fligh safety and maintainence activities3 unit3.doc
TRANSCRIPT
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Flight safety and
maintenance activities
Unit 3
Introduction:
Every year aircraft accidents cost great amount of money, aircraft and its
equipments and sometimes result in loss of precious human lives which include
passengers and trained aircrew. Hence it is necessary to protect the men and
material and use them judiciously. In this context the concept of flight safety or
aircraft accident prevention assumes its importance. The aim of flight safety is to
enhance the operational potential and efficiency of the aircraft industry.
The object of any safety effort is the identification and reduction of risk. Just
as in the other fields like highway traffic etc., provisions and procedures have been
made to reduce the risk of accident and promote flight safety. The successful
implementation of flight safety measures involves not only of safety among
personnel of all cadres but also their active participation and co-operation,
conspicuous and meticulous observance of aircraft accidents, both on the ground
and in the air.
(I)RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANITENANCE ACTIVITIES AND
FLIGHT SAFETY:
One of the major activities that are mainly oriented towards ensuring flight
safety is maintenance. The process of maintenance is broadly divisible in stages .
i .e, provisioning, holding, distributing and servicing. Every aspect of
maintenance included in this broad definition, has its own influence on Flight Safety.
To do this the man, the environment and the aircraft have to be investigated in
detail, and suitable procedures have to be laid down in the respective areas.
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(II) CRITICAL MAINTENANCE ACTIVITES: HAZARD AND SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
(1)AIRCRAFT SERCIVING:
One of the important elements of aircraft servicing is the technician who
actually does the servicing. He should be professionally competent to carry out his
job and posses the necessary qualifications and skills. Though the technicians meet
these standards, he develops certain serious failings due to environmental factors.
Complacency or an easy going attitude and resorting to shortcuts in servicing are
two examples. It is necessary to eliminate such tendencies among technicians in
the interests of flight safety. Some other examples of undesirable habits which
affect critical technical activities are:
(a) Failing to consult servicing schedules/manuals before and duringservicing. Relying only on memory with regards to list of checks or steps
to be followed
(b) Resorting to shortcuts while replacing components in inaccessible parts of
aircraft.
(c) Using inappropriate tools or careless use of available tools.
(d) Showing disregard for cleanliness of working area by leaving tools and
parts laying about, not using suitable trays to keep dismantled parts etc,.
(2) BAY SERVICING:A considerable portion of maintenance of airborne equipment is carried out in
servicing bays. These bays will have all the facilities required to meet periodical or
scheduled bay-servicing. Adequate master process charts schedules or bay
servicing schedules are also made available here. The technician carrying out bay-
Servicing should invariably adhere to the detailed instructions pertaining to their
work, and avoid deviation from the laid down servicing procedures. The technician
must familiarize himself with principles and correct use of the test equipment
required for his work. He must maintain proper records of his actions as well as ofvarious readings. He must use the correct tools and test equipments and follow
correct technical practices. Failure to follow the laid down drill can result in sub
standard servicing and premature failure of airborne equipment leading to
accidents.
(3)SOME COMMON HAZARDS:
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Literally hundreds of occurrences under flight safety are caused by servicing
crew errors. A majority of them occur during first line and second line servicing of
aircrafts. The types of errors causing aircraft accidents/incidents over a period have
been analyzed and the potential hazard areas are identified. Some of the main
hazards are listed below:
ERRORS OF OMISSION AND COMMISION:(1)Failure to carryout laid down checks
(2) Failure to secure parts correctly
(3) Lapses of servicing due to haste of the technician
(4)Foreign Object Damage (FOD).
(5) Failure to take precautions especially involving explosives.
(6)Omission to complete refitment of parts after servicing.
(7)Unauthorized starting of engines.
(b)Professional errors(1)Incorrect servicing
(2)Incorrect fitment/installation of parts.
(3)Incorrect adjustments
(c) Inadvertent Errors(1)Wrong operation of controls.
(2)Reversal in fitment.
(3)Walking into air intake areas when engine running.
(d) Errors in ground handling of aircraft.
(e) Collision of ground vehicles (such as Refueller, Ground power units, Tow
tractors etc.) with the aircraft.
(f) Towing accidents
(4) Murphys law:
Murphys law states that if there is a possibility of an error being commited,
then someday someone will commit that error.
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For example, there are many subassemblies in various aircraft whose
fitments can be inadvertantly reversed by the technician. These are due to
connections, parts etc., looking exactly alike. In one instance the reverse fitment of
the tail rotor blade of a chetak helicopter resulted in the helicopter falling down and
getting seriously damaged. This happened when the pilot operated the rudder to
control a tendency for the helicopter to swing to onside. Thus there is a possibilityfor reverse fitting to take place. This is called a Murphy. Murphies should be
promptly reported to the supervisor in charge immediately so that a remedial action
can be taken to prevent a disastrous event.
(5)PRECAUTIONS:
In order to effectively contribute improved flight safety and reduce risk of
aircraft accidents technicians should ensure the following:
(i) Avoid casualness and easy-going attitude in carrying out servicing.
(ii) Acquire the requisite professional competence to carry out servicing.
(iii)Avoid resorting to shortcuts in servicing.
(iv) Follow meticulously the detailed steps laid down in the relevant servicing
schedules.
(v) Maintain the working area scrupulously clean at all times.
(vi) Account for each and every part dismantled during servicing until
completion of refitment.
(vii) Avoid littering of used material and discarded parts.
(viii) Observe precautions while moving around ther aircraft under servicing
and on Ground runs.
(ix) Avoid touching or operating controls or getting inside or rear of the
aircraft without authority.
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(III) TARMAC SAFETY
SOME AREAS OF TARMAC SAFETY WHICH ARE IMPORTANT ARE THE
FOLLOWING
(a) CRASH VEHICLES
These vehicles should be fully serviceable at all times. They should be run
sufficiently to ensure that their batteries are fully charged. This will avoid starting
problems at critical times when the crash vehicles are required.
(b) CRASH BARRIERS AND AIR FIELD LIGHTING:
These should be periodically serviced and documented.
(c) EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLIES
These are to be operated and maintained. Other standby generators
are also to be kept in serviceable condition.
(d) CRASH CLEARENCEThe crash crew should be familiar with the rescue operations of aircrew
and passengers when accident takes place.
(e) RUNWAY CLEARENCE AFTER TYRE FAILURE
This is a common occurrence but creates an emergency situation.
Jacking and towing equipments should be available at all times.
(f) GALE PRECAUTIONS
The general picketing, mooring and parking arrangements both
inside and outside hangars should be adequate. If picketing blocks are not
adequate, permanent mooring rings may have to be installed. These measures willreduce damage to aircraft during strong gales and storms.
(g) TURNAROUND CHECKS:
Accidents do occur during turnaround servicing of aircrafts. Correct
drills must be followed. Precautions to be strictly adhered while Refueling the
aircraft. Gas charging practices are to be correctly done. Wrong identification of
gas cylinders can be fatal.
