Two projects, described below, were inprogress during 2003-2004.

Estimating Ground-Water Dischargesvia Radon Tracing

This project builds on previous work byscientists from the FSU Department ofOceanography and the FGS. That projectinvestigated the area around Lanark Reefusing a continuous radon monitoring sys-tem and side scan sonar to search for areasof point source discharge (springs) as wellas diffusive seepage. Lines were run paral-lel to the shore and one transect was madeseveral kilometers out to sea. Radon inven-tories (Rn 222 activity correlated to waterdepth) and salinity trends clearly confirmedthe location of the previously known Lanarkand Sulfur Springs. Additionally, a near-shore area just west of the FSU MarineLaboratory (FSUML) was also investigatedand shown to display lower salinity and ele-vated radon levels. This area was used toinvestigate diffusive seepage since therewas no visible surface drainage anywherenearby.

During the same period that these sur-veys were performed, the researchers


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deployed a stationary continuous radonmonitor at a station about 100 meters offFSUML and collected time-series data forapproximately 24 hours. These results wereused to estimate diffusive seepage using amodeling approach that generally relies onsolving mass balance equations. Estimatesshowed ground-water velocities rangingfrom 5-40 cm/day with increased seepagerates at low tide.

Such trends of enhanced seepage dur-ing lower tidal stages have now been seenin several areas including the area aroundFSUML and in the Florida Keys. This isapparently due to a modulating effectcaused by increased hydrostatic pressure athigher tides resulting in diminishedground-water discharge flow rates becausethe hydrostatic pressure acts in the oppo-site direction than the effects of thehydraulic gradient coming off the land.

The isotopic results from Sulfur Springall showed essentially the same result forall parameters measured (salinity, radon,and radium), indicating that there is littlemixing going on at the spring vent. LanarkSpring, on the other hand, showed internalconsistency in the conductivity/salinityresults but a wide variation in the radonand radium results. The most likely expla-nation is that there was mixing of at leasttwo fresh ground-water end-members in thevent sampled. The high-radon sample inLanark was fairly similar in composition toall samples in Sulfur Spring.

The FSU/FGS team also worked on anassessment of flow rates and isotopic con-centrations in waters from several vents atSpring Creek Spring on April 14, 2004. FGSresearchers made measurements using con-tinuous side scans surveys and FSU inves-tigators collected a total of 20 samples forisotopic analysis at two transects and fourindividual spring vents. Five additional off-

shore samples were analyzed for Rn 222and Ra 226, after collection by FGSresearchers. The samples show the generaldecreasing trend in radon activity as onemoves farther offshore, away from ground-water-spring inputs. These preliminaryfindings would seem to justify continuationof the effort to better quantify ground-waterdischarge in the Spring Creek and othervents using Radium isotopes

In FY 2002-2003 the FGS funded someof the effort to develop and construct theTaniguchi-style automated seepage meterto replace the old-fashioned metal drummeters previously used in detecting andmeasuring ground-water discharge. Thateffort was interrupted due to some difficul-ties with Dr. Taniguchi’s travel from Japanto the US. In the latter parts of 2004 theresearchers acquired the final componentsneeded to construct the Taniguchi-styleautomated seepage meter without the needto have the inventor physically present inthe US. One of six meters was constructedand tested successfully. The researchersalso worked with Dr. Paul Lee of DEP whohad designed and built, together with per-sonnel from the FSU-FAMU School ofEngineering, an automatic seepage meterbased on ultrasonic sound (the Taniguchimeter is based on the flow of heat).

These meters were deployed in environ-ments where more disseminated flow isexpected, including the area aroundLanark Reef, Lake Barco (a site of anotherDEP project involving ground water-surfacewater interaction), and other locations ofpotential interest to the DEP and the FGS.The result of these studies will be signifi-cant to planned research (in 2005/2006time-frame) supported by the HydrogeologyProgram which seeks to account for groundwater contribution in calculating TotalMaximum Daily Loads (TMDL) to surfacewaters.


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Southwest Florida HydrogeologicFramework Mapping Project

Begun in 1995, the Southwest FloridaHydrogeologic Framework Mapping Projecthas been a collaborative effort between theFGS and SWFWMD to create a MicrosoftAccess database of wells within the districtfor the mapping project. The creation of thisdatabase, FGS_Wells, lead to state wideimplementation in 2000 which included Oiland Gas regulatory data and ArcGIS welllocation interfacing.

The mapping project culmination in2004 has generated 20 surface and thick-ness maps and 34 cross-sections illustratingthe lithostratigraphic and hydrostrati-graphic framework of the southwest Floridaregion. These maps were created usingArcGIS and AutoCAD. Mapped lithologicunits include the Middle Eocene Avon ParkFormation to the Miocene/Pliocene PeaceRiver Formation. Mapped hydrologic unitsinclude the Middle Floridan AquiferConfining Unit, the Floridan AquiferSystem, the Intermediate Aquifer System,and the Surficial Aquifer System.

A database of 1065 wells is the basis forthe generated maps. Of these 1065 wellsmore than 60 percent have been inspectedto determine lithostratigraphic contacts.Detailed lithologic descriptions have beenmade of approximately one-quarter of thosewells. Where gaps exist, wells with geo-physical logs are included in the analysis toprovide adequate coverage for the generat-ed maps and cross-sections.

The maps were generated using theGeostatistical and Spatial Analyst exten-sions in ArcGIS 8.3®. All regions of theSWFWMD including a ten-mile buffer zonewere analyzed. The production of these

maps provides the most detailed lithostrati-graphic and hydrostratigraphic data in thestate to date, and will provide the basis forfurther improvement. The end product isset for review in 2006 and publishing soonthereafter. The final product will be in bothpaper and digital formats.

AQUIFER VULNERABILITYASSESSMENT PROGRAM

This program area focuses on continuedmodeling of the contamination potential ofFlorida’s aquifer systems at the state andlocal scale. In addition, areas that are sus-ceptible to the formation of sinkholes havebeen delineated in a pilot study of “sensitivekarst areas.” Knowledge of these areas isimportant with regard to land-use planningand construction criteria for retentionponds.

Florida Aquifer VulnerabilityAssessment

During the 2003-2004 calendar year,the Florida Aquifer VulnerabilityAssessment (FAVA) project was in fullswing. The assessment is based on an ana-lytical method adapted for GIS-based min-eral-potential mapping. The method, knownas Weights of Evidence (WofE), combinesevidence from known occurrences of a phe-nomena with spatial data to calculate a pre-dictive response based on Bayesian theorywith an assumption of conditional inde-pendence. Prior probabilities are calculatedby dividing the number of known occur-rences (training points) by the study areaproducing a probability of occurrence with-out the benefit of relevant data. Weights arecalculated for independent GIS data cover-ages (evidential themes) based on the spa-tial relation between each evidential themeand training points. Results are reflected asposterior probabilities on an output map


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known as the response theme.

The Florida Aquifer VulnerabilityAssessment (FAVA) applies the WofEmethod to the three principal aquifer sys-tems in Florida through the use of the ArcSpatial Data Modeler within the ArcView3.x platform. This extension facilitatesassessment of spatial datasets, conditionalindependence, response theme uncertaintyand validation, and provides other model-ing techniques and statistical tools. Resultsof the project include maps that predict therelative contamination potential ofFlorida's principal aquifer systems.

In FAVA models, training points con-sist of data from wells reflecting back-ground water quality. Parameters used inthe models to reflect known occurrences ofaquifer vulnerability in the natural hydro-geologic system include dissolved oxygenand total dissolved nitrogen. Evidentialthemes include combinations of severalimproved or newly created statewide cover-ages: depth to water table, hydraulic headdifference, thickness of confinement, dis-tance to karst features, soil permeability,and aquifer system overburden. To maxi-mize scientific defensibility of the responsethemes (relative vulnerability maps), mod-els were validated using independent train-ing data sets, training-point subsets and bydemonstrating lack of correlation betweenland use and posterior probability.

Aquifer vulnerability maps are animportant resource for planners, develop-ers, resource-management professionalsand policy makers to facilitate protection ofFlorida's ground-water resources at theregional and local level. Among thestrengths of the FAVA methodology is theability to scale the study area to better meetthe needs of local government agencies. Forexample, Alachua County funded the FGS

in 2004 to complete a vulnerability assess-ment for that county. A draft of the reporthas been completed and the county is nowconsidering additional funds to refine inputgeologic data layers, which may serve torefine the response theme.

Wekiva Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment

In 2004, the bulk of the work for theWekiva Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment(WAVA) and a draft report was completed.The study was initiated due to water quali-ty concerns in Wekiwa spring and theWekiva River. Hydrogeology of the WekivaRiver study area is characterized by moder-ate to no confinement and a multitude ofkarst features. Ground water recharges theFloridan Aquifer System (FAS) by infiltra-tion through these sediments or directlythrough sinkholes. The Wekiva RiverCoordinating Committee Final Report iden-tifies numerous studies by Florida's watermanagement districts and the USGS thatclearly demonstrate contamination attrib-utable to changes in land use. Therefore,the FGS was authorized under the SpringsInitiative and the Wekiva RiverCoordinating Committee to identify zones ofaquifer vulnerability, for the FloridanAquifer System, within the Wekiva Riverstudy area.

WAVA utilizes a model that appliesexisting geographic information systemdata to predict relative vulnerability of theFloridan Aquifer System in the Wekivastudy area. The vulnerability zones arebased on the weights of evidence (WofE)modeling technique used in the statewideFlorida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment(FAVA).

Use of WofE requires the combinationof diverse spatial data which are used todescribe and analyze interactions and gen-


39

erate predictive models. In WAVA the spa-tial data is composed of a training pointtheme and evidential themes. The trainingpoint theme consists of locations of knownoccurrences. In WAVA these are wells thatexceed a certain concentration of dissolvedoxygen. Wells with high dissolved oxygenconcentrations are indicative of areas wherea good connection exists between the top ofthe aquifer and land surface. The evidentialthemes include soil permeability, bufferedeffective karst features, IntermediateAquifer System (IAS) thickness and headdifference between the Surficial AquiferSystem and the Floridan Aquifer System.These themes act as evidence in the modelby either protecting the aquifer from con-tamination or allowing contamination tomove quickly from land surface to the top ofthe aquifer system (i.e., areas of thick IASsediments versus areas of thin IAS sedi-

ments). The WofE technique quantifiesrelationships between these evidentialthemes and the training point theme inorder to predict zones of vulnerability.These zones are classified into a primaryprotection zone, a secondary protection zoneand a tertiary protection zone. These pro-tection zones will be used in decision mak-ing, development of rules, or policiesregarding environmental conservation, pro-tection, growth management and planning.

Sensitive Karst Areas

The Floridan Aquifer System (FAS), athick sequence of Paleogene carbonates, is amajor fresh water resource in Florida.Overburden comprised of Surficial AquiferSystem and/or Intermediate AquiferSystem sediments may act to protect theFAS from potential contamination sourceswhere it is present. This overburden can beseveral hundred feet thick where it providesvariable confinement for the FAS, or it canbe thin to absent in areas where carbonateunits comprising the FAS are exposed at ornear land surface. In areas where the over-burden is thin to absent, the potential forkarst terrain development such as sink-holes and collapse features is increased.Karst terrain provides preferential flowpaths for surface water to enter the under-lying aquifer system and, therefore, placesthem at a greater risk of contaminationfrom the surface.

To develop the sensitive karst areas(SKA) boundary, the FGS utilized aGeographic Information System incorporat-ing spatial data layers such as the stategeologic map, land surface topography andoverburden thickness maps. Land surfacetopography is comprised of the DigitalElevation Model (DEM) developed for theFAVA project. The DEM was created bydigitizing U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000scale Quadrangle maps, converting thesearcs to a Triangular Irregular Network andthen into a 30 X 30 meter GRID. The DEM


40

Conceptual model of the FAS. The top fourlayers are evidential themes and the bot-tom layer is the response theme dividedinto zones of relative vulnerability.

GRID along with a GRID of the top of theFloridan Aquifer System, acquired from theNWFWMD, was used to develop a FASoverburden GRID. This was accomplishedby subtracting the FAS overburden fromthe DEM. Areas of less then 100 feet ofFAS overburden were then identified andoverlain on areas affected by karst topogra-phy in the NWFWMD. Based on the combi-nation of these two maps the SKA limitswere identified for the NWFWMD.

This methodology was created for theFlorida Department of EnvironmentalProtection, Division of Water ResourceManagement and was inserted in the FDEPEnvironmental Resource Permit Applicant'sHandbook - Volume II, EngineeringRequirements for Stormwater Treatmentand Management Systems - Water Qualityand Water Quantity. The delineated SKAmaps are used when sighting proposedstormwater holding ponds and establishesadditional design criteria for these struc-tures including minimum thickness of sedi-

ment between the surface and limestone,total depth of holding pond, vegetationrequirements, sediment traps, liners andpotentially ground-water modeling. Formore information on this project pleaserefer to the American Geological Institutewebsite: http://www.agiweb.org/environment/pub-lications/mapping/graphics/florida.pdfPlease hit refresh if figure does not appearthe first time.

Florida Springs Protection Areas

In response to a request by the FloridaDepartment of Community Affairs (DCA) in2004, the FGS developed a map delineatingareas where Florida's springsheds andsprings are susceptible to land use activi-ties. The resulting map will be available indigital form as FGS Open File Map SeriesNo. 95, and can be referenced when stategrowth and land use issues are addressed.


41

The purpose of the map is to identifyareas that contribute flow to Florida'ssprings and provide land use decision-mak-ers with a published resource to assist themin protecting and restoring the quantity andquality of Florida spring discharge.Utilizing data from Florida water manage-ment districts, the U.S. Geological Surveyand Florida's Department of EnvironmentalProtection, the FGS utilized geographicalinformation systems (GIS) software, expertknowledge and interpretation to generate amap delineating springs protection areas inFlorida. This updatable map will be period-ically revised as on-going and futureresearch improves our understanding ofspringsheds.

Evaluation of the Impacts of Land Use onthe Water Quality of Fanning Springs

Fanning Springs is a first-magnitudespring located within Fanning SpringsState Park on the Suwannee River in LevyCounty. The spring consistently dischargesnitrate (nitrate plus nitrite as N) in excessof 3.0 mg/L. This is the highest concentra-tion of nitrate discharging from any of thefirst-magnitude springs that reside inFlorida's State Parks. In a cooperativeeffort with the Department's Division ofRecreation and Parks and the USGS, theFGS is assessing the source of nitrate dis-charging from the spring. The goals of theproject are to estimate: (1) the aerial extentof the springshed (recharge basin); (2) thesources of nitrate originating within thespringshed and their respective contribu-tion to the loading of nitrate; (3) the ground-water travel times for the various sources ofnitrate; (4) the dilution rates that occurbetween the sources and the spring; and (5)establish a nitrate monitoring network forFanning Springs. During 2003 and 2004,the FGS obtained pertinent data from theSuwannee River Water ManagementDistrict (SRWMD). In addition, theSRWMD and the FGS worked together to

delineate the Fanning Springshed. Thedelineation was based on a one-foot poten-tiometric surface obtained from over 100SRWMD wells. The anticipated completiondate for the project is 2006.

OTHER OUTSOURCED RESEARCH

The Hydrogeology Program and theOutsourcing Program have been describedelsewhere in this and in the last biennialreport. The following is an update of proj-ects developed in the 2003/2004 period andthose ongoing in 2005.

The following projects, funded by theHydrogeology Program for FY 2003/2004,were completed and reports delivered:

-The utility of foraminifera (forams) as indi-cators of environmental degradation orsalinity changes in coastal waters. Thisproject was a continuation of an initialstudy supported in FY 2001. The firstphase of the study focused on naturalchanges in salinity profiles, while the sec-ond phase focused on foram's response topollution. The current report is being devel-oped for publication as an FGS SpecialPublication.

- A CD ROM for the Proceedings of theWorkshop Significance of Caves inWatershed Management and Protection in


42

Florida was finalized. An adequate numberof CDs were produced by the FGS for distri-bution to all the workshop participants andother interested parties; it is available atthe FGS library for purchase by the public.

- A report on the evaluation of remote sens-ing methods for the identification of areas ofground-water interaction with surfacewater has been finalized. It is being peer-reviewed internally and externally for pub-lication as an FGS Special Publication.

-A report on the dye tracing studies in theWoodville Karst watershed project has alsobeen completed. This study was conductedin an effort to generate data on ground-water movement in karst for the ultimatepurpose of developing a model to predictsuch movement. The study was conductedby Hazlett-Kincaid Inc. under contract withFSU and the FGS. This report is also beingdeveloped into an FGS publication. In theinterim; the report is available for review onthe Hydrogeology Consortium and Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc. webpages (http://hydrogeolo-gyconsortium.org/ and http://www.hazlett-kincaid.com/)

- A report on the evaluation of remote sens-ing techniques for the identification of sub-marine springs was also completed. Thisstudy was funded by a grant from NASA's JetPropulsion Lab. The report has been deliv-ered to and accepted by NASA in satisfactionof the grant requirements. The grant allowedthe purchase of satellite "scenes" of areas ofthe Gulf of Mexico being studied for thermalsignatures. These signatures would indicatepossible discharge of ground water to surfacewaters of the Gulf as well as inland waters.

-The first phase of a study that was con-ducted by FSU, in cooperation with FGSand the Springs Initiative Program at DEP,has also been completed. This project seeksto understand the dynamics of water flow inthe Wakulla Spring system and how it is

influenced by interaction with surfacewaters. Flow meters deployed by divers inthe tunnels and caves of the spring systemhave been generating data that will be sta-tistically analyzed and correlated withother data, such as rainfall and hydraulicheads in wells, in an effort to locate thesources of surface water input into thespring system.

Wells have also been drilled directlyinto conduits using transponders purchasedfor the purpose. Power sources and tubinghave been threaded through these wells toallow for continuous data recording andwater quality sample collection and analy-sis without the need to dive into these con-duits. During 2005, efforts will be focusedon developing a telemetry system that willallow for direct input of data into computersof the scientists involved. Similar studiesare being conducted in the Manatee SpringSystem by the Suwannee River WaterManagement District in cooperation withFGS and the Springs Initiative Program.

Other projects that were conducted byFSU, UWF and the USGS and funded bythe Hydrogeology Program in FY2003/2004:

1. Evaluating the impact of ASR projects onnative microbial communities.2. Identifying the sources of bacterial con-tamination of springs using genetic typingand bio-film cultures.3. Quantifying ground-water discharge intosurface waters using radon and radiumalong with seepage meters.4. Developing a workshop to address scien-tific and regulatory issues associated withASR projects in Florida.5. Continuation of dye tracing studies in theWoodville Karst watershed for the ultimatepurpose of developing models to predictground-water movement and contaminantsbehavior and transport in karstic settings.


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THE HYDROGEOLOGY CONSORTIUM

Large areas of Florida, as well as otherareas of the US, are underlain by karstgeology, which is riddled with conduits andcavities of differing diameters and orienta-tions resulting in ground-water flow undermulti-porosity conditions. Under such con-ditions the classical equations (such asDarcy's Law) for depicting ground-waterflow and contaminant transport are notoperative. Karstic conditions also allow forsignificant volumes of ground water to flowrapidly through watersheds with increasedpotential for interaction with surface water.Ground-water models based largely onDarcy's Law and traditionally used inhomogeneous aquifers are, therefore, notapplicable in karst. New approaches mustbe developed to conceptualize flow andtransport in multi-porosity aquifers. Basedon such conceptual models, analytical andnumerical models could eventually bedeveloped that would, more accurately, pre-dict water flow in karstic aquifers. The useof such models will be essential if thebehavior and ultimate fate of natural andman-made contaminants on ground-waterquality are to be evaluated. Ground-waterquality data will in turn be critical in mak-ing correct decisions in efforts to clean upand/or manage karst-dominated water-sheds.

To help in achieving this goal, scien-tists from state and federal agencies, aswell as universities and the private sector,under the leadership of Drs. Rodney S.DeHan of the FGS and David Loper of FSU,met in November 1997 and established theHydrogeology Consortium. The steps takenand parties involved were discussed in ear-lier biennial reports that can be found onthe FGS's Webpage. More details about theConsortium, including how to join in, canalso be found at:http://hydrogeologyconsortium.org

or by telephone at (850) 644-5625 Fax: (850)644-8972. Currently, the Consortium is inthe process of being classified as a not-for-profit organization for federal taxing pur-poses. In 2004, the Consortium co-spon-sored a workshop on ASR in cooperationwith the FGS and the American GroundWater Trust.

Since its establishment, theConsortium, in cooperation with theHydrogeology Program, has been involvedin organizing and or co-sponsoring severalworkshops including the following for whichCDs for the proceedings have been devel-oped and are currently available for pur-chase from the FGS's library:

1) Workshop to Develop Blue Prints for theManagement and Protection of FloridaSprings (May 8-9, 2002) in Ocala, Florida,FGS Special Publication 51.

2) Workshop on the Significance of Caves inWatershed Management and Protection,(April 16-17, 2003) in Ocala, Florida, FGSSpecial Publication 53.

3) Workshop on Aquifer Storage & RecoveryIV: Science, Technology, Management andPolicy. The workshop was held on April 15-16, 2004 in Tampa, Florida, FGS SpecialPublication 54.

The Consortium also co-sponsored sev-eral other public education activities aimedat educating the public about the signifi-cance and vulnerability of the WakullaSprings System to degradation from activi-ties on the land surface. This effort consist-ed of presentations made by Consortiummembers and other FGS scientists and con-tractors in "town hall" type meetings inWoodville and subsequently in Tallahasseefollowed by a "Walk for Wakulla" inNovember of 2004. A more detailed descrip-tion of these events can be found on theConsortium's Webpage mentioned above.


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OIL AND GAS SECTION

The Oil and Gas Section regulatespetroleum exploration and production with-in the state and state waters pursuant toChapter 377, Florida Statutes and imple-menting Rules 62C-25 to 62C-30, FloridaAdministrative Code. The Section's primaryresponsibilities are environmental protec-tion, safety, conservation of oil and gasresources, and correlative rights protection.These concerns are addressed when permitapplications are reviewed and permit condi-tions are enforced by field inspection. TheSection's home office is located inTallahassee and the field offices are in Jayand Ft. Myers near the oil and gas fields.The Section's key activities include permit-ting geophysical, drilling, and transportoperations, inspecting field operations,tracking activities by the use of productionand other reporting forms, enforcing finan-cial security requirements, and maintain-ing databases for well and geophysical per-mits.

Approximately 6.1 million barrels ofcrude oil and 7 billion cubic feet of naturalgas were produced in Florida during 2003and 2004. During the last 2 years, thestate's oil and gas production rates havefallen by 21% and 8% respectively. OnDecember 31, 2004, the state's cumulativeproduction totals reached approximately595 million barrels of oil and 628 billioncubic feet of gas. In 1978, Florida's annualpetroleum production rates peaked at 48million barrels of oil and 52 billion cubicfeet of gas, which ranked Florida 8th amongoil producing states. Since 1945, the statehas received approximately 1382 drillingpermit applications, of which 319 wellswere never drilled, 716 were dry holes, and346 became producers. The state currentlyhas 59 producing wells operating withineight active oil and gas fields. One field,with three wells, is currently shut in and 12formerly producing fields have been perma-nently plugged and abandoned.

REGULATORY PROGRAM

During the state's production declineover the last 26 years, the Oil and GasSection's focus has gradually shifted frompermitting and inspecting drilling and geo-physical operations to regulation of wellmaintenance, plugging/abandonment, siterestoration, and decommissioning of oil andgas field facilities. Over the last two years,23 wells were plugged and abandoned and 5well sites were restored. Approximately 72of the state's 180 permitted oil and gaswells are currently inactive and may needto be plugged and abandoned over the nextseveral years. Many of the existing produc-ing wells are approaching profitabilitythreshold as the statewide water cut (per-centage of produced water mixed with theproduced crude oil) has climbed to 96%.Currently 58 of the state's 180 permittedwells are dedicated to reinjecting producedwater that has been separated from pro-duced crude oil.


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Ed Garrett, Administrator of the Oil andGas Section (photo by David Taylor).

DRILLING AND PRODUCTION

Southwestern Florida: CollierResources Company, the major mineralrights owner within the Big CypressNational Preserve, agreed to sell its drillingrights on 765,000 acres to the Departmentof Interior, but Congress failed to fund thetransaction. The two parties are now con-sidering renegotiating the arrangementpending another study of petroleum reserveestimates. If the two parties ultimatelycome to an agreement, the likelihood ofnear-term exploration or development ofnew fields in southern Florida will be sub-stantially reduced.

One drilling permit for a wildcat wellwas issued during the 2003-2004 period insouthwest Florida. Drilling operations forthe well, the Bob Paul #20-4 in HighlandsCounty, began November 8, 2004 and wasstill underway at the end of 2004. The tar-get is the Deep Lake Sands Formation at atotal vertical depth of 12,800 feet. Althoughthe closest productive well is approximately40 miles southwest of the Bob Paul #20-4, adry hole drilled 12 miles to the west in 1955under Permit 225 yielded shows of crude oilin core samples taken from theFredericksburg “B” Formation from depthsbetween 8,822 and 8,890 feet. The operatorintends to test Bob Paul #20-4 for hydrocar-bons at various depths. If the well is suc-

cessful, the operator plans to drill up toeight additional wells from the same padwhich lies in an orange grove south of LakePlacid. Permit applications have been sub-mitted for three of these wells.

Although no new drilling permits wereissued for established fields in theSunniland Trend, five existing operatingpermits were recertified, one producing wellwas drilled to a deeper target, 20 wells wereworked over to perform downhole mainte-nance and secondary recovery techniques,five wells were plugged and abandoned, andfour restored well sites passed final inspec-tion. Production from the nine fields in thesouthwest Florida dropped from approxi-mately 3,300 to 2,600 barrels of oil per day.Oil and Gas staff at the Fort Myers fieldoffice conducted 5,696 inspections of wellsand related facilities.

Northwest Florida: Production at JayField was suspended for 10 days in responseto Hurricane Ivan during September 2004.The shut down cost Exxon-Mobil approxi-mately 100,000 barrels of oil. Nevertheless,Jay field continues to dominate state pro-duction with approximately 73% of thestate's total oil and 78% of the gas. JayField has now produced 416 million barrelsof oil. Although no new wells were drilled inJay Field during 2003-2004, Exxon-Mobilsubmitted four drilling applications in 2004and was preparing to begin drilling thisseries of infield wells at the end of 2004.

