flight simulation: physics of aircraft games fundamentals © by jarek francik kingston university,...
TRANSCRIPT
Flight Simulation:Physics of Aircraft
Games Fundamentals© by Jarek FrancikKingston University, London
2012 - 2013
photo by Arpingstone, Wikimedia Commons
Main Forces on Aircraft
Thrust
Weight
Lift
Drag
Main Forces on Aircraft
Horizontal Forces:• Thrust
set by Trottle (no formula here)
Main Forces on Aircraft
Horizontal Forces:• Thrust
set by Trottle (no formula here)
• Aerodynamic Drag
the same formula was used for car simulation! v – air speed r – mass density of the air
const Sp – projected frontal area const Cd – drag coefficient
2
2dp
air
CSVR
Main Forces on Aircraft
Horizontal Forces:• Thrust
set by Trottle (no formula here)
• Aerodynamic Drag
the same formula was used for car simulation! v – air speed r – mass density of the air
const Sp – projected frontal area const Cd – drag coefficient
Drag coefficient is const but may increase with brakes and flaps
2
2dp
air
CSVR
Main Forces on Aircraft
mgFg
Vertical Forces:• Weight
Main Forces on Aircraft
mgFg
2
2lw
lift
CSVF
Vertical Forces:• Weight
• Lift Force
v – air speed r – mass density of the air const Sw – wing area const Cl – lift coefficient
Main Forces on Aircraft
mgFg
2
2lw
lift
CSVF
Vertical Forces:• Weight
• Lift Force
v – air speed r – mass density of the air const Sw – wing area const Cl – lift coefficient
Pilot can control Lift Coefficient
Lift Force
• Aerodynamic Drag Sp – projected frontal area
Cd – drag coefficient
• Lift Force Sw – wing area
Cl – lift coefficient
2
2dp
lift
CSVF
2
2lw
lift
CSVF
Lift Force
Source: http://www.lytninslinks.net/physics.html
Lift Force & Attack Angle
FL
Lift Force & Attack Angle
FL
angle of attack
• Angle of Attack affects:– Lift Coefficient (Lift Force value)– Lift Force direction
Lift Force & Angle Attack
STALL
image by Botag, Wikimedia Commons
Stall
• Reduction of the Lift Coefficient• Occurs when the Critical Attack Angle is exceeded• The Critical Angle Attack depends on the speed
• Two reasons for stall:– too high Angle Attack (typically over 15o)– too low speed
• Very dangerous, used intentionally in some types of aerobatic manoeuvres
Stall
image by US Federal Government, Wikimedia Commons
Flight Control Systems & Manoeuvres
photo by Jarek Francik
Aircraft Control
Pitch
Elevatorchanges Lift Coefficient
image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons
Aircraft Control
Roll
Aileronsimposes Angular Momentum on the Wings
image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons
Aircraft Control
Roll
Aileronsimposes Angular Momentum on the Wings
Aircraft Control
Roll
Aileronsimposes Angular Momentum on the Wings
image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons
Aircraft Control
Yaw
Rudderimposes Angular Momentum on the Tail
image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons
Aircraft Control
• More:– Flaps: change drag and lift coefficients,
most often used to slow down before landing– Air Brakes: significantly change drag coefficients
– Landing Gear – not exactly a flight control system,but will normally affect the drag coefficient
– Ground Brakes (used to slow down on the runway)
Flight Simulator 2D
DEMO