(h) GENERAL REPLENISHMENT PRACTICES
Correct replenishment practices should be followed in respect of
hydraulic fluids, oils and greases. Correct identification is essential. Periodic qualitycontrol checks of oils and greases are also important. Fluids should be clean and
free from dust and dirt as these can cause excessive internal wear and premature
failures of engines or equipments.
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(IV) FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE (FOD)Foreign object damage is one of the major causes of aircraft accidents. FOD
is not confined to engines only. Tools, nuts, Bolts and other miscellaneous items
left behind inaccessible places of the aircraft as a result of sloppy habits can cause
obstruction to control movements, shorting of electrical plugs etc. with catastrophic
results. A conscientious approach by all to eliminate this servicing lapse is essentialif accidents are too prevented.
There are certain basic precautions that can be adopted with success to
prevent foreign object damage to engines. FOD in engines take place by the entry
of foreign objects through the air intake when the maintenance is being undertaken.
The ready availability of a powerful flight for carrying out air intake inspection is an
important detail that should be ensured.
Foreign objects find their way into the airframe are also connected withnuts,bolts,washers and other parts removed during disassembly. They should be
counted and accounted for until they are refitted. Proper container should be used
for storing the removed parts. During subsequent assembly presence of surplus
parts should be viewed with as much as suspicion as deficiencies. The importance
of counting and daily accounting of tools should be a compulsory practice in every
servicing section. Daily issue and receipt of tools from a well managed tool-crib will
greatly assist FOD control. An independent check by a supervisor for loose articles
after maintenance in vulnerable areas, such as cockpit floors, control columns etc.
can be signed for on completion of major servicing activities. Finally the personal
relationships between the technician and the supervisor should be such that they
should feel free to report all accidental actions by which tools bolts etc. have been
inadvertently dropped into inaccessible areas without fear of retribution from
their supervisors.
No shortcuts should be adopted by the technicians during retrieval of objects
dropped into inaccessible areas or to the procedure laid down for a particular
servicing of the aircraft.
(V) TYPICAL OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
(1) Inadequate operations or weather briefing.
(2) Inadequate flight planning activities.
(3) Faulty maintenance and inspections.
(4) Inadequate aerodrome facilities like lighting, Radio aids crash rescue facilities
etc.
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(5) Hazardous fire prevention practices.
(6) Deficiencies of flight publications like charts, maps, handbooks, etc.
(7) Inadequate fire fighting equipments.
(8) Unsatisfactory radio procedures or ground control approach procedures andoperations.
(9) Poor radio transmission from air traffic control.
(10) Follow me jeep or wing walkers not available when parking aircrafts.
(11) Debris and other refuse materials on the taxi-track or parking areas.
AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE
PRACTICES
Lesson Plan :2 SHOP SAFETY
(1) INTRODUCTIONMaintenance is carrying out certain actions which will extend the life of
manmade materials and machines. Safety is the precautionary measure to
prevent damage to the equipments and injury to the personnel involved in
maintenance activities. Hence maintenance safety is the set of disciplinary actions
to be observed during maintenance of aircraft and its associated equipments.
It is to be clearly understood that Flight Safety and Maintenance safety go
hand in hand together. Maintenance safety leads to Flight safety and then there
are additional responsibilities and precautions for Flight safety which concerns not
only the Pilot who flies the aircraft, but also other members involved in aircraft
flying such as maintenance team, airfield operators, Air traffic controller, other
aircrafts and their aircrew, the birds which share the sky along with aircrafts, the
weather conditions, the passengers (may include the terrorists and skyjackers) etc,.
(2) OBJECTS OF MAINTENANCE
(a) To extend the useful life of the materials.
(b) To ensure maximum availability of installed equipment and to
obtain the maximum possible profit on investment.
(c) To keep the equipments required for emergency use in serviceable
conditions (eg: Standby units, Fire fighting and Rescue equipments
etc.)
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(d) To ensure safety of personnel (group of persons) using the
machine.
(3) FORMS OF MAINTENANCE
(a)Planned maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Corrective maintenance
(b) Unplanned maintenance
Emergency maintenance
Breakdown maintenance
(c)Automatic maintenance: Provided in electronic equipments of
modern aircrafts known as Bite and MTN programs. Bite enables theautomatic sensing of failed components and the informations are
available in flight and after flight to the user. Identification of failed
LRU or PCB is easily done and change of LRUs or PCBs are possible
within a short period. MTN (maintenance) programs are stored in
modules and they can be used to carry out in-situ checks of Avionic
equipments without removing them from the aircraft. This short
durations check also enables the maintenance crew to identify the
faults in Avionic system easily. However individual LRUs are to be
tested in the test benches whenever needed.
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAINTENANCE:
Preventive maintenance
Daily inspections
Between flight inspections
Lubrications
Alignment Checks.
Topping up of fuel, oil, etc.
Corrective maintenance
1. Change of components after identification of faults
2. Change of components after life expiry
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3. Change of brake shoes
4. Change of aircraft tyres
5. Change of clutch plates etc.
Emergency Maintenance
1. Tyre brusts and tyre change
2. Undercarraige problems
3. Failure of engines
4. Brake failures etc.
Breakdown Maintenance:1. Tyre burst
2. Fuses blown down
(4) FACTORS AFFECTING MAINTENABLITY:1. DESIGN FACTORS
2. INSTALLATION FACTORS
3. OTHER FACTORS ETC.
(i) DESIGN FACTORSA. Reliability (capability of survival)
B. Interchangeability
C. Replaceability
D. Visibility
E. Acceptability
F. Repairability
G. Configuration(mode of arrangements)
(ii) INSTALLATION FACTORS:
A. Experience (by technical supervisors etc)
B. Training for technical supervisors
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C. Skill used by the technicians and others
D. Supervision of maintenance manual
(iii) OTHER FACTORS:
A. Environment (proper hanger with ventilation, lightening, water supply
etc.)
B. Manuals (maintenance manuals , workcard manuals, technical
manulals, wiring diagrams etc)
C. Equipments for overhaul (Tools and ground equipments)
D. Test equipments
E. Modification schedules
F. Available calibration
G. Testing facilities and techniques
(5) CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF AN AIRCRAFT OR AIRCRAFT COMPONENT
A. DEFICIENCY IN DESIGN: (wrong design not suiting to vehicle or
component)
B. DEFICIENCY IN MATERIAL: Cracks, Intercrystalline corrosion etc.
caused because of imperfect heat treatments.
C. ERRORS IN ASSEMBLY: While assembling the aircraft or
components errors by the manufacturer or purchaser.
D. IMPROPER SERVICE CONDITIONS: Abnormally severe conditions of
overloading, overspeeding, excessive temperatures etc. And also
other factors such as lack of scheduled maintenance, inspection
and regular monitoring.
E. INADEQUATE MAINTENANCE: In addition to scheduled maintenance
program, an aircraft may need more maintenance which is evolved
during the usage of an aircraft or aircraft components.
F. RELIABILITY: of an aircraft or a component is found from the
following:
CONDITION MONITORING (TO IMPROVE THE DESIGN): It is the
process of collecting failure data for the aircraft as well as for
the component
SERVICE HISTORY: By properly maintaining the service records
such as aircraft servicing form, Aircraft logbooks, component log
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book etc, the history of servicing carried out on an aircraft on a
particular component can be traced out for analysis.