During March 2004, Petro OperatingCompany resumed production at theBlackjack Creek Field after a two year shutdown to reconfigure the field's separatorplant for reinjection of acid gas byproduct.Production has since averaged approxi-mately 170 barrels of oil and 0.54 millioncubic feet of gas per day. McLellan Field,which lies approximately 20 miles east ofJay has not produced any oil or gas since2003 and may be decommissioned when itscurrent operating permits expire in October


46

Southwest Florida Oil and Gas InspectorsBob Caughey and Paul Attwood (timerphoto by Paul Attwood).

2005. Oil and Gas staff at the Jay fieldoffice conducted 2,285 inspections of wellsand related facilities during the 2003-2004period.

During 2003, one wildcat well wasdrilled in northwest Florida nearCrestview. The Permit 1315 well was direc-tionally drilled by Zinke and Trumbo, Inc.underneath Interstate 10 in OkaloosaCounty to a Smackover Formation target ata total vertical depth of 15,500 feet.Production flow testing was not conductedbecause well logs indicated the well was adry hole. Zinke and Trumbo, Inc, applied in2003 for drilling permits to three additionaltargets, but chose to terminate the drillingproject when the first well proved unsuc-cessful.

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

One geophysical survey was conductedby Mayne and Mertz, Inc. under Permit No.G-160-03 from January through March2004 in northern Escambia and Santa RosaCounties. The survey method was three-dimensional seismic reflection/refractioncovering 13 square miles. The energy sourcewas 5.5 pound charges detonated fromwithin approximately 950 shallow shotholes. All drilling, detonations, and plug-ging operations were witnessed under theOil and Gas Section's observer program.The section's geophysical engineer super-vised and coordinated the inspection dutiesof 23 observers.

OFFSHORE ACTIVITY

In June 2004, the U.S. Supreme Courtchose not to hear an appeal by CoastalPetroleum Company to reconsider lowercourt rulings against Coastal's claim thatthe State of Florida's denial of offshoredrilling Permit Application 1281 constitut-ed an illegal taking of Drilling Lease No.224-A. Permit Application 1281, which pro-posed drilling south of St. George Island,

was submitted to the Oil and Gas Section in1992 and was ultimately denied in 1998.The U.S. Supreme Court ruling culminatedseveral years of legal dispute betweenCoastal and the State of Florida overnumerous offshore drilling applications andCoastal's Gulf of Mexico offshore leaseswhich extend along a 425-mile tract fromApalachicola to Naples.

IMPORTED NATURAL GASIN SOUTH FLORIDA

Prior to 2002, the only major naturalgas delivery system to southern Florida wasthe Florida Gas Transmission Pipelinewhich extends from southern Texas tosouthern Florida with mainline capacity of2.1 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/day).During 2002, Duke Energy GasTransmission and Williams completed con-struction of the Gulfstream Pipeline, whichcrossed the Gulf of Mexico along a 581-milepath from south Alabama to ManateeCounty. A 110-mile extension across theFlorida peninsula was added in 2004. Theextension will ultimately deliver 1.1 Bcf/dayto nine counties in southern Florida.

During April 2004, the Governor andCabinet approved plans by Tractebel NorthAmerica and AES to build two additionalnatural gas pipelines to south Florida witha combined total capacity of approximatelytwo Bcf/day. The gas will be imported vialiquefied natural gas tanker ships fromaround the world, offloaded and revapor-ized at port/pipeline facilities in theBahamas, and delivered through underseapipelines to Broward and Palm BeachCounties.

Completion of these pipeline systemswill dramatically increase southernFlorida's natural gas supply and may ulti-mately create a strong demand for largescale gas storage systems in south Florida.Oil and gas operators in southwesternFlorida have already directed inquiries to


47

the Oil and Gas Section concerning permit-ting procedures for modifying depleted oiland gas fields for use as large scale gas stor-age facilities. The oil and gas rules, Sections62C-25 through 62C-30, FloridaAdministrative Code, are currently beingrevised to address gas storage permitting.

OIL AND GAS PLUGGING PROGRAM

During 2003 and 2004, the Oil and GasSection's petroleum engineer launched aprogram approved by the legislature to con-duct remedial plugging on improperlyplugged and abandoned old oil and gaswells throughout the state. These wellswere generally drilled before the state's for-mal regulatory system of rigorous permit-ting and inspection. The targeted wellswere prioritized on the basis of potentialthreat to potable ground water. The sec-tion's petroleum engineer directed a con-tracted drilling service to plug six wells inLevy County and one in Putnam County.During 2004, plugging operations were cutshort on a 12,000 foot well in Collier Countybecause of unexpected metal debris found inthe original cement plugs. As the program

continues, this well and up to ten others areslated for plugging and abandonment overthe next two years.

OIL AND GAS DATABASE

In 2004, the section's primary well per-mit database was upgraded to track,archive, and make monthly reports for alloil and gas well production data in thestate. This new tool provides section staffwith the capability of performing such tasksas evaluating wells and fields, reconcilingproduction data with other records, convey-ing to mineral owners the oil and gas pro-duction of a specific area, providing pack-aged information for the website, and othertasks.

OIL AND GAS WEBSITE

The Oil and Gas Section's website wasexpanded in 2004 to publish monthly pro-duction data from all of the state’s active oiland gas wells. The new system provides rawand summarized production data to theindustry, the public, and to other govern-ment agencies. The system supplants bulkmailing, gives users the information faster,and provides it in a digital format.


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INTRODUCTION

From time-to-time certain issues arisein addition to planned and budgeted activi-ties, to which the Florida Geological Surveyis asked to respond. In 2004, the FGS par-ticipated in a legislative request to assessinsurance coverage of sinkhole damage andcommenced a project to update the hydros-tratigraphic unit names in Florida.

SINKHOLE SUMMIT II

In 1992, the Florida Geological Surveyhosted a Sinkhole Summit in response tolegislation that requested the Florida StateUniversity Center for Insurance Research,under the direction of the FloridaDepartment of Insurance to address numer-ous issues dealing with insurance coverageof sinkhole damages. One small part of thateffort dealt with what competent profes-sionals do to determine if karst processesare the likely or probable cause of observeddamage. In addition, the legislationrequested input on recommendations for acontinuing research facility on sinkhole sci-ence. The summit was a brainstorming andconsensus building session among a cross-section of Professional Geologists, geotech-nical engineers and other associatedexperts to compile such a listing andaddress the questions. A summary of thosedeliberations was included in the final leg-islative report and those specific sectionswere reproduced by the FGS as Open FileReport No. 72 (available online, see FGSweb site, List of Publications).

The 2004 legislative session againrequested an assessment of insurance cov-erage in response to sinkhole damage. Astudy was requested to be done by the FSUCollege of Business, Department of Risk

Management and Insurance, in consulta-tion with the Florida Geological Survey toprovide recommendations on the feasibilityof creating a Sinkhole Insurance Facility,and to recommend "uniform standards" toevaluate sinkhole claims (among numerousother things). In this regard, the FGS con-vened Sinkhole Summit II to essentiallyupdate the 1992 effort. Many technologiesand the understanding of subsurface karstprocesses have advanced during the lasttwelve years and a modern update was inorder. The intent was to gather a group ofexperts in one place to discuss the current-ly accepted practices used by the profession-al geoscience community. Another intentwas to compile a listing of those technolo-gies and activities that a competent profes-sional would utilize in an assessment of asite to determine if karst processes are pres-ent or responsible for observed features.

The meeting was held in the conferenceroom of the FGS Headquarters at theGunter Building in Tallahassee onSeptember 28, 2004. Twenty fiveProfessional Geologists, geotechnical engi-neers, and other experts representing pri-vate industry / consultants, regional, stateand federal governmental agencies, acade-mia, and agency insurance program expertsparticipated. A final submittal to the FSUDepartment of Risk Management andInsurance for incorporation into theirreport to the Financial ServicesCommission and the Legislature was com-pleted in November 2004. The report istitled: Geological and GeotechnicalInvestigation Procedures for Evaluation ofthe Causes of Subsidence Damage inFlorida, compiled by W. Schmidt, with con-tributions from the participants of SinkholeSummit II. The report will be availableonline as an FGS Special Publication.


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SPECIAL PROJECTS

REVISION TO THE HYDROGEOLOGICALUNITS OF FLORIDA (FGS SPECIALPUBLICATION 28)

In 1986, FGS published a document,Hydrogeological Units of Florida. It waspublished for the Ad Hoc Committee onFlorida Hydrostratigraphic Unit Definition,under the auspices of the SoutheasternGeological Society. The documentaddressed the issue of consistency ofnomenclature within the hydrogeologiccommunity in Florida. It was an importantstep in assisting both governmental agen-cies and the private sector regarding theproper and consistent use of hydrogeologyterms throughout the state.

Recently, based on discussions by stafffrom the FGS, the USGS, and the privatesector, it was noted that since 1986, therehad been a considerable increase in theunderstanding of the Florida's hydrogeolog-ical units. For this reason, in 2003, a com-mittee was formed to discuss potential revi-sions to the document. The committee (TheSecond Ad Hoc Committee on FloridaHydrostratigraphic Unit Definition) con-sists of representatives from the FGS, theUSGS, the water management districts,private hydrogeological consultants, andthe Florida university system.

The committee met in August, 2003 todiscuss potential revisions. It was decidedthat a revised publication should be made.The FGS took the lead. The revised publi-cation will consist of a minimum of text andwill emphasis a series of hydrogeologicalcross sections from around the state pub-lished in poster format. During 2003 and2004, the FGS began making a series ofhydrogeological cross sections traversingthe state with using updated hydrostrati-graphic terminology. The revisions will bereviewed by the AD Hoc committee and theexpected completion date is 2006.


50

FGS geologists Frank Rupert and WaltSchmidt examine a large sinkhole in

Tallahassee (photo by Tom Scott).

HYDROGEOCHEMISTRYLAB AND SEM

The Hydrogeology Section acquirednew lab space at the DEP Annex for ahydrogeochemistry lab and sample storage.Part of the space is occupied by a radio-iso-tope lab, equipped with an alpha spectrom-eter, a radio-isotope fume hood, and a MegaPure 3A water still. This lab will be used foruranium isotope studies of ground water.Of particular interest will be the water-rockinteraction processes, including sequentialleaching and mobility of trace metals, thatoccur during ASR.

From this, future geochemical modelsmay be able to predict water-rock interac-tions and movement of the As front.Experiments will look at the effects of low-

ering DO once As is in solution, and theeffects of SO4 and Fe in the water. Alsobeing considered is magnetic separation ofthe carbonates to concentrate the potential-ly As-rich phases.

The Hydrogeology Section has alsoacquired a used Jeol JXA-840A ScanningElectron Microscope (SEM). The SEM lab islocated adjacent to the hydrogeochemistrylab. This instrument can be used for manyapplications. The current study will utilizeits high performance electron probe micro-analyzer and its capability as a high resolu-tion scanning microscope. Pre- and-post-leaching samples will be examined. Theelectron probe micro analyzer measuresconstituent elements of a specimen andtheir distribution. The EDX utilizes 4 PiRevolution software.


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EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES ACQUISITION

New Scanning Electron Microscope (photo by Cindy Fischler).

CORE STORAGE FACILITYEXPANSION

Additional space within the FDEPWarehouse building (where our existingsample repository is located) became avail-able to the FGS and has been utilized foradditional core storage and for a new sam-ple preparation lab. Well samples will nowbe delivered, processed and archived in thesame building. The first phase of mobileaisle shelving has been installed. Thisexpansion, when all shelving is installed,will handle core storage needs for the next12-15 years. The FGS is grateful for finan-cial support from the SWFWMD in theeffort.

NEW DRILL RIG AND WATER TRUCK

The Florida Legislature provided fundsto procure a new, state of the art drill rig toreplace the very tired and inefficient Gefco1500. The new rig (Schramm T450M11A)will provide significant improvements in

crew safety, productivity and depth capabil-ity. A new water truck/support vehicle wasalso purchased.

NEW OFFICE SPACE

Drilling operations staff moved to officespace in the Warehouse and Core StorageFacility located behind the FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection's(FDEP) Annex. Both buildings are southand across the street from the FDEPDouglas Building located just off of CapitolCircle Northwest in Tallahassee.


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New Ford F450 water/support truck(photo by Ken Campbell).

New Schramm T450M11A drill rig (photo by Frank Rupert).

FGS PUBLICATIONS

The following reports in the FGS publi-cation series were published during theperiod from January 2003 throughDecember 2004:

BIENNIAL REPORT

Balsillie, J. H., 2003, Florida GeologicalSurvey Biennial Report 22, 2001-2002:Florida Geological Survey Biennial Report22, 115 p.

BULLETIN

Scott, T.M., Means, G.H., Meegan, R.P.,Means, R.C., Upchurch, S.B., Copeland,R.E., Jones, J., Roberts, T., and Willet,A., 2004, Springs of Florida: FloridaGeological Survey Bulletin 66, 377 p. plusCD.

In 1947, the Florida Geological Survey(FGS) published the first Springs of Floridabulletin which documented the major andimportant springs in the state (Ferguson etal., 1947). This publication was revised in1977, with many previously undocumentedsprings and many new water-quality analy-ses being added (Rosenau et al., 1977). TheFlorida Geological Survey's report on firstmagnitude springs (Scott et al., 2002) wasthe initial step in once again updating andrevising the Springs of Florida bulletin.The new bulletin includes the springdescriptions and water-quality analysesfrom Scott et al. (2002). Nearly 300 springswere described in 1977. As of 2004, morethan 700 springs have been recognized inthe state and more are reported each year.To date, 33 first magnitude springs (with aflow greater than 100 cubic feet per secondor approximately 64.6 million gallons ofwater per day) have been recognized inFlorida, more than any other state or coun-try (Rosenau et al., 1977). Our springs are

a unique and invaluable natural resource.A comprehensive understanding of thespring systems will provide the basis fortheir protection and wise use.

FLORIDA GEOLOGY FORUM

The Florida Geology Forum newsletteris designed to reach a wide range of readersinterested in geology and natural resourcesof Florida. Each issue includes currentevents and activities at the FGS, as well asmeeting announcements and contributedarticles from other geoscience organizationsand University geology departments.

March 2003, v. 17, no. 1, edited by PaulaPolson

October 2003, v. 17, no. 2, edited by PaulaPolson.

March 2004, v. 18, no. 1, edited by PaulaPolson.

October 2004, v. 18, no. 2, edited by PaulaPolson.

INFORMATION CIRCULAR

Armstrong, Carol, (ed.) 2004, List ofPublications. Florida Geological SurveyInformation Circular 87, 56 p.

LEAFLET

Rupert, F., 2004, This is the FloridaGeological Survey: Florida GeologicalSurvey Leaflet 17.

This color tri-fold brochure summarizesthe history, mission and services providedby the Florida Geological Survey. Inside,the brochure details the present adminis-trative structure of the Survey along withlistings of current projects and activities.Contact information and a map to the mainoffices are provided on the back panel.


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PUBLICATIONS

MAP SERIES

Marella, R.L., and Sepulveda, A.A.,2004, Potentiometric surface of the UpperFloridan Aquifer in Florida: FloridaGeological Survey Map Series 149.

Printed by the FGS, this report is theseventh in a series of USGS map reportsdescribing the potentiometric surface of theFloridan Aquifer System in Florida. It dif-fers from the earlier reports, because itemphasizes the highly permeable UpperFloridan Aquifer. Data were collected aspart of a continuing program that monitorsground-water resources in Florida in coop-eration with the Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection, the state watermanagement districts, and local govern-ment agencies. This report illustrates anddescribes the potentiometric surface of theUpper Floridan Aquifer based on water lev-els from more than 1,200 wells measured inMay 2000 (mostly in Florida). Discussionsregarding water levels or water-levelchanges in 2000 refer to those measured inMay 2000; similarly, 1995 water levels referto May and June 1995. The potentiometricsurface is a spatial representation of thelevels in which water would rise in tightlycased wells open to the Upper FloridanAquifer. The potentiometric surface wasdeveloped from the altitude of water levelsin the wells and is represented on maps bycontours that connect points of equal alti-tude above mean sea level. To depict thedynamic condition of the aquifer, this reportincludes a map of changes in water levelsbetween 1995 and 2000 and hydrographsfrom five wells across the State with long-term records.

OPEN FILE MAP SERIES

Green, R.C., Evans, W.L., III, Bryan, J.,and Paul, D., 2003, Geologic map of theeastern portion of the USGS 1:100,000Scale Marianna Quadrangle, northwesternFlorida: Florida Geological Survey Open-File Map Series 92, 2 plates.

The near surface geology of the easternhalf of the U.S.G.S. 1:100,000 scaleMarianna Quadrangle is composed of car-bonate and siliciclastic sediments rangingfrom Eocene to Holocene. Within this area,geologic influences are a combination of flu-vio-deltaic and marine deposition, erosion ofsediments as a result of eustatic changes insea level, dolomitization, and dissolution ofunderlying carbonates. These factors, com-bined with the fact that there is a transitionzone between the primarily siliciclasticssediments of the Gulf Coastal Plain of theMississippi Embayment to the west and thepredominantly carbonate sediments of theFlorida Platform within the study area canmake differentiation of formations difficult(Green et al., 2001).

Several relict Neogene coastal terraceshave been recognized in the area and sur-face topography has been incised by numer-ous streams, often creating a dendriticdrainage pattern. Some streams emergefrom steep sided ravines, called steepheads.These features, unique to western Florida,reflect the interaction between groundwater and thick, siliciclastics which sit atopimpermeable clays of the underlying AlumBluff Group.

Evans, W. L., III, Green, R. C., Bryan, J.,and Paul, D., 2004, Geologic map of thewestern portion of the U.S.G.S. 1:100,000scale Gainesville Quadrangle, north-centralFlorida: Florida Geological Survey Open-File Map Series 93, 2 plates.

The near surface geology of the westernportion of the U.S.G.S. 1:100,000 scaleGainesville quadrangle is composed of acomplex mixture of carbonate and siliciclas-tic sediments ranging from Eocene toHolocene. A combination of factors, includ-ing fluvio-deltaic deposition, marine deposi-tion, dissolution of underlying carbonates,erosion of sediments as a result of eustaticchanges in sea level, and structural fea-


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tures, have influenced the geology of thestudy area.

Much of the western portion of theGainesville quadrangle is located withinthe Suwannee River and Santa Fe Riverbasins. In this area, the Suwannee River,the Santa Fe River, and their tributariescontain at least 55 documented springs,including 9 first magnitude springs (definedas having a minimum average flow of 100cubic feet per second, or 64.6 million gallonsper day).

Of a total of 33 first magnitude springsin the state, approximately 27 percent arelocated within the study area. Many ofthese springs have evidenced significantincreases in pollutants in the last fewdecades, particularly nitrate (Scott et al.,2002). Detailed geologic mapping of lithos-tratigraphic units in this area provides crit-ical data needed to help in future assess-ments of the vulnerability of these aquifersystems to contamination.

OPEN FILE REPORTS

Rupert, F., 2003, Geology of SuwanneeCounty, Florida: Florida Geological SurveyOpen File Report 86, 9 p.

This publication presents an overviewof the geology of Suwannee County.Included are sections on: 1) geomorphology,describing the shape and origin of the landsurface; 2) stratigraphy, describing theunderlying rock strata; 3) ground water,providing an overview of the aquifer sys-tems in Suwannee County; and 4) mineralresources present in the county.

Balsillie, J. H., and Dabous, A. A., 2003,A new type of sieve shaker; the Meinzer II ,comparative study with Rotap technology:Florida Geological Survey, Open FileReport No. 87, 93 p.

A new type of sieve shaker, the British-

designed Meinzer II, is compared to thelong-used "industry standard" Rotap shak-er. Twenty sand-sized sediment samplepair tests were conducted using four differ-ent sieving protocols to determine ifMeinzer II shakers duplicate results forth-coming from Rotap shakers. It was found,based on qualitative visual assessments ofsample pair cumulative probability distri-butions, and on quantitative statisticalanalysis, that Rotap and Meinzer II shakersresult in essentially identical outcomes.Furthermore, this conclusion is reached forsamples tested with soft or friable sand-sized particles, wherein the Meinzer II wasfound to be gentler than the Rotapmachines.

Balsillie, J. H., 2003, A mechanically sim-ple and low cost subaqueous surface sedi-ment sampler: Florida Geological Survey,Open File Report No. 88, 19 p.

Over the years, the author has devel-oped a subaqueous surface sediment sam-pler that is simple to operate and inexpen-sive to construct. It is designed to be oper-ated in water ranging from wading depthsto a water depth up to 20 feet when operat-ed from a boat. This paper describes (1)sampling rational of the sedimentation unitfor which the device has been designed, (2)sample size constraints for which the sam-pler has been configured, (3) sampler speci-fications, dimensions and construction tips,and (4) sampler operation.

POSTERS

Spencer, S., and Rupert, F., 2003,Florida's industrial minerals: Making mod-ern life possible: Florida Geological SurveyPoster 9.

Since pre-historic times man has uti-lized the natural materials from the earthfor constructing shelters, tools, utensils,and weapons. The earliest mining inFlorida was carried out by Native


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Americans, who quarried the mineral chertfrom limestone for use in points and tools.Alluvial clay deposits were also utilized forpots and other cooking utensils. Today min-erals from the earth are the building blocksof our modern society. Florida ranks amongthe top ten states in the nation in industri-al mineral production. Florida's mineralsare utilized both locally and worldwide.This poster illustrates and describesFlorida's common industrial minerals andshows the mining areas for each within thestate.

Bond, P. A., 2003, Land use and springprotection: Florida Geological SurveyPoster 10.

This poster illustrates geohydrologicaspects of a springshed and cultural fea-tures that have the potential to affect waterquality and quantity, with special emphasison protective practices.

Rupert F., and Spencer, S., 2004,Florida's sinkholes: Florida GeologicalSurvey Poster 11.

Sinkholes are a natural component ofFlorida's landscape. In the simplest sense,sinkholes are depressions in the land sur-face resulting from the dissolution of under-lying bedrock. Their size depends on thelocal geology. Two broad types of sinkholesoccur in Florida. Collapse sinkholes formquickly and tend to develop in areas withclayey sediments overlying the bedrock.They typically are the result of an under-ground cavity enlarging to the point whereits ceiling no longer supports the weight ofthe overlying sediments. Solution sinkholesform gradually and commonly occur inareas with sandy sediments overlyingbedrock. These typically form by gradualinfilling of cracks and voids in the underly-ing bedrock by cover sediments. The landsurface over the in-filled bedrock subsidesin response. This poster illustrates thelocations of reported sinkholes in Florida,

the primary sinkhole zones statewide, typesof sinkholes, and the processes that formthem.

Greenhalgh, T., 2003, Florida’s first mag-nitude springsheds: Florida GeologicalSurvey Poster 12.

The Florida Geological Survey in con-junction with the Northwest Florida,Suwannee River, St. Johns River andSouthwest Florida Water ManagementDistricts, as well as the United StatesGeological Survey are working together todevelop a preliminary map of Florida's firstmagnitude spring recharge basins (spring-sheds). This map is a compilation of thereadily available first magnitude spring-shed boundary maps. The purpose of themap is to inform decision makers (e.g.,county commissioners, legislators, and localand state agency personnel) and citizensabout the importance of appropriate landuse within a springshed and to establish abaseline for the further refinement of thespringshed boundaries. As on-going andfuture research improves the understand-ing of the ground-water hydrology of thesespringsheds, more accurate maps of theindividual springsheds will be available atthe Florida Geological Survey.

Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc., 2003, Karst educa-tional posters: to be available as FloridaGeological Survey Poster 13 (CD).

This is a series of eight color postersdepicting ground water - surface waterinteraction, aquifers, hydrologic cycle,karst, distribution of the earth’s water, por-sity and permeability, and how you canhelp.

REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS

Balsillie, J. H., and Donoghue, J. F.,2004, High-resolution sea-level history forthe U. S. Gulf of Mexico since the last gla-cial maximum: Florida Geological Survey,


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Report of Investigations No. 103, 65 p.

Comprehensive, high-resolution, com-posite sea-level curves for the U.S. Gulf ofMexico since the last glacial maximum havebeen developed based on all available radio-carbon and calibrated absolute age-data.They are based on sea-level elevation indi-cators that, on the average, were measuredonce every 60 years for the past 20,000years. The data sets consist primarily ofgeological sea-level indicators (some arearchaeological). Published sea-level histo-ries of the Gulf of Mexico exhibit significantvariability. While there is error associatedwith the 14C age dating methodology, thebulk of error is undoubtedly associated withthe indicator material chosen to representsea-level elevation. It is the latter thatmust be judicially treated. Such error has,perhaps, been inflated to such an argumen-tative and defeatist extent amongresearchers that comprehensive compila-tion and analysis of sea-level data for theGulf, until now, has been avoided.

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

Copeland, R. E. (Compiler), 2003, Floridaspring classification system and springglossary: Florida Geological Survey SpecialPublication 52, 17 p.

In May 2002, a Florida Springs work-shop was held in Ocala, Florida sponsoredjointly by the Hydrogeology Consortium,the Florida State University, and theFlorida Geological Survey. The purpose ofthe workshop was to provide a forum tofacilitate discussion among scientists,resource managers and the public regard-ing the significance of springs as valuablenatural systems.

Included among the recommendationsof the workshop was the need for the devel-opment of consistent terms as applied tospring usage in the state of Florida. As aresult, the Florida Geological Survey agreed

to form a committee to address springnomenclature. The Florida SpringsNomenclature Committee was formed inthe fall of 2003 and was made up of repre-sentatives from the Florida GeologicalSurvey, the state's water management dis-tricts, the state university system, thehydrogeological consultant community, andthe general public. In addition to develop-ing a glossary of terms, the committeedeveloped a spring classification system inorder to allow the citizens of Florida to eas-ily classify springs into one of a minimumnumber of categories. It is believed that theclassification system, as well as the glos-sary, will assist Floridians in improvingtheir overall understanding of springs andto increase consistency in the usage ofterms associated with Florida's springs.

Dehan, R. (compiler), 2003, Significance ofcaves in watershed management and pro-tection in Florida: Workshop Proceedings,April 16-17, 2003, Ocala, Florida: FloridaGeological Survey Special Publication 53,CD.

The workshop on the Significance ofcaves in watershed management and protec-tion in Florida was designed to bridge thegap between cavers and the public at largeon the one hand and scientists involved inwater resource protection research and reg-ulatory activities on the other. Ideas anddiscussions were exchanged on ways forcavers to contribute to scientific data gath-ering while practicing their sport/hobby.The workshop delved into the significanceof cave system maps and morphology datain understanding karstification processesand ultimately in understanding thedynamics of ground water flow in saturatedcaves. Interaction between surface andground water was of special interest to theparticipants since this interaction isthought to play a critical role in groundwater contamination, thus the health andintegrity of watersheds. Finally, discus-sions were directed to the significance of


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these types of data in the development ofconceptual and numerical models forground water flow and contaminant trans-port in karstic settings.

Special Publication 54, 2004,Proceedings, Aquifer Storage Recovery IV:science, technology, management and poli-cy, Tampa, Florida - April 15-16, 2004:Florida Geological Survey CD.

This CD contains a compilation of theoral and poster presentations and discus-sion summaries from the Aquifer StorageRecovery IV, science, technology, manage-ment, and policy, held in Tampa, Florida -April 15 & 16, 2004. The Forum was spon-sored and organized by the AmericanGround Water Trust, the Florida GeologicalSurvey, and the Hydrogeology Consortium.Additional co-sponsors included: the USGeological Survey, the Florida GroundWater Association, the South Florida WaterManagement District, the St. Johns RiverWater Management District, the FloridaAssociation of Professional Geologists, andthe Southwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict.

Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)technology is a well established method ofconserving water resources and has beenused in numerous parts of the world formany years. It has also been used success-fully in Florida, and in recent years hasreceived much attention in regard to theComprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan, in which ASR is proposed to play asignificant role. This Forum addressed"Science and Technology" issues on the firstday and "Management and Policy" issuesthe second day with numerous experts pre-senting papers and responding to questions.In addition, several excellent research proj-ects were summarized in poster sessionsduring the meeting. These presentationsand posters are compiled in this CD to

make this important information availableto the professional community, interestedgovernment officials and the public. Thisinformation will assist government agen-cies, land owners, environmentalists,hydrogeologists, and engineers, in betterconserving and protecting Florida's pre-cious water resources.

Special Publication 56, 2004, WakullaSprings scientific symposium, May 13,2004: Florida Geological Survey CD,

Wakulla Spring has long been a drawto wildlife and ancient human inhabitants.What we see today as the Woodville KarstPlain had it’s beginnings after the originaldeposition of the marine sediments (duringthe Oligocene and Miocene, (35 through 5million years ago). Marine, coastal and flu-vial processes alternatively deposited andreworked successive layers of youngerrocks. In this area, most of these are nowmissing due to subsequent erosion and re-deposition further offshore. We now haveresidual quartz sands, with included shellmaterial and sporadic silts and clays, over-lying the irregular karstic surface of thelithified limestone.

Numerous fluctuations in sea-leveloccurred throughout the Neogene and sev-eral during the Pleistocene have been well-documented, using many lines of evidence.This relentless "pumping" caused by ongo-ing fluctuations in sea-level and the contin-uous dissolution of the carbonate rocks fromaggressive surface and ground water hasresulted in one of the most prolific ground-water aquifers in the world, what we callthe Floridan Aquifer System. The lastmajor episode of sea-level change probablyresulted in the formation of the cave / con-duit system we see today.

The professional cave diving communi-ty has utilized the Wakulla Cave system


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and surrounding area for training, equip-ment testing, and exploration of the system.They have mapped the resource and assist-ed land managers with conservation plan-ning and environmental protection. Cavediving exploration has occurred sporadical-ly since 1955 and in the mid 1980's the USDeep Caving Team came to the area forexploration and equipment testing. Mostimportantly, also, the mid- 1980's saw thebeginning of the Woodville Karst PlainProject ( a NSS sanctioned project in coop-eration with Global Underwater Explorers),which has resulted in continuous divingexploration and research in the system forover 20 years, providing invaluable data,information, and scientific cooperation withthe hydrogeologic community. Partially asa result of this collaboration between thecave diving community and the hydrogeo-logic community, a workshop was held in2003 in Ocala, titled: Significance of Cavesin Watershed Management and Protectionin Florida. The proceedings of that meetingare now published in CD format as FGSSpecial Publication No. 53.

The Wakulla Springs scientific sym-posium assembled local experts to summa-rize their recent activities and currentresearch. These presentations include theFlorida Springs Initiative; a general hydro-geologic overview of the area; a review ofwetland ecosystems; information on somenew cave and conduit flow measurements;and dye tracing studies; a bio-reconnais-sance overview; a review of some studiesthat are part of the Woodville Karst PlainProject; a review of local aquifer rechargestudies, and several other projects in theregion.

VIDEO SERIES

Singer, M., Jablonski, J. and Arthur, J.(co-producers), 2004, Florida's AquiferAdventure: Florida Geological Survey Video

Series No. 2 , produced in cooperation withGlobal Underwater Explorers and Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc., DVD/VHS, 20 minutes.

Florida’s Aquifer Adventure! is a 20minute educational film describingFlorida’s aquifer systems, springs, under-water caves, cave diving and environmentalissues through spectacular videography.The lead producer and editor of the film wasMarc Singer (Global UnderwaterExplorers), winner of the Sundance FilmFestival award. The project, funded by theFGS Hydrogeology Program, was lead byHazlett-Kincaid, Inc. The film has beenaired on Florida Public Television and isavailable in VHS and DVD formats fromthe FGS.

MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS

Miscellaneous reports include contractprogress reports and deliverables, or otherspecial reports prepared in-house, in hardcopy or digital format. They are not part ofthe regular FGS publication series but,because they commonly represent extensivedata gathering, compilation, and analysisprojects, they are included here as scientificreports.

Balsillie, J. H., 2004, Native sedimentcomposite statistics for Alligator Spit beachsands, Gulf of Mexico Coast, northernFlorida: Unpublished report to the U. S.Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District,94 p.

Beach restoration and maintenancerenourishment design protocols requireknowledge of the granulometry of borrowmaterial and native beach material.Comparative numerical statistics of borrowand native materials are then used to quan-titatively determine overfill ratios andmaintenance renourishment schedules(Krumbein, 1957; Krumbein and James,


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1965; James, 1974, 1975: Hobson, 1977;etc.). Granulometric statistics can beviewed as either suite statistics or compos-ite statistics. For the former, suite meansare determined by averaging moment meas-ures to yield the mean of the means, themean of the standard deviations, mean ofskewness, mean of kurtosis, etc. For thelatter, frequency or cumulative frequencypercentiles of all sample distributions areaveraged and then analyzed to produce thecomposite mean, standard deviation, skew-ness, kurtosis, etc. The two approachesresult in different statistical outcomes.Composite statistics are those used in beachdesign work. Composite and suite statis-tics have been discussed in detail byKrumbein (1957), Dwass (Krumbein, 1957,Appendix B), Balsillie and Tanner (1999),and Balsillie (2002).

Parker, W. C., Arnold, A. J., Balsillie, J.H., and Hiller, W. C., 2003, The applica-tion of benthic foraminifera to environmen-tal analysis of coastal habitats of theFlorida Panhandle: Contract deliverable tothe Florida Geological Survey, June 30,2003, 18 p.

Preliminary work as part of a previous-ly DEP-funded Springs project demonstrat-ed that foraminiferal assemblages in theSpring Creek and St. Joseph Bay regionsare particularly sensitive to spring outflowinduced changes in salinity and anthro-pogenic pollutants. However, timing of theoriginal research funding did not permitexploration of temporal changes in theforaminiferal assemblages being studied. Inorder to demonstrate a robust and reliablerelationship between the micro/meiofaunaof these environments and salinity/pollu-tion, natural temporal and spatial variationof the fauna must be recorded. This was thefundamental goal of the present project.The primary study areas included the St.

Marks River estuary and the Spring Creekestuarine system. A secondary goal of theproject was to survey samples taken in1996-1998 in the Cedar-Ortega River aboveits confluence with the St. John's River, aspart of a separate project. This survey wasintended to assess the suitability of thosestored cores for further historicalforaminiferal analysis.

Phelps, D.C., Hoenstine, R.W., Balsillie,J.H., Dabous A., LaChance M., andFischler C., 2003, A geological investiga-tion of the offshore area along Florida'snortheast coast, Year 1: Annual Report tothe United States Department of Interior,Minerals Management Service: 2002-2003:Florida Geological Survey, unpublishedreport, CD.

The FGS and the U.S. MineralsManagement Service entered into a multi-year cooperative agreement with the specif-ic goal of locating and characterizing boththe areal extent and volume of availablesands suitable for beach nourishment lyingin federal waters adjacent to state sub-merged lands off the northeast coast ofFlorida. In Year 1 of this study, over 230miles of seismic data was collected andinterpreted to determine locations thoughtto have been favorable for the deposition ofbeach-quality sand. A total of 34 beachsampling locations were identified and 106surface samples collected and a total of 10offshore seabed grab sample locations werevisited. Grab samples were collected from 9offshore locations. Three push cores werecollected on Bird Island, an island in theebb tidal delta of the Nassau River.Descriptions were made and grain size dis-tributions were determined for all beachand offshore seabed grab samples and pushcores. All of the above referenced data areaccessible within this report.


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As a result of the seismic stratigraphicanalysis several features indicative of highpotential for the occurrence of beachrestoration quality sand in federal watersoff Duval County were identified. Thisanalysis was discussed with representa-tives of the U.S. Army Corps of EngineersJacksonville District Office and a copy ofthe preliminary work map delineatingthose features provided to them.

Phelps, D.C., Hoenstine, R.W., Balsillie,J.H., Ladner, L.J., Dabous A.,LaChance M., Bailey K., and FischlerC., 2004, A geological investigation of theoffshore area along Florida's northeastcoast, Year 2: Annual Report to the UnitedStates Department of Interior, MineralsManagement Service: Florida GeologicalSurvey unpublished report, DVD.

The FGS and the U.S. MineralsManagement Service have continued amulti-year cooperative agreement to locateand characterize both the areal extent andvolume of available sands suitable for beachnourishment lying in federal waters adja-cent to state submerged lands off the north-east coast of Florida. One-hundred-and -ninety miles of seismic data were collectedoffshore of Nassau, Duval and FlaglerCounties in Year 2. The seismic data col-lected in Years 1 and 2 are provided asprocessed images. A total of 127 beachsamples were collected from the beaches ofSt. Johns and Flagler Counties.Photographs and granulometric analyses ofthe beach samples collected from St. JohnsCounty are provided. Fifty two vibracoreswere collected offshore of Nassau and DuvalCounties and three vibracores were collect-ed in the mouth of the St. Johns River.Vibracores directly acquired by the FGS areprovided as photographs and granulometricanalyses. Vibracores acquired by a contrac-tor are provided as penetration curves,drilling diagrams and, with exceptions, as

granulometric curves. Analysis of thesevibracore data infers potential reserves ofup to 198.5 million cubic yards of restora-tion-quality sand offshore of southernDuval County.

Analysis of the sub-bottom profiler dataindicate the presence of areas of anomalousdip offshore of Nassau and Duval Countiesa well as three clearly identifiable burieddepressions which are interpreted to be dis-solution collapse features. These three con-jectured collapse features lie six to sevenmiles offshore, are vertically persistent tothe base of the seismic data recorded andare not expressed bathymetrically.

Based on age-date analysis of woodymaterial present in one of the vibracores,the calculated sedimentation rate for thefirst 16.8 feet of sediments in this core is0.3621 mm per year +\- .0015 mm. Thisfigure would set an approximate lower limiton the average Holocene sedimentation ratelocally.

Schmidt, Walter, 2004, Geologic andgeoechnical investigation procedures forevaluation of the causes of subsidence dam-age in Florida: A report submitted to theFlorida State University, College ofBusiness, Department of Risk Managementand Insurance, in response to requirementsof Chapter 627.7077 Florida Statutes, 21 p.

PAPERS BY STAFF INOUTSIDE PUBLICATIONS

Arthur, J.D., Dabous, A.A. and Cowart,J.C., 2003, Water-rock geochemical consid-erations for Class V aquifer storage andrecovery wells: Florida case studies, 2003:Abstract, Second International Symposiumon Underground Injection Science andTechnology Symposium, BerkeleyLaboratories, CA, Symposium Abstracts,October 22-25, 2003, p. 63-64.


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Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) isan effective method of meeting increasingwater-supply demands by injecting avail-able water into confined or semi-confinedpermeable formations for later withdrawalas needed. Not only does ASR meet increas-ing demands for drinking water, but it hasseveral applications in industry, agricultureand environmental restoration. A primeexample of the latter application is the roleof ASR in the Comprehensive EvergladesRestoration Plan (CERP). More than 300ASR wells are proposed in South Florida tocapture ~1.7 billion gallons of water per dayand store it in the Floridan aquifer system(FAS) for later use. The planned CERPeffort alone comprises an order of magni-tude increase in ASR applications inFlorida within the next two decades. Manyscientific and engineering issues need to beaddressed in the design, construction, test-ing and operation of an ASR facility. Someof these issues include the fate and trans-port of microorganisms, algal toxins, andchanges in water chemistry (and thus qual-ity) due to ASR practices.

Our research focuses on the characteri-zation of water quality changes during ASRactivities in Florida. Long-term goals of ourproject include: 1) investigation of water-rock interaction during ASR with anemphasis on identifying the source andmechanism for trace metal mobilizationinto injected and recovered water; 2) assess-ment of these interactions within varyinghydrogeologic settings (i.e., differentaquifer systems and matrix compositions[chemical/mineralogical]); 3) evaluation ofthe effect of repeated ASR cycle testing andother ASR practices (e.g., borehole acidiza-tion) on these interactions; 4) exploring theapplication of U isotopes to identify sourcewaters (injected, native and interstitial)and mixing; and 5) providing the FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection(FDEP) and CERP with scientific knowl-edge on which to base ASR design, regulato-ry and operational decisions. At present,

ASR wells in five facilities located in south-west Florida comprise the focus of ourresearch. Results summarized herein arebased on our work at two of these facilities,which are located more than 120 km apart:Rome Avenue ASR, Hillsborough Countyand Punta Gorda ASR, Charlotte County.

Combined results from multiple cycletests at these facilities suggest that As, Fe,Mn, Ni (?), V (?) and U are mobilized fromthe aquifer system matrix into the injectedwaters. This mobilization is most apparentduring the recovery phase of a cycle test atthe ASR well. Arsenic and U mobilizationare the most consistent and well-document-ed trends, with concentrations exceeding 85µg/l and 6 µg/l, respectively. Three pairs ofcycle tests indicate that maximum observedAs concentrations decrease during succes-sive cycle testing. This preliminary obser-vation holds true only where both cycle-testinjection volumes are similar and exposureof "new" aquifer matrix to the injectedwater is minimal. This result is not onlydesired, but expected assuming that the Assource is a fixed and consistently depletedconcentration within the aquifer matrix andnot replenished due to changes in redoxconditions (e.g., pH-adjusted cycle tests),mixing or changes in flow paths. In con-trast, data from paired cycle tests where thesecond injection input volume is greaterreveal different results. In this scenario, Asconcentrations in the second cycle test areequal to or greater than those of the firstcycle test due to the exposure of inputwaters to a larger volume of previouslyunaffected (e.g., un-leached) aquifer matrix.A further observation relevant to the designand monitoring of cycle tests is that maxi-mum As concentrations are observed duringrecovery after 50 percent or more of theinput waters are recovered (as measured bytotal recovery volume).

Data also indicate that different geo-chemical processes or reactions govern therelative mobility of metals. For example,


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during recovery U concentrations peak ear-lier than those of As and other metals. Theactivity ratio (AR) of 234U/238U is also usefulfor identifying mixing and evolution ofwaters during ASR. Moreover, the AR isuseful to demonstrate heterogeneity thatexists among wells in a single wellfield(Rome Avenue) or between ASR facilitieslocated kilometers apart (Rome Avenue[Tampa] and Punta Gorda). Various mod-els are proposed to account for the observedtrends in AR including mobilization of thin234U-depleted U carbonate grain coatings,and mobilization of homogeneously distrib-uted 234U-depleted U from within grains byaggressive, oxic waters.

Mineralogical and chemical characteri-zation of storage zones in the Floridanaquifer system (FAS) at both ASR facilitieshas been determined through a variety ofanalytical methods. Average compositionsfor FAS limestones are similar to globalaverages, except for Cr, which is higher inthe FAS rocks. Maximum concentrations ofsome metals (e.g., As, Ni, and U), however,far exceed global limestone averages.Mineralogy of the ASR storage zone carbon-ates is dominantly calcite and dolomite withminor clay minerals and organic material,and trace amounts of quartz, gypsum, andpyrite. Semiquantative microprobe analy-ses of pyrites tentatively suggest that Asconcentrations vary up to more than twoweight percent.

Although additional As-bearing phases(i.e., Fe-Mn grain coatings, organics) aresuspected, they were not detected in ourpreliminary microprobe study; however,another analytical technique suggests thattrace metals are more widely dispersedwithin the aquifer matrix. Limestone sam-ples from an ASR storage zone were ana-lyzed by a sequential extraction techniquedesigned to identify the concentration of As,U, and other trace metals in fourmineral/phase groups: total soluble heavymetals, carbonates, Fe- and Mn-oxides, and

organics plus sulfides. Preliminary resultsindicate that although most of these tracemetals are concentrated in the "organicsplus sulfides" fraction, trace metals are alsoassociated with the other mineral-boundfractions.

In closing, the Floridan aquifer systemmatrix is chemically heterogeneous, whichis not only exemplified by carbonate geo-chemical data, but by variable geochemicalresponses observed in cycle tests data fromwells only a few hundred meters apart(Rome Avenue ASR wells). Mobilization ofAs, Fe, Mn, U and other metals is observedduring ASR activities. A principle mecha-nism of this mobility is likely the input ofoxygen-rich surface waters into a reducedaquifer, thereby oxidizing trace-metal richphases (e.g. pyrite) and releasing metalsinto solution. Other variables affecting thismobility include: 1) native and input waterchemistry and related parameters, 2)aquifer matrix chemistry/mineralogy, 3)input water - matrix contact time and num-ber of cycle tests, and 4) site-specific hydro-geology (e.g., pore/conduit geometry,dynamic pathways). In addition to U beingmobile, U activity ratios are useful towardunderstanding ground water evolution dur-ing ASR activities. Due to concerns regard-ing maximum contaminant levels, thedesign, construction and operation of ASRfacilities, including monitor well placementand monitoring schedules should take intoaccount the possibility of water-rock inter-action and mobilization of metals intorecovered waters.

Arthur, J.D., DeHan, R.D., Kincaid,T.R., and Bond, P., 2003, Education andoutreach efforts toward better managementand protection of Florida springs: Abstract,Florida Springs Conference: Natural Gems- Troubled Waters, February 5 - 7, 2003,Gainesville, FL, p. 1.

The Florida Legislature authorized theFlorida Department of Environmental


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Protection (FDEP) - Florida GeologicalSurvey (FGS), in Fiscal Year 2001/2002, toenhance the new FGS HydrogeologyProgram with funds from the Water QualityAssurance Act trust fund. These funds arelargely applied to hydrogeologic researchactivities through "outsourcing" to universi-ties and the private sector. Needs identifiedby FDEP programs stressed that animproved understanding of the interactionbetween ground and surface water, espe-cially in Florida's unique karstic geologysetting, would be valuable toward water-shed resource protection and management.As such, most of the scientific research andeducation/outreach activities funded by theHydrogeology Program focus on springs andrelated karst systems. Outreach and educa-tion activities are summarized below.Descriptions of scientific research coordi-nated by the program are on-line at:http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/pro-gramssections/hydrogeology.htm.

1) Establishment of a Florida karst data-base: An Internet-accessible database isbeing developed to provide access to loca-tions, depths and dimensions of Floridacaves. This data is essential for accuratedelineation of watershed or springshedboundaries, and is important regardingground-water flow modeling efforts in karstaquifers. Upon completion of this applica-tion, qualified users will be able to input,store and retrieve karst-related data. Theweb-site also provides educational informa-tion about Florida karst geology.

2) Construction of educational models andexhibits: Karst and hydrogeologic-cycle con-cepts are presented in a series of postersand a short video within the framework of a"traveling kiosk." This display is intendedto be a resource for middle and high schoolstudents, their teachers and the generalpublic to help them become aware of issuesassociated with living in, managing andprotecting ecosystems dominated by karstgeology.

3) A Workshop titled "Blueprints for themanagement and protection of Florida'ssprings:" This two-day workshop, held inMay of 2002 in Ocala, was framed aroundthree invited panels of experts and a plena-ry session. The workshop focused on boththe science and policies of managing andprotecting springs. The findings and recom-mendations of the panels, including signifi-cant input from workshop participants,have been published as "workshop proceed-ings" in a CD ROM format that is availableto the public. To obtain a copy, contact theFGS, or visit our website at the Internetaddress listed above.

4) Springshed posters: Two posters pertain-ing to springsheds are being prepared bythe FGS: 1) In response to a request by OneThousand Friends of Florida, the FGSrecently prepared a graphic illustratingvarious factors involved in springshed basinplanning. This graphic will be expanded asan educational poster relating land use tounderlying karst geology. 2) In accordancewith ideas stemming from the Springsworkshop in Ocala (see #3 above), the FGSis leading a multi-agency effort to compileexisting knowledge of springshed bound-aries. This preliminary information will bethe central focus of a poster designed toinform decision makers and citizens aboutthe location and significance of these areasthat are highly vulnerable to ground-watercontamination. For more information,please see the abstract presented at thisconference by Tom Greenhalgh,FDEP/FGS).

5) "Florida MAPS:" This is a developing cur-riculum project centered on hands-on use ofsatellite and airborne imagery, aerial pho-tography, topographic maps, and other spe-cial-purpose cartographic products.Classroom activities will focus on Floridahydrogeology and will allow middle- andhigh-school students to visualize naturalprocesses and relate them to other disci-plines (e.g., mathematics and history).


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Student and teacher manuals contain site-specific background information (e.g.,Woodville Karst Plain) and sets of hands-on' and 'minds-on' interdisciplinary activi-ties keyed to the national and state sciencestandards.

Baker, A., Cichon, J., Arthur, J., andWood, H.A.R., III, 2003, Florida aquifervulnerability assessment model, a step bystep approach to predicting aquifer vulner-ability at the springshed level usingweights of evidence: Abstract, FloridaSprings Conference: Natural Gems -Troubled Waters, February 5 - 7, 2003,Gainesville, FL, p. 2.

Water flowing from Florida's springsoriginates from within the Floridan aquifersystem. Water quality degradation can beattributed to land-use activities occurringwithin a spring's catchment area or "spring-shed". The Florida Aquifer VulnerabilityAssessment (FAVA) involves the develop-ment of a GIS model to estimate the rela-tive vulnerability of Florida's aquifer sys-tems. Model development is currently in thepreliminary stages and consists of fivecountywide projects (four of which appearin this poster). Weights of Evidence quanti-fies relationships between spatial layerswith measured contaminant occurrences inorder to assess a hypothesis. Using thesecalculated relationships, interactions can beanalyzed to yield a data-driven predictivemodel or relative probability map. Themodel currently involves utilization of thefollowing spatial layers: thickness of confin-ing unit, soil drainage, and spatial distribu-tion of karst features.

The model is designed to be easy toupdate as well as scaleable, therebyenabling evaluation of individual spring-sheds. The model will also allow for theincorporation of additional data layersincluding karst features (e.g., hole type,sinks, conduits, etc.), detailed potentiometricsurface maps and lineament features.

Further, land use and nutrient loadingcould be added as inputs to produce a sus-ceptibility model.

Balsillie, J. H., Dunbar, J.D., Means,G.H., and Means, R.C., 2003,Stratigraphic integrity of the Middle Paleo-indian Ryan-Harley Site (8Je1004):abstract, Florida Anthropological Society55th Annual Meeting, Florida UnderwaterArchaeology Conference 3rd AnnualMeeting, Abstract Volume, 15p.

Based on the seriation and chronologi-cal placement of Suwannee points and acorrelation to a regional event stratigraphy,the Ryan-Harley site is relatively placedfrom 10,900 14C BP to ~10,500 14C BP. TheSuwannee point level was determined to beintact under the river bank and was active-ly eroding in the Wacissa River channel.Distribution and taphonomic analysis ofspecimens from the Suwannee point levelsuggest the assemblage, including the fau-nal remains, represents an undisturbedsite. Geologic granulometric analysis ofclastic sediments and other evidence indi-cates the Suwannee point level of the Ryan-Harley site is intact with little or no post-depositional reworking.

Bond, P.A., 2003, A picture of spring pro-tection-posters in education and outreach:Abstract, Geological Society of AmericaAnnual Meeting, Seattle, WA, Abstractswith Program, v. 34, no. 7, p. 19.

Florida's springs are a treasured part ofthe state's environmental heritage. Thestate's population growth (estimated at4,000 to 6,000 new permanent residents perweek) and overwhelming use of groundwater (about 93% of the population dependson it) are coupled with the innate vulnera-bility of its hydrogeologic setting. In sup-port of an innovative spring protection cam-paign initiated by the Florida Departmentof Environmental Protection, the FloridaGeological Survey (FGS) has published two


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posters that illustrate different aspects ofspring protection and ground-waterresources in a karst environment.

The FGS uses illustration as a visualbridge between hydrogeology and varioushuman activities that impact waterresources in Florida's karst terrain. Floridais characterized by low topographic relief sothat even common features such as layeredrocks and fractures are rarely observed bylay people. Sinkholes often contain slumpmaterial obscuring their relationship torock layers and the ground-water resourcesthey contain. The surficial expression of aspring is shown both in its hydrogeologic(cross-section view) and environmental con-text (plan view). This juxtaposition ofhydrogeologic and environmental/culturalinformation provides Floridians of all ageswith an understanding of ways in whichtheir actions impact springs.