FROM THESE FACTORS THE FOLLOWING CAN BE DETERMINED:
Life of an aircraft or a component
Operational reactions
Failure rate
Maintenance schedules
Programs
Provisioning of spares
(7) SAFETY:Safety can be categorized as personnel safety and aircraft and equipment
safety.
(a) SAFETY OF PERSONNEL: Safety of personnel involves in safeguarding the
persons from external and internal injuries when servicing aircraft and its
equipments.
EXTERNAL INJURIES TO THE PERSONNELS ARE CAUSED OUT OF THEFOLLOWING:
A. Heavy weights
B. Tools
C. Protruding parts and sharp edges of the aircraft and its components
D. Opened panels, doors and canopies.
E. Brake failure of aircraft and ground vehicles and equipments.
F. Electricity and electrical installations
G. Heat, fire and irritant lights
H. Fuel ,oil and other toxic liquids
I. Corrosion
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J. Slippery grounds,platforms,aircraft wing surfaces and fuselage
surfaces
K. Cryogenics such as LOX, Liquid nitrogen etc.
L. Explosion due to overpressures, detonators, cartridges, etc.
INTERNAL INJURIES ARE CAUSED BY:
TOXIC OR POISONOUS GASES, FUMES, SMOKE ETC.
PENETRATING PAINTS, OILS ETC.
RADIATION
SAFETY OF AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENTS INVOLVES THE
FOLLOWING HAZARDS: IMPROPER HANDLING SUCH AS DROPPING,JARRING,HAMMERING ,USING
NO CUSHIONS ETC. AND ALSO NOT FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS WHILE
TOWING
Use of improper tools such as pressure gauges, torque wrenches
etc.
Not using appropriate cleaning materials, cleaning agents not using
blanking when cleaning, painting.
Power supplies
Fire
Accumulated oils, fuels and gases etc.
Temperature effects on LOX, sensitive compasses etc.
Not using the specified fuels, oils, gases, etc.
Birds, animals, snakes, wasps, etc.
By untrained persons, no supervisors etc.
Brake failure if aircraft and other vehicles such as refuellers,charging trolleys, GPUs etc.
SHOP SAFETY: AIRCRAFT HANGARShop includes all the workplaces involved in maintenance of aircraft.
Aircraft hanger is a place is parked during storm conditions and storage. Many of
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the servicing inspections and maintenance activities are carried out inside the
hangar during 1st line, 2nd line, 3re line and 4th line of maintenance. These are
hangars meant only for painting the aircrafts. As these hangars have provisions for
required electrical power supplies for both aircraft and ground equipments, it is
required to follow the safety rules and precautions with regard to the usage of these
power supplies high pressure charging trolleys, mobile groundpower(electrical)units using petrol, Diesel oxygen charging trolleys ,oxygen purging
trolleys, oil storage, tool crib, Supply stores, Grinders, Test benches using high
pressure hydraulic system or pneumatic system, portable mobile lightening
equipments, hydraulic trolleys, Air conditioning trolleys, Spray guns, vacuum
cleaners Jacks, Cranes, support/Storage trolleys, Work platforms, Storage racks,
Standby generator ram etc.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALSHazardous materials that are present in the aircraft hanger can be classified
as chemical agents, Physical hazards and biological hazards
LIST OF COMMONLY FOUND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN AN
AVIONIC ENVIRONMENT:
1. Aircraft liquids
Gasolines
Jet fuels
Hydraulic fluids
Brake fluids
Anti-ice additives
2. Gases
Freon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halons
3.Others
Alcohols
Methanol
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Battery acids
Glycol
Baking soda
Degreasers
Disinfectants
SQUIBS (a small fire work)
(2)AIRCRAFT SERVICING
(A)LUBRICANTS
Dry lubricants
Spray lubricants
Greases
(B)SOLVENTS AND CLEANERS
Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene
Engine cleaners
Carburetor cleaners
PAINTS AND PRIMERS:
Paints strippers
Primers
Doping products
Shellac dissolved in alcohol-Varnish
Lacquers
Enamels
Explosives
(D)ADHESIVES
Fibre glass resins
Gasket adhesives
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Rubber adhesives
(3)COMPONENT SHOPS
(A)INSPECTION
Liquid penetrants
Dye penetrants
(B)WELDING
Argon gas
Hydrogen gas
Oxygen gas
Acetylene gas
Fluxes and pastes
OTHER
Compressed air
Glass beads
Blurring and thinner
Quenching fluids
Muriatic acid
Locking compounds
Anti-seiging compounds
Mineral spirits
Cutting fluids
Soldering fluxes
(1)CHEMICAL AGENTS
The chemical agents in an aircraft industry can be brought under the
following categories: Flammable and corrosives, toxic, reactive. The acronym
FACTOR will help to remember the classes of chemical agents. The two outside
letters of the acronym FACTOR, F and R (flammable and reactive) become
hazardous primarily after some outside event, condition or substance interacts with
them. For example the necessary components for a fire to occur are fuel, oxygen
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and heat. Oxygen is the outside agents. Reactive when combined with certain
materials are capable of generating heat and or gases, causing an explosion. The
inside letters of the acronym C and T (corrosive toxins) on the other hand, act
directly on the human body when exposure occurs. Exposing the skin, eyes, and
the other mucous membranes (such as the nose) to these elements can cause
varying degrees of harm. Toxic agents cause poisoning. Aviation maintenancetechnicians should be particularly concerned when using toxic agents, because the
ultimate effects of toxic poisoning to become apparent; because the toxic poisons
are capable of using the blood stream to move through the body, the cause-and-
effect relationship may not be easily recognized.
EXAMPLES OF
(I)FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS: Fuels, paint-
related products, alcohols, acetone, toluene, and somemetal filings.
(II)CORROSIVES: Battery acids, metal cleaning solutions, bases etc.
(III)TOXINS:
Solvents and thinners for blurring (such as dykern)
Paints
Ketone
Adhesives
Solids such as metal dust or asbestos
Machine lubricants, cutting fluids and oils
Gases such as carbon id oxide or nitrogen
Polymers, epoxies and plastics
Sensitizers such as epoxy systems
Carcinogens
(IV)PHYSICAL HAZARDS
X-Rays
Microwaves
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Beta or gamma rays, invisible laser beams
High frequency (ultra sonic sound waves) not detectable by human senses.
Compressed liquids and gases such as welding oxygen and acetylene\, aviators
breathing oxygen, nitrogen and hydraulic accumulators-detectable by human
values senses.
(3)PHYSICAL HAZARDS:
Biological hazards are transmitted in the form of a droplets or spores and
enter the body through contact with contaminated objects or individuals. An
aviations maintenance technician is likely to be exposed to biological hazards when
working on cargo aircraft or in a cargo (baggage) compartment where breakage or
leakage of biologically hazardous material has occurred.