Posters are an important part of theeducation and outreach effort at the FGS.They are used successfully as part of pre-sentations to groups of all ages and are eas-ily used in unconventional venues. A shorttext with references allows stand-alone usein class rooms, state parks and municipaland state offices. Digital versions of theillustrations are regularly incorporated intotalks allowing the presenter maximum flex-ibility in commentary. Visually appealingposters that convey clear, positive, andaccessible information are a cost-effectivemeans of reaching diverse audiences.

Bond, P.A., 2004, A picture of spring pro-tection-posters in education and outreach:Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of theGeoscience Information Society, v. 34, 5 p.

Florida's springs are a cultural andenvironmental treasure. The motivation toprotect them is widespread. Two postershave been produced at the FloridaGeological Survey as part of a spring protec-tion effort led by the Department of

Environmental Protection. Both postershave as their focus a large color illustrationof a Florida landscape with a cross-sectionview of the hydrogeology that is associatedwith the landscape. A spring is a prominentfeature of both the landscape and the cross-section. This format was chosen so that therelationship of surface water to groundwater and the subsurface movement ofground water could be illustrated.Illustration is used in an attempt to over-come the difficulty that non-geoscientistsexperience in conceptualizing subsurfacerock layers and the ground-water resourcesthey contain. Protecting Florida's Springspresents fundamental elements of thehydrogeology of springs. Land Use andSpring Protection emphasizes a distributionof land use activities that planners expectwill provide maximum protection for thespring and was based on the technical illus-tration, Overlay Protection District.Because of their versatility and popularappeal posters remain a valuable part ofeducation and outreach efforts at theFlorida Geological Survey.

Cichon, J. R., Arthur, J. D., and Baker,A. E., 2003, An application of the Floridaaquifer vulnerability assessment model tospringshed protection: Abstract, FloridaSprings Conference: Natural Gems -Troubled Waters, February 5 - 7, 2003,Gainesville, FL, p. 8.

The quality of water flowing fromFlorida's springs is directly related to thedynamic interaction between land use,recharge and the hydrogeology of a particu-lar spring catchment area, or "springshed."As defined in the Workshop to Develop BluePrints for the Management and Protectionof Florida's Springs held in Ocala in May,2002, a springshed is "those areas withinground-water and surface-water basinsthat contribute to the discharge of thespring."

Land use within a springshed can have


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an impact on water quality flowing from thespring system. Due to variable hydrogeolog-ic settings within the springshed, waterquality changes due to land use practicesmay be observed weeks to decades after theapplication of the contaminant. As such, itis important to identify relative aquifer vul-nerability within a springshed to limit theimpacts on water quality in the spring sys-tem. Best Management Practices designedto improve and protect the quality of groundwater (including springs) are enhancedwhen this science-based knowledge is con-sidered.

The Florida Geological Survey is cur-rently developing a GIS model to estimatethe relative vulnerability of Florida'saquifer systems: the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment (FAVA). Modeldevelopment is currently in the preliminarystages consisting of five countywide proj-ects. The overall intent of FAVA is thedevelopment of a tool for environmental,regulatory and planning professionals tofacilitate the protection of Florida's ground-water resources. FAVA differs from theEnvironmental Protection Agency DRAS-TIC model in that the newer technique isGIS-based and accounts for Florida'skarstic terrain. Current methods employedin FAVA model development includeWeights of Evidence, Fuzzy Logic and aTravel Time method. Of these geostatisticalmethods, Weights of Evidence holds themost promise. Weights of Evidence quanti-fies relationships between spatial layerswith actual contaminant occurrences inorder to assess a hypothesis. Using thesecalculated relationships, interactions can beanalyzed to yield a data-driven predictivemodel. The model currently utilizes the fol-lowing spatial data layers (evidentialthemes): thickness of confining unit, depthto water, soil drainage, and the percentageof an area covered by karst features.

Although the FAVA model will be pro-duced as a statewide model, it is scalable for

application within study areas of varyingsizes, such as a springshed. The resolutionof evidential themes is dependent upon thequantity and accuracy of data collected.Data collection can be designed to yield amore highly resolved vulnerability model,especially for local-scale needs. Moreover,due to flexibility of the FAVA design, evi-dential themes specifically relevant to localkarst terrains (e.g., conduits, lineaments,etc.) can be added to the model to signifi-cantly enhance its application as a predic-tive tool on the scale of a springshed.

Cichon, J.R., Arthur, J., Baker, A., andWood, H.A.R., 2003, Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment: Abstract, 67thAnnual Meeting, Florida Academy ofSciences, Orlando, FL, Florida Scientist, v.66, supplement 1, p. 54.

The Florida Geological Survey is cur-rently developing a model to estimate therelative vulnerability of Florida’s aquifersystems: the Florida Aquifer VulnerabilityAssessment (FAVA). Model development iscurrently in the preliminary stages consist-ing of five county wide projects. The overallintent of FAVA is the development of a toolfor environmental, regulatory and planningprofessionals to facilitate protection ofFlorida’s ground-water resources. Weightsof Evidence, the current method employedin the FAVA model, quantifies relation-ships between spatial layers with actualcontaminant occurrences in order to assessa hypothesis. The model currently utilizesthe following spatial layers (evidentialthemes): thickness of confining unit, solddrainage, and spatial distribution of karstfeatures.

Cichon, J.R.., Baker, A.E., Arthur, J.D.,and Wood, H.A.R., 2003, Florida aquifervulnerability assessment (FAVA) utilizinggeologic mapping data to predict aquifervulnerability: Abstract, Geological Societyof America Abstracts with Program, v. 34,no. 7, p. 65.


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The relative vulnerability of an aquiferto contamination is dependent upon thethickness and composition of sedimentsoverlying it and the rate at which contami-nants travel through these sediments. Topredict the vulnerability of Florida’s majoraquifer systems to contamination theFlorida Geological Survey is currentlydeveloping the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment (FAVA) model.FAVA differs from the EnvironmentalProtection Agency’s DRASTIC model inthat the newer technique is GIS based andaccounts for Florida’s karst terrain.Current methods employed in FAVA modeldevelopment include Weights of Evidence,Fuzzy Logic and Travel Time. Of thesemethods, Weights of Evidence best utilizesnew and available data sets to predict rela-tive vulnerability since it is statistically val-idated on the front end, easily updateable,uncertainties can be calculated and themodel avoids preconceptions.

Weights of Evidence quantifies rela-tionships between spatial layers with actu-al contaminant occurrences in order toassess a hypothesis. Contaminant sourcedata (i.e., training points) is obtained fromthe Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection’s Background Water QualityNetwork of wells. Spatial layers (i.e., evi-dential themes) consist of existing andnewly developed GIS data and includedepth to water, soil drainage, distance tokarst features, thickness of confinementand vertical leakage rates. Different eviden-tial themes are utilized based on the aquiferbeing modeled. The evidential themesincluded in the Floridan Aquifer System(FAS) model, for example, are thickness ofconfining unit, distance to karst featuresand soil drainage. To aid in the creation ofthese themes, data collected during geolog-ic mapping projects (e.g., cores, well cut-tings, and wireline logs) are utilized. By cal-culating the statistical significance betweentraining points and evidential themes,interactions can be analyzed to yield a data-

driven predictive model. The output is agrid-based probability map that can be usedby environmental, regulatory and planningprofessionals to facilitate the protection ofFlorida’s ground-water resources.

Cichon, J.R., Wood, H.A.R., Baker, A.E.,and Arthur, J.A., 2004, Application of geo-logic mapping and geographic informationsystems to delineate sensitive karst areasfor land-use decisions: American GeologicalInstitute website, http://www.agiweb.org/environment/pub-lications/mapping/graphics/florida.pdf,2004.

The Floridan Aquifer System (FAS), athick sequence of tertiary carbonates, is amajor fresh water resource in the Floridapanhandle. Overburden comprised ofSurficial Aquifer System and/orIntermediate Aquifer System sedimentsmay act to protect the FAS from potentialcontamination sources where it is present.This overburden can be several hundredfeet thick where it provides variable con-finement for the FAS, or it can be thin toabsent in areas where carbonate units com-prising the FAS are exposed at or near landsurface. In areas where the overburden isthin to absent, the potential for karst ter-rain development such as sinkholes and col-lapse features is increased. Karst terrainprovides preferential flow paths for surfacewater to enter the underlying aquifer sys-tem, and therefore places them at a greaterrisk of contamination from the surface.

To develop the sensitive karst areas(SKA) boundary the FGS utilized aGeographic Information System incorporat-ing spatial data layers such as the stategeologic map, land surface topography andoverburden thickness maps. Land surfacetopography is comprised of the DigitalElevation Model (DEM) developed for theFAVA project. The DEM was created bydigitizing U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000scale Quadrangle maps, converting these


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arcs to a Triangular Irregular Network andthen into a 30 X 30 meter GRID. The DEMGRID along with a GRID of the top of theFloridan Aquifer System, acquired from theNWFWMD, was used to develop a FASoverburden GRID. This was accomplishedby subtracting the FAS overburden fromthe DEM. Areas of less then 100 feet ofFAS overburden were then identified andoverlain on areas affected by karst topogra-phy in the NWFWMD. Based on the combi-nation of these two maps the SKA limitswere identified for the NWFWMD.

This methodology was created for theFlorida Department of EnvironmentalProtection, Division of Water ResourceManagement and was inserted in the FDEPEnvironmental Resource PermitApplicant's Handbook - Volume II,Engineering Requirements for StormwaterTreatment and Management Systems -Water Quality and Water Quantity. Thedelineated SKA maps are used when sight-ing proposed stormwater holding ponds andestablishes additional design criteria forthese structures including minimum thick-ness of sediment between the surface andlimestone, total depth of holding pond, veg-etation requirements, sediment traps, lin-ers and potentially ground-water modeling.For more information on this project pleaserefer to the American Geological Institutewebsite: http://www.agiweb.org/environment/pub-lications/mapping/graphics/florida.pdf

Copeland, R. E., 2003, Development of aspring glossary and classification systemfor use in Florida: Abstract, Florida SpringsConference: Natural Gems - TroubledWaters, February 5 - 7, 2003, Gainesville,FL, p. 9.

In May of 2002, the Florida GeologicalSurvey and the Hydrogeology Consortiumco-sponsored a workshop to "Develop BluePrints for Managing and ProtectingFlorida's Springs." The workshop was inter-

active and the attendees were asked to par-ticipate in the discussions. Many did andthey expressed the belief that if the state isto efficiently protect its springs, then a firmunderstanding of Florida's springs is criti-cal. If we are to understand our springs,then our knowledge begins with a definitionof terms. With this in mind, participants atthe meeting requested that the FloridaGeological Survey (FGS) take the lead indeveloping a glossary of terms to be used byboth the scientific community and the pub-lic of the state with regard to springs.

As a response to the workshop, theSpring Nomenclature Committee wasestablished. In addition to the FGS and theHydrogeology Consortium, the committeeconsists of representatives from the FloridaDepartment of Environmental Protection,the state's Water Management Districts,the United States Geological Survey, thestate university system, the hydrogeologicalconsulting industry of the state, and thepublic.

The goal of the committee was to defineterms commonly used in Florida regardingsprings. The glossary consists of the mostcommonly used spring terms, along withtheir synonyms. Whenever possible, termi-nology was taken from professional diction-aries and glossaries.

During the development stage of theglossary, it became apparent that a springclassification system should also be devel-oped. A spring classification system can actas a model that enables one to envision therelationship of one spring to the otherswithin the state. In effect, a classificationsystem assists us in better understandingour springs. For this reason, the committeedecided that a spring glossary and classifi-cation system go hand-in-hand. They took itupon themselves to develop a spring classi-fication system in addition to the glossary.As it turns out, all of Florida's springs canbe grouped into only a handful of different


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classes. This was fortunate in that it great-ly reduces the complexity in the way wethink of our springs.

Copeland, R.E., and Upchurch, S.B.,2003, Use of indices in evaluating Florida'sground-water quality: Abstract, FinalProgram (with abstracts), 19th AnnualEnvironmental Monitoring Conference,Arlington, VA., p. 158.

In the late 1990s, Florida re-designedits statewide surface- and ground-waterquality monitoring networks, and based thedesign on random sampling. There was adesire to develop water quality indices thatindicate, in defendable but simplistic terms,the overall quality of water in: (1) an indi-vidual sample and (2) over an entire basin.The Ground-Water Quality Index is basedon whether one or more sampled analytesexceeds a Guidance Concentration Level(GCL) in a sample. Each GCL is based onknown or suspected human health hazards.The logic is that if only one such chemicalexceeds its GCL, then the water cannotfully support its designated use. Forground water the designated use is drink-ing water. The Basin Resource Index isbased on the proportion of ground-watersamples from an area that have at least oneanalyte that exceeds a GCL. The redesignednetwork commenced operations in 2000 andduring the first year it sampled approximate-ly 25% of the state. It was found that 89% (±4%) of the wells in the sampled portion ofFlorida meet standards. For the first time,Florida has a key indicator that can be used toestimate the overall quality of its groundwater with known confidence.

Copeland, R.E., 2003, Assessment of longterm trends (decades) in Florida springwater quality: Abstract, Program Issue,Florida Academy of Sciences, 67th AnnualMeeting, Orlando, FL., Florida Scientist, v.66, Supplement 1, p. 51.

Copeland, R.E., 2003, Assessment of longterm trends (decades) in Florida spring

water quality: Abstract, Florida SpringsConference: Natural Gems - TroubledWaters, February 5 - 7, 2003, Gainesville,FL, p. 10.

Florida has over 700 recognizedsprings. Unfortunately, chemicals pro-duced by man's land use activities thatenter aquifer systems through naturalrecharge processes can negatively impactthe quality of spring water. In addition,because of the high demand of groundwater, heavy pumping can potentially loweraquifer water levels. This can result in anegative impact on both the flow rate andthe water chemistry of springs. Thirteen,first-magnitude springs were sampled for17 common chemicals by governmentalagencies in 1948, the early 1970s, 1985, and2001. These fours sets of consistent datawere used for long term trend detection.Results indicate that between the early1970s and 2001, nitrate concentrationshave increased in 13 first-magnitudesprings almost 20-fold. The increase is tiedto land use activities in the vicinity of thesprings and is adversely affecting aquaticlife in several of the associated spring runs.Between 1985 and 2001, the total dissolvedsolids (TDS) have significantly increased.This could be related to the recent decreasein Florida's rainfall since the late 1990s,which has lowered ground-water levels anddischarge from springs. Evidence suggeststhat mineralized ground water, originatingfrom the deeper portion of Florida's aquifersand migrating upward due to excessiveground-water pumping, could be the reasonfor the increase in TDS. Currently, thistheory is being checked by analyzing waterquality data collected either quarterly orbimonthly from the states' water manage-ment districts since the 1980s.

Denizman, C., Kincaid, T., Arthur, J.,and DeHan, R., 2004, Karst Developmentin Florida: Spatial analyses based on sub-surface and surficial karst databases inGIS: Abstract, Geological Society of


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America Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, no.5, p. 134.

Most research on karst geomorphologyof Florida has been based on surficial karstfeatures primarily because cave data hasnot been easily accessible especially in digi-tal format. In order to provide a centralizedrepository for cave data in Florida, theFlorida Geological Survey - HydrogeologySection (FGS-HS) initiated the FloridaCave Database project in 2001. The purposeof the project is to compile and synthesizeall available maps and data for caves inFlorida into a centralized GIS-compatibledatabase.

To date, the Florida Cave Databaseincludes 31 of the largest underwater cavesin Florida that constitute more than 130kmof conduits. The cave files were digitizedfrom maps and survey data provided by theNational Speleological Society - CaveDiving Section and the Global UnderwaterExplorers - Woodville Karst Plain Project.Location, conduit trend, conduit dimension,water quality, flow direction, ownership,and land use include some of the data fieldsunderlying point and line based shapefilesfully documented by metadata. The waterquality component of the database will berendered compatible with the FloridaSprings database (also being developed bythe FGS-HS).

This paper explains the database struc-ture; shows the results of conduit trendanalyses; and presents the extent of subsur-face karst development in Florida by statis-tical summaries of morphometric data oncave passages such as length, width, anddepth. Comparing the cave distribution tothe previously prepared GIS database ofsome 25,000 sinkholes, this study alsoattempts to investigate the connectionbetween subsurface and surficial karstdevelopment. Further information aboutthe Florida Cave Database can be obtainedfrom www.hazlett-kincaid.com/FGS/.

Green, R.C., Evans, W.L. III, Bryan, J.,and Paul, D., 2004, Surficial and bedrockgeology of the eastern portion of theU.S.G.S. 1:100,000 scale MariannaQuadrangle, northwestern Florida:Abstract, Geological Society of America,Northeastern Section - SoutheasternSection Joint Meeting, Abstracts withPrograms, v. 36, no. 2, p. 61.

The near surface geology of the easternhalf of the U.S.G.S. 1:100,000 scaleMarianna Quadrangle, which was mappedby the Florida Geological Survey as part ofa two-year STATEMAP project, is composedof Eocene to Holocene carbonate and silici-clastic sediments. Within this area, geolog-ic processes include a combination of fluvio-deltaic and marine deposition, erosion,dolomitization, and karstification. Severalstructural, sedimentological, and geomor-phic variables are unique to the area andhave affected the near surface expressionand interpretation of the geology of theregion. Two important structural featuresare recognized: the Chattahoochee Arch – anortheast/southwest-trending high thatexposes Eocene and Oligocene carbonates,with younger strata thinning around thearch; and the ApalachicolaEmbayment/Gulf Trough - an elongatedbasin that widens southwestward, towardsthe Gulf of Mexico, and narrows to thenortheast into Georgia. Gulf water movedthrough this strait from the Middle Eocenethrough Oligocene, flowing across the east-ern panhandle of Florida, through southernGeorgia and to the Atlantic Ocean. Thisstructure crosses through the southeasternpart of the study area, and noticeably influ-enced sedimentation patterns in the region.

The Eocene to Miocene carbonate unitsexposed in the area have regional strati-graphic significance, and historically havebeen identified, correlated, and interpretedin many different ways. Some previousinvestigators relied heavily on fossils toestablish formations and correlate facies


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within this region, a practice which has ledto some lithostratigraphic confusion.Detailed mapping of the carbonate unitsallows for a better understanding of therelationships between cave development,karstification, ground-water quality, andregional geology in the area.

In the northeastern portion of the studyarea, where the siliciclastics thin and thecarbonates are near the surface, numerouskarst features, springs, and caves are pres-ent. These karst features often allow fordirect recharge of surface water to theFloridan Aquifer System. This infiltrationof surface water influences the ground-water quality of springs in the area as rec-ognized by increased nitrate concentrationsin the spring water.

Kincaid, T.R., Denizman, C., Arthur,J.D., and Hazlett, T., 2004, The FloridaCave Database: A GIS of underwater cavesfor hydrogeological characterizations:Abstract, Geological Society of AmericaAbstracts with Programs, v. 36, no. 2, p. 85.

Caves are one of the most hydrological-ly important but least understood and docu-mented physical features in the Floridanaquifer. Though there are currently morethan 50 mapped underwater caves inFlorida and perhaps as many as 4000 abovewater caves in Florida that have either beenmapped or located, these features are rarelyincluded in hydrogeological investigations.The primary limiting factor has is access,particularly in Florida where many caves,and all of the longest caves, are fully satu-rated (underwater). Though very few pro-fessional hydrogeologists have actuallybeen in an underwater cave in Florida,explorers have traditionally surveyed thetrends and dimensions of the cave passagesthey explore and those maps now representthe most significant and extensive record ofFlorida's underwater caves available to theprofessional hydrogeologist.

As with direct observation of the under-water cave environment, the problem withusing the maps has been access, becausethe maps do not reside in a centralized loca-tion nor are they typically in a suitable for-mat for inclusion in a hydrogeologic investi-gation. The Florida Cave Database projectwas initiated by the Florida GeologicalSurvey Hydrogeology Program (FGS-HP) tocompile and synthesize all available cavemaps and cave location data into a central-ized GIS compatible database. Ultimately,the purpose is to make cave maps moreaccessible to professional hydrogeologicalinvestigations, and to encourage their usein such endeavors.

To date, the Florida Cave Databaseincludes 26 of the largest underwater cavesin Florida digitized from maps and surveydata provided by the National SpeleologicalSociety - Cave Diving Section and theGlobal Underwater Explorers - WoodvilleKarst Plain Project. Location, conduittrend, conduit dimension, water quality,flow direction, ownership, and land useinclude some of the data fields underlyingpoint and line based shapefiles fully docu-mented by metadata. The water qualitycomponent of the database will be renderedcompatible with the Florida Springs data-base (also being developed by the FGS-HP).Though specific access issues remain to beaddressed, all of the shapefiles are intendedto be made available to hydrogeologists viathe WWW. Further information on theFlorida Cave Database is available at:www.hazlett-kincaid.com/FGS/cave-db/.

Kincaid, T.R., Schmidt, W., Cook, S.A.,Loper, D., Davies, G.J., and McKinlay,C., 2004, Collaborating for a better tomor-row: research and community outreachaimed at protecting Wakulla Spring:Abstract, Geological Society of AmericaAnnual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs,v. 36, no. 5, p. 421.

Florida's Wakulla Spring is a unique


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natural and cultural resource. It is thelargest single-vent spring in Florida, andperhaps the world. The 37 m deep 60+ mwide spring vent regularly discharges morethan 15 m3/s of water per day and at timesexceeds 90 m3/s. Cave divers have exploredmore than 16 km of underwater cave pas-sages that connect to the spring and aver-age 10-80 m in diameter. The spring is thecenter piece for Edward Ball WakullaSprings State Park, which is regarded asthe "Crown Jewel" of the Florida State Parksystem. Every year nearly 200,000 peoplevisit the park to take glass bottom boattours, observe alligators, birds, and fish intheir natural setting, or simply swim in thecrystal clear spring water.

Unfortunately, Wakulla Spring isthreatened from increased surface-waterrunoff and nitrate contamination. Hydrillaverticillata and species of algae have nearlytaken over the spring basin and the waterclarity has diminished to the point wherethe glass bottom boats cannot run formonths to years on end. Spring protectionin Florida has received considerable atten-tion in recent years, where numerousgroups attack the problem from variousangles. The problems at Wakulla have ledto an exciting collaboration between stateagencies, non-governmental organizations,and private companies aimed at arrestingthe declines in quality, and protecting thespring for future generations.

The Hydrogeology Consortium, FloridaGeological Survey, Global UnderwaterExplorers - Woodville Karst Plain Project,Wakulla Springs State Park, Florida StateUniversity, Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc.,Cambrian Ground Water Co., and othershave joined forces to conduct focusedresearch to determine the causes for springdegradation, identify possible solutions anddisseminate the resulting data and knowl-edge to the public and the key decision mak-ers. The results to date have been ground-breaking accomplishments in instrument-

ing and characterizing the karst watershed,expanding community involvement, andincreasing political awareness that land-use decisions can have a real and nearlyimmediate impact on spring-water quality.The purpose of this talk is to demonstratehow the key component of these successeshas been the collaborative nature of theendeavors.

McClean, J.A.R., DeHan, R.S., andDonoghue, J.F., 2003, Investigation of thefeasibility of remote sensing technologies inlocating submarine springs: Abstract,Florida Springs Conference: Natural Gems- Troubled Waters, February 5 - 7, 2003,Gainesville, FL, p. 33.

This project evaluated the suitability ofaerial thermography and boat-towed elec-tric resistivity as remote sensing methodsto identify submarine ground-water dis-charge in the Gulf of Mexico. A more gener-al objective of the study was to develop reli-able and cost effective methods of quantify-ing interaction between ground water andsurface water in karst settings. Such dataare necessary for the development of ana-lytical and numerical models capable of pre-dicting and quantifying ground water andwater-borne contaminants movement andfate in Florida's watersheds.

Aerial thermography relies upon theability to detect variations in emitted sur-face temperature between ground waterand surface water. The option exists forspace based sensor platforms or airborneunits to collect thermography data, with atrade off between ground resolution andcost of data acquisition. Both space basedand aerial data collection methods wereunder evaluation in this study. Boat towedelectric resistivity generates a graph of spe-cific conductance as a function of salinity orthe presence of electrically conductive con-taminants throughout the water columnand bottom sediments by modellingobserved resistance between antennae


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pairs. This method therefore has the abilityto identify the presence of fresh groundwater in shallow submarine sediments, orcontaminates in fresh surface waters, fromequipment towed at the water's surface.The equipment configuration under investi-gation has a theoretical maximum sensingrange of 20 meters below the surface of thewater under ideal conditions. Such condi-tions include sediments low in clay minerals,which attenuate or absorb the induced elec-trical signal, thereby reducing sediment pen-etration.

During 2001, FGS personnel conducteda study to identify thermal anomalies in thenorthern Gulf of Mexico using Landsat 7,Band 6 thermal imagery having 60-meterground resolution and two degree Celsiusradiometric resolution (McClean 2002, inpress). A basic assumption of this study isthat ground water typically discharging at aconstant 20 degrees Celsius will bedetectable as warmer water mixing withthe ambient cold water of the Gulf of Mexicoin winter. During the period of data collec-tion, surface temperatures in the Gulf ofMexico ranged from 11 degrees along thecoast to 17 degrees further offshore. Theinverse situation occurs during summermonths when ground-water dischargeshould appear as colder water mixing withthe warmer Gulf waters, which can reach ashigh as 28-30 degrees Celsius during Julyand August.

Results of this preliminary investiga-tion, in conjunction with locations of off-shore springs and limestone outcrops asreported by local divers and fishermen,were compiled into database format andanalyzed using Arc View GeographicInformation System software. This GISstudy enabled the establishment of studyareas identified as having a high probabili-ty of submarine springs. FGS contractedSenSyTech, Inc. Imaging Group to collecthigh-resolution thermal imagery (1-4 meterground pixel size with 0.2 degree Celsius

resolution) over eleven test sites duringMay 2002. In addition, Zonge EngineeringResearch Organization Inc. conducted boat-towed electric resistivity surveys at ninesites during June 2002. Five of these sur-veys were along transects for which ther-mography data was also collected. Thispaper summarizes areas of submarineground-water discharge identified by theseremote sensing methods and preliminaryresults of ground truth evaluation. Groundtruth verification methods include waterquality analysis, seismic profiling, Doppleracoustic discharge measurements, depthsounding and sidescan sonar to map sub-merged karst features typically associatedwith ground-water discharge. Sidescansonar data collection occurred in tandemwith the towed resistivity surveys, as wellas continuously recorded water depths andsurface temperatures linked to GPS posi-tions within four meters horizontal accura-cy. Additional in situ water quality sam-ples, taken in conjunction with follow upseismic surveys, can augment these geo-physical methods to identify ground-waterdischarge based upon temperature, pH andsalinity values both at the surface and atdepth. The results of these ground truthinvestigations as presented in this paperwill determine the feasibility and level ofsuccess achieved by the remote sensingmethods described above. TheHydrogeology Program established at FGSby the Florida Legislature provided pri-mary funding for this investigation.

Means, G.H., and Scott, T.M., 2003,Status of the Florida Geological SurveyBulletin 31 update: Abstract, FloridaSprings Conference: Natural Gems -Troubled Waters, February 5 - 7, 2003,Gainesville, FL, p. 34.

The Florida Geological Survey (FGS)published Bulletin 31, The Springs ofFlorida in 1947, which was the first compre-hensive report ever produced on Florida'ssprings. This volume contains water chem-


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istry data, flow measurements, map loca-tions, and other pertinent information on 76major springs along with some informationon other springs. The Bulletin was updatedin 1977, and many newly discovered springswere added to it. In 2001, the FloridaLegislature passed the Florida SpringsInitiative in response to recommendationsmade by the Florida Springs Task Force.This initiative authorized funding to theDepartment of Environmental Protectionfor springs related projects.

The Florida Geological Survey receivedfunding in 2001 from the Florida SpringsInitiative to make a second revision toBulletin 31. Within four months of funding,the FGS had sampled and compiled data onthe 33 first magnitude springs of Florida.These data were published in FGS OpenFile Report 85, First Magnitude Springs ofFlorida, in January, 2002. Currently, sur-vey staff are sampling water quality andgathering data on second magnitudesprings. A similar Open File Report will bepublished on selected second magnitudesprings, and by July of 2004, a completerevision to Bulletin 31 will be published.

Means, G.H., Copeland, R., and Scott,T.M., 2003, Nitrate trends in selected sec-ond magnitude springs of Florida: Abstract,Geological Society of America South-Central and Southeastern SectionsMeeting, v. 35, no. 1, p. 50.

Florida's more than 700 springs arenatural treasures which provide recreationand enjoyment to millions of people eachyear. Over the past 55 years, the FGS hasperiodically sampled and analyzed waterfrom selected springs across the state. Aspart of the Florida Springs Initiative, theFGS has recently sampled spring waterfrom Florida's 33 first magnitude springsand published the newly acquired data incomparison to historic data in order to doc-ument changes in water quality over time.The FGS documented increasing trends in

nitrate levels in the first magnitude springswhen compared to historic nitrate levels.

Following the sampling effort of thefirst magnitude springs, the FGS sampledselected second magnitude springs. Datafrom second magnitude springs were ana-lyzed using the Mann-Kendall and theWilcoxon Signed-Ranks tests. Both testsare nonparametric. The first was used tocheck for a monotonic trend over time fornitrate from an individual spring. The sec-ond was used to compare nitrate data fromall sampled second magnitude springs dur-ing any time step (e.g. 2002) to a previousstep (e.g. 1985). As with the first-magni-tude springs, nitrate trends similar to thoseseen in the first magnitude springs wereobserved.

The documenting of increasing nitratelevels in Florida's springs by the FGS, andother state and federal agencies hasprompted research efforts aimed at pin-pointing nitrate sources. The FloridaPrimary Drinking Water standard fornitrate is currently 10 mg/l. However, con-centrations of as little as 1 mg/l of nitratehave caused significant alteration in theecology of some springs and spring runs.Currently, the Florida Springs Initiative isfunding further research into nitrate trendsand sources and is working to develop bestmanagement practices for springsheds thathave been impacted by elevated nitrates.

Means, G. H., Means, R., Balsillie, J. H.,and Dunbar, J., 2003, Geoarchaeologicalconsideration of the Ryan-Harley site (8JE-1004) in the Wacissa River, northernFlorida: Abstract, Geological Society ofAmerica Annual Meeting, Abstracts withPrograms, v. 34, no. 7, p. 35.

The inundated Ryan-Harley site (8Je-1004) is located in a swamp forest dissectedby channels of the spring-fed Wacissa Riverin northern Florida. The Ryan-Harley siteis thought to represent an undisturbed


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Middle Paleoindian Suwannee point site(~10,900 14C BP to ~10,500 14C BP)(Anderson et al., 1996, Goodyear, 1999,Dunbar, 2002). The site consists of sandy tosilty organic rich, unconsolidated sedimentsoverlying the Oligocene SuwanneeLimestone. Distribution and taphonomicanalyses of the artifacts and vertebrate fau-nal remains recovered from the Suwanneepoint horizon suggests the artifact assem-blage and the faunal remains represent anarchaeological site component that hasremained relatively intact since its time ofdeposition. Additional conformation of siteintegrity beyond the artifact suite is alsonecessary. To accomplish this, granulomet-ric analyses of unconsolidated sedimentsamples were performed. Samples were col-lected from the artifact-bearing horizon andfrom horizons immediately above andbelow. Arithmetic probability plots of grain-size distributions suggest that most but not

all of the sandy sediments were originallytransported and deposited as point bars byfluvial processes. Evidence presented showsthat the artifact assemblage, fossil verte-brates, and fine grain fraction eolian sandrecovered from the Suwannee point horizonwere deposited after the deposition of thepoint bar during a subaerial event. TheSuwannee point horizon then became inun-dated and buried. The granulometric analy-ses as well as other lines of evidence indi-cate the Suwannee point horizon at theRyan-Harley site is essentially intact withlittle or no post-depositional reworking.

Pichler, T., Arthur, J., Price R., andJones, G., 2004, The arsenic problem dur-ing Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR):Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68,Issue 11, Supplement 1, p. 520.

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is


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Rock Springs, Orange County, Florida (photo by Tom Scott).

the process of artificially recharging andstoring treated surface water in a confinedaquifer, then recovering that water at atime of need, such as during a drought ordry season. Some concerns exist regardingwidespread utilization of ASR in Floridadue in part to the discovery that somerecovered water samples from the upperFloridan Aquifer System (SuwanneeLimestone) in southwestern Florida containmore than 100 ppb arsenic, while the inject-ed water is virtually arsenic free. To inves-tigate this problem we carried out adetailed mineralogical and chemical studyof regional groundwater and aquifer matrix.

Our study shows that groundwater inthe region is virtually arsenic-free (<0.5µg/L) and oxygen depleted. The averagearsenic concentration for 306 samples of theaquifer matrix is 3.5 ppm, which is higherthan the global average for limestone of 2.6ppm. Maximum arsenic concentrations forlimestone samples range up to 54 ppm. Ourcombined geochemical, lithologic and min-eralogical study of the SuwanneeLimestone shows that: (1) The arsenic inthe Suwannee limestone is primarily con-centrated in trace minerals, particularlyframboidal pyrite. (2) Framboidal pyritecontains arsenic at concentrations in excessof 1000 ppm, (3) Other trace minerals andorganic material contain arsenic in muchlower amounts when compared to fram-boidal pyrite. (4) Framboidal pyrite is ubiq-uitous throughout the SuwanneeLimestone, but is most abundant in highporosity zones. (5) Previously suggestediron oxyhydroxide minerals are apparentlynot an important source of arsenic.

The breakdown of pyrite and mobiliza-tion of arsenic during ASR could be causedby a change in redox. In most Florida ASRoperations, water rich in dissolved oxygen(DO) is introduced into the storage zone.Thus, the injection of oxygen-depleted

water could be an alternative to the currentpractice in order to mitigate potentialarsenic mobilization.

With respect to the world-wide opera-tion of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR)facilities that intend to store water in low-DO limestone aquifer systems, it is impor-tant to carry out a detailedmineralogical/chemical investigation of theaquifer matrix prior to construction andoperation. If arsenian pyrite is present, theinjection of oxygen-rich water will mostlikely cause a release of arsenic.

Portell, R. W., Means, G.H., and Scott,T.M., 2003, Exceptional preservation andconcentration of whole body Ranilia(Decapoda: Raninidae) in the PlioceneIntracoastal Formation of Florida: Abstract,Geological Society of America South-Central and Southeastern SectionsMeeting, v. 35, no. 1, p. 50.

In Liberty County, Florida over 500,nearly complete to complete, carapaces of anew species of Ranilia, were collected fromthe Pliocene Intracoastal Formation. Thelow degree of disarticulation of the crabsindicates that they were buried rapidly,most likely during a severe storm event(s).At least six other decapod genera occur inassociation with Ranilia but all were muchless abundant (and still await study). TheIntracoastal Formation, first described byP. Huddlestun in 1976, is primarily a sub-surface unit, occasionally cropping outalong streams and riverbanks from west-ern-most Okaloosa County eastward tosouthwestern Wakulla County. However,recent excavations in Liberty Countyexposed nearly 5 m of Intracoastal section;the upper 3 m dominated by Ranilia fossils.

The crab-bearing unit is slightly phos-phatic, loosely cemented, carbonate sand,


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easily removed by precipitation and runoff.At several locations in the quarry, Raniliacarapace density averaged six per m2.Given that the quarry is approximately 0.3km2 and that the Ranilia fossils occurthroughout the quarry wherever theIntracoastal Formation is exposed, roughestimates indicate that many thousands ofRanilia may have been present prior tomining.

Previous reports of Florida Pliocenecrabs are limited to Petrochirus bouvieriRathbun 1918, Menippe nodifrons Stimpson1859, and Parthenope charlottensisRathbun 1935, and were based solely onchelae and fingers. The only FloridaPliocene whole-body crab was Petrolisthesmyakkensis, described by Bishop andPortell in 1989, thus the total knownspecies diversity of Florida Pliocene crabsprior to this report was a meager four.

Rolland, V.L. and Bond, P.A., 2003, Thesearch for spiculate clays near aboriginalsites in the lower St. Johns River region,Florida: The Florida Anthropologist, v. 56,no. 2, p. 91-111.

The identification of St. Johns culturaloccupations is based largely on the presenceof ceramic vessels with pastes containingabundant quantities of sponge spicules.Spicules represent the bio-silicate remainsof freshwater sponges: ClassDemospongiae, Family Spongillidae. Whilemany thousands of spiculate St. Johnsshards have been recovered, no raw spicu-late-clay sources have been located thatcontain the quantity of spicules observedwithin St. Johns paste. The focus of ourstudy has been to explore this contradictionand to consider a possible alternativehypothesis that the presence of spicules inSt. Johns vessels reflects a cultural tradi-tion involving the purposeful addition ofspicules as a tempering agent. In otherwords, the assumption that the clay sourcestargeted by St. Johns potters naturally con-

tained abundant sponge spicules may beincorrect. In the following discussion, wedescribe Florida clay deposits, offer ethno-graphic and archaeological evidence fromthe Amazon basin and Africa that reveal along history of the use of sponges as temper,report the analysis of 136 well samples and45 shallow clay samples, and discuss thepossibility of spiculate mucky soils as asource of St. Johns paste.

Rupert, F., 2003, Fossils: a glimpse intoFlorida's underwater past: TallahasseeMuseum of Science Newsletter, July, 2003.

Florida has a rich fossil heritage, andour state's long association with the sea isevidenced in the abundant marine fossilsfound here. For much of the past 200 mil-lion years, Florida was under water.Through the reign of the dinosaurs and upuntil the middle Oligocene Epoch, 30 mil-lion years ago, the area of present dayFlorida was sea bottom. A myriad of crea-tures flourished in these ancient seas.Many left their remains in the sea floor sed-iments, which ultimately became the rockswe see today. Mollusks, or seashells, aretypically abundant. In some deposits theshells are well-preserved because theirhard, lime shells remained after the deathof the animal. Sometimes only molds andcasts of the original shells remain in therock. Other shelled creatures, such asmicroscopic foraminifera, corals, algae,sand dollars and sea biscuits, are also com-mon constituents of Florida's rocks.Dugongs, the marine mammal relatives ofthe modern manatee, frequented the lagoonand coastal waters, grazing on sea grasses.Rib bones and vertebrae from these crea-tures are common finds in Miocene Epochrocks. And always lurking nearby were thesharks, predators to dugongs and fish alike.Sharks lose and replace teeth frequentlythroughout their lives, resulting in the dep-osition of many more fossil teeth than otheranimals. Small to medium shark teeth arecommon fossils in Miocene Epoch sedi-ments.


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The new fossil dig display at the muse-um provides visitors with a hands-on explo-ration of one moment in Florida's geologicpast. Featured in the exhibit are fossil-laden boulders of a rock called the TorreyaFormation. The Torreya Formation wasdeposited in the Early Miocene Epoch,about 20 million years ago. Geologists char-acterize these boulders as sandy, clayey,phosphatic limestone and dolostone. Thismeans the boulders are principally carbon-ate, with impurities consisting of quartzsand, clay, and phosphate grains. TheTorreya Formation underlies portions of theeastern Florida panhandle and southwest-ern Georgia. Primarily a subsurface unit,the Torreya is exposed in the Fullers Earthmines near Quincy, Florida, andAttapulgus, Georgia, where its Attapulgite(Palygorskite) clays are extracted for com-mercial use. Natural exposures of theTorreya Formation may be seen at TorreyaState Park in Liberty County, Big DismalSink in Leon County, and along theSopchoppy River in Wakulla County.

Schmidt, Walter, 2003, Measuring geolog-ic research projects as productive outputstowards the desired outcome of naturalresource conservation: American Instituteof Professional Geologists, The ProfessionalGeologist, March 2003, p. 11-12.

Schmidt, Walter, 2003, ProfessionalGeology - Not Just for Scientists Anymore!Think…. "Marketing": American Instituteof Professional Geologists, The ProfessionalGeologist, May / June 2003, p. 7.

The professional geology community isclassically comprised of individuals whotend to keep to themselves and don't social-ize and attend large meetings often. Theylike solitary field work and they enjoy theoutdoors where they can do "hands-on geol-ogy" and maybe take samples back to thelab or office to contemplate or write-up theirfield notes. Too often when we do gathertogether, we solicit validation from our

peers and we "preach to the choir" on earthscience and environmental conservationissues when we are already in the same cor-ner. Geoscience issues so often serve as acritical foundation to environmental regula-tory decisions, land-use decisions and plan-ning, geologic hazards mitigation, contami-nation and waste clean-up, water resourcesprotection, minerals exploration and pro-duction, sustainable development or envi-ronmental conservation. Geologists havemuch to offer and they must become moreproactive to share their knowledge and offertheir insight. Not only can it be financiallyrewarding, it will increase the odds of vari-ous environmental engineering projectsbeing successful if they are based on compe-tent geoscience. Involvement increases theprofessional respectability and personalself-worth of those offering such assistance.We live in a state where the environmentand our pristine natural resources areextremely visible in public policy and signif-icant to our economic well-being. The geo-science community must step up and offerwhat we can, timely and on task whenappropriate. Our apathy as a professionmust change!

Scott, T.M. and Means, G.H., 2003,Geologists' role in defining public policy -The Florida Springs Initiative: Abstract,Geological Society of America South-Central and Southeastern SectionsMeeting, v. 35, no. 1. p. 49.

In September 1999, the Secretary of theFlorida Department of EnvironmentalProtection, the Florida Geological Survey'sparent agency, mandated the initiation ofthe Florida Springs Task Force in responseto the declining health of the state'ssprings. The task force was composed ofgeologists, biologists, planners and others.The task force met monthly for a year andcompiled a series of recommendationswhich were presented to the Governor andLegislature. Geologists guided the taskforce in learning about the subsurface envi-


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ronment, the interaction between the sur-face and subsurface environments and indeveloping portions of the final report.

The mounting challenges of accommo-dating Florida's rapid population growthdemanded effective tactics to protect thestate's world-renowned springs. The needfor hydrogeological research, the develop-ment of best management practices andcareful land use planning was recognized.The 2001 Florida legislature provided $2.5million for the first year of the FloridaSprings Initiative. A large portion of theallocation was used to fund a number ofgeological projects including: 1) Water sam-pling and analyses, description of Florida'slargest springs and publication of theresults; 2) Delineation of springsheds forselected first magnitude springs; and 3)Investigations of the nitrate sources affect-ing the spring waters. Geologists aretasked with determining the problems, thesources of the problems, and educating notonly the Governor, Legislature, and othergovernmental officials but also the public.Only through understanding the problemsand enlisting the informed assistance ofothers can the State's valuable resource ofsprings be saved from further degradation.

Scott, T.M., Means, G.H., Greenhalgh,T., Campbell, K.M., DeHan, R., andHornsby, D., 2003, Innovative investiga-tive approach to assessing the culturally-induced water-quality changes in Wakullaand Manatee Springs, Florida: Abstract,Geological Society of America AnnualMeeting, Seattle, WA, v. 34, no. 7, p. 200.

Florida is one of the fastest growingstates in the country. Karst terrain predom-inates in much of Florida where the carbon-ate Floridan aquifer system is at or near theland surface. Geologists have inventoriedmore than 700 springs in Florida. A trend ofdeclining quality of water emanating frommany of Florida's springs was recognized.

With funding from the Florida SpringsInitiative, two first magnitude springs,Wakulla and Manatee, were selected for aunique investigative approach to water-chemistry provenance. Both springs haveon-going water-quality sampling programs.The springsheds of these springs are beingdelineated based on extensive water-leveldata, chemical and physical parameters.Both springs have extensive underwatercave systems with multiple conduits.Individual conduits have different waterquality indicating different source areas. Assuch, cultural activities may affect thewater quality in one portion of the systembut not another. Through water-qualitymonitoring and springshed delineation, theeffects of cultural activities on ground waterand the springs can be better understood.

Historically, water samples gatheredfrom individual conduits had to be taken bycave divers, a time-intensive and dangerousundertaking. Discussions between scien-tists and managers concluded that drillingwells into selected conduits at Wakulla andManatee Springs would provide a new andinnovative way to access the conduits forperiodic sampling and monitoring instru-ment placement. Wells were drilled intothree conduits at Manatee Springs duringMay and June 2003. Placement of the wellswas accomplished by divers placing an ori-ented radio beacon in a conduit and a sur-face receiver pinpointing the vertical loca-tion. The FGS drill rig cored each holeapproximately 23 meters deep. Wells up to100 meters deep will be drilled into the con-duits at Wakulla Springs in July andAugust 2003. Probes to continuously meas-ure flow, temperature, nitrate and otherparameters will be placed in the conduits bydivers and will be connected to the surfacethrough the wellbore. Water-quality sam-ples can now be obtained to study short-term responses to storm events and for com-parison to long-term data sets. This data


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will allow geologists to assess the degrada-tion of Florida's springs and assist the Statein developing BMPs.

Scott, T.M., 2004, The new geomorphicmap of Florida: Abstract, Geological Societyof America Annual Meeting, Denver, CO,Abstracts with Program, v. 36, no. 5, p. 578.

The last state-wide geomorphic mappublished by the Florida Geological Survey(FGS) at a 1:2,000,000 scale was released in1964. Brooks published a geomorphic mapof the state at a scale of 1:500,000 in 1982but it was not widely utilized. The new geo-morphic map is a combination of anupgrade of the 1964 map and a reinterpre-tation of the state's physiography. Utilizinga combination of old-fashioned geologicalmapping techniques and modern, digitaltechniques, a new geomorphic map ofFlorida has been produced by the FloridaGeological Survey. Initial mappingemployed visual inspection of 1:24,000 scaletopographic maps to identify physiographi-cally similar areas then transferring thoseareas to a 1:750,000 scale map by hand. Theresultant map was digitized. The digitaloutlines of the geomorphic features wereoverlain on to topography and aerial pho-tography layers to aid in the resolution ofboundary issues. Field checking of bound-aries is occurring during travel for otherFGS projects. The new map better identifiesthe karstic areas of Florida. This allows fora more complete understanding of thewater resource issues surrounding Florida'ssprings and the continuing intense develop-ment in the state.

Scott, T.M., and Means, G.H., 2004, TheFlorida Springs Initiative - the results ofthe Florida Geological Survey's three yearinvestigation and the impacts on public pol-icy: Abstract, Northeastern andSoutheastern Section meeting of theGeological Society of America, TysonsCorner, VA, Geological Society of America

Abstracts with Programs, v. 36, no. 2, p. 41.

Scott, T.M., and Means, G.H., 2004, TheFlorida Springs Initiative - the results ofthe Florida Geological Survey's three yearinvestigation and the impacts on public pol-icy: Abstract, Florida Scientist v. 67,Supplement 1, p. 54.

The Florida Springs Initiative, fundedby the Florida Legislature since the 2001-02fiscal year, was the result of the efforts of adiverse mix of geologists, biologists, other sci-entists and citizen representatives that com-prised the Florida Springs Task Force. TheTask Force was formed in response to theperception that Florida's springs werebecoming degraded. The Florida GeologicalSurvey was tasked with revising the Survey's1977 bulletin "Springs of Florida" whichincluded locations, descriptions and, in somecases, water-quality data. It is now knownthat more than 700 springs exist in the state.Survey teams visited, described and collectedwater samples at all the first magnitudesprings (33) and approximately 60 secondmagnitude springs. The teams also visitedother lower magnitude springs, inspectingand describing them. Nearly 500 springshave been described by the teams. Thedescriptions of the spring boils and runs havenoted that many springs have been degradedcompared to historical accounts and havehad abundant algal blooms caused bychanges in the spring-water quality. Water-quality analyses reveal increases in severalanalytes most notably nitrate. The naturalnitrate levels in the Floridan Aquifer Systemare below 0.05 mg/l. Today, some water fromfirst magnitude springs exceeds 5.0 mg/lnitrate. Water from some lower magnitudesprings contains more than 30 mg/l nitrate.Increased nitrate levels have been linked tohuman activities and land-use changes. BestManagement Practices are being developedin order to prevent further degradation of thesprings and to help return the springs to amore natural state.


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PRESENTATIONS

2003

Water-rock interactions during aquiferstorage and recovery: Florida Associationof Professional Geologists, Tallahassee, FL,by Jon Arthur, January, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentproject. Florida Springs Task Force, Ocala,FL, by Jon Arthur, January, 2003.

What geologists really do or has a spouse,loved one, friend ever said "You get paid todo that?!!! Lecture to the EvergladesGeological Society, Ft. Myers, FL, by TomScott, February, 2003.

Education and outreach efforts toward bet-ter management and protection of Floridasprings. Presented at the Florida SpringsConference, Gainesville, FL, by Jon Arthur,February, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentmodel, a step by step approach to predictingaquifer vulnerability at the springshedlevel using weights of evidence. Presentedat the Florida Springs Conference,Gainesville, FL, by Alan Baker, February,2003.

An application of the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment (FAVA) model tospringshed contamination. Presented at theFlorida Springs Conference, Gainesville,FL, by James Cichon, February, 2003.

Investigation of the feasibility of remotesensing technologies for locating submarinesprings. Presented at the Florida SpringsConference, Gainesville, FL, by JamesMcClean, February, 2003.

Assessment of long term trends (decades) inFlorida spring water quality. Presented at

the Florida Springs Conference,Gainesville, FL, by Rick Copeland,February, 2003.

Development of a spring glossary and clas-sification system for use in Florida.Presented at the Florida SpringsConference, Gainesville, FL, by RickCopeland, February, 2003.

Status of the Florida Geological SurveyBulletin 31 update. Presented at theFlorida Springs Conference, Gainesville,FL, by Guy “Harley” Means, February, 2003

The Hydrogeology of Lake County.Presented to National Wildlife FederationHabitat Stewards Training Class,Clermont, FL, by Paulette Bond, March,2003.

Nitrate trends in selected second magni-tude springs of Florida. Southeastern/South-central Section, Geological Society ofAmerica Meeting, Memphis, TN, by Guy“Harley” Means, Rick Copeland, and TomScott, March 2003.

Exceptional preservation and concentrationof whole-body Ranilia (Decapoda:Raninidae) in the Pliocene IntracoastalFormation of Florida (poster). GeologicalSociety of America meeting, Denver, CO, byTom Scott and Guy “Harley” Means, March,2003

Nitrate trends in selected second magni-tude springs of Florida. South-eastern/South-central Section, GeologicalSociety of America Meeting, Memphis, TN,by Guy “Harley” Means and Tom Scott,March, 2003.

Geologists' role in defining public policy. -The Florida Springs Initiative.Southeastern/South-central Section of theGeological Society of America, Memphis,


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PRESENTATIONS AND OTHERPROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES

TN, by Tom Scott and Guy “Harley” Means,March, 2003.

Assessment of long term trends (Decades)in Florida spring water quality. Presentedat the 67th Annual Meeting of the FloridaAcademy of Sciences, Orlando, FL, by RickCopeland, March, 2003.

Earth Day at the Florida Capitol.Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt, JackieLloyd, Paulette Bond, Steve Spencer, FrankRupert, Dave Taylor, April, 2003.

Mining Day at the Florida Capitol.Tallahassee, Fl., by Walt Schmidt, SteveSpencer, Frank Rupert, April, 2003.

The Florida Springs Initiative and cavemanagement. Florida Cave ManagementWorkshop, Ocala, FL, by Guy “Harley”Means, April, 2003.

What geologists really do. NorthwestFlorida Water Management District, byTom Scott, May, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentproject. Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection, Tallahassee, Fl.,by Jon Arthur, May, 2003.

Florida Springs Initiative. Florida LocalEnvironmental Resource (FLERA) AgenciesConference, Jupiter Beach, FL, by Guy“Harley” Means, July, 2003.

Use of indices in evaluating Florida'sground-water quality. Presented at the19th Annual Environmental MonitoringConference, Arlington, VA, by RickCopeland, July, 2003.

FAVA and the Hydrogeology Program.Suwannee River Water ManagementDistrict, Live Oak, FL, by James Cichon,August, 2003.