(III)SAFETY MEASURES
Chemical hazards can be avoided by using protective clothing such as apron,
Respirator, face shield, goggles and sometimes protective foot wears. Physical
hazards can be avoided by clearly marking the areas where this exposure exists.
Biological hazards are avoided by the properly documenting the transportation of
such materials and avoiding exposure to such materials
MSDS (Material Safety Data sheet)A material Safety data sheet is a document provided by the material
manufacturer or subsequent material processor that contains information related to
the material hazard includes safe handling and disposal procedures
LABELLING:All hazardous materials should have identifying labels adhered to them. As a
general rule, these labels should never be remarked. The most common
standardized hazardous materials identification placard used today is of NFPA
(national fire protection association). The pleading system uses far diamonds a
particular type of hazard is present. The top three diamonds follow a numbering
system from one to 4 indicating the degree of hazard.
The top diamond specifies the relative fire hazard interms of flash points from
1 to 4. The left side diamond specifies the health hazard and the right side diamond
indicates the degree so the reactivity of the material. The bottom most diamond
indicates any specific hazard such as corrosive or does not use water precautionsetc.
The diamond coding system may also use different colors to segregate each
type of hazard.
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The Health hazard diamond is blue
The flammability diamond is red
The reactivity diamond is yellow
The specific hazard diamond is white
Aviation maintenance technician working confined, poorly ventilated areas
should use appropriate precaution if NFPA health hazard is code greater than
0(1, 2, 3, 4). Those who are working on hot brakes should beware of the relative
fire hazard code.
Aviation maintenance technician must be aware of the hazards of materialsused in aircraft industries and also he should know how to dispose these
materials. Generators of hazardous materials should maintain records regarding
hazardous waste material and also the records of disposals of such materials.
Prior to using a hazardous material the aviation maintenance technician should
evaluate the types of accidental releases that might occur and prepare for them.
A review of the MSDS prior to the usage is advised.
The aviation maintenance technician should be concerned first with personal
safety. If AN ACCIDENTYAL RELEASE might have determinate effect to other
individuals, a means of notification should be established containment is the
next priority to avoid accidental releases of hazardous materials. For example ifthe hazardous materials are in a tank how the drain could be quickly plugged.
These questions may have answers with a little imagination. Any hazardous
material release should be reported by the aviation maintenance technician to
his supervisor to take necessary follow up steps.
(IV)SAFETY PRECAUTIONBS TO BE TAKEN IN AIRCRAFT HANGAR:
The safety precautions adapted should prevent as far as possible any injury
to personnel or damage to property. There are a number of risks to be
considered such as those caused FIRE, ACIDS, MACHINES, ELECTRICITY,
COMPRESSED/EXPLOSIVE GASES, and CRYOGENICS etc. In an aircraft hangar a
list of general safety precautions should be summarized and posted on the
hangar notice board and also attention drawn to special risks by means of
suitable notices placed near the danger points. There are Flight Safety posters
with cartoon type pictures posted on the walls at suitable places to illustrate
right and wrong practices in aircraft maintenance with cautionary captions.
Though some of the precautions may appear elementary, it should be
remembered that many accidents are the result of over confidence. In all cases
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of personnel injury, first and treatment should be given immediately, and proper
medical attention obtained as soon as possible. Hence every hangar should
have a first aid kit which is replenished periodically and every aircraft industry or
a complex should have a medical inspection room with a trained doctor within
the complex and also an ambulance for emergency.
Some of the precautions to be observed in aircraft hangar to prevent
accidents with regard to fire, electricity, and other environmental factors are
discussed below:
(1)FIRE PRECAUTIONS
(I)WASTE:
Receptacles containing waste paper and oily rags, or rags impregnated with
spirit, dope, varnish and paint are prolific sources of fire and it is desirable that
metal containers are only used; these substances should be separated from
rubbish. Smoking is prohibited in aircraft hangars. Attention is drawn to thepossibility of spontaneous combustion caused by the tight packing of oil rags, in
containers. All waste oil and combustible rubbish should be burned in safe place
or otherwise carefully disposed off.
(II)CLEANING
The use of petrol is only permitted for such special purposes as cleaning
magnetos during overhaul. Containers used to hold petrol should be clearly
marked PETROL. Petrol should not be used in cleaning engine tanks (or) mixed
with paraffin. On no account should petrol or any other inflammable liquid bepoured down a drain, as this may cause a serious explosion. Processes involving
the use of heat or naked flames should be undertaken only at a safe distance
from all inflammable material or vapour.
(III)MAGNESIUM ALLOYS:
The working of magnesium alloys etc requires special care in order to reduce
the risk of fire, because under certain conditions these materials are readily
combustible. When machining these metals fine cuts to be avoided, the tools
used should be sharp with generous clearance and low cutting speeds employed.
When grinding, special wheels should be kept for use on these metals and they
should be clearly marked for identification purposes; metal particles should notbe allowed to accumulate or remain on the clothing as a precaution, rubber
apron is recommended for the user of operators. Prior to dressing the wheels
they should be free from metal dust. During hand furnishing processes glass
paper should be used in preference to emery cloth. To extinguish a fire
involving magnesium alloys, dry sand or earth should be applied to smother the
flames, alternatively dry cast iron cuttings may be used of available in sufficient
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quantities; water should not be used for this purpose as hydrogen gas is
generated when water comes in to contact with these metals when burning and
combustion is there by accelerated
(IV) Use special type of inspection lamps for petrol tank inspection and tank
repairs.
(V)If acid is kept in containers, these must be tightly closed. A good supply of
sand and shovel should always be tightly closed. A good supply of sand and
shovel should always be available for use in emergency.
(VI)DOPING: Fabric covered aircraft components that have been doped should
not be dusted or brushed until the metal parts have been earthed. Care should
be taken when employing electric water heaters or any electrical equipment in
the vicinity of dope shops in order to minimize the risk of fire.
(2)ELECTRICAL PRECAUTIONS:Precautions should be taken to guard against the possibility of accidents
where electric lights and power system are installed. Particularly when the
supply current at a voltage exceeding 110 volts a.c or 250 volts d.c. In instances
where the voltage is 440 volts or over, notices should be displayed, clearly
marked high voltage main switches should be clearly marked so that they are
readily located in an emergency.
(I)ELECTRICAL WIRES:
Do not use water on electrical wires on fire; use c02 fire extinguishers as far
as possible or dry chemical powders. It is always advised to put off the main
switch, if possible, in case of fire in the electrical fittings.
(II)EARTHINGS
All electrical equipments, portable or otherwise connected to the aircraft
hanger supply should be earthed properly.
(iii)DEFECTS:
All flexible wires, extension cables switches and plug connections etc. Should
be examined frequently for defects. Loose connections should be tightened by
authorized personnel and any defective parts to be replaced without delay.
(iv)OIL ON RUBBER INSULATIONS:
Rubber components should be kept free from oil; otherwise the insulating
properties will become impaired. In the case of unavoidable contact, the oil should
be wiped off immediately and French chalk applied to the portion of the c able
affected.