FGS Role in the Florida Springs Initiative.American Institute of ProfessionalGeologists Florida Section Meeting, by Guy

“Harley” Means, August, 2003.

Florida Springs Initiative update.Presented to the Department ofEnvironmental Protection, QuarterlyMonitoring Meeting, Guy “Harley” Means,September, 2003.

The Florida Springs Initiative and wheredoes our spring water come from?.Presented at the Marion County SpringsFestival, by Guy “Harley” Means,September 2003.

Florida during the Pleistocene. TallahasseeMuseum of History and Natural Science,Tallahassee, FL, by Guy “Harley” Means,September, 2003.

Lecture to FSU Geohazards graduate class.Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt,September, 2003.

Interview for WFSU Public TV show onsinkholes and karst. By Walt Schmidt,September, 2003.

Florida geology and professional geology.FIU Geology Department., Miami, FL, byWalt Schmidt September, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentproject. Wekiva River Basin Workgroup,Orlando, FL, by Jon Arthur, September,2003.

Offshore sand source investigations off thenorthern Florida east coast. 47th AnnualConference of the Florida Shore and BeachPreservation Association, Amelia Island,FL, by Dan Phelps, September, 2003.

Earth Science Week FGS Open House.Tallahassee, FL, by FGS staff, October,2003.

Water-rock interactions during aquiferstorage and recovery. American Institute ofProfessional Geologists Annual Meeting,Lakeland, FL, by Jon Arthur, October,2003.


83

Florida Geology. Classroom lectures atFairview Middle School, Tallahassee, FL,by Dave Taylor, Brie Coane, and TomGreenhalgh, October, 2003.

Springs of Marion County. Presented to theOcala Leadership Council. Ocala, FL, byGuy “Harley” Means, October, 2003.

Water-rock interactions during aquiferstorage and recovery. EPA Director'sMeeting, San Destin, FL, by Jon Arthur,November, 2003.

Hydrology of Florida's karst regions.Florida Department of Health RegionalMeeting, by Guy “Harley” Means and TomScott, November, 2003.

Innovative investigative approach toassessing the culturally-induced waterquality chages in Wakulla and ManateeSprings, Florida. Geological Society ofAmerica Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, byTom Scott, November, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment(FAVA): utilizing geological mapping datato predict aquifer vulnerability (poster).Geological Society of America AnnualMeeting, Seattle, WA, by James Cichon,November, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment.35th Annual National Association for CaveDiving Seminar, Gainesville, FL, by JamesCichon, November, 2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentproject. National Cave and KarstManagement Symposium, Gainesville, FL,by Jon Arthur, November, 2003.

Water-rock Interactions During AquiferStorage and Recovery. EPA Director'sMeeting, San Destin, FL, by Jon Arthur,November, 2003.

FGS Hydrogeology Program briefing for

FDEP Secretary Struhs. Tallahassee, FL,by Jon Arthur, November, 2003.

Florida's aquifers: vulnerable and vital.1000 Friends of Florida forum on WaterIssues facing the Florida Panhandle,Tallahassee, FL by Jon Arthur, December,2003.

The human history of the upperApalachicola River valley. FloridaPaleontological Society, Bristol, FL, by Guy“Harley” Means, December, 2003.

Springs Initiative funded projects at theFlorida Geological Survey. HernandoCounty Springs Workshop, Brooksville, FL,by Guy “Harley” Means, December, 2003.

The FGS; its research and other activities.Geology of Florida Class at UF, Gainesville,FL, by Tom Scott December, 2003.

2004

The hydrogeology of Wakulla Springs.Environmental Science Class of WakullaHigh School, at Wakulla Springs, FL, byPaulette Bond, January, 2004.

Lecture to Florida State Parks Annual Biologists Meeting. Wekiwa Springs, FL,by Walt Schmidt, March, 2004.

The Florida Springs Initiative - the resultsof the Florida Geological Survey’s threeyear investigation and the impact on publicpolicy. Geological Society of AmericaAnnual meeting, Tyson’s Corner, VA, byTom Scott and Guy “Harley” Means, March,2004.

Ocean Day at the Capitol.: Poster presenta-tion and static display. Tallahassee, FL, byDan Phelps and Jim Ladner, April, 2004.

Hydrogeology of northern Florida and othergeologic topics. Westminster Oaks,Tallahassee, FL, by Tom Scott, April, 2004.


84

Mining Day at the Florida Capitol.Tallahassee, FL., by Walt Schmidt, SteveSpencer, and Frank Rupert, April, 2004.

Earth Day event. Florida State University,Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt, TomScott, Jackie Lloyd, and Paulette Bond,April, 2004.

Duval County geology. Duval CountyCommission, Jacksonville, FL, by RickGreen, April, 2004.

Earth Day at the Florida Capitol.Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt, JackieLloyd, and Paulette Bond, April, 2004.

Windows into our aquifers. AnnualMeeting of the Florida GroundwaterAssociation, by Guy “Harley” Means, May,2004.

The geologic history of the Dunnellon area.Desoto's River of Discord Celebration,Dunnellon, FL, by Paulette Bond, June,2004.

Opening for the Wakulla Springs Scientific Symposium. Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt, July, 2004.

Sinkholes in Florida Seminar. Tampa, FL,by Steve Spencer and Walt Schmidt,August, 2004.

Lecture to Geohazards Graduate class at FSU. Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt,August, 2004.

Briefing for DEP Press Secretary.Tallahassee, FL, by Walt Schmidt,September, 2004.

Marion County's precious springs. MarionCounty Springs Festival, Silver Springs,FL, by Guy “Harley” Means, September,2004.

Offshore sand source investigations off thenorthern Florida east coast. 48th Annual

Conference of the Florida Shore and BeachPreservation Association. Marco Island,FL, by Dan Phelps, September, 2004.

Townhall meeting, Wakulla Springs water-shed research activities. R.A. GrayBuilding, Tallahassee, FL, by WaltSchmidt, October, 2004.

A brief discussion of the geology of DuvalCounty, Florida. Duval CountyCommission. Jacksonville, FL, by RickGreen, October, 2004.

FGS Open House for Earth Science Week.Tallahassee, FL, by FGS staff, October,2004.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessmentproject. Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection, Daytona Beach,FL, by Jon Arthur, October, 2004.

The geology of Wakulla County. AnnualMeeting of The Wakulla County HistoricalSociety, by Walt Schmidt, October, 2004.

Hydrogeology Program Briefing for theGovernor's OPB Staff. Tallahassee, FL, byWalt Schmidt, October, 2004.

Hydrogeology '101'. Governor's Office ofPlanning and Budget, Tallahassee, FL, byJon Arthur, October, 2004.

Geoarchaeological consideration of theRyan-Harley site (8JE-1004) in the WacissaRiver, northern Florida. Geological Societyof America Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA,by Guy “Harley” Means, November, 2004.

Presentation to the "Walk for WakullaSprings" participants, Tallahassee, FL, byWalt Schmidt and Guy “Harley” Means,November, 2004.

Water-rock interactions during aquiferstorage and recovery. EPA Director'sMeeting, San Destin, FL, by Jon Arthur,November, 2004.


85

DEP Division of Resource Assessment &Management annual awards luncheon.Tallahassee, FL,. by Walt Schmidt,November, 2004.

Water quality issues in the FloridanAquifer System. American Water WorksAssociation conference, Orlando, FL, by JonArthur, November, 2004.

The new geomorphic map of Florida.Abstract, Geological Society of AmericaAnnual Meeting, Denver, CO, by Tom Scott,November, 2004.

Diagnostic Fossils in Florida Stratigraphy.Everglades Geological Society, Ft. Meyers,FL, by Frank Rupert, November, 2004.

Hydrogeology of Florida ‘101’. WaterMatters! - A joint conference of the FloridaLeague of Cities and Florida Association ofCounties, Orlando, FL, December 2004.

FIELD TRIPS

2003

STATEMAP Geologic Mapping AdvisoryCommittee Field Trip to Marianna, Florida,Area, by Rick Green, October 2003.

Field Trip for Association of Ground WaterScientists and Engineers meeting,Orlando, FL, by Tom Scott, December,2003.

Alum Bluff, Liberty County. FloridaPaleontological Society, by Guy “Harley”Means and Tom Scott, December, 2003.

2004

STATEMAP Geologic Mapping AdvisoryCommittee Field Trip to Gainesville, FL.,Area, by Rick Green, October, 2004.

MEETINGS

2003

DEP NW District Office to discussagency/operator consent order regardingPetro Oil Co. as operator of Blackjack OilField. Pensacola, FL, Walt Schmidt,January, 2003.

Southeastern Geological Society Meeting.Gainesville, FL, Walt Schmidt, January,2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network(PLAN), Town Meeting. Panama City, FL,Carol Armstrong, January, 2003.

Board of Professional Geologists.Tallahassee, FL, Tom Scott, Walt Schmidt,January, 2003.

Florida Association of ProfessionalGeologists. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,Jackie Lloyd, January, 2003.

FGS Management Retreat. Tallahassee,FL, Ron Hoenstine, Walt Schmidt, TomScott, Jackie Lloyd, Dave Curry, CarolynStringer, January, 2003.

Florida Association of ProfessionalGeologists. Gainesville, FL, Walt Schmidt,February, 2003.

The Florida Springs Conference, NaturalGems - Troubled Waters. Gainesville, FL,James Cichon, Guy “Harley” Means, WaltSchmidt, and Tom Scott, February, 2003.

DEP Activities and Performance MeasuresAssessment. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, February, 2003.

DEP NW District Office to discuss agency/operator consent order regarding Petro Oil Co.as operator of Blackjack Oil Field. Pensacola,FL, Walt Schmidt, February, 2003.


86

Meeting with FSU to discuss building needsat Innovation Park. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, February, 2003.

USF Geology Alumni Society annual ban-quet. Tampa, FL, Tom Scott and WaltSchmidt, February, 2003.

Meeting with DBPR / FBPG to discussProfessional Geology Legislation.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, February,2003.

Florida Aquifer Vulnerability AssessmentTechnical Advisory Committee. CampWeed, FL, Jon Arthur, Alan Baker, AlexWood and James Cichon, February, 2003.

67th Annual Meeting of the FloridaAcademy of Sciences. Orlando, FL, AlanBaker, James Cichon, Rick Copeland, andAlex Wood, March, 2003.

Southeastern/South-central Section of theGeological Society of America. Memphis,TN, Tom Scott and Guy “Harley” Means,March 2003.

Meeting with FSU to discuss their plans foruse of the Gunter Building. Tallahassee,FL, Walt Schmidt, March, 2003.

Meeting with DEP State Lands regardingOil Co. Leases. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, April, 2003.

Hydrogeology Consortium Workshop.Ocala, FL, Rodney DeHan, Jon Arthur andJames Cichon, April, 2003.

Significance of Caves in WatershedManagement and Protection in Florida.Ocala, FL, Tom Scott, Rick Copeland, WaltSchmidt, Guy “Harley” Means, and JonArthur, April, 2003.

C-Boom seismic equipment demonstration.St. Petersburg, FL, Dan Phelps, April 2003.

Annual Meeting of Cave Diving Section of

the National Speleological Society (NSS-CDS). Gainesville, FL, Tom Scott and Guy“Harley” Means, May, 2004.

Board of Professional Geologists. CapeCanaveral, FL; Tom Scott, July, 2003.

Springs Task Force Meeting. HomosassaSprings, FL, Tom Scott and Guy “Harley”Means, May, 2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network SpringConference. Niceville, FL, Carol Armstrong,May, 2003.

Coastal Sediments 2003. ClearwaterBeach, FL, Dan Phelps, May 2003.

Florida Groundwater Association Meeting.Cape Canaveral, FL, Tom Scott, May, 2003.

Annual Meeting of the Association ofAmerican State Geologists. Lincoln, NE,Walt Schmidt, June, 2003.

Florida Association of ProfessionalGeologists. Orlando, FL, Jon Arthur, June2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, June, 2003.

Coastal Management ProgramClearinghouse meeting. Tallahassee, FL,Walt Schmidt, July, 2003.

Gas Storage Wells meeting. Tallahassee,FL, Walt Schmidt, July, 2003.

Coastal Operations Institute Meeting.Panama City, FL, Walt Schmidt, July,2003.

The Florida Local Environmental ResourceAgencies, Inc. (FLERA) Conference. JupiterBeach, FL, Guy “Harley” Means, July, 2003.

Board of Professional Geologists. Tallahassee,FL, Tom Scott, Walt Schmidt, July, 2003.


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The Florida Section of the AmericanInstitute of Professional Geologists meet-ing. Lakeland, FL, Guy “Harley” Means,August, 2003.

Hydrostratigraphic Nomenclature meetingsAltamonte Springs, FL, and several othermeetings at the FGS, Tallahassee, FL, RickCopeland, Jon Arthur, Guy “Harley”Means, and Tom Scott, August, 2003.

City of Alachua City Commission. Alachua,FL, Tom Scott and Guy “Harley” Means,August, 2003.

Gulf of Mexico State Geological SurveysConsortium. Mobile, AL, Walt Schmidt,August, 2003.

FAPG Executive Committee Meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, August,2003.

Wekiva Basin Coordinating CommitteePublic Meeting. Altamonte Springs, FL,Walt Schmidt and Jon Arthur, September,2003.

Naval Air Station Jacksonville RestorationAdvisory Board Meeting. Jacksonville, FL,Ron Hoenstine, September, 2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, September, 2003.

The Department of EnvironmentalProtection, Quarterly Monitoring Meeting.St. Augustine, FL, Guy “Harley” Means,September, 2003.

STATEMAP Geologic Mapping AdvisoryCommittee Meeting. Florida GeologicalSurvey, Tallahassee, FL, Rick. Green, TomScott, Guy “Harley” Means, Will Evans, andDavid Paul, October, 2003.

Interstate Oil & Gas Compact CommissionAnnual Meeting. Reno, NV, Ed Garrett,October 2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, October, 2003.

18th Annual Phosphate Conference.Lakeland, FL, James Cichon, October,2003.

Florida Water Data Center discussion meeting. FSU, Tallahassee., FL, Walt Schmidt, October, 2003.

National Cave and Karst Symposium.Gainesville, FL, Rick Copeland and JonArthur, October, 2003.

The Ocala Leadership Council. Ocala, FL,Guy “Harley” Means, October, 2003.

Comprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan - Aquifer Storage and Recovery ProjectDelivery Team. West Palm Beach, FL, JonArthur, October 2003.

35th Annual National Association for CaveDiving Seminar. Gainesville, FL, JamesCichon, November, 2003.

Annual meeting of the Geological Society ofAmerica. Seattle, WA, Tom Scott and Guy“Harley” Means, November, 2003.

American Association of State Geologists,mid-year meeting. Seattle, WA, Tom Scott,November, 2003.

DCA Technical Advisory Committee for theModel Springs Land Development Code.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, November,2003.

PERC Administrative Hearing.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, Tom Scott,Jackie Lloyd and Jim Balsillie, November,2003.

Hydrogeology Consortium Meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, November, 2003.


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Florida Department of Health RegionalMeeting. Tallahassee, FL, Guy “Harley”Means and Tom Scott, November, 2003.

Florida Paleontological Society. Bristol,Florida, Guy “Harley” Means, December,2003.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, December, 2003.

Hydrogeology Consortium / FSU PresidentMeeting. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,December, 2003.

Association of Ground Water Scientists andEngineers. Orlando, FL, Tom Scott,December, 2003.

Godby High School Science Fair Judging.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, December,2003.

Coastal Operations Institute Meeting. Panama City, FL, Walt Schmidt, December,2003.

Panhandle Water Issues Workshop.Tallahassee City Hall., Tallahassee, FL,Walt Schmidt, December, 2003.

2004

Comprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan - Aquifer Storage and Recovery ProjectDelivery Team. Orlando, FL, Jon Arthur,January, 2004.

DCA Technical Advisory Committee for theModel Springs Land Development Code.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, January,2004.

Florida Board of Professional GeologistsMeeting. Tallahassee., FL, Walt Schmidt,January, 2004.

Springs Task Force Meeting. Tallahassee,FL, Walt Schmidt, January, 2004.

Springs Task Force Meeting. HomosassaSprings, FL, Tom Scott, January, 2004.

Hydrogeology Consortium Meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt and RodneyDeHan, January, 2004.

Meeting with Bob Hughes Drilling re/Highlands County Drilling Applications.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, January,2004.

Florida Board of Professional Geologists.Jacksonville, FL, Tom Scott, January, 2004.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, February, 2003.

Meeting with DMS to assess GunterBuilding facilities. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, February, 2004.

PERC Administrative Hearing.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, February,2004.

Meeting with FSU Dean of Arts & Sciencesregarding Geology Department.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, February,2004.

Office Inspection of the Jay Field Office.Jay, FL, Walt Schmidt, February, 2004.

ROSS Data Base Workshop. Dan Phelps,February 2004.

DCA Technical Advisory Committee for theModel Springs Land Development Code.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, February,2004.

Comprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan - Aquifer Storage and Recovery ProjectDelivery Team. West Palm Beach, FL, JonArthur, March 2004.

Hydrogeology Consortium meeting.NWFWMD, Walt Schmidt and Jon Arthur,


89

March, 2004.

Geological Society of America combinedNortheastern and Southeastern Sectionalmeeting. Tyson's Corner, VA, Rick Green,Guy “Harley” Means and Tom Scott, March,2004.

Meeting with Shell Oil Co. re/ OffshoreDrilling Plans in Federal Waters.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, March,2004.

Career Day Oakridge Elementary School.Tallahassee, FL, Tom Scott, April, 2004.

Florida Association of ProfessionalGeologists Meeting. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt and Jon Arthur, April, 2004.

Florida Board of Professional Geologists.Tallahassee, FL, Tom Scott and Jon Arthur,April, 2004.

DCA Technical Advisory Committee for theModel Springs Land Development Code.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, April, 2004.

Aquifer Storage and Recovery IV Forum.Tampa, FL, Walt Schmidt, Jon Arthur andDan Phelps, April, 2004.

Springs Task Force Meeting. SilverSprings, FL, Tom Scott and Guy “Harley”Means, May, 2004.

National Speleological Society - CaveDiving Section, Science of Cave DivingWorkshop. High Springs, FL, WaltSchmidt, Jon Arthur, Tom Scott, and Guy“Harley” Means, May, 2004.

Springs Task Force Meeting. SilverSprings, FL, Tom Scott and Guy “Harley”Means, May 2004.

Hydrogeology Consortium Water DataCenter meeting. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, Rodney DeHan, and Jon Arthur,May, 2004.

Annual Meeting of the FloridaGroundwater Association. Orlando, FL,Guy “Harley” Means and Tom Scott, May,2004

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, May, 2004.

Meeting with Murphy Oil Company regard-ing Offshore Drilling Plans in FederalWaters. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,May, 2004..

Meeting with DCA regarding FGS mappingof Springs Areas for the use in the modelcode. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, May,2004.

Hydrogeology Consortium Meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, May, 2004.

DCA Technical Advisory Committee for theModel Springs Land Development Code.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, June, 2004.

Hydrologic Observatory Meeting with UF,FSU, USGS, and the HydrogeologyConsortium. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, June, 2004.

Annual Meeting of the Association ofAmerican State Geologists. Stevenson, WA,Walt Schmidt, June, 2004.

Meeting with DEP State Lands, StateParks regarding potential acquisition oflimestone caves area in Jackson County.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, July, 2004.

Meeting with DCA to discuss FloridaSprings Area Map. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, July, 2004.

Facilities inspection of Jay Oil Fields withGovernors OPB representative. Jay, FL,Walt Schmidt, July, 2004

Gunter Building and Warehouse Facilities /Program review by Governors OPB repre-


90

sentative. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,August, 2004.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting, Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, September, 2004.

Meeting with Anadarko Oil Companyregarding offshore drilling plans in Federalwaters. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,September, 2004.

Marion County Springs Festival. Ocala,FL, Guy “Harley” Means and Tom Scott,September, 2004.

Sinkhole Summit II. Tallahassee, FL, WaltSchmidt, Tom Scott, September, 2004.

ASC / LNG Pipeline Tunneling meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, October,2004.

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, October, 2004.

STATEMAP Geologic Mapping AdvisoryCommittee Meeting. Florida GeologicalSurvey, Tallahassee, FL, Rick Green,October, 2004.

Florida Board of Professional GeologistsMeeting. Tallahassee., FL, Tom Scott, JonArthur and Walt Schmidt, October, 2004.

Oil & Gas Administrative Rules PublicWorkshop. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,November, 2004.

Geological Society of America AnnualMeeting. Denver, CO, Walt Schmidt andTom Scott, November, 2004.

Seven Hills Regional Users GroupWorkshop. Tallahassee, FL, James Cichon,November 2004.

Olesya Lazareva Thesis defense at USF.Tampa, FL, Tom Scott and Jon Arthur,November, 2004.

Association of American State Geologists,mid-year meeting. Denver, CO, WaltSchmidt and Tom Scott, November, 2004.

FGS Oil & Gas Section program planningretreat. Maclay Gardens, FL, WaltSchmidt, November, 2004

Meeting with DEP Inspector General Staffto formulate audit plan Tallahassee, FL,Walt Schmidt, November, 2004.

Godby High School Science Fair judging.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, December,2004.

Springs Task Force meeting. Tallahassee,FL, Tom Scott, December, 2004.

Meeting with DCA representatives to discuss Columbia County "stream-to-sinks"mapping. Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt,December, 2004.

Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing SystemRegional Association Conference. .Jack-sonville, FL, Ron Hoenstine, December,2004..

Panhandle Library Access Network Boardof Directors Meeting. Panama City Beach,FL, Carol Armstrong, December, 2004.

Hydrogeology Consortium Meeting.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt and RodneyDeHan, December, 2004

TRAINING

2003

Making the Connexion. Tallahassee, FL,Carol Armstrong, January, 2003.

Technology Special Interest Group.Mariana, FL, Carol Armstrong, March,2003

First Aid/CPR Training for selected FGSemployees, Tallahassee, FL, March, 2003.


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Copyright Law in the Digital Age.Marianna, FL, Carol Armstrong, April,2003.

Portals: Beyond the Hype. Panama City,FL, Carol Armstrong and Paula Polson,August, 2003.

Information Literacy. Marianna, FL, CarolArmstrong, September, 2003.

Certified Public Manager Training.Tallahassee, FL, Ed Garrett, two-year pro-gram beginning September 2003.

Geochemist's Workbench. Denver, CO, JonArthur, November, 2003.

PowerPoint Training Workshop.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, December,2003.

2004

Management 101. Tallahassee, FL, CarolArmstrong, January-May, 2004.

Florida Groundwater AssociationConvention: Water well contractors contin-uing education courses. Craig Berninger,Lee Booth, Ken Campbell and EricHarrington, May, 2004.

Critical Computer Care. Panama CityBeach, FL, Carol Armstrong, July, 2004.

People First Training. FGS staff, August,2004.

Short Course on Carbonate Stratigraphy.Tallahassee, FL, Walt Schmidt, TomGreenhalgh, Will Evans, Cindy Fischler,Clint Kromhout, Jon Arthur, Guy “Harley”Means, Dave Paul, Tom Scott and RickGreen, September, 2004.

Wireless Technology in Libraries.Tallahassee, FL, Carol Armstrong, October,2004.

Schramm Drill Rigs Maintenance andOperation Training, Craig Berninger andLee Booth, November, 2004.

BOOTHS AND DISPLAYS (FGS STAFF)

2003

Wakulla Springs Birding and WildlifeFestival. Wakulla Springs, FL, April, 2003.

Earth Day at the Capitol. Tallahassee, FL,April, 2003.

Marion County Springs Festival. RainbowSprings State Park, Dunnellon, FL,September, 2003.

Innovation Park Open House. Tallahassee,FL, October, 2003.

Earth Science Week Open House. GunterBuilding, Tallahassee, FL, October, 2003.

2004

Florida State University Earth Day Event.Tallahassee, FL, April, 2004.

Wakulla Wildlife Festival. WakullaSprings, FL, April, 2004.

Earth Day at the Capitol. Tallahassee, FL,April, 2004.

Desoto's River of Discord Celebration.Dunnellon, FL, June, 2004.

Wild Florida Festival at the TallahasseeMuseum. Tallahassee, FL, September,2004.

Earth Science Week Open House. GunterBuilding, Tallahassee, FL, October, 2004.

Where in the volcano is that? Front PorchAfter School Program. Tallahassee, FL,October, 2004.


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INTRODUCTION

At the time of publication of this bien-nial report, the FGS has met its mission tostudy and assess geological attributes andconditions of surface, subsurface, and sub-aqueous environments, both terrestrial andmarine, pursuant to mandated constraintsof Chapter 377, Florida Statutes, with 40full time employees (FTE's). Within theState of Florida governmental structure,this is not a large staffing contingent.Many of the basic research and administra-tive tasks at the FGS are accomplished byhiring additional staff under the OtherPersonal Service (OPS) system. It differsfrom FTE employment status because indi-viduals so employed do not receive Floridamedical and retirement benefits, but mustseek such coverage personally. In the FGS,OPS employees are classified as ResearchAssistants, Research Associates, andOutside Research Associates.

Research Assistants encompass thoseemployees who are just starting their pro-fessional careers. They are usually stu-dents in college or university programsassessed to have talents of useful value tothe mission of the FGS.

Research Associates are those whohave the educational backgrounds andestablished experience that is consideredessential toward FGS mission goals. Theyare considered as experienced profession-als, performing work as consultants.

Outside Research Associates includethose individuals employed external to theFGS who, from time-to-time provide valu-able consultation or cooperative service-ori-ented contributions to the mission of theFGS.

We consider, here, the contribution ofResearch Assistants and Research

Associates toward the realization of goals ofthe FGS, because they are co-workers inday-to-day operations essential toward real-ization of successful mission goals. It is tobe noted that over the years and field datacollection seasons this percentage of OPScontributions can be as large as 50% of thetotal FGS staff strength. Hence, it is to berecognized that OPS contributions havebeen historically essential towards FGSsuccess.

We first describe personnel changesthat have occurred within the FGS duringthe biennium because their presence mightnot be otherwise historically chronicled.After that, personnel attributes at the timeof this biennial report are listed.