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(V)CARBONDUST:
The brush gear of rotary equipment should be periodically and any carbon
dust that has accumulated carefully removed, otherwise sparking and current
leakage may occur.
(VI)FUSES:
When a fuse is blown off the current supply is to be cut off before
attempting to do any repair and the fuse is blown off the current supply is to be of
correct amperage. Fuse box cares should be replaced on completions of the repair
work
(VII)HEATING APPARATUS:
Electrical heating apparatus such as soldering iron, immersion heater etc.
should be switched off immediately after use. Use correct stands for keeping
soldering iron when it is hot.
(VIII)OVERHEATING:
Air cooled motors should have a free flow of air; no obstructions on the air
ducts. Overheating may be caused because using an underrated wire for heavy
currents. When there is any sign of overheating the causes should be immediately
investigated and remedial measures to be taken.
BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT:I. Under no circumstances the facility for charging nickel-cadmium
battery is to be used for charging lead- acid batteries and vice versa.
And also ensure that the ventilation arrangements of both charging
rooms should not cause cross contamination.
II. Buildings and rooms used for the purpose of charging batteries should
be well lit and cool, and fumes which may be present during the
servicing and charging operations.
III. The floor surface should be of a material which is impervious to acid
and alkali, has non- slip qualities and is quick drying and able to bewashed, down easily. Examples of such materials are dustless
concrete, bituminous compound or tiling.
IV. Adequate and suitable drainage should be provided for washing down
purposes.
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V. Because of fire risks, it is strongly recommended that doors should be
fitted so that they open outwards thus facilitating easy evacuation
from the building in the event of fire.
VI. To permit free and easy movement of batteries, steps and thresholds
should where possible be eliminated. If however different levels areunavoidable they should be linked by inclines.
2. WATER SUPPLY:
I. At least one tap in each room where battery charging is carried out
should be connected to a mains fresh water supply. Sinks and draining
boards and a hot water supply should also be provided.
3. LIGHTING:
The level of lighting within the charging rooms should be sufficient to enable
the level of the electrolyte in individual cells of batteries to be easily determined
without additional lightening. To prevent accidental ignition of gases all electrical
fittings, should be of a spark proof design.
4. VENTILATION:
Hydrogen is given off at all stages of lead-acid battery serving; highest
concentration being at the end of the charging cycle. Hydrogen is also produced
when the nickel cadmium batteries reach the fully charged state i.e., at the
overcharge point and for a 24 hour period thereafter. Heavy corrosive fumes are
also emitted when mixing of electrolytes takes place. Therefore a ventilation
system is required which is capable of extracting all gases and fumes, whether
heavier or lighter than air.
5. TEMPERATURE
(a)ELECTROLYTE TEMPERATURE:
Environmental temperatures exceeding 27c for lead acid batteries and 21 c
for nickel batteries impose time penalties in reaching the fully charged state and
may also be deleterious to the batteries. The temperature of battery charging
rooms should therefore be maintained at a temperature consistent with specified
limitations and with a free air flow around each battery or cell.
6. CHARGING BOARDS AND BENCHES:
Charging board consists of a pair of terminals to which the rectified a.c supplyis connected together with a number of pairs of output terminals to which the
batteries are connected for charging. All the output circuits are internally
connected in parallel. Charging board should be mounted directly above the rear of
the benches. Battery connecting cables should be well insulated and should be of a
sufficient capacity to carry the charging current required. The free end of the
cables should be fitted with the suitable connectors (i.e. crocodile lips) power should
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be switched off while connecting and disconnecting these output cables to the
terminals.
The height of the charging benches should be such that the lifting strain of
the batteries is minimum and visual inspection of the batteries by the charging
personnel are more effective (approximately 20 above the ground). The surface ofthe charging battery should be resistance to acid and alkali and should facilitate
cleaning.
7. POWER SUPPLIESTransformer /rectifiers which normally provide rectified a.c. for charging
board supplies should be sited in a fume free dry and cool position, preferably in a
separate room, located as near as possible to the charging boards. Charging
boards which require 240 volts mains supply, should be supplied from a ring main
system
8. STORAGE:
(a)Batteries:Incoming unserviceable batteries and the outgoing serviceable batteries to
be kept separately. If possible unserviceable batteries also can be segregated as
the batteries walling for initial charging, batteries waiting for minor repairs and
batteries waiting for routine servicing. Batteries waiting for issue (outgoing) should
be also segregated as lead acid batteries and Nickel-cadmium batteries and kept in
separate rooms.
(b)ELECTROLYTE:
The handling and storage of electrolyte materials should always be inaccordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Glass earthenware or lead
lined wooden containers are suitable for the storage of lead acid battery electrolyte
(sulphuric acid). Plain iron, glass and earthenware containers are suitable for
nickel-cadmium battery electrolyte (potassium hydroxide). Galvanized containers
or containers with soldered seams must not be used. Each container should be
clearly marked as to its contents and should be stored accordingly. Electrolytes
(waste or surplus) should be disposed only after neutralizing them. Neutralizing
agents for sulphuric acid are 1.Saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate
2.Ammonium powder 3. Borax powder neutralizing agents on acid or alkali which is
spilled on the floor they should be soaked with sawdust and then be removed andburied. The containers of neutralizing agents are also to be clearly marked and
stored properly.
Avoid storing of mixed electrolytes. All mixing vessels mixing rods etc.
should be clearly marked as acid only and Alkali only. Sulphuric acid containers
should be kept tightly when not in use to prevent contamination. Potassium
hydroxide is supplied in solid form contained steel drums. Once the drum has been
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opened the contents are liable to carbondi oxide contamination. Hence the entire
contents are liable to carbondi oxide contamination. Hence the entire contents
should be mixed as soon as drum has been opened. Any unused mixture should be
stored in a stoppered glass container.
De-mineralized and distilled water are generally supplied in carboys andshould be stored separately from the electrolytes. Carboys should be clearly
marked and firmly stoppered. Only the water containers used for topping up
should be kept in the charging room and stoppers should be immediately fitted
after filling the topping up containers.
The renewal of electrolyte of lead acid batteries is done whenever S.G. falls
below the normal value sulphation takes place, alkali contamination etc. The
renewal of electrolyte of alkaline batteries
9. PROTECTION:
To prevent the risk of burns, personal items such as rings, metal watches,watch straps, bracelets, long neck chains to be removed to avoid contact with
connecting links and terminals.
Naked lights, non-safety matches and automatic lighters should not be taken
into battery charging rooms.
Fire extinguishers of the co2 type and buckets of sand should be placed at
strategic points inside the building for use in the event of any chemical fires.
10. TOOLS AND TEST EQUIPMENTS USED IN BATTERY CHARGING ROOMS:
In addition to the general engineering hand tools, the following specialized
items are to be available in battery charging rooms
Hydrometers(for measuring s.g of electrolytes)
Thermometers (to measure the temperature of electrolytes)
Battery kits(supplied by battery manufacturers)
Capacity test(to test the ampere fan of the battery)
Leakage tester (for lead acid batteries)
Filler pumps(to transfer liquids from one container to another small
container)
Calibrated test equipments such as:
o Insulation resistance tester
o Universal test meter
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o Digital voltmeter
CAUTION:To prevent contamination between the two types of aircraft batteries, two
sets of equipments should be held each being contained in separate cupboards and
clearly marked acid only or alkaline only as appropriate to the applicationwherever possible tools and equipments comprising the sets should be of insulating
materials.