PERSONNEL CHANGES

Personnel changes at the FGS duringthis biennial period have been due to addi-tional programs being added and routinemoving brought about by refocusing careerobjectives or lifetime goals.

FULL TIME EMPLOYEES

Karen E. Achille, Secretary Specialist,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section resigned her positionin August, 2004, to pursue other careeropportunities.

David S. Anderson joined theAdministrative and Geological DataManagement Section as an EnvironmentalSpecialist II (GIS Analyst) in December,2004.

Jon Arthur was promoted to ProfessionalGeologist Administrator and AssistantState Geologist in June, 2004, in charge ofthe Hydrogeology Section of the FGS.

Wanda Bissonnette, Administrative


93

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

Assistant, Administrative and GeologicalData Management Section, resigned herposition in July, 2004, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Dorothy Black, Secretary Specialist,joined the Oil and Gas Section'sTallahassee office in October 2004.

Lawrence D. Curry, EnvironmentalAdministrator, Oil and Gas Section retiredin November, 2004.

Ed Garrett, Professional Geologist I, waspromoted to Environmental Administrator,Oil and Gas Section in November, 2004.

Ed Gambrell, Environmental Specialist III,retired February 2004 after 12 years manag-ing the Oil and Gas Section's Jay Field Office.Mr. Gambrell had previously worked 32 yearsin the oilfield services industry.

Dave Files, Engineer IV, joined the Oil andGas Section September 2004 to serve as thesection's general technical advisor and tomanage the section's old well plugging pro-gram.

Cara H. Gowan, Administrative Secretary,Administrative and Data ManagementSection resigned her position in August, 2003, to pursue other career opportunities.

Al Keaton, Engineer III, resigned from theOil and Gas Section in April 2004 to take aposition with Whiting Oil Corporation asRegional Director of Michigan BasinOperations.

Ted B. Kiper, Engineer I, CoastalResearch Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section, position was elimi-nated in August, 2003.

John Marquez, Computer Programmer/Analyst II and Cartographer.Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section resigned his positionin January, 2003, to pursue other career

opportunities.

Tracy Phelps, Secretary Specialist, Oiland Gas Section, Jay Field Office resignedher position in August, 2004, to pursueother career opportunities.

Sarah Ramdeen joined the GeologicalInvestigations Section's Drilling Operationsas a Lab Technician I in June, 2004.

Andrew Rudin, GIS Analyst,Administrative and Geologic DataManagement Section resigned his positionin July, 2004, to pursue other career oppor-tunities.

Franklin R. Rush, Jr., LaboratoryTechnician III, Geological InvestigationsSection, resigned his position in July, 2003,to pursue other career opportunities.

Debbie Westberg joined theAdministrative and Geologic DataManagement Section of the FGS as theAdministrative Secretary in November, 2004.

RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND ASSISTANTS

David Arthur, Database Programmer,Geological Investigations Section,Hydrogeology Program resigned his posi-tion in August, 2004, to pursue other careeropportunities.

Brandon N. Ashby, GIS ResearchAssistant, Geological InvestigationsSection, Hydrogeology Program resignedhis position in May, 2003, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Kristen Bailey, Granulometrics ResearchAssistant, Geological InvestigationsSection, Hydrogeology Program resignedher position in May, 2004, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Kristy L. Baker, FAVA ResearchAssistant, Geological Investigations


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Section, Hydrogeology Program resignedher position in June, 2004, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Jon Bryan, STATEMAP ResearchAssociate, Geological InvestigationsSection, STATEMAP Program resigned hisposition in October, 2004.

Kenji Butler, NWFWMD ResearchAssistant, Geological Investigations Sectionresigned his position in August, 2004, topursue other career opportunities.

Ed Chelette joined the GeologicalInvestigations Section, Springs Initiative'sSwallet Inventory project as a LaboratoryTechnician in October, 2004.

Brett Cimbora, Database Technician, Oiland Gas Section resigned his position inAugust, 2004, to pursue a career in theUSAF.

Brian Cross, Coastal Research Assistant,Coastal Research Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section resigned his positionin April, 2003, to pursue other career oppor-tunities.

Roberto Davila, FAVA GIS Analyst,Hydrogeology Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section, resigned his posi-tion in August, 2004, to pursue other careeropportunities.

Kevin DeFossett, SFWMD ResearchAssistant, Geological Investigations Sectionresigned his position in January, 2004, topursue other career opportunities.

Erin Dorn, SFWMD Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section resignedher position in October, 2004, to pursueother career opportunities.

Colin (Brent) Fain, Driller's Assistant,Geological Investigation Section, DrillingOperations resigned his position in August,

2003, to pursue other career opportunities.

Brian Farrell, Research Assistant,resigned his position in September, 2003, topursue other career opportunities.

Fran Flores, SFWMD Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section resignedhis position in May, 2003, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Beth Forrest, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section, CoastalProgram resigned her position inSeptember, 2004, to pursue other careeropportunities.

Jake Halfhill, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section, DrillingOperations was deployed (US Marine) in toNorth Africa and will be rehired uponreturn to the States.

Robbie Jones, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section, reduc-tions in Springs Initiative funding eliminat-ed this position in February, 2004.Christa Kinyon, SFWMD ResearchAssistant, Geological Investigations Sectionresigned her position in April, 2003, to pur-sue other career opportunities.

Mat Mayo, SWFWMD Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section,Hydrogeology Program resigned his posi-tion in June, 2003, to pursue other careeropportunities.

Michael H. Miller, GIS Analyst,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section resigned his positionin July, 2004, to pursue other career oppor-tunities.

Lori L. Millonzi, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section,Hydrogeology Program resigned her posi-tion in May, 2003, to pursue other careeropportunities.


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Tracy Phelps, Secretary Specialist at theJay Field Office, Oil and Gas Section,resigned in August, 2004 to begin a careeras a registered nurse.

Anthony Priesta, SJRWMD ResearchAssistant, Geological InvestigationsSection, Hydrogeology Program resignedhis position in March, 2003, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

Tina Roberts, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section, SpringsInitiative resigned her position in August,2003, to pursue other career opportunities.

Rupa Sharma, FAVA Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section,Hydrogeology Program resigned her posi-tion in December, 2003, to pursue othercareer opportunities.

James Sparr joined the GeologicalInvestigations Section's Coastal Program asa Lab Technician I in July, 2004.

Diana Thurman-Nowak joined theGeological Investigations Section, SpringsInitiative's Swallet Inventory project as aLaboratory Technician in November, 2004.

Jack Ward, Driller's assistant, GeologicalInvestigation Section, Drilling Operationsresigned his position in January, 2003, topursue other career opportunities.

Joel Webb, Database Manager, joined theOil and Gas Section April 2003 to designand maintain the section's comprehensivewell permit database.

Alan Willett, Research Assistant,Geological Investigations Section, reduc-tions in Springs Initiative funding eliminat-ed this position in February, 2004.

Hauqi Yin, Programmer, Oil and GasSection resigned her position in February,2003, to pursue other career opportunities.

FULL TIME EMPLOYEES

David S. Anderson, EnvironmentalSpecialist II (GIS Analyst), Administrativeand Geological Data Management Section.A.A. (2002), B.S. EnvironmentalStudies/Natural Sciences (2004), Certificatein Geographic Information Systems (2003),University of West Florida. ResearchInterests: Geomorphology, Coastal mor-phology, Internet mapping and applicationservices, Environmental and urban spatialanalysis. Professional Memberships:American Geophysical Union, GeospatialInformation and Technology Association,Florida Association of EnvironmentalProfessionals (Northwest chapter), FloridaSociety of Geographers.

Carol J. Armstrong, Librarian,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section. B.A. Art (1986) andHistory (1989), Brenau University;M.L.I.S. Florida State University (1993).2001 and 2002 FGS Extra Effort Award.Completed SOLINET's Management 101Series, 2004. Currently serving on theBoard of Directors for the PanhandleLibrary Access Network (PLAN).

Jonathan D. Arthur, Assistant StateGeologist for Hydrogeology andAdministrator of the FGS HydrogeologySection. He received his B.S. with Honorsfrom Florida State University (1982) andhis Ph.D. from Florida State University(1994). Research interests: hydrogeology,geochemistry and environmental education.Dr. Arthur is a licensed ProfessionalGeologist (Florida) and member of severalstate committees including the FDEPAquifer Vulnerability Mapping Committee,and three aquifer storage and recoveryProject Development Teams(Comprehensive Everglades RestorationPlan). He also holds a Courtesy FacultyAppointment in the Department ofGeological Sciences, Florida State


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University and is on the Board ofRepresentatives of the HydrogeologyConsortium. Professional membershipsinclude the Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists (he currently servesas President of the Association),Southeastern Geological Society, GeologicalSociety of America, National Ground WaterAssociation, and International Associationof Hydrogeology. Awards include 1996 FGSEmployee of the Year; 1997 Governor'sEnvironmental Education Award for"Florida's Geology Unearthed," New YorkFestivals, 1997 Finalist for Non-BroadcastFilm and Video for production of "Florida'sGeology Unearthed," April 1997 DEPEmployee of the Month; 1997 DEPSustained Exemplary Performance Award,1999 FGS Team Extra Effort Award. Mostrecently, Jon was confirmed as a committeemember as inorganic geochemist on theNational Academy of Sciences project titled:"Sustainable Underground Storage ofRecoverable Water."

Paul Attwood, Professional Geologist I,Oil and Gas Section, Ft. Myers Field Office.B.S. Denison University (1974); M.S.University of Kansas (1981). LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida). BonitaSprings Utilities Board of Directors, 2001 topresent. Past President, EvergladesGeological Society.

James H. Balsillie, Senior ResearchScientist and Coastal EngineeringGeologist, Coastal Research Program,Geological Investigations Section. B.S.Portland State University (1970). Graduatestudies, Florida State University (1975-1977). Research interests: structural geol-ogy, sedimentology including design of corelaboratory processing tools and samplingdevices, and sedimentologic standards, sta-tistics in geology, numerical computer mod-eling, La Nina associated karst responses ofperiodic lacustrine drawdown events, geo-

logical applications to archaelogical prob-lems, and coastal engineering geologyincluding hurricane and tropical storms,storm and long-term coastal erosion, astro-nomical tides, wave mechanics and theory,longshore bar dynamincs, seasonal beachchanges, sea level changes. LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida). He servedwith the Coastal Engineering ResearchCenter as a principal investigator for fiveyears, with the Bureau of Beaches andCoastal Systems of the Florida Departmentof Environmental Protection as a coastalengineer for 18 years (including Chief of theAnalysis/Research Section), and has servedwith the Florida Geological Survey as acoastal engineering geologist and sedimen-tologist for the past ten years. Professionalmemberships: Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists. 1998 FGSEmployee of the Year, 2000 FGS TeamExtra Effort Award, 2000 DavisProductivity Award, FGS 2003 Extra EffortAward, and FGS 2003 Team Extra EffortAward, and the FGS 2004 Team ExtraEffort Award. He has written over 95 pub-lished papers and numerous computer pro-grams and numerical models.

Craig Berninger, Engineer I, GeologicalInvestigations Section. Area of specializa-tion: well drilling and coring, licensedWater Well Contractor (Florida). Researchinterests: Water well and core drilling.Professional Memberships: NationalDrillers Association, Florida GroundwaterAssociation.

Dorothy Black, Secretary Specialist, Oiland Gas Section, Business managementtraining at Lively Vocational-TechnicalSchool. Professional background includesadministrative secretarial work and man-agement of family owned business.

Paulette Bond, Research Geologist,Administrative and Geological Data


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Management Section. B.S. West VirginiaUniversity (1971); M.S. University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill (1974). Researchinterests: environmental geology, geologichazards and environmental education.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida).Member: Geological Society of America,Florida Association of ProfessionalGeologists.

Davis Lee Booth, GeologicalInvestigations Section. Area of specializa-tion: core drilling and well construction,licensed Water Well Contractor (Florida).2003 FGS Team Extra Effort Award.

Kenneth M. Campbell, ProfessionalGeologist III, Geologic InvestigationsSection. B.S. Old Dominion University(1975), M.S. Florida State University(1979). Geologic Interests: Core drilling,monitor well construction, Cenozoic stratig-raphy, sedimentation and coastal processes.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida).Licensed Water Well Contractor (Florida).Professional Memberships: FloridaAssociation of Professional Geologists. 1996FGS Team Extra Effort Award, 2000 FGSTeam Extra Effort Award, 2000 FGSEmployee of the Year, 2000 Davis ProductivityAward, 2003 FGS Team Extra Effort Award.

Robert S. Caughey, ProfessionalGeologist II, Ft. Myers Oil and Gas FieldOffice. B.S. University of Arizona (1976).Research interests: Cenozoic stratigraphyand the "boulder zones" of south Florida.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida).Professional memberships: Society forMining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc.,Association of Exploration Geochemists,New Mexico Geological Society, EvergladesGeological Society, 1997 FGS Employee ofthe Year Award, commendation letter fromGovernor Bush for "job well done" (June 28,2002).

Brett Cimbora, Meteorologist andDatabase Technician, resigned August 2004

to begin a career as a US Air Force officer.Mr. Cimbora had performed data entry andquality control for 1.5 years.

Rick Copeland, Professional Geologist III,Hydrogeology Program, GeologicalInvestigation Section. B.S. University ofFlorida, Geology (1972). M.S. University ofFlorida, Geology (1974). Ph.D. FloridaState University, Geology (1998). Hisresearch interests include: the theory ofwater quality and quantity monitoring,interpretation of ground-water quality andits relationship to land use and geomorphol-ogy, and interpretations of trends inground-water quality and quantity. He wasa hydrogeologist with the Suwannee RiverWater Management District for nine yearswhere he established and maintained sev-eral ground-water quality monitoring net-works. He was the administrator of theFlorida Department of EnvironmentalProtection's statewide ground-water qualitynetwork for 18 years and was instrumentalis re-designing and integrating theDepartment's combined surface-water andground-water quality monitoring networkinto one based on randomized sampling. Hehas served as a hydrogeologist with theFlorida Geological Survey for the past threeyears. Professional memberships: LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida), FloridaAssociation of Professional Geologists (VicePresident, 2001 - 2002), the FloridaAcademy of Sciences (Program ChairCoordinator, 2003 - 2004; Chairman -Geological and Hydrological Section, 2001 -2002), the American Association ofProfessional Geologists, the NationalGround Water Association, the AmericanWater Resource Association, FloridaAssociation of Professional Geologists (VicePresident, 2003), and the SoutheasternGeological Society (Vice President, 2004-2005). He received the Department'sDivision of Water Resource Management'sEmployee of the Month award in August,1998, the Sustained Exemplary


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Performance award in 2000, and 2001Extra Effort Award.

Dave Curry, Environmental Administrator,Oil and Gas Section, B.A. Geology,University of South Florida, 1973, complet-ed 2-year University of Texas drilling tech-nology program 1979. Retired November2004 after 31 years with the Oil and GasSection. Served as an inspector in the JayField Office 1977-79, geologist in theTallahassee office and section administra-tor since 1979.

Rodney S. DeHan, Senior ResearchScientist, Hydrogeology Program,Geological Investigations Section. Dr.DeHan initiated his undergraduate andprofessional education in the UnitedKingdom which culminated in earning thedegree, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine fromthe University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Hisgraduate work continued in the UnitedStates where he earned the degrees, Masterof Science in Microbiology/Virology from theUniversity of Kansas, and a Ph.D. inBiological Sciences from Florida StateUniversity. He continued his associationwith the University as a member of theresearch faculty of the Department ofBiological Sciences until 1980. He is cur-rently an adjunct professor in theDepartment of Geological Sciences of theFlorida State University. Dr. DeHan joinedthe Florida Department of EnvironmentalProtection in 1974 and worked in theTreatment Process Technology and BiologySections. He established the FloridaGround Water Program in 1979 and helpedguide its development into a leader inground water protection in the country. Hejoined the Florida Geological Survey in1997 where he is currently a SeniorResearch Scientist. His research interestsand current projects are focused on the roleof ground water as a component of water-sheds with special interest in the character-ization and dynamics of interactionbetween ground and surface water in thecoastal environment.

Dave Files, Engineer IV, joined the Oil andGas Section September 2004 to serve as thesection's general technical advisor and tomanage the section's old well plugging pro-gram. Mr. Files worked since 1972 as adrilling engineer for various independentand major oil companies in Alabama,Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico,California, and offshore.

Ed Gambrell, Environmental SpecialistIII, Oil and Gas Section, B.S. MechanicalEngineering, Mississippi State University1960. Licensed explosives and radioactivematerials handler, retired February 2004after 12 years managing the Oil and GasSection's Jay Field Office. Mr. Gambrellhad previously worked 27 years forSchlumberger Oilfield Services and 5 yearsas an oilfield consultant.

Ed Garrett, Environmental Administrator,Oil and Gas Section, B.S. Geology, FloridaState University (1983). PromotedDecember 2004 to section administratorafter 13 years as a geologist for the Oil &Gas Section. Research interests: Energy poli-cy, environmental effects of offshore drilling, oiland gas regulatory database applications.Florida Certified Public Manager. Licensed pro-fessional geologist (Florida).

Richard C. Green, Professional GeologistI, Geologic Mapping, HydrogeologyProgram, Geological Investigations Section.B.S. Geology, Florida State University(1986); M.S. Geology, Florida StateUniversity (1993). Licensed ProfessionalGeologist (Florida). Research Interests:Uranium /Thorium geochemistry, environ-mental hydrogeology, and stratigraphy.Principal Investigator, USGS STATEMAPProgram. Member of the NationalGroundwater Association. 1997 FGS ExtraEffort Award. 2003 FGS Extra EffortAward, 2003 FGS Team Extra Effort Award(STATEMAP).


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Thomas H. Greenhalgh III, ProfessionalGeologist I, Hydrogeology Section. B.S.Florida State University (1984). Researchinterests: hydrogeology, ground water con-tamination, and environmental education.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida).Member: FDEP Springs subcommittees,Hydrogeology Consortium. Professionalmemberships: Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists, National GroundWater Association.

Eric P. Harrington, Engineer TechnicianIV, Geological Investigations Section, 2000FGS Team Extra Effort Award, 2000 DavisProductivity Award. 2002 FGS Extra EffortAward, 2003 FGS Team Extra EffortAward. Promoted to Engineer TechnicianIV, 2004.

Jessie L. Hawkins, Custodian,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section.

Ronald W. Hoenstine, Coastal Geologist,Supervisor Coastal Research Program,Geological Investigations Section. B.S.University of Florida (1967); M.S.University of Florida (1974); Ph.D. FloridaState University (1982). Research inter-ests: hydrogeology, coastal geology andenvironmental geology. LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida).Professional memberships: InstallationRestoration Environmental CleanupAdvisory Committee, Jacksonville NavalAir Station. 1995 FGS Employee of theYear.

Lucien James Ladner, Coastal Geologist,Coastal Research Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section. B.S. University ofSouthern Mississippi (1970). Researchinterests: hydrogeology, environmental andcoastal geology. Licensed ProfessionalGeologist (Florida), 1st runner up DEPSafety Awareness Event, 2004 Team ExtraEffort Award STATEMAP Project

John L. Leccese, Engineer IV, beganworking for the Oil and Gas SectionDecember 2002 as assistant inspector in theJay Field Office. He was promoted to therole of chief inspector in April 2004. Mr.Leccese's oilfield experience over the previ-ous 36 years includes production manage-ment and the drilling of wildcats,workovers, development wells, and gas stor-age wells for independent oil companies inFlorida, Louisiana, Texas, California,Alaska, and offshore in the Gulf of Mexicoand Gulf of Alaska. Professional trainingincluded drilling technology, well control,petroleum production technology, H2S safe-ty, and oilfield firefighting.

Jacqueline M. Lloyd, Assistant StateGeologist for Administration andAdministrator of the Administrative andGeological Data Management Section. B.S.Florida Atlantic University (1976); M.S.University of Chicago (1979). Researchinterests: environmental geology and publicmanagement. Licensed ProfessionalGeologist (Florida). Florida Certified PublicManager. Professional memberships:Geological Society of America, AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists,Southeastern Geological Society(Secretary/Treasurer, 1984), and FloridaAssociation of Professional Geologists (VicePresident-1999; President-2000; PastPresident-2001-2002), 1995 DEP ExtraEffort Award, 2000 FGS Extra EffortAward.

Guy Harlan (Harley) Means, ProfessionalGeologist I, Geological InvestigationsSection. B.S. Florida State University inGeology (1996), M.S. candidate (Geology),Florida State University. LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida). Researchinterests: Cenozoic stratigraphy, molluscanand vertebrate paleontology, Florida pre-historic underwater archaeology.Professional memberships: SoutheasternGeological Society (Vice President 2002,President 2003), Geological Society of


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America, Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists, FloridaPaleontological Society. 1996 FGS TeamExtra Effort Award, 1998 FGS Extra EffortAward, 1999 DEP Team PerformanceAward, 2000 Davis Productivity Award,2000 FGS Team Extra Effort Award, 2003FGS Team Extra Effort Award, 2003 ExtraEffort Award, 2004 FGS Extra EffortAward, 2004 Team Extra Effort Award.

Daniel C. Phelps, Professional Geologist I,Coastal Research Program. B.S. CampbellUniversity, 1974, M.S. (Geology) DukeUniversity, 1979, M.S. (EnvironmentalManagement) University of Houston-ClearLake, 1990, post graduate work (KarsticHydrogeology) University of Arkansas,1996. Research Interests: applied geo-physics, seismic stratigraphy, continentalshelf sedimentation, coastal processes,environmental geology and coastal zoneresource management. LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida)

Christopher J. Poarch, SystemsProgrammer I, Administrative andGeological Data Management Section. B.S.Information Studies, Florida StateUniversity (2002). Concentration inNetwork Administration, DatabaseAdministration, and Web Development.2003 Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer(MCSE), 2003 Microsoft Certified SystemsAdministrator (MCSA), 2003 MicrosoftCertified Professional (MCP), 2003 FGSEmployee of the Year, 2002; 2003 FGSTeam Extra Effort Award.

Paula Polson, Environmental Specialist I,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section. Web Master, FloridaGeology Forum Editor, Graphic Design.Training in graphic arts, drafting and WebDesign, Florida State University Center forProfessional Development, Tallahassee,FL.; Virginia Commonwealth University,Richmond, VA; Tidewater CommunityCollege, Virginia Beach, VA; John Tyler

Community College, Richmond, VA.Interests: computer graphics/illustrationsand web design. Awards: 2001 FGS ExtraEffort Award, 2002 Employee of the Year,September 2003, DEP Employee of theMonth, 2003 Team Extra Effort Award.

Sarah Ramdeen, Laboratory Technician I,Geological Investigations Section. B.S.Geology, Florida State University (2003). B.A.Humanities, Florida State University (2003).Currently Graduate Student in InformationStudies: Florida State University. ResearchInterests: Archives, cataloging processes, andrecord management.

Frank R. Rupert, Professional Geologist II,Paleontologist and Publications Coordinator,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section. B.S. Florida AtlanticUniversity (1976); M.S. Florida StateUniversity (1980). Research Interests:Cenozoic micropaleontology and biostratigra-phy and environmental hydrogeology.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida).Professional memberships: FloridaPaleontological Society (Past President, BoardMember, and Newsletter Editor), 1988 FGSEmployee of the Year, July 1989 DEPEmployee of the Month, Co-recipient GSAJohn C. Frye Memorial Award inEnvironmental Geology, October, 1999; 2000and 2004 FGS Team Extra Effort Award; 2000Davis Productivity Award; 2001 and 2003FGS Extra Effort Awards.

Walter Schmidt, State Geologist and Chiefof the Florida Geological Survey. A.S.Florida Institute of Technology (1970); B.A.University of South Florida (1972); M.S.Florida State University (1977); Ph.D.Florida State University (1983). Researchinterests: Cenozoic stratigraphy, hydrogeolo-gy, environmental geology, paleogeography,petroleum geology, economic geology, geologyand public policy. Licensed ProfessionalGeologist in Florida, Alabama, Pennsylvania,North Carolina (inactive), and South


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Carolina (inactive). Professional member-ships: Geological Society of America (Fellow),Southeastern Geological Society (PastPresident), American Institute ofProfessional Geologists (Member, CPG),Florida Board of Professional Geologists(Legislative appointment, Past Chair),Governor's Outer Continental Shelf AdvisoryCommittee , Association of American StateGeologists (Member and Past President, cur-rent Chair of Coastal Processes Committee,current Chair of the John C. Frye MemorialAward in Environmental GeologyCommittee, current Statistician, currentmember of Awards, Continental Margins,Environmental Affairs, Honorary Members,Liaison, Professional Affairs, and WaterPolicy committees), Southeast PetroleumTechnology Transfer Council (AdvisoryCommittee Member), American Associationfor the Advancement of Science, Society forSedimentary Geology, Ground WaterProtection Council, Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists (Founding Member),

Florida Academy of Sciences (Past Chair ofGeology / Hydrology Section), Big CypressSwamp Advisory Committee (LegislativeAppointment and Chair), National ResearchCouncil - Oceans Studies Board (PastMember). Adjunct Professor, Florida StateUniversity Department of GeologicalSciences.

Thomas M. Scott, Assistant StateGeologist for Geological Investigations.B.A. University of South Florida (1971);M.S. Eastern Kentucky University (1973);PhD Florida State University (1986).Research interests: Cenozoic lithostratigra-phy, geologic history, and hydrogeology.Licensed Professional Geologist (Florida),Certified Professional Geologist (AmericanInstitute of Professional Geologists).Professional memberships: GeologicalSociety of America, SoutheasternGeological Society (Past-President, 1978and 1990-92), Society of SedimentaryGeology (Past President, SoutheasternSection, 1996-97), Florida Academy of


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Brett Cimbora and Joel Webb work on the Oil and Gas database. OPS staff are an impor-tant component of the FGS scientific workforce (photo by Ed Garrett).