RADIO WORKSHOPS: SHOP SAFETYRadio workshops can be categorized into two groups, namely those which are
established as an adjacent to an approved maintenance organization of an airline
solely to maintain that companys equipment and those which are setup
independently by organizations other than an airline, and which, generally, are
more expensive and have a much wider scope especially in respect of overhaulfacilities.
An airline workshop may also include approved electrical and instrument
workshops capable of handling such items as rotary transformers for which the
radio workshop may not be equipped.
An airline radio workshop handles the following:
a) Operating checks on equipment prior to installation in aircraft
b) Verification of reported defects.
c) Storage of serviceable equipments removed from aircraft undergoing
extensive servicing checks.
d) Servicing of racks, cable harnesses, aerials and other associated items during
the general courage of maintenance.
II.ELECTRICAL AND RADIO INTERFACE:Radio workshops situated on airports and close to hangers, air traffic control
buildings ground radio stations and electrical installations will inevitable be
subjected to a considerable amount of radio and or electrical interference, sufficient
at times to seriously affect the testing of sensitive receivers. The tuning and testingof transmitters at the workshop may also cause interference to the other
installations around them. Hence, incoming and outgoing can be dealt with by
adequate filtering of all the power supplies and by the provision of screened of
aerial cables and made-up artificial aerials, or by operation of transmitter inside
screened cages. Engineers must listeners on the transmitter frequency before
switching on and announce the identity of the workshop.
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(III)PREMISES:(1)Corrugated type of roofing should be avoided; if not possible, false ceiling
roofs can be fitted
(2) Here should be no dust in the air caused by engine run-ups, by dope or
paint spraying operations.
(3)No unacceptable electrical interference should be present in the radio test
area.
(4)The overall lighting intensity should be commensurate with the work to be
done; the lighting may be of fluorescent type.
(5)The workshop building should not be proving to dampness and should be
heated, [preferably by electricity or steam hot water central heating. The use of
solid fuel or oil heaters is not recommended.
(6)The workshop and its furnishings should be constructed of materials whichassist the maintenance of a clean environment. Concrete and unpolished wood
floors should be cared or sealed and painted so as to minimize dust.
(7)Accommodation separate from the radio workshop
should be provided for the following
Quartile and boarded stores. (Note: special precautions are necessary
for the storage and handling of magnetrons and radioactive valves.
Magnetrons should be stored in cupboards Remote from any
equipment instruments and components, which may be an affected by
a strong magnetic field).
A store for items of equipment, test panels, instruments, etc, not
immediately required.
Battery compartment
Office equipments, including record system
Stripping and cleaning bay
(8)MAIN WORKSHOP SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING:
A ZONE FOR RACKS AND CUPBOARDS IN WHICH UNDESIRABLE RADIO
EQUIPMENTS CAN BE STORED
A ZONE FOR BENCHES SUITABLE FOR WORKING, INSPECTION AND
TESTING.
A ZONE FOR CERRVED DUST-FREE BENCHES FOR INSTRUMENT
ASSEMBLY
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A SONE FOR TECHNICAL MANUALS, BULLETINS, SPECIFICATIONS,
MODIFICATIONLEAFLETS AND DRAWINGS.
A STORAGE ZONE FOR FLUIDS, LUBRICANTS, PASTES, VANISHES AND
GENERAL STORES.
A ZONE FOR THE POSSESSIONS OF THE STAFF PERSONNEL.
(iii)TEST BENCHES
If there are several test benches with a common power supply each
bench should have an independent control of dc power supply with a
voltmeter and ammeter. An earth rail of substantial cross section and
having a very low resistance to earth should be provided in addition to
240 volts ac main supply earth.
AC mains wiring should be run through metal conduits (now days
plastic conduits) and provided with 3-pen outlets.
Individual power supplies, from a central source, to each bench should
be protected by circuit breakers or fuses but power supplies should be
protected by circuit breakers or fuses but power supplies other than
A.C. main supply can be protected on raised shelves to permit ease of
adjustment.
There should be storage space in the test benches for storing different
type of connecting harnesses(when different type of equipments aretested)
(IV)POWER SUPPLIES:The following power supplies are needed in a most radio workshops.
240 volts, 50 Hz, single phase a.c. supply c for lighting, heating mains
rectifiers, test equipments. This supply should be wired throughout in
screened conduit.)
A 15 volt or 30 volts D.C. supply regulated at source under varying
loads, the current capacity of the cables being determined by the size
of the workshop. These supplies can be obtained from a series of
secondary batteries of sufficient capacity and may be charged by main
rectifiers. The output should be ripple free and should be faltered to
exclude noise and to reduce transient voltage peaks liable to damage
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the most sensitive equipment, e.g. transistors, integgrated circuits,
and equipments wiring.
19 volts D.C. stabilized supply for testing certain equipment this best
supplied by individual precision supply units.
A 200 volt, 400 Hz, three phase regulated, supply, wired to the
benches in screened cable to provide the following precision a.c.
supplies.
(A) 200volt 400 Hz 3phase
(b) 115volts 400Hz 1 phase
26 volts, 400 Hz 1 phase
Note: Frequencies is required to monitor the frequency within +or 3Hz. As an
alternative method of supply, individual static invertors can be wired benches as
required.
(V)ANCILLARY SUPPLIES:
Compressed air supply to blowout the dust from the inaccessible areas
of components
Vacuum cleaner with a small flexible hose to remove dust from the test
equipments and sub assemblies in the workshop
Test installations
Power unit test rigs.
(VI)SPECIALISED EQUIPMENT TESTING:Air borne equipments such as VOR/ILS, DME, Transponders, Doppler radar,
Weather radar etc are to be tested at specially designed bench positions in order to
and radio interference with other equipments being tested at other positions.
(A) Certification of radio equipments:To enable certification of radio equipment after carrying out repair,
modification and test the following are necessary in radio workshops as per
equipment overhaul manual:
1. Test installations with appropriate harness
2. Test equipments which are periodically calibrated and certified along with
appropriate technical tools
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3. Tools, lubricants, solvents and accessories as specified in overhaul manual
along with the procedures and caution while using them.
RADIO INSTRUMENTSRadio instruments means those instruments which operate independently of
non-radio aids and flight systems(e.g. Radio magnetic compass) There should beseparate work bench for dismantling inspection, reassembly and testing of radio
instruments. The bench should have a dust proof enclosure in the form of a
detachable or hinged cover of laminated glass with a gap at the front sufficient for
the operator to insert his hands for assembly and sealing work.
In order to keep the enclosures slightly at higher pressure than the ambient
pressure, use filtered and dry compressed air supply. Use covered trays for storing
of exposed parts. Manufacturers special instructions are to be followed in case of
hermetically sealed instruments.