Sciences, Florida Section of the AmericanInstitute of Professional Geologists (Past-President, 1985-86), Florida Association ofProfessional Geologists (Vice President andBoard Member 1996), Research Associate,University of South Florida. Serving onDBPR Board of Professional Geologists,chairman in 2004. More than 150 publica-tions, maps, abstracts. Recently completednew geological map of Florida. Awards -"Hero of Industry” Award from FloridaSection of American Institute ofProfessional Geologists, 1992; Donald C.Haney Outstanding Alumnus Award,Eastern Kentucky University, 1996;Florida Geological Survey Employee of theYear 2001; Outstanding Alumni Awardfrom the University of South FloridaGeology Alumni Society, March 2002; elect-ed as a Fellow of the Geological Society ofAmerica, 2004, Research Associate,University of South Florida.

Steven M. Spencer, ProfessionalGeologist I, Oil and Gas Section. B.S.Florida State University (1981). Researchinterests: petroleum geology. LicensedProfessional Geologist (Florida), January1992 DEP Employee of the Month Award,1994/95 DEP Sustained ExemplaryPerformance Award, January 2003 LeonCounty Schools/FGS Cooperative ProgramTeam Extra Effort Award.

Sharon Sroka, Financial Coordinator,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section. B.S. Finance andMarketing, University of Maryland (1981).

Carolyn Stringer, Management Analyst,Administrative and Geologic DataManagement Section. B.S. University ofAlabama (1970). FGS Extra Effort Awards2001 and 2003.

Wade Stringer, Engineer I, CoastalResearch Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section. Certified Yamaha

Motors and Honda Marine CorporationOutboard Mechanic, U.S. Coast Guardlicensed Captain, FAA Airframe and Powerplant License, PADI Certified Open WaterDiver and First Aid Medic. 2000 FGS ExtraEffort Award.

Dave Taylor, Geophysical OperationsEngineer, Oil and Gas Section. A.A. MiamiDade Community College (1985).University of Michigan, AeronauticalEngineering School (1970-73); FloridaInternational University, BusinessManagement candidate. Commerciallyrated aircraft pilot. Coast Guard licensedcaptain.

Susan B. Trombley, Executive Secretary,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section. Susan has nineyears State service which include workingfor Florida Department of Highway Safetyand Motor Vehicles, Department of Labor,and Department of EnvironmentalProtection. In her years of State service,Susan has attended several seminars suchas: Microsoft Windows 2000 Introduction,Microsoft Access 2000 Introduction,Mistake-Free Grammar and Proofreading,and Outstanding Receptionist.

Tim Walker, Environmental Specialist II,joined the Oil and Gas Section's Jay FieldOffice in September 2004 to conduct inspec-tions and enforcement. Mr. Walker previ-ously worked eight years as a petroleumexploration geologist for various independ-ent oil companies in the Illinois Basin. Healso worked 16 years for various environ-mental consulting firms and owned his ownenvironmental firm which specialized incontamination assessment and remediationof soil and ground water.

Debbie Westberg, AdminstrativeSecretary, Administrative and GeologicData Management Section. A.A., GulfCoast Community College (1975).


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RESEARCH ASSOCIATESAND ASSISTANTS

Alan E. Baker, OPS Professional GeologistI, Hydrogeology Section, B.S. Geology(1994), Florida State University (FSU).Worked four years with the FSUDepartment of Oceanography as a ResearchAssociate and Lab Technician for theEnvironmental Radioactivity MeasurementFacility. Spent three years at theNorthwest Florida Water ManagementDistrict working as a Hydrogeologist in theBureau of Resource Regulation and thenone year as a Geographic InformationSystems Analyst supporting the Districts'Groundwater Bureau. Employed by theFlorida Geological Survey as part of theHydrogeology Program/Section in June of2001 to work on the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment Model. Researchinterests include water resource protection,environmental geology, geomorphology,karst hydrogeology, GIS analysis and spa-tial modeling.

Edward Chelette, OPS LaboratoryTechnician I, Geological InvestigationsSection, B.S. Geology (1990), Florida StateUniversity. Worked as a research assistantand teaching assistant at the University ofHawaii while doing post-graduate work involcanology and hydrogeology (1990-1993).Worked part time at the Northwest FloridaWater Management District while doingpost-graduate work in chemical hydrogeolo-gy at Florida State University (1993 -1995).Worked as full-time IS support and then asa hydrogeologist with the NorthwestFlorida Water Management District work-ing on a joint project with DEP and DOH toidentify, permit, test and regulate construc-tion of wells in EDB contaminated areas,primarily in Jackson County, FL. Workedas IS administrator for the ProfessionalDevelopment Center, TallahasseeCommunity College from 1997-2004.

James R. Cichon, OPS Environmental

Specialist III, Hydrogeology Section. B.S.Geology, Florida Atlantic University (1998),B.A. Chemistry, Florida Atlantic University(1998). Worked two years at the NorthwestFlorida Water Management District as aHydrogeologist in the Bureau of ResourceRegulation. Employed by the FloridaGeological Survey as part of theHydrogeology Program/Section in June of2001 to work on the Florida AquiferVulnerability Assessment Model. Researchinterests: hydrogeology, GIS analysis andspatial modeling, karst processes, datamanagement, water resources.

Brie Coane, OPS Laboratory Technician I,Drilling Operations and Springs Initiative,Geological Investigations Section. B.S.Environmental Studies with a minor inGeology from Florida State University(2003). Research interests: St. John’s RiverWater Management District stratigraphywith a focus on Oldsmar and Cedar KeysFormations, springsheds water quality andits effects on the Floridan Aquifer System.Other interests include: Water-well drillingand core drilling. Recipient of 2003 ExtraEffort Team award.

Adel Dabous, OPS Geochemistry ResearchAssociate, Hydrogeology Section, GeologicalInvestigation Section. B.S. (1968) and M.S.(1973), Alexandria University, Alexandria,Egypt; Ph.D. (1981), Florida StateUniversity. Research interests: environ-mental geochemistry and environmentalradioactivity; applications of uranium andother uranium-series nuclides in hydrologyand Quaternary geochronology; water/rockinteractions. Professional memberships:Geochemical Society of America, GeologicalSociety of Egypt, Geological Society ofAmerica, and Mineralogical Society ofEgypt.

William L. Evans III, OPS ProfessionalGeologist I, Geological InvestigationsSection. Dual B.S. Zoology and Biology,University of Central Florida (1979); M.S.


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Geology, Florida State University (1996).Research interests: hydrogeology, lakehydrology, aquifer storage and recovery sys-tem geochemistry and hydrogeology, envi-ronmental geology, stratigraphy and heavymineral deposition. Licensed ProfessionalGeologist (Florida). DEP Scientific Diver(in training). Co-Principal Investigator,USGS STATEMAP Program. Professionalmemberships: Florida Association ofProfessional Geologist (Past Board ofDirectors Member), National Ground WaterAssociation, Southeastern GeologicalSociety. August 1999 DEP Employee of theMonth, 1997, 1998, and 1999 DEP ExtraEffort Awards, 1999 DEP Division of WasteManagement Appreciation Award, 2002FGS Extra Effort Award, and 2003 FGSTeam Extra Effort Award.

Cindy Fischler, OPS EnvironmentalSpecialist III, Hydrogeology Section. B.S.Environmental studies, Florida StateUniversity (2002). Research interests: geo-chemistry and hydrogeology especiallywater-rock interaction; coastal geology andprocesses, and carbonate petrology.

Frances C. Ijeoma, OPS Fiscal AssistantII, Hydrogeology Section. B.S. in GeologyUniversity of Calabar, Nigeria (1998). A.S.in Computer Programming and AnalysisTallahassee Community College (2002).B.S. candidate, Management InformationSystems, Tallahassee Community College/University of Florida. Projected gradua-tion: Summer 2006. Candidate,Certification in Oracle9i CertifiedProfessional. (OCP) (2005). Interest:Systems management and administration.

Amy Jensen, OPS Laboratory TechnicianI, Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section, B.S. candidate,Department of Geoscience, Florida StateUniversity (2005), Research Interests:structural geology, planetary geology,igneous environments, GIS analysis andremote sensing.

Clint Kromhout, OPS Geologist II,Hydrogeology Section. B.S. Geology, FloridaState University (2003). Research Projects:Southwest Florida Sub-surface MappingProject, Comprehensive EvergladesRestoration Project, STATEMAP Program,Floridan Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment.Research interests: hydrogeology, ground-water issues, karst, GIS applications,applied geostatistical analysis and model-ing, remote sensing, structural geology, car-tography, drilling processes, and well con-struction. 2003 Manatee Springs ExtraEffort Team Award Recipient. 2004Southwest Florida Sub-surface MappingProject Extra Effort Team Award Recipient.

Robert Kurtz, OPS LaboratoryTechnician I, Geological InvestigationsSection. B.S. in Geology, Florida StateUniversity, May, 2004. Currently atFlorida State University as a graduate stu-dent in geology. FGS research assistantworking on analysis of sample cuttings andcores for STATEMAP and South FloridaWater Management District.

Ryan C. Means, OPS Biological Scientist I,Springs Initiative, GeologicalInvestigations Section. B.S. Zoology,University of Florida (1996), M.S. WildlifeEcology and Conservation, University ofFlorida (2001). Research Assistant workingon springs-related topics. Research inter-ests: biological inventorying and monitor-ing, herpetology, temporary pond metapop-ulation dynamics, environmental geology,prehistoric archaeology, vertebrate paleon-tology.

Rebecca P. Meegan, OPS BiologicalScientist I, Springs Initiative, GeologicalInvestigations Section. B.S. Forestry andWildlife Resources, Biology, Virginia Tech(1996). M.S. Forestry, Texas A&M (2000).Research assistant working on springsrelated topics. Research interests includelandscape ecology, environmental geology,ephemeral pond ecology, and amphibianmetapopulation dynamics.


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James McClean, OPS EnvironmentalSpecialist II, Hydrogeology Section, B.A.(Art) and B.A.. (Anthropology), Universityof New Mexico (1994). M.S. (Anthropology),Florida State University (2002). Researchinterests: Remote Sensing and GIS formarine resource management, karst, sealevel change and scientific diving.Professional memberships: AmericanAcademy of Underwater Sciences, NationalAssociation of Underwater Instructors, andNational Speleological Society.

Michelle Lachance, OPS LaboratoryTechnician I, Coastal Research Program,Geological Investigations Section. M.S. can-didate; B.S. in Civil Engineering, Geologyand Social Science, Florida State University(2002); Certificate in Urban and RegionalPlanning (2002). Research interests:Geophysics, Structural Engineering andGeographical Information Systems.Professional memberships: AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers.

Aaron Lower, OPS Laboratory TechnicianI, Coastal Research Program, GeologicalInvestigations Section. B.S. Geology,Purdue University (2004); M.S. candidate,Geology, Florida State University.Research interests: Coastal Geology,Sedimentology, Geophysics. Professionalmemberships: Geological Society ofAmerica.

Elizabeth Moulton, OPS EnvironmentalSpecialist I, Hydrogeology Section. B.S.Geology, Florida State University (2001).M.S. candidate, Geology, Florida StateUniversity. Research interests: geochem-istry, hydrogeology, and GIS applications.

David T. Paul, OPS Geologist II,Geological Investigations Section, B.S.Geology, Florida State University (1999).USGS STATEMAP Program; ManateeSprings Conduit Investigation cooperativeproject, FGS/Suwannee River WaterManagement District; O'Leno State Park

and River Rise State Preserve cooperativeproject, FGS/UF Geology Department; LeonSinks/Floridan Aquifer cooperative project,FGS/Hazlett-Kincaid, Inc./FSUGeophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute.Research interests: GIS analysis, remotesensing, and cartography; core drilling andmonitor well construction. 2002 ExtraEffort Award, 2003 Manatee Springs TeamExtra Effort Award, 2003 STATEMAPTeam Extra Effort Award.

Jeremy Poarch, OPS IT Assistant,Geological Data Management Section. B.S.candidate, Management InformationSystems, Tallahassee Community College /Florida State University. Projected gradua-tion: Summer 2006. Interest: Computernetwork systems management. 2003 FGSTeam Extra Effort Award.

Sean Roberts, OPS Laboratory TechnicianI, Geological Investigations Section,Research Assistant with the Swallet Team(Florida Springs Initiative project). A.A.Santa Fe Community College in general sci-ence and engineering. Research interestsinclude: cave mapping and exploration,photo documentation. Current president ofthe Florida Speleological Society, memberof the Florida Paleontological Society,National Speleological Society.

Christie Seale, OPS Secretary Specialist,Administrative and Geological DataManagement Section, B.S. candidate,College of Business, Florida StateUniversity (2007)

James (Jim) Sparr, OPS LaboratoryTechnician I, Coastal Research Program,Geological Investigations Section. B.S.Earth Science, Tarleton State University,Stephenville, Texas (1994). Research inter-ests: X-ray diffractometry, geophysicalinstrumentation, coastal dynamics, ecologyand aquaculture of hermatypic corals, sealevel fluctuation, and astroblemes.


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Rob Stoner, OPS EnvironmentalSpecialist I, Computer data input. BA inbusiness management, Florida StateUniversity (1990). Interests and experiencein database programming and managementand managing administrative services.

Diana M. Thurman-Nowak, OPSLaboratory Technician I, Springs Initiative,Geological Investigations Section. B.A.University of North Carolina at Charlotte(1990). Post-graduate studies inEnvironmental Biology, Western CarolinaUniversity and Florida InternationalUniversity (1996). Research Assistant onpreliminary studies for the SouthernEverglades Restoration Project (1996). Priorto coming to FGS, worked as a HydrogeologySpecialist for the Northwest Florida WaterManagement District, for two years. State ofFlorida licensed Drinking Water PlantOperator with five years of experience inground water treatment. ProfessionalMemberships: Florida Water PollutionControl Operator Association.

William "Bill" Walker, OPS LaboratoryTechnician I, Geological InvestigationsSection, Swallet team (Florida SpringsInitiative funded). A.A., Business, CentralFlorida Community College. Researchinterests: subaerial cave exploration andmapping. Founder of the KarstConservancy, member of the FloridaSpeleological Society.

Joel Webb, OPS Database Manager, Oiland Gas Section, B.S., Economics, FloridaState University (1996); B.S., ManagementInformation Systems, Florida StateUniversity (2000). Programming special-ization in creating customized software forbilling and inventory tracking. CertifiedProfessional for MS Access.

Alan Willett, OPS Laboratory TechnicianI, Geological Investigations Section,Springs Initiatve. B.S., University ofTennessee at Chattanooga (1987); B.S.,

Georgia Southwestern University (1996);M.S. candidate, Florida State University.Research interests: hydrogeology, coastaland environmental geology. Professionalmembership: Geological Society of America.

Alex Wood, OPS Environmental SpecialistII, Hydrogeology Section, B.A., Geology:Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana (1996),M.S., Auburn University, Alabama (1999).Research interests: hydrogeology, groundwater supply issues, GIS applications, geo-statistical analysis and three-dimensionalsubsurface characterization.

Hauqi Yin, OPS Programmer, Oil and GasSection. B.A. in English, SichuanInternational University (1992), M.S. inInformation Studies, Florida StateUniversity (2001).

OUTSIDE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

Hal Davis (USGS)Dr. Joe Donoghue (FSU)Kendall Fountain (UF)Robin Hallbourg (Alachua County)Harmon Hardin (FSU)Dr. Timothy Hazlett (Hazlett Kincaid Inc.)Jeff Herr (SFWMD)Mark Hooks (FL Dept of Health)David Hornsby (SRWMD)Dr. Todd Kincaid (Hazlett-Kincaid Inc.)Chris Langevin (USGS)Jody Lee (SJRWMD)Dr. David Loper (FSU)Carole Maddox (SFWMD)Gary Maddox (DEP)Dr. Jon Martin (UF Dept of Geology)Dr. Katherine Milla (FAMU)Carole Milliman (SFWMD)Dr. Thomas Missimer (Groundwater Science, Inc.)Ed Oaksford (USGS)John Passehl (USGS)Roger Portell (UF)Thomas Pratt (NWFWMD)Ron Reese (USGS)Koren Taylor (City of Tallahassee)Warren Zwonka (SRWMD


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FGS AWARDS FOR 2003

The 2003 Employee of the Year wasCris Poarch. Cris consistently has a positiveattitude and record for prompt, cheerfulservice. He seeks out learning opportunitiesthat apply to effective and improved admin-istration of the FGS computers. Cris han-dles all staff requests and troubleshootingin record response time. He works inde-pendently and shows excellent judgment insetting priorities.

There were nine Extra Effort Awardspresented at the 2003 Awards Luncheon.Jim Balsillie, Professional Geologist III, hassuccessfully captained several expeditionsfor field sampling for the STATEMAP pro-gram. His attention to detail and concernfor safety make him a top choice for the fieldmapping expeditions. Erin Dorn, ResearchAssistant, willingly and cheerfully helpedtrain other OPS staff, and took on newassignments and new responsibilities with-out complaint. She has shown a high degreeof professionalism and reliability in herwork ethic. Rick Green, ProfessionalGeologist I, leads the STATEMAP crew,making a better product every year. Hekeeps pace with new technologies and usesevery possible resource to map the geologyof Florida. His initiative, hard work, andforward thinking have led to the completionof nine STATEMAP products to date. JimLadner, Professional Geologist I, has excel-lent captain skills in handling the boats,and assisting the field crews for theSTATEMAP expeditions, under difficult cir-cumstances. He provides the expertise of ageologist and a boat captain and works wellwith the field teams. Harley Means,Professional Geologist I, has worked hardwith the Springs Initiative in addition to hisduties as District Geologist for northwestFlorida. His outgoing personality and dedi-cation to educating the public have madehim a fine representative of the FGS.

Rebecca Meegan, Research Assistant, rep-resents the FGS very well in the field bytalking to and educating citizens aboutsprings when out sampling. Frank Rupert,Professional Geologist II, always make him-self available to assist other staff membersin everything from desktop computer situa-tions, to paleontology, to any geologic ques-tion which comes up. He is a friendly andknowledgeable person who is always readyto help others. Carolyn Stringer,Management Analyst, is always ready tohelp staff members with their paperwork,which can get very tricky when you work forany large entity, such as the State. Shekeeps abreast of the many changes takingplace in the procedures, has a great atti-tude, and puts in extra hours when neededto accomplish the task. Wade Stringer,Engineer I, is greatly appreciated for hisseamanship, boat maintenance and cheer-ful attitude. His efforts in the outfitting andrepair of the FGS research vessels, whichwere often completed under extreme condi-tions of weather, confined spaces, and limit-ed resources, were instrumental in fulfillingobligations to contracts.

Four teams won Extra Effort Awards:LCS/FGS Cooperative Program Team is anarrangement between the Leon CountySchools and the FGS for special needs stu-dents to come to our library and learn askill that may be useful to them in order tomake a living one day. They helped us byscanning in the "Green Books" which arethe well descriptions for each county inFlorida. We are grateful for the help withthis project, while being of benefit to thelocal school system. The team leader wasSteve Spencer, and team members werePaula Polson, Cris Poarch, and JeremyPoarch.

The FGS Springs Team was in the fieldfor about three weeks out of each monthsampling the water quality of the many


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FGS AWARDS PROGRAM

springs in Florida and making springdescriptions. They were working on therevision of Bulletin 31, Springs of Florida.The team members were Robbie Jones,Ryan Means, Rebecca Meegan, and AlanWillet.

A 2003 Extra Effort Award was pre-sented to the Manatee Springs ConduitTeam. Core drilling and monitor well con-struction team consisting of Harley Means,Ken Campbell, Eric Harrington, BrieCoane, Robby Jones, Clint Kromhout, TomGreenhalgh, Dave Paul, Lee Booth andAlan Willet. Three cores were drilled inter-secting the Main, Blue Water and Sewerconduits which feed Manatee Springs. Fourinch monitor wells were installed with opencompletions in the conduits for samplingports.

The STATEMAP / Suwannee Teamsampled the Suwannee and Santa FeRivers for data to complete the STATEMAPproject for this area. This group showedhow cooperation between sections of theFGS and with other agencies, is an idealcombination of skills of individuals. Thecrew included Captains Jim Ladner andJim Balsillie, Rick Green, Will Evans, TomGreenhalgh, Dave Paul, Jon Bryan, andRoger Portell.

Paula Polson was honored as theDepartment of Environmental Protection'sSeptember 2003 Employee of the Month.Paula is one of the hardest working behind-the-scenes workers at the FGS. She hasdone an excellent job of converting FGSpublications to online availability, hasimproved the appearance and functionalityof our web site, and designs and edits ournewsletter, the Forum. The Forum now hasa very polished, professional appearancesince Paula took it over.

Jackie Lloyd graduated from theFlorida State University, Florida Center forPublic Management (CPM) Program on

June 13, 2003. This is a nationally recog-nized program which includes comprehen-sive training and development for publicsector managers at all levels of state andlocal government. It is a rigorous courseinvolving eight four day class sessions andextensive homework covering a time periodof two and a half years.

FGS AWARDS FOR 2004

The FGS Employee of the Year for 2004was Carolyn Stringer. During the year shetook on, not only her own job, but two oth-ers as well. She helped with the duties ofthe Financial Coordinator and theAdministrative Secretary, when those posi-tions were vacant. She also helped findexcellent replacements for those positionsand helped train them. Carolyn has alsobecome the resident expert with PeopleFirst, not an easy task!! She cheerfullydrops what she is doing and helps withproblems that are brought to her on a regu-lar basis. Because of her hard work anddedication to the FGS, her colleagues recog-nized her as Employee of the Year for 2004.

There were five Individual Extra EffortAwards. Sarah Ramdeen, Lab Technician I,was nominated due to her initiative andhard work getting the core storage areacleaned up and organized. She is alwaysready to help out when help is needed.Jackie Lloyd, PG Administrator, has a man-agement style that encourages employees todo their best. She is knowledgeable of themany administrative rules and changes andkeeps the FGS current in these areas. Shekeeps the FGS Employee Handbook updat-ed with all of these issues as well. EricHarrington, Engineering Technician IV,seems to be always able to get things, andget things done. He is cheerful and willingto help in many areas, besides his own.Harley Means, Professional Geologist I,does an excellent job representing the FGSto the public and to other agencies. He hasworked on the Florida Springs Initiative


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and assisted the current coordinator. Helectures at schools and to professionalgroups educating his audiences in the natu-ral sciences. Wade Stringer, EngineeringSpecialist I, is knowledgeable in marinemaintenance and seamanship, and workshard to keep our marine vehicles up andrunning with limited time and resources.His efforts have made many of the projectsable to be completed on time.

Four teams received Team Extra EffortAwards in 2004. The Vibrocoring Team, ofthe Coastal Program, did an outstandingjob under difficult conditions to attain thedata essential to the offshore beach renour-ishment investigation. They worked in highseas, high winds and strong currents andstill got the job done. The team includesWade Stringer, Jim Balsillie, Jim Ladner,Steve Spencer, Dan Phelps, and RonHoenstine.

The FGS Springs Initiative Team,including Rick Copeland, Harley Means,Ryan Means, Rebecca Meegan, PaulaPolson, Frank Rupert, Tom Scott, RobbyJones, Tina Roberts, Sam Upchurch, andAlan Willet, represented the FGS to thepublic while out sampling springs, and cre-ating presentations and the publication,Bulletin 66, "Springs of Florida".

The Southwest Florida Mapping Team,Clint Kromhout and Cindy Fischler, havetaken on more and more responsibilitiesand maintained their excellent attitudes toget this multi-year project completed. Theyhave demonstrated more than averageeffort over and over to ensure the project istheir best work.

The FAVA Team, of the HydrogeologyProgram, consisting of Jon Arthur, AlanBaker, Jim Cichon and Alex Wood, workedlong, hard hours on this very importantproject concerning aquifer vulnerability.They have truly gone the extra mile withthe project itself, and presentations all over

the state regarding the project.

OUTSIDE AWARDS

Ryan Means and Rebecca Meegan,received the Springs Protection Award fromthe Florida Springs Task Force in May,2004.

Dr. Thomas Scott was elected as aFellow of the Geological Society of Americain 2004. Dr. Scott was elected to fellowshipbecause of his exemplary record of publish-ing on Florida geology, administering geo-logical programs, promoting public aware-ness of geology, serving in leadership rolesin professional organizations, and for hiseditorial work. He is highly motivated andloves training the next generation of geolo-gists. Dr. Scott was inducted as a Fellow ofGSA at the Annual Meeting November 7thin Denver, Colorado.


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Dr. Tom Scott, 2004 Geological Society ofAmerica Fellow (photo by Harley Means)

L. David Curry, Administrator of theOil and Gas Section, retired on November30th, 2004 after 31 years with the FloridaGeological Survey. Dave joined the FGS in1973 as a Geologist I, soon after graduatingfrom the University of South Florida with aBA in Geology, and after having served fouryears in the U. S. Marines. He initially wasassigned to the Tallahassee office, but afterjust two years he was transferred to the Oiland Gas Northwest Florida District Officein Jay, FL where he worked for three years.In 1979, he was transferred back to theTallahassee office having gained field andOil and Gas operations inspections proce-dures experience. Within six months of hisreturn to Tallahassee he was promoted to

Administrator of the Oil and Gas Section, aposition he held for 25 years, until hisretirement. Dave had completed a four yearhome study course issued by the PetroleumExtension Service of the University ofTexas, and he obtained his ProfessionalGeologists' License in Florida. Over hiscareer, Dave was involved with inspectionprocedures revisions, administrative rulereviews and updates, and he has witnesseddecades of litigation between the State andvarious offshore oil exploration interests.His knowledge, corporate memory, and easygoing style will be missed by all who workedwith him and relied on his judgment for somany years. We wish him good luck andcongratulate him on his retirement.


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Dave Curry (photo by Ed Garrett).

RETIREMENT


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FGS BUDGET SUMMARY

AGENCIES CONTRIBUTING TO THE GRANTS ANDDONATIONS TRUST FUND THROUGH COOPERATIVE

CONTRACTS WITH THE FGS

Agency FY 02/03 FY 03/04

Association of American State Geologists XCalifornia Institute of Technology X XCollier County Government X XFlorida Department of Environmental Protection X XFlorida Department of Health XHazlett-Kincaid, Inc. XMissimer and Associates XNorthwest Florida Water Management District X XSt. Johns River Water Management District X XSuwannee River Water Management District XSouth Florida Water Management District XSouthwest Florida Water Management District X XU. S. Geological Survey X XU. S. Minerals Management Service X XUniversity of Texas XCamp, Dresser and McKee, Inc. X

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