(VIII)DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS:The minimum required documentation and records are listed below:
Worksheets
Performance sheets
Modification records
Certification of compliance(along with worksheet or performance
sheet)
Status identification rags or labels (such as cat B, cat c, cat D etc.)
Records of all tests and calibrations made on test equipments
(IX)TEST EQUIPMENTS
The following are the technical manuals to be available in a radio workshop:
Civil air worthiness requirements sections AandR.
Civil aircraft inspection procedures
Technical manuals for the test equipments
Maintenance, overhaul and repair manuals for the aircraft equipments
Spare parts catalogues
Modification leaflets and bulletins
Amendment records(time to time in order to update the manuals)
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LESSON PLAN NO: 06
INTRODUCTION:
The aircraft system components belonging to electronic, instrumentation and
mechanical systems require higher reliability. One of the causes of failure of an
aircraft component is contamination. Hence it is necessary to control the
contamination in all its forms. The technique to control the contamination are to be
applied to selected areas of aircraft operating organizations where the
manufacturing organizations and to selected areas of aircraft operating
organizations where the manufacturing processes, overhauling processes and
testing processes are done. Such selected areas are called as CLEAN ROOMS.
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION:
Any substance that causes failure or malfunctioning of a component is a
contaminant. The substance (particles) may be in any form and may come from
any source.
AIR:
The air which continuously surrounds the components may be considered as
contamination store house containing dirt and dust particles, organic and inorganic
vapors.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
Contaminants are produced during all manufacturing processes. Examples
are as follows;
(a) Sward resulting from machining operation.
(b) particles forced into the surface during pressing or heating process
ASSEMBLY:
DURING THE ASSEMBLY a component the following are the possibilities of
introducing contamination:
Soldering processes
Use of adhesives
While joining threaded portions
Glinding, lapping or honing operation
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Deformation of surfaces such as bolt head, nut surface, screw head
etc.
STORAGE AND TRANSIT:
Improperly cleaned containers or covers in which components are
stored for transit
Containers which are not hermetically sealed are subjected to a
breathing cycle as the temperature of the container varies and during
the intake portion of the cycle, the entering air may carry particles
from the surrounding air.
Movement of packed containers during transit may dislodge loose
particles or new particles by abrasion.
COMPONENT CLEANING PROCESS:
The contamination can take place during improper cleaning processes of dry
cleaning or wet cleaning.
(VI)PERSONAL ACTIVITY OR PERSONNEL ACTIVITY:
(a)The act of walking or other body movements
(b) Brushing off of particles
shedding of skin and hair particles
(d)Exhaled air which contains moisture and acidic
(e)Perspiration from the skin
CONTROL OF CONTAMINATION:
Control of contamination is affected in two ways:-
By establishing a clean room which will provide a clean
atmosphere and working condition
By adopting rigid routines by the personnel working within the
area of the clean rooms.
CLEAN ROOMS:
SIZE OF CONTAMINANTS:
The conventional unit is micrometer or microns. The filtration system of a
clean room should control the contaminant particles of 0.5 microns and above.
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CLASSIFICATION OF AIR CLEANILINESS:
Air cleanliness is classified as No: 1, 2, 3 and 4 depending upon the number
of contaminant particles contained in a cubic meter of air. As per the classes they
are periodically checked i.e. class 1 daily, class2 weekly, class3 monthly, three
monthly.
CLASSIFICATION OF CLEAN ROOMS:
The cleanliness achieved by the clean room is dependent on the air handling
systems capacity to purge the room of contaminant particles. This includes not
only effectiveness of the filters and the number of air changes per hour but also the
distribution of the air within the room. There are two main methods of distributing
air into clean rooms namely, (a) CONVENTIONAL CLEAN ROOMS and (b)
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW CLEAN ROOMS.
CONVENTIONAL CLEAN ROOMS:Conventional clean rooms are based on recognized air-conditioning
techniques. The conditioned air is highly filtered and distributed through ceiling-
mounted diffuser outlets and then exhausted from return air ducts located near the
floor around the periphery of the room. In addition to direct emission from the
diffuser outlets, spreading of conditioned air throughout the room is obtained by
secondary mixing of the air caused by thermal effects of warm and cool air
currents.
UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW CLEAN ROOMS:These rooms have been developed from the conventional type clean
room and are designed to overcome three primary deficienciesassociated with it; lack of self- cleanup facilities to effect contamination
brought in by personnel and equipment, non-uniformity of the airflow
patterns and the requirement of rigid control of personnel. In this
clean rooms, air is introduced through a large filtered diffuser area
moves through the room and is exhausted through an outlet opposite
to the diffuser and of equally large area. Such an arrangement ensures
that the air in a straight or unidirectional flow. The outlet is connected
to return air ducts thus permitting recycling of the air.
ENVIRONMENT AND COMFORT:The temperature humidity and pressure characteristics of the air
passing through the air handling system is controlled to establish an
environment suitable for work process to be carried out in a clean
room personnel.
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(a)TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY:
A Suitable temperature for working conditions is 20 to +or-2 c.
Humidity is controlled and maintained at a relative humidity of 35 to
50% for all classes of clean rooms, contained workstations and clean
boxes.
(b)PRESSURE:
Clean rooms are always slightly pressurized in order to maintain
the required out flow of air under closed working conditions and to
prevent entry of contaminant airborne particles when entryways or
doors are opened.
Unidirectional flow rooms should normally have an air velocity of
0.45 +or- 0.1 m/sec. For horizontal flow rooms and 0.30+-0.05m/sec
for vertical flow rooms. Air pressure for conventional flow rooms
should be such that the number of air changes, including re-circulated
air, should not normally be less than 20 per hour, except for class 4rooms where not less than 10 changes per hour may be acceptable.
5. AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS:
The primary function of an air handling system is to control the
level of airborne contaminant particles by consulting filtering and re-
circulating air. The arrangement consists of fans, ducting for inlet and
exhaust air and an air filtration system. Fans are electrically-operated
type designed to deliver a constant air flow rate through the clean
room as the filter non-flaking and corrosion resistant (stainless steel
and aluminum) filtration system consists of prefiltering and final
filtering stages. Pre- filtering is carried out at the inlet stage and finalfiltering at the inlet to the cleaning room stage. Filters are made up of
glass fibre and asbestos. The final stage filters are known as HEPA(i.
High efficiency particle air filters).
6. MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN ROOMS:
In order to maintain the clean rooms to the necessary standards
the following good housekeeping practices and monitoring of the air
handling system are to be practiced.
CLEANING:
Rooms to be cleaned when there is no work process. Vacuumcleaners, wet sponges and cellulose mops, detergents and high grade
plastic buckets can be used for cleaning. If ladders are needed, they
should be made up of anodized aluminum material. Care should be
taken that these equipments used for cleaning do not bring
contamination along with them when they are brought for cleaning
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MONITORING OF CLEAN ROOMS:
CONTAMINATION MONITORING:
Samples of air at different periods to be taken to check the
contamination level.
HUMIDITY MONITORING:
By using conventional wet and dry bulb thermometers and
psychometric charts humidity level can be checked, 40% level in
desired.
PRESSURE MONITORING:
Clean room should always be slightly pressurized. Hence the
pressure inside and outside the room to be measured using single U
type manometer or differential pressure gauge calibrated in mm
water .
LESSON PLAN NO: 7
CLEAN ROOM FURNISHINGS, GARMENTTS AND
PERSONNEL HYGINE:
LAYOUT OF CLEAN ROOMS:
The unidirectional clean rooms will have the following areas
devoted:-
Personal cleaning
Parts cleaning
Additional support rooms such as offices lunch rooms etc.
Conventional clean rooms need not have air showers in personnel cleaning area and
also more space is allotted for working area. Personnel cleaning area and also more
space are allotted for working area. Personnel cleaning rooms provide lockers for
outdoor clothing, air showers and wash-up area. Parts cleaning area provides
cleaning machines and washing facilities to decontaminate the tools, aircraft parts,equipments and material before they are taken into the working area.
2. CONSTRUCTION OF CLEAN ROOMS:
Construction of clean rooms involves the application of specifically developed
techniques such as:
Noise and vibration control
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Shear resistant floors
Walls which do not chip or flake.
Ceilings which provide adequate sealing and less impact
Lighting to provide light intensity of 3000 lux at work bench
Utilities such as water, electrical power, vacuum and compress air
supplies.
3. CLEAN ROOM FURNISHES:
Work benches, chairs and contgainers for component parts require careful
selection of materials and design. The main structure work of benches and chairs
should be metals such as stainless steel, melamine decorative laminate type
material.
4. CLEAN ROOM GARMENTS:Clean room products can be readily contaminated by particles from clothing
such as smocks, overalls, caps, hoods, shoes etc. Hence they should be designed to
provide maximum comfort and also prevent the transfer of contamination. The
materials used can be man-made fibers which are non-flammable, limited-linting
and negligible electrostatic generation. In addition, shoes can be covered with shoe
covers and gloves can be worn on hands. Fingerstalls can also be used whenever
possible. The garments are to be periodically dry cleaned and stored in lockers
ready for use. The garments are to be periodically dry-cleaned and stored in
lockers ready for use. The garments to be packed and sealed when they are
transported after cleaning and drying.
5. CLEAN WORK STATIONS:
These are work benches specially designed to incorporate their on fultered air
supply systems. They may be utilized in a clean room, in addition to benches or
tables based on conventional patterns, or in an uncontrolled environment.
Individuals switches for lighting units and fans are located at convenient points.
They have the glass panels which can be opened and closed. Some benches will
have the glass panels which can be opened and closed. Some benches will have
glove box i.e. arm ports with the attached gloves.
6. CLEAN ROOM OPERATION:In addition to the air handling system, the contamination level in a clean
room is kept at an acceptable level by two other methods namely
Limiting the contamination entering the room and
Limiting the contamination generated within the room. Both these
methods controlled by the personnel selected for clean room
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operations. The contaminations entering the room are limited by the
wearing of proper garments, personnel cleaning parts and equipments
cleaning etc. The contamination generated is limited by restricting the
movement proper work techniques.
PERSONNEL SELECTION:The selection of personnel for clean room involves both physical and
human factors. Physical factors:
Allergies to synthetic fibers
Allergies to solvents
Nasal discharge
Skin shedding
Flaking
Dandruff
Acidity in hands
Severe nervous conditions such as itching, scratching or
claustrophobia... Human factors are manual dexterity, visual
acuity, patience concern for detail, attitude toward repetitive
operations and reaction to the rigid disciplines.
PERSONAL HYGINE:The development of personal hygiene is of great importance in clean room
operations.
Personnel with colds temporary coughing and sneezing should be assigned to
temporary jobs outside the clean rooms. Personnel having received severe sun
burn also to be prevented from entering into clean rooms because peeling of skin
may contaminate the components.
ENTRY PROCEDURES:
Clean rooms are restricted areas. Only the authorized personnel should enter
into these rooms. The procedure to be adopted is governed by the type of clean
room. Typical activities associated with entry procedures are as follows:
Removal of outdoor clothing such as overcoats and raincoats and
stowage in the lockers provided in the dirty or in controlled area.
Checking clothes and shoes for visible contamination such as mud,
sand, etc. Removal of such contamination.
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Washing of face and hands using foot-controlled wash strands, liquid
soap dispensers and air driers.
Passing through air showers and air locks to ensure adequate air
scrubbing.
Walking over sticky or tacky mats
Changing into requisite clean room garments. In connection with
unidirectional flow clean room operations, charging is done in the
uncontaminated section of the change room adjacent to the clean
room. In conventional clean rooms changing is done in area located at
the dirty end of the clean rooms.
GENERAL RULES FOR OPERATION:The following are the general rules which should be enforced to assist in the
successful operation of clean rooms:
PERSONAL ACTIVITIES:
Hand should be washed often and finger nails kept clean.
The specified clothing should always be worn in the approval manner.
Personal items such as keys, coins, cigarettes, matches, pencils,
handkerchiefs, and combs should be deposited in lockers prior to
changing into clean room garments. Valuable items such as trouser
pockets provided they are not removed inside the clean room
Food stuffs should not to be taken into a clean room.
Smoking is strictly forbidden.
The wearing of jeweler such as large rings, bracelets, watches,
necklaces, ear rings, lockets etc should be avoided.
Nervous mannerisms such as scratching the head, rubbing of hands or
similar actions should be avoided.
Movement of personnel should be restricted as much as possible to
prevent stirring settled particles on the clean room floor. This appliesparticularly to conventional clean rooms.
Solvent contact with hands should be avoided as many solvents
remove natural skin oils causing excessive skin peeling or flaking.
Female personnel should not wear or apply fingernail polish or
cosmetics in a clean room.
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Visitors or clean room maintenance personnel must be authorized to
enter a clean room and must follow the specified entry procedures.
WORK ACTIVITIES:
1. All tools including personal tool kits should be kept clean and in good
condition and should undergo cleaning processes in accordance with aperiodic cleaning schedule. Tools not essential to specific work
processes should be excluded from tool kits.
2. Paper materials should not be allowed in a clean room unless the
paper is plastic-coated or covered, sprayed to prevent linting or is a
special limited linting paper. Papers should not be subjected to
excessive shuffling, handling, rolling or bending as they can generate
excessive amounts of small particles under these conditions.
3. Pencils and erasers are not allowed. All writing should be with ball
point pens.
4. Parts of components should be kept in their individual contgainers until
ready for assembly. They should not be left exposed on a work bench
or station.
5. Containers and any component parts surplus to requirements should
be always returned to a parts cleaning area for cleaning and re-use.
6. Metal objects such as wire clippings and solder splashes should be
deposited in waste boxes at the end of each process.
7. Where cleaning of parts is to be carried out inside a clean room, thetype of cleaning equipment and its location within the room should be
carefully selected.
SUBMITTED BY
SATHEESH KUMAR,
JAASIM,
KATHIRVEL MOORTHY.